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add AmE table for issue #409
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lagleki committed Oct 13, 2024
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</td>
</tr>
</informaltable>
<para>The following guide will help American English speakers approximate Lojban sounds using familiar reference points from their dialect. When speaking Lojban, aim to pronounce each sound clearly and distinctly. Avoid the tendency in American English to reduce unstressed vowels to schwa or to add glides to pure vowels. Practice each sound individually and in combination to improve your Lojban pronunciation.</para>
<para role="allowbreaks" />
<informaltable class="vertsep">
<colgroup />
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[a]</phrase></td>
<td>
The Lojban <letteral>a</letteral>. Similar to the <quote>a</quote> in <quote>father</quote>, but pronounced slightly forward in the mouth. Think of the <quote>a</quote> in <quote>spa</quote> without rounding your lips.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[b]</phrase></td>
<td>
The Lojban <letteral>b</letteral>. Identical to the <quote>b</quote> in <quote>boy</quote> or <quote>about</quote>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[d]</phrase></td>
<td>
The Lojban <letteral>d</letteral>. As in <quote>dog</quote> or <quote>add</quote>. Be careful not to soften this to a flap <phrase role="IPA">[ɾ]</phrase> between vowels, as in American <quote>ladder</quote>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[e]</phrase></td>
<td>
The Lojban <letteral>e</letteral>. Similar to the <quote>ay</quote> in <quote>say</quote>, but without the glide at the end. Hold your tongue still while saying the first part of the English vowel.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[f]</phrase></td>
<td>
The Lojban <letteral>f</letteral>. As in <quote>four</quote> or <quote>if</quote>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[g]</phrase></td>
<td>
The Lojban <letteral>g</letteral>. As in <quote>go</quote> or <quote>big</quote>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[h]</phrase></td>
<td>
The Lojban apostrophe. As in <quote>ahead</quote> or the second <quote>h</quote> in <quote>oh hi</quote>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[i]</phrase></td>
<td>
The Lojban <letteral>i</letteral>. Like the <quote>ee</quote> in <quote>see</quote>, but without any glide at the end.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[j]</phrase></td>
<td>
Used in Lojban diphthongs with <letteral>i</letteral>. Like the <quote>y</quote> in <quote>yes</quote> or the <quote>i</quote> in <quote>radio</quote>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[k]</phrase></td>
<td>
The Lojban <letteral>k</letteral>. As in <quote>ski</quote> or <quote>take</quote>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[l]</phrase></td>
<td>
The Lojban <letteral>l</letteral>. As in <quote>love</quote> or <quote>fall</quote>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[m]</phrase></td>
<td>
The Lojban <letteral>m</letteral>. As in <quote>more</quote> or <quote>him</quote>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[n]</phrase></td>
<td>
The Lojban <letteral>n</letteral>. As in <quote>no</quote> or <quote>on</quote>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[o]</phrase></td>
<td>
The Lojban <letteral>o</letteral>. Similar to the <quote>o</quote> in <quote>go</quote>, but without the glide at the end. Hold your tongue still while saying the first part of the English vowel.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[p]</phrase></td>
<td>
The Lojban <letteral>p</letteral>. As in <quote>spin</quote> or <quote>top</quote>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[r]</phrase></td>
<td>
The Lojban <letteral>r</letteral>. Similar to the American <quote>r</quote> in <quote>red</quote> or <quote>car</quote>, but can also be trilled as in Spanish.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[s]</phrase></td>
<td>
The Lojban <letteral>s</letteral>. As in <quote>sit</quote> or <quote>bus</quote>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[ʃ]</phrase></td>
<td>
The Lojban <letteral>c</letteral>. The <quote>sh</quote> sound in <quote>ship</quote> or <quote>cash</quote>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[t]</phrase></td>
<td>
The Lojban <letteral>t</letteral>. As in <quote>stop</quote> or <quote>it</quote>. Avoid softening to a flap <phrase role="IPA">[ɾ]</phrase> between vowels, as in American <quote>water</quote>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[u]</phrase></td>
<td>
The Lojban <letteral>u</letteral>. Similar to the <quote>oo</quote> in <quote>boot</quote>, but without any glide at the end. Hold your tongue still while saying the vowel.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[v]</phrase></td>
<td>
The Lojban <letteral>v</letteral>. As in <quote>vote</quote> or <quote>have</quote>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[w]</phrase></td>
<td>
Used in Lojban diphthongs with <letteral>u</letteral>. As in <quote>wet</quote> or <quote>cow</quote>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[x]</phrase></td>
<td>
The Lojban <letteral>x</letteral>. Similar to the <quote>ch</quote> in the German <quote>Bach</quote> or Scottish <quote>loch</quote>. Pronounce like a strong <quote>h</quote> with friction in your throat.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[y]</phrase></td>
<td>
The Lojban <letteral>y</letteral>. Like the <quote>a</quote> in <quote>sofa</quote> or the <quote>u</quote> in <quote>supply</quote>. This is the schwa sound.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[z]</phrase></td>
<td>
The Lojban <letteral>z</letteral>. As in <quote>zip</quote> or <quote>easy</quote>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><phrase role="IPA">[ʒ]</phrase></td>
<td>
The Lojban <letteral>j</letteral>. The <quote>s</quote> in <quote>treasure</quote> or <quote>j</quote> in <quote>Jacques</quote>.
</td>
</tr>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-anglophone-diphthongs">
<title><anchor xml:id="c3s11" />English analogues for Lojban diphthongs</title>
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