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@article{twitteR2rtweet, | ||
title = {Github issue #1: What differences with twitte{R}?}, | ||
author = {Michael W Kearney}, | ||
year = {2016}, | ||
url = {https://github.com/mkearney/rtweet/issues/1#issuecomment-492753003}, | ||
organization = {Github} | ||
} | ||
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@Manual{twitteR, | ||
title = {{t}witte{R}: R based {T}witter client}, | ||
author = {Gentry, Jeff}, | ||
organization = {Comprehensive R Archive Network}, | ||
year = 2013, | ||
url = {https://cran.r-project.org/package=twitteR} | ||
} | ||
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@Article{tweetmodeextended, | ||
title = {Giving you more characters to express yourself}, | ||
author = {Aliza Rosen and Ikuhiro Ihara}, | ||
year = {2017}, | ||
month = {9}, | ||
day = {26}, | ||
url = {https://blog.twitter.com/official/en_us/topics/product/2017/Giving-you-more-characters-to-express-yourself.html} | ||
} | ||
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@Manual{rtweet, | ||
title = {{r}tweet: Collecting {T}witter Data}, | ||
author = {Kearney, Michael W}, | ||
organization = {The {C}omprehensive {R} {A}rchive {N}etwork}, | ||
year = {2018}, | ||
note = {R package version 0.6.7}, | ||
url = {https://cran.r-project.org/package=rtweet}, | ||
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2528481} | ||
} | ||
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%% ACADEMIC JOURNAL ARTICLES USING RTWEET | ||
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@article{bossetta2018simulated, | ||
title = {A Simulated Cyberattack on {T}witter: Assessing Partisan Vulnerability to Spear Phishing and Disinformation ahead of the 2018 {US} Midterm Elections}, | ||
author = {Bossetta, Michael}, | ||
journal = {First Monday}, | ||
year = {2018} | ||
} | ||
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@article{bradley2019major, | ||
title={How are major gambling brands using {T}witter?}, | ||
author={Bradley, Alex and James, Richard JE}, | ||
journal={International Gambling Studies}, | ||
pages={1--20}, | ||
year={2019}, | ||
publisher={Taylor \& Francis}, | ||
doi={https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2019.1606927} | ||
} | ||
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@article{buscema2018media, | ||
title = {Media content analysis on online hate speech}, | ||
author = {Buscema, Massimo and Ferilli, Guido and Massini, Giulia and Zavarrone, Emma}, | ||
journal = {Positive Messengers}, | ||
url = {https://positivemessengers.net/images/library/pdfs/Media_content_analysis_form_eng.pdf}, | ||
year = {2018} | ||
} | ||
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@article{erlandsen2018twitter, | ||
title = {Twitter as a tool of para-disploomacy: An exploratory cohort study based on {C}atalonia (2013-2017)}, | ||
author = {Erlandsen, Matthias}, | ||
journal = {Revista Chilena de Relaciones Internacionales}, | ||
volume = {2}, | ||
issue = {1}, | ||
year = {2018}, | ||
pages = {211-231}, | ||
url = {https://rchri.cl/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/211-231.pdf} | ||
} | ||
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@article{gitto2019brand, | ||
author = {Simone Gitto and Paolo Mancuso}, | ||
title = {Brand perceptions of airports using social networks}, | ||
journal = {Journal of Air Transport Management}, | ||
volume = {75}, | ||
pages = {153 - 163}, | ||
year = {2019}, | ||
issn = {0969-6997}, | ||
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2019.01.010}, | ||
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969699718303144} | ||
} | ||
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@article{kearney2019analyzing, | ||
author = {Kearney, Michael W}, | ||
year = {2019}, | ||
journal = {New Media \& Society}, | ||
title = {Analyzing change in network polarization}, | ||
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818822813}, | ||
note = {[Online First]}, | ||
doi = {10.1177/1461444818822813} | ||
} | ||
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@book{kearney2018analyzing, | ||
title = {Analyzing tweets about the 2016 {US} presidential "blunder" election}, | ||
author = {Kearney, Michael W}, | ||
booktitle = {An Unprecedented Election: Media, Communication, and the Electorate in the 2016 Campaign}, | ||
editor = {Warner, B. R. and Bystrom, D. G. and McKinney, M. S. and Banwart, M. C.}, | ||
year = {2018}, | ||
publisher = {ABC-CLIO} | ||
} | ||
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@article{li2018sentiment, | ||
title = {Sentiment-based prediction of alternative cryptocurrency price fluctuations using gradient boosting tree model}, | ||
author = {Li, Tianyu Ray and Chamrajnagar, Anup S and Fong, Xander R and Rizik, Nicholas R and Fu, Feng}, | ||
journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.00558}, | ||
year = {2018} | ||
} | ||
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@article{lutkenhaus2019tailoring, | ||
title = {Tailoring in the digital era: Stimulating dialogues on health topics in collaboration with social media influencers}, | ||
author = {Lutkenhaus, Roel O and Jansz, Jeroen and Bouman, Martine PA}, | ||
journal = {Digital Health}, | ||
volume = {5}, | ||
pages = {1-11}, | ||
year = {2019}, | ||
doi = {10.1177/2055207618821521} | ||
} | ||
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@article{lutkenhaus2019mapping, | ||
title={Mapping the {D}utch Vaccination Debate on {T}witter: Identifying Communities, Narratives, and Interactions}, | ||
author={Lutkenhaus, Roel O and Jansz, Jeroen and Bouman, Martine PA}, | ||
journal={Vaccine: X}, | ||
pages={100019}, | ||
year={2019}, | ||
publisher={Elsevier} | ||
} | ||
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@article{molyneux2018media, | ||
title = {Media work, identity, and the motivations that shape branding practices among journalists: An explanatory framework}, | ||
author = {Molyneux, Logan and Lewis, Seth C and Holton, Avery E}, | ||
journal = {New Media \& Society}, | ||
pages = {1-20}, | ||
year = {2018}, | ||
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/F1461444818809392} | ||
} | ||
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@article{tsoi2018can, | ||
title = {How can we better use {T}witter to find a person who got lost due to dementia?}, | ||
author = {Tsoi, Kelvin KF and Chan, Nicholas B and Chan, Felix CH and Zhang, Lingling and Lee, Annisa CH and Meng, Helen ML}, | ||
journal = {npj Digital Medicine}, | ||
volume = {1}, | ||
number = {1}, | ||
pages = {14}, | ||
year = {2018}, | ||
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group} | ||
} | ||
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@article{unsihuay2018topic, | ||
title = {Topic modeling en datos de {T}witter: Una aplicaci{\'o}n en el contexto pol{\'\i}tico peruano}, | ||
author = {Unsihuay, Jes{\'u}s Eduardo Gamboa}, | ||
journal = {XXVIII Simposio Internacional de Estadístic}, | ||
year = {2018} | ||
} | ||
@article{valls2017urban, | ||
title = {Urban data and urban design: A data mining approach to architecture education}, | ||
author = {Valls, Francesc and Redondo, Ernesto and Fonseca, David and Torres-Kompen, Ricardo and Villagrasa, Sergi and Mart{\'\i}, Nuria}, | ||
journal = {Telematics and Informatics}, | ||
year = {2017}, | ||
publisher = {Elsevier}, | ||
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.09.015} | ||
} | ||
@article{wu2018finding, | ||
title={Finding Similar Users over Multiple Attributes on the Basis of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set}, | ||
author={Wu, Haitao and Ying, Shi}, | ||
journal={Mobile Networks and Applications}, | ||
pages={1--9}, | ||
year={2018}, | ||
doi = {10.1007/s11036-018-1055-6} | ||
} | ||
%% MAINSTREAM PUBLICATIONS | ||
@article{riley2019twitter, | ||
author = {Cailin Riley}, | ||
journal = {Futurity}, | ||
month = {4}, | ||
day = {3}, | ||
year = {2019}, | ||
title = {Does {T}witter make political polarization seem worse?}, | ||
url = {https://www.futurity.org/political-polarization-twitter-moderates-2025862/} | ||
} | ||
@article{bajak2019democrats, | ||
author = {Aleszu Bajak and Floris Wu}, | ||
journal = {Roll Call}, | ||
month = {2}, | ||
day = {12}, | ||
year = {2019}, | ||
title = {Democrats 'went low' on {T}witter leading up to 2018}, | ||
url = {https://www.rollcall.com/news/lead-midterms-twitter-republicans-went-high-democrats-went-low} | ||
} | ||
@article{machlis2019r, | ||
author = {Sharon Machlis}, | ||
year = {2019}, | ||
day = {17}, | ||
month = {3}, | ||
title = {R community blasts {D}ataCamp response to exec's 'inappropriate behavior'}, | ||
url = {https://www.computerworld.com/article/3389684/r-community-blasts-datacamp-response-to-execs-inappropriate-behavior.html#tk.rss_news}, | ||
journal = {ComputerWorld} | ||
} |
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--- | ||
title: "rtweet: Collecting and analyzing Twitter data" | ||
authors: | ||
- name: Michael W. Kearney | ||
orcid: 0000-0002-0730-4694 | ||
affiliation: '1' | ||
affiliations: | ||
- name: School of Journalism, Informatics Institute, University of Missouri | ||
index: '1' | ||
date: 13 May 2019 | ||
bibliography: paper.bib | ||
tags: | ||
- R | ||
- social media | ||
- API | ||
--- | ||
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# Summary | ||
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Interest in Twitter data continues to grow, but for many the task of actually | ||
collecting and analyzing data via Twitter APIs remains daunting. For example, in | ||
order to interact with Twitter's APIs users must, in addition to identifying and | ||
digesting the relevant information from [Twitter's developer | ||
documentation](https://developer.twitter.com), build/send/receive requests, | ||
manage rate limits, and wrangle nested and real-time response objects into | ||
analysis-friendly data structures. Fortunately, the ``rtweet`` package [@rtweet] | ||
is designed to simplify these processes, making interacting with Twitter's APIs | ||
more accessible to a wider range of users. | ||
Following the [announced (2016) deprecation of the ``twitteR`` | ||
package](https://github.com/mkearney/rtweet/issues/1#issuecomment-492753003) | ||
[@twitteR], R users seeking to interact with Twitter APIs have been encouraged | ||
to use the ``rtweet`` package. Use of the up-to-date and actively-maintained | ||
``rtweet`` package is especially important in light of changes to Twitter's APIs | ||
since 2016. Most notably, one major change not reflected in the ``twitteR`` | ||
package is the increased character limit for Twitter statuses from 140 to 280 | ||
characters [@tweetmodeextended]). In addition to providing similar but updated | ||
functionality as the ``twitteR`` package for interacting with Twitter's REST | ||
API, the ``rtweet`` package also provides support for acessing Twitter's stream | ||
API. | ||
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The main goals of the ``rtweet`` package are two-fold. The first goal is to make | ||
interacting with Twitter's APIs more approachable and streamlined for less | ||
computationally-experienced users. The second goal is to assist in the analysis | ||
of Twitter data via converting information returned by Twitter's APIs into | ||
tabular data structures and providing several convenience functions for common | ||
analytical techniques such as examining Twitter networks or the frequency of | ||
tweets over time. In short, although it is certainly possible for users to write | ||
their own Twitter API wrapper functions, the heavy-lifting done by ``rtweet`` to | ||
(a) streamline the building, authorizing, and sending of API requests, (b) | ||
wrangle deeply nested JSON data into tabular structures, and (c) provide | ||
convenience functions for for relevant and popular analytical techniques, make | ||
it a valuable contribution in the area of collecting and analyzing Twitter data. | ||
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Although ``rtweet`` provides some coverage to user context-behaviors (e.g., | ||
posting statuses, liking tweets, following users, etc.), the primary audience | ||
for the package to date has been researchers. Accordingly, ``rtweet`` has been | ||
featured in numerous mainstream [e.g., | ||
@bajak2019democrats;@machlis2019r;@riley2019twitter] and academic publications | ||
[e.g., | ||
@bossetta2018simulated;@bradley2019major;@buscema2018media;@erlandsen2018twitter;@gitto2019brand;@kearney2019analyzing;@kearney2018analyzing;@li2018sentiment;@lutkenhaus2019tailoring;@lutkenhaus2019mapping;@molyneux2018media;@tsoi2018can;@unsihuay2018topic;@valls2017urban;@wu2018finding]. | ||
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# References | ||
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