Add more cast tests (#1527)

Add more cast tests

```SQL
CREATE TABLE PETS (
    id INT4,
    breed STRING,
    tag INT2
)
```

Tests:
```SQL
-- #1 should succeed
CAST(true AS INT2) --

-- #2  should fail
CAST((s : STRING) AS LIST)

-- #3 should succeed
CAST((i : INT2) AS INT4)

-- #4 should succeed
CAST((i : INT4) AS INT2)
```

#### Background context
As part of a specification work, we want to make the behavior for the #4 more visible:

 From SQL-99 Section 6.22: <cast specification>:

```
 If SD (source data type) is exact numeric or approximate numeric, then
 Case:
   i) If there is a representation of SV (source value) in the data type TD (target data type) that does not lose any leading si-gnificant digits after rounding or truncating if necessary, then TV is that representation.
 The choice of whether to round or truncate is implementation-defined.
 ii) Otherwise, an exception condition is raised: data exception — numeric value out of
 range.
 ```

We can see this evaluation behavior in PostgresSQL v15:
Ref.: https://www.db-fiddle.com/f/vMY3Srd2bG6f3NshvTp3w1/0

```
-- succeeds
SELECT CAST((1::INT4) AS INT2);

-- fails: `Query Error: error: smallint out of range`
SELECT CAST((327686::INT4) AS INT2);
```

partiql-planner/src/test/kotlin/org/partiql/planner/internal/typer/PlanTyperTestsPorted.kt

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ import org.partiql.types.StaticType
 import org.partiql.types.StaticType.Companion.ANY
 import org.partiql.types.StaticType.Companion.DECIMAL
 import org.partiql.types.StaticType.Companion.INT
+import org.partiql.types.StaticType.Companion.INT2
 import org.partiql.types.StaticType.Companion.INT4
 import org.partiql.types.StaticType.Companion.INT8
 import org.partiql.types.StaticType.Companion.unionOf
@@ -167,11 +168,13 @@ class PlanTyperTestsPorted {
         val TYPE_BOOL = StaticType.BOOL
         private val TYPE_AWS_DDB_PETS_ID = StaticType.INT4
         private val TYPE_AWS_DDB_PETS_BREED = StaticType.STRING
+        private val TYPE_AWS_DDB_PETS_TAG = StaticType.INT2
         val TABLE_AWS_DDB_PETS = BagType(
             elementType = StructType(
                 fields = mapOf(
                     "id" to TYPE_AWS_DDB_PETS_ID,
-                    "breed" to TYPE_AWS_DDB_PETS_BREED
+                    "breed" to TYPE_AWS_DDB_PETS_BREED,
+                    "tag" to TYPE_AWS_DDB_PETS_TAG,
                 ),
                 contentClosed = true,
                 constraints = setOf(
@@ -185,7 +188,8 @@ class PlanTyperTestsPorted {
             elementType = StructType(
                 fields = mapOf(
                     "id" to TYPE_AWS_DDB_PETS_ID,
-                    "breed" to TYPE_AWS_DDB_PETS_BREED
+                    "breed" to TYPE_AWS_DDB_PETS_BREED,
+                    "tag" to TYPE_AWS_DDB_PETS_TAG,
                 ),
                 contentClosed = true,
                 constraints = setOf(
@@ -289,6 +293,39 @@ class PlanTyperTestsPorted {
         @JvmStatic
         fun structs() = listOf<TestCase>()
 
+        @JvmStatic
+        fun extendedCastTests() = listOf<TestCase>(
+            SuccessTestCase(
+                name = "CAST INT4 TO INT2",
+                catalog = CATALOG_AWS,
+                query = "CAST((SELECT t.id FROM ddb.pets AS t) AS INT2)",
+                expected = INT2
+            ),
+            SuccessTestCase(
+                name = "CAST BOOL TO INT2",
+                catalog = CATALOG_AWS,
+                query = "CAST(true AS INT2)",
+                expected = INT2
+            ),
+            SuccessTestCase(
+                name = "CAST INT2 TO INT4",
+                catalog = CATALOG_AWS,
+                query = "CAST((SELECT t.tag FROM ddb.pets AS t) AS INT4)",
+                expected = INT4
+            ),
+            SuccessTestCase(
+                name = "CAST INT8 literal to INT2",
+                query = "CAST(343434534534 AS INT2)",
+                expected = INT2
+            ),
+            SuccessTestCase(
+                name = "CAST STRING to INT2",
+                catalog = CATALOG_AWS,
+                query = "CAST((SELECT t.breed FROM ddb.pets AS t) AS INT2)",
+                expected = INT2
+            ),
+        )
+
         @JvmStatic
         fun decimalCastCases() = listOf<TestCase>(
             SuccessTestCase(
@@ -3523,6 +3560,11 @@ class PlanTyperTestsPorted {
     @ArgumentsSource(TestProvider::class)
     fun test(tc: TestCase) = runTest(tc)
 
+    @ParameterizedTest
+    @MethodSource("extendedCastTests")
+    @Execution(ExecutionMode.CONCURRENT)
+    fun testCastCase(tc: TestCase) = runTest(tc)
+
     @ParameterizedTest
     @MethodSource("collections")
     @Execution(ExecutionMode.CONCURRENT)
@@ -3843,7 +3885,7 @@ class PlanTyperTestsPorted {
                 name = "Project all implicitly",
                 catalog = CATALOG_AWS,
                 catalogPath = listOf("ddb"),
-                query = "SELECT id, breed FROM pets",
+                query = "SELECT id, breed, tag FROM pets",
                 expected = TABLE_AWS_DDB_PETS
             ),
             TestCase.SuccessTestCase(

partiql-planner/src/testFixtures/resources/catalogs/default/aws/ddb/pets.ion

@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@
       {
         name: "breed",
         type: "string",
+      },
+      {
+        name: "tag",
+        type: "int16",
       }
     ]
   }