Found another option GODOT_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS I missed to put up the top

I discovered the source of the error, and its a fairly obscure issue with cmake build flags that are not easily configurable. I have added the links to articles in the commit, but its about removing the runtime error checks /RTC1 from the CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG variable.
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/74426638/how-to-remove-rtc1-from-specific-target-or-file-in-cmake
https://discourse.cmake.org/t/how-do-i-remove-compile-options-from-target/5965

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,6 +1,16 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.13)
 project(godot-cpp LANGUAGES CXX)
 
+# Configure CMake
+# https://discourse.cmake.org/t/how-do-i-remove-compile-options-from-target/5965
+# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/74426638/how-to-remove-rtc1-from-specific-target-or-file-in-cmake
+if(${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID} STREQUAL MSVC)
+    if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE MATCHES Debug)
+        STRING(REGEX REPLACE "/RTC(su|[1su])" "" CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS}")
+        string(REPLACE "/RTC1" "" CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG ${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG})
+    endif ()
+endif ()
+
 # Add path to modules
 list( APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/" )
 include( godotcpp )

cmake/godotcpp.cmake

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ function( godotcpp_options )
     set(GODOT_USE_HOT_RELOAD "" CACHE BOOL
             "Enable the extra accounting required to support hot reload. (ON|OFF)")
 
-    #TODO disable_exceptions
+    option(GODOT_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS "Force disabling exception handling code (ON|OFF)" ON )
 
     set( GODOT_SYMBOL_VISIBILITY "hidden" CACHE STRING
             "Symbols visibility on GNU platforms. Use 'auto' to apply the default value. (auto|visible|hidden)")
@@ -105,8 +105,6 @@ function( godotcpp_generate )
             set(GODOT_COMPILE_FLAGS "${GODOT_COMPILE_FLAGS} /MDd") # /Od /RTC1 /Zi
         else()
             set(GODOT_COMPILE_FLAGS "${GODOT_COMPILE_FLAGS} /MD /O2") # /Oy /GL /Gy
-            STRING(REGEX REPLACE "/RTC(su|[1su])" "" CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS}")
-            string(REPLACE "/RTC1" "" CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG ${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG})
         endif(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE MATCHES Debug)
 
         add_definitions(-DNOMINMAX)
@@ -120,7 +118,6 @@ function( godotcpp_generate )
 
     # Disable exception handling. Godot doesn't use exceptions anywhere, and this
     # saves around 20% of binary size and very significant build time (GH-80513).
-    option(GODOT_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS "Force disabling exception handling code (ON|OFF)" ON )
     if (GODOT_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS)
         if ("${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID}" STREQUAL "MSVC")
             set(GODOT_COMPILE_FLAGS "${GODOT_COMPILE_FLAGS} -D_HAS_EXCEPTIONS=0")