Support Ubuntu 24.04 noble

[DasSkelett]

Changes required to make our Salt states work with Ubuntu 24.04:

• apt: stock package repo config moved to /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ubuntu.sources
• influxdb: using a release-independent Influx repo, as they stopped creating new ones per release
  • No repository available for Debian 12 (bookworm) influxdata/telegraf#13759 (comment)
• ssh: ChallengeResponseAuthentication no is now KbdInteractiveAuthentication no
• ff_base: mlocate is no longer in the repositories, replaced by plocate

Cleanup not directly related to upgrade:

• netplan/systemd-networkd: systemd complained about the netplan generator throwing errors, as we don't use netplan the generator is now masked (symlink -> /dev/null)
• docker: don't install old docker-compose script anymore, install docker-compose-plugin from Docker repos
• telegraf: fix guardian ping check (the typoed domain doesn't exist/is a CNAME to anycast)

Future work:
nebula is now in the Ubuntu repositories, however so far still on an older version (1.6.1 vs 1.8.2 from krombel and 1.9.4 latest GitHub release). At some point we can decide to switch over.