libglvnd: the GL Vendor-Neutral Dispatch library

Introduction

This is a work-in-progress implementation of the vendor-neutral dispatch layer for arbitrating OpenGL API calls between multiple vendors on a per-screen basis, as described by Andy Ritger's OpenGL ABI proposal [1].

Currently, only the GLX window-system API and OpenGL are supported, but in the future this library may support EGL and OpenGL ES as well.

Building the library

libglvnd build-depends on libx11, glproto and libxext. On Debian and derivatives, run:

sudo apt-get install libxext-dev libx11-dev x11proto-gl-dev

Run ./autogen.sh, then run ./configure and make.

Code overview

The code in the src/ directory is organized as follows:

• GLX/ contains code for libGLX, the GLX window-system API library.
• GLdispatch/ contains code for libGLdispatch, which is responsible for dispatching OpenGL functions to the correct vendor library. Its interface is defined in GLdispatch.h. This implements the guts of the core GL API libraries. Most of the dispatch code is based on Mesa's glapi.
• EGL/ is a placeholder for now. It will contain libEGL, which may be implemented similarly to libGLX.
• OpenGL/, GLESv1/, and GLESv2/ contain code to generate libOpenGL.so, libGLESv1_CM.so, and libGLESv2.so, respectively. All three are merely wrapper libraries for libGLdispatch. Ideally, these could be implemented via ELF symbol filtering, but in practice they need to be implemented manually. See the Issues section for details on why this is the case.
• GL/ contains code for libGL. This is a wrapper around libGLdispatch and libGLX.
• util/ contains generic utility code.

In addition, libglvnd uses a GLX extension, GLX_EXT_libglvnd, to determine which vendor library to use for a screen or XID.

There are a few good starting points for familiarizing oneself with the code:

• Look at the vendor-library to GLX ABI defined in libglxabi.h.
• Follow the flow of glXGetProcAddress() -> __glDispatchGetProcAddress() -> _glapi_get_proc_address() to see how the dispatch table is updated as new GL stubs are generated, and how GLX looks for vendor-library-implemented dispatchers for GLX extension functions.
• Follow the flow of glXMakeContextCurrent() -> __glDispatchMakeCurrent() -> _glapi_set_current() to see how the current dispatch table and state is updated by the API library.
• Look at libglxmapping.c:__glXLookupVendorBy{Name,Screen}() to see how vendor library names are queried.

The tests/ directory contains several unit tests which verify that dispatching to different vendors actually works. Run make check to run these unit tests.

Architecture

The library organization differs slightly from that of Andy's original proposal. See the diagram below:

                ┌──────────────────────────────────┐
                │                                  │
          ┌─────┤        Application               │
          │     │                                  │
          │     └─────┬───────────────────┬────────┘
          │           │                   │
          │     ┌─────▾─────┐             │                    ┌──────────────────────┐
          │     │           │             │                    │                      │
          │     │ libOpenGL │             │                    │                      │
          │     │           │             │                    │  X server            │
          │     └─────┬─────┘             │                    │                      │
          │        DT_FILTER              │                    │                      │
          │     ┌─────▾──────────┐ ┌──────▾────────┐           │ ┌──────────────────┐ │
          │     │                │ │               │           └─│GLX_EXT_libglvnd  │─┘
          │     │ [mapi/glapi]   ◂─▸               │             │extension         │
          │     │ libGLdispatch  │ │   libGLX      ├─────────────▸──────────────────┘
          │     │                │ │               ◂──────────┬─────────────────┐
          │     └───────▴────────┘ └──────▴────────┘          │                 │
          │         DT_FILTER         DT_FILTER             ┌─▾─────────┐   ┌───▾────────┐
          │     ┌───────┴─────────────────┴────────┐        │           │   │            │
          │     │                                  │        │           │   │            │
          └─────▸           libGL                  │        │ GLX_vendor│   │ GLX_vendor2│
                └──────────────────────────────────┘        │           │   │            │
                                                            └───────────┘   └────────────┘

In this diagram,

• A ───▸ B indicates that module A calls into module B.
• A ── DT_FILTER ──▸ B indicates that DSO A is (logically) a filter library on DSO B. If ELF symbol filtering is enabled, symbols exported by A are resolved to entrypoints in B.

libGLX manages loading GLX vendor libraries and dispatching GLX core and extension functions to the right vendor.

GLX_EXT_libglvnd is a simple GLX extension which allows libGLX to determine the number of the screen belonging to an arbitrary drawable XID, and also the GL vendor to use for a given screen.

libGLdispatch implements core GL dispatching and TLS. It acts as a thin wrapper around glapi which provides some higher-level functionality for managing dispatch tables, requesting vendor proc addresses, and making current to a given context + dispatch table. This is a separate library rather than statically linked into libGLX, since current dispatch tables will eventually be shared between GLX and EGL, similarly to how glapi operates when Mesa is compiled with the --shared-glapi option.

libOpenGL is a wrapper library to libGLdispatch which exposes OpenGL 4.5 core and compatibility entry points.

libGLESv{1,2} are wrapper libraries to libGLdispatch which expose OpenGL ES entrypoints.

libGL is a wrapper library to libGLdispatch and libGLX which is provided for backwards-compatibility with applications which link against the old ABI.

Note that since all OpenGL functions are dispatched through the same table in libGLdispatch, it doesn't matter which library is used to find the entrypoint. The same OpenGL function in libGL, libOpenGL, libGLES, and the function pointer returned by glXGetProcAddress are all interchangeable.

GLX dispatching

Unlike core OpenGL functions, whose vendor can be determined from the current context, many GLX functions are context-independent. In order to successfully map GLX API calls to the right vendor, we use the following strategy:

• Most GLX entry points specify (either explicitly, or implicitly) an X screen.

• On a per-entry point basis, dispatch the call to the libGLX_VENDOR.so for that screen.

• The first time libGLX.so gets called with a unique combination of X Display + screen, do the following:

  • Use the Display connection to query the X server for the GLX vendor of that X screen.

  • Load the corresponding libGLX_VENDOR.so.

  • Read the vendor's GLX dispatch table from the libGLX_VENDOR.so.

  • Cache that Display + screen <=> vendor dispatch table mapping, for use in subsequent dispatching.

• Some GLX entry points imply an X screen by a GLX object they specify. Such GLX objects are:

  • GLXContext (an opaque pointer)
  • GLXFBConfig (an opaque pointer)
  • GLXPixmap (an XID)
  • GLXDrawable (an XID)
  • GLXWindow (an XID)
  • GLXPbuffer (an XID)

  To map from object to screen, record the corresponding screen when the object is created. This means the current process needs to see a GLX call to create the object. In the case of the opaque pointers, this is reasonable, since the pointer is only meaningful within the current process.

  XIDs, however, can be created by another process, so libGLX may not know in advance which screen they belong to. To deal with that, libGLX queries the server using the GLX extension GLX_EXT_libglvnd.

Issues

• Ideally, several components of libglvnd (namely, the libGL wrapper library and the libOpenGL, libGLES{v1_CM,v2} interface libraries) could be implemented via ELF symbol filtering (see [2] for a demonstration of this). However, a loader bug (tracked in [3]) makes this mechanism unreliable: dlopen(3)ing a shared library with DT_FILTER fields can crash the application. Instead, for now, ELF symbol filtering is disabled by default, and an alternate approach is used to implement these libraries.

• The library currently indirectly associates a drawable with a vendor, by first mapping a drawable to its screen, then mapping the screen to its vendor. However, it may make sense in render offload scenarios to allow direct mapping from drawables to vendors, so multiple vendors could potentially operate on drawables in the same screen. The problem with this is that several GLX functions, such as glXChooseFBConfig(), explicitly refer to screens, and so it becomes a gray area which vendor the call should be dispatched to. Given this issue, does it still make more sense to use a direct drawable to vendor mapping? How would this be implemented? Should we add new API calls to "GLX Next"?

  • Note that the (drawable -> screen -> vendor) mapping mainly exists in the GLX_EXT_libglvnd extension. libGLX itself keeps a simple (drawable -> vendor) mapping, and exposes that mapping to the vendor libraries.

• Along the same lines, would it be useful to include a "glXGetProcAddressFromVendor()" or "glXGetProcAddressFromScreen()" entrypoint in a new GLX version to obviate the need for this library in future applications?

• Global state is required by both libGLX.so and libGLdispatch.so for various purposes, and needs to be protected by locks in multithreaded environments. Is it reasonable for the vendor-neutral library to depend on pthreads for implementing these locks?

  While there is no harm in having the API libraries link against pthreads even if the application does not, we would like to avoid pthread locking overhead if the application is single-threaded. Hence, this library uses a glvnd_pthread wrapper library which provides single-threaded fallbacks for applications which are not linked against pthreads. It is expected that multi-threaded applications will either statically link against pthreads, or load pthreads prior to loading libGL.

• Is using a hash table to store GLX extension entrypoints performant enough for dispatching? Should we be using a flat array instead?

• How should malloc(3) failures be handled?

• How should forking be handled?

• The current libGLX implementation stores all GLXContext and GLXFBConfig handles in global hashtables, which means that GLXContext and GLXFBConfig handles must be unique between vendors. That is, two vendor libraries must not come up with the same handle value for a GLXContext or GLXFBConfig. To that end, GLXContext and GLXFBConfig handles must be pointers to memory addresses that the vendor library somehow controls. The values are otherwise opaque.

• Querying an XID <=> screen mapping without somehow "locking" the XID is inherently racy, since a different process may destroy the drawable, and X may recycle the XID, after the mapping is saved client-side. Is there a mechanism we could use to notify the API library when a mapping is no longer valid?

References

[1] https://github.com/aritger/linux-opengl-abi-proposal/blob/master/linux-opengl-abi-proposal.txt

[2] https://github.com/aritger/libgl-elf-tricks-demo

[3] https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=16272

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Andy Ritger for the original libGLX implementation and README documentation.

libglvnd

libglvnd itself (excluding components listed below) is licensed as follows:

Copyright (c) 2013, NVIDIA CORPORATION.

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
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X.Org

libglvnd contains list.h, a linked list implementation from the X.Org project. Source code from the X.Org project is available from:

http://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/xserver

list.h carries the following license:

Copyright © 2010 Intel Corporation
Copyright © 2010 Francisco Jerez <[email protected]>

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
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The above copyright notice and this permission notice (including the next
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Software.

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IN THE SOFTWARE.

Mesa

libglvnd contains code from the Mesa project. Source code from the Mesa project is available from:

http://cgit.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa

The default Mesa license is as follows:

Copyright (C) 1999-2007  Brian Paul   All Rights Reserved.

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
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THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
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CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

uthash

libglvnd uses the hash table implementation 'uthash':

http://troydhanson.github.io/uthash/

This library carries the following copyright notice:

Copyright (c) 2005-2013, Troy D. Hanson
http://troydhanson.github.com/uthash/
All rights reserved.

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buildconf

libglvnd uses the buildconf autotools bootstrapping script 'autogen.sh':

http://freecode.com/projects/buildconf

This script carries the following copyright notice:

Copyright (c) 2005-2009 United States Government as represented by
the U.S. Army Research Laboratory.

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ax-pthread

libglvnd uses the AX_PTHREAD autoconf macro for detecting pthreads. The implementation of this macro carries the following license:

Copyright (c) 2008 Steven G. Johnson <[email protected]>
Copyright (c) 2011 Daniel Richard G. <[email protected]>

This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
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libglvnd uses the cJSON library for reading JSON files:

https://github.com/DaveGamble/cJSON

This library carries the following copyright notice:

Copyright (c) 2009 Dave Gamble

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.