[exporter/clickhouse] Add client info for identifying exporter in system.query_log

[SpencerTorres]

Description:
(reopen from #34915)

This change will include information about the collector version and OS/Arch for every INSERT. Users can then track the origin of these queries in system.query_log. For an official build this will look something like otelcol/v0.114.0.

This is implemented by setting client_info_product in the DSN. The underlying ClickHouse Go driver will then attach it upon connection. Users can already add their own version info in endpoint or connection_params, but this change will now safely set or append to that value with the binary's information.

Documentation:

• Added notes to README for client_product_info

Testing:

• Add/updated unit tests

[github-actions]

This PR was marked stale due to lack of activity. It will be closed in 14 days.

[SpencerTorres]

not stale 👉

[SpencerTorres]

@dmitryax I have updated the code to use exporter.Settings.BuildInfo.Version. Note that this may not include the architecture/os like the original implementation, although I don't think it's necessary. By default the build version is latest which may be misleading if the user's build doesn't include a specific version number.

Overall the code is simpler though, let me know if anything else stands out. Thanks!

[atoulme]

the changes look ok to me.