feat: Added warning when failing to update index cache (#15014)

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### What does this PR try to resolve?

Fixes #13712

Adds a warning if there is an error updating the index cache.
It also attempts to avoid warning spam as requested in [this
comment](#13712 (comment))

Below is an example output

```
    Updating crates.io index
warning: failed to write cache, path: /home/ross/.cargo/registry/index/index.crates.io-1949cf8c6b5b557f/.cache/ba/se/base64, error: Permission denied (os error 13)
   Compiling serde v1.0.217
   Compiling r-efi v5.2.0
   Compiling base64 v0.22.1
   Compiling cargo-13712 v0.1.0 (/home/ross/projects/cargo-13712)
    Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 1.20s

```

### How should we test and review this PR?

I tested this on my machine by manually changing the owner/permission of
the index files
```sh
sudo chown root ~/.cargo/registry/index/.../.cache/r-
sudo chmod 700 ~/.cargo/registry/index/.../.cache/r-

# in a project that uses the `r-efi` crate
cargo build
```

I wasn't quiet sure about the best way to add a test to the testsuite
for this. 😅
If there is good way to create a test for this lmk

src/cargo/sources/registry/index/cache.rs

@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@
 //! [`IndexSummary::parse`]: super::IndexSummary::parse
 //! [`RemoteRegistry`]: crate::sources::registry::remote::RemoteRegistry
 
+use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::fs;
 use std::io;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
@@ -226,14 +227,21 @@ pub struct CacheManager<'gctx> {
     cache_root: Filesystem,
     /// [`GlobalContext`] reference for convenience.
     gctx: &'gctx GlobalContext,
+    /// Keeps track of if we have sent a warning message if there was an error updating the cache.
+    /// The motivation is to avoid warning spam if the cache is not writable.
+    has_warned: RefCell<bool>,
 }
 
 impl<'gctx> CacheManager<'gctx> {
     /// Creates a new instance of the on-disk index cache manager.
     ///
     /// `root` --- The root path where caches are located.
     pub fn new(cache_root: Filesystem, gctx: &'gctx GlobalContext) -> CacheManager<'gctx> {
-        CacheManager { cache_root, gctx }
+        CacheManager {
+            cache_root,
+            gctx,
+            has_warned: Default::default(),
+        }
     }
 
     /// Gets the cache associated with the key.
@@ -251,16 +259,28 @@ impl<'gctx> CacheManager<'gctx> {
     /// Associates the value with the key.
     pub fn put(&self, key: &str, value: &[u8]) {
         let cache_path = &self.cache_path(key);
-        if fs::create_dir_all(cache_path.parent().unwrap()).is_ok() {
-            let path = Filesystem::new(cache_path.clone());
-            self.gctx
-                .assert_package_cache_locked(CacheLockMode::DownloadExclusive, &path);
-            if let Err(e) = fs::write(cache_path, value) {
-                tracing::info!(?cache_path, "failed to write cache: {e}");
+        if let Err(e) = self.put_inner(cache_path, value) {
+            tracing::info!(?cache_path, "failed to write cache: {e}");
+
+            if !*self.has_warned.borrow() {
+                let _ = self.gctx.shell().warn(format!(
+                    "failed to write cache, path: {}, error: {e}",
+                    cache_path.to_str().unwrap_or_default()
+                ));
+                *self.has_warned.borrow_mut() = true;
             }
         }
     }
 
+    fn put_inner(&self, cache_path: &PathBuf, value: &[u8]) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+        fs::create_dir_all(cache_path.parent().unwrap())?;
+        let path = Filesystem::new(cache_path.clone());
+        self.gctx
+            .assert_package_cache_locked(CacheLockMode::DownloadExclusive, &path);
+        fs::write(cache_path, value)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     /// Invalidates the cache associated with the key.
     pub fn invalidate(&self, key: &str) {
         let cache_path = &self.cache_path(key);

tests/testsuite/registry.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 use std::fmt::Write;
 use std::fs::{self, File};
-use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::sync::Mutex;
 
@@ -3097,6 +3097,78 @@ fn readonly_registry_still_works() {
     }
 }
 
+#[cargo_test(ignore_windows = "On Windows setting file attributes is a bit complicated")]
+fn unaccessible_registry_cache_still_works() {
+    Package::new("foo", "0.1.0").publish();
+    Package::new("fo2", "0.1.0").publish();
+
+    let p = project()
+        .file(
+            "Cargo.toml",
+            r#"
+                [package]
+                name = "a"
+                version = "0.5.0"
+                edition = "2015"
+                authors = []
+
+                [dependencies]
+                foo = '0.1.0'
+                fo2 = '0.1.0'
+            "#,
+        )
+        .file("src/lib.rs", "")
+        .build();
+
+    p.cargo("generate-lockfile").run();
+    p.cargo("fetch --locked").run();
+
+    let cache_path = inner_dir(&paths::cargo_home().join("registry/index")).join(".cache");
+    let f_cache_path = cache_path.join("3/f");
+
+    // Remove the permissions from the cache path that contains the "foo" crate
+    set_permissions(&f_cache_path, 0o000);
+
+    // Now run a build and make sure we properly build and warn the user
+    p.cargo("build")
+        .with_stderr_data(str![[r#"
+[WARNING] failed to write cache, path: [ROOT]/home/.cargo/registry/index/-[HASH]/.cache/3/f/fo[..], [ERROR] Permission denied (os error 13)
+[COMPILING] fo[..] v0.1.0
+[COMPILING] fo[..] v0.1.0
+[COMPILING] a v0.5.0 ([ROOT]/foo)
+[FINISHED] `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in [ELAPSED]s
+
+"#]])
+        .run();
+    // make sure we add the permissions to the files afterwards so "cargo clean" can remove them (#6934)
+    set_permissions(&f_cache_path, 0o777);
+
+    fn set_permissions(path: &Path, permissions: u32) {
+        #[cfg(not(windows))]
+        {
+            use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
+            let mut perms = t!(path.metadata()).permissions();
+            perms.set_mode(permissions);
+            t!(fs::set_permissions(path, perms));
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(windows)]
+        panic!("This test is not supported on windows. See the reason in the #[cargo_test] macro");
+    }
+
+    fn inner_dir(path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+        for entry in t!(path.read_dir()) {
+            let path = t!(entry).path();
+
+            if path.is_dir() {
+                return path;
+            }
+        }
+
+        panic!("could not find inner directory of {path:?}");
+    }
+}
+
 #[cargo_test]
 fn registry_index_rejected_http() {
     let _server = setup_http();