Update 20230913.md

docs/blog/20230913.md

@@ -67,25 +67,25 @@ These functions work together to collect, process, and store charging data in th
 ![](20230913/online_charging_func.png)
 The **Online Charging Function** primarily consists of four components: **CTF** (Charging Trigger Function), **OCF** (Online Charging Function), **ABMF** (Account Balance Management Function), and **RF** (Rating Function). Here's an overview of the roles of each function and how data flows between them:
 
-1. **CTF (Charging Trigger Function):**
-   - **Role:** CTF observes network resource usage to generate charging events.
-   - **Data Flow:** It collects information about trigger conditions, information elements to be collected, and the monitoring of service events, signaling, or user traffic.
-   - **Data Transfer:** CTF forwards generated charging events to the OCF.
-
-2. **OCF (Online Charging Function):**
-   - **Role:** OCF is responsible for real-time charging and authorization of resource usage.
-   - **Data Flow:** It evaluates charging events, determines the value of requested resource usage, and authorizes it.
-   - **Data Transfer:** OCF sends authorization information to the network element, which then executes the resource usage.
-
-3. **ABMF (Account Balance Management Function):**
-   - **Role:** ABMF manages subscriber account balances and credit control.
-   - **Data Flow:** It keeps track of subscriber account balances and interacts with OCF for authorization and debiting.
-   - **Data Transfer:** ABMF communicates with OCF to manage subscriber balances during resource usage.
-
-4. **RF (Rating Function):**
-   - **Role:** RF determines the value or amount of actual network resource usage for OCF (according to OCF from charging event)
-   - **Data Flow:** The OCF provides the RF with essential data extracted from the charging event. Then RF returns the rating results, which can be in the form of monetary or non-monetary units.
-   - **Data Transfer:** OCF send charging event to RF, and RF return rating results in specific unit
+1\. **CTF (Charging Trigger Function):**
+   * **Role:** CTF observes network resource usage to generate charging events.
+   * **Data Flow:** It collects information about trigger conditions, information elements to be collected, and the monitoring of service events, signaling, or user traffic.
+   * **Data Transfer:** CTF forwards generated charging events to the OCF.
+
+2\. **OCF (Online Charging Function):**
+   * **Role:** OCF is responsible for real-time charging and authorization of resource usage.
+   * **Data Flow:** It evaluates charging events, determines the value of requested resource usage, and authorizes it.
+   * **Data Transfer:** OCF sends authorization information to the network element, which then executes the resource usage.
+
+3\. **ABMF (Account Balance Management Function):**
+   * **Role:** ABMF manages subscriber account balances and credit control.
+   * **Data Flow:** It keeps track of subscriber account balances and interacts with OCF for authorization and debiting.
+   * **Data Transfer:** ABMF communicates with OCF to manage subscriber balances during resource usage.
+
+4\. **RF (Rating Function):**
+   * **Role:** RF determines the value or amount of actual network resource usage for OCF (according to OCF from charging event)
+   * **Data Flow:** The OCF provides the RF with essential data extracted from the charging event. Then RF returns the rating results, which can be in the form of monetary or non-monetary units.
+   * **Data Transfer:** OCF send charging event to RF, and RF return rating results in specific unit
 
 These functions collaborate to enable real-time online charging, authorization, and account management for subscribers in the online charging system.
 
@@ -94,15 +94,15 @@ These functions collaborate to enable real-time online charging, authorization,
 ![](20230913/converged_charging_func.png)
 The **Converged Charging Functions** consist of various components, each with specific roles and data flow within the system. Here's an overview of the roles of each function and how data flows between them:
 
-1. **CTF (Charging Trigger Function):**
-   - **Role:** CTF is mostly integrated into network functions like PCF, SMSF, and SMF. These network functions monitor charging information and transform it into charging events, which are then forwarded to the CHF for further processing.
-   - **Data Flow:** It collects information on trigger conditions, information elements to be captured, and monitors service events, signaling, or user traffic.
-   - **Data Transfer:** The CTF forwards the generated charging events to the CHF via an SBI (Service-Based Interface) located within the core network's control plane.
+1\. **CTF (Charging Trigger Function):**
+   * **Role:** CTF is mostly integrated into network functions like PCF, SMSF, and SMF. These network functions monitor charging information and transform it into charging events, which are then forwarded to the CHF for further processing.
+   * **Data Flow:** It collects information on trigger conditions, information elements to be captured, and monitors service events, signaling, or user traffic.
+   * **Data Transfer:** The CTF forwards the generated charging events to the CHF via an SBI (Service-Based Interface) located within the core network's control plane.
 
-2. **CHF (CHarging Function):**
-   - **Role:** CHF is responsible for facilitating communication among all functions within the Converged Charging System(CCS). Its role includes receiving charging events and generating CDRs (Charging Data Records). Importantly, it can simultaneously handle both online and offline charging functions.
-   - **Data Flow:** It evaluates charging events, determines the value of requested resource usage, authorizes it, and manages subscriber account balances.
-   - **Data Transfer:** CHF and its associated functions engage in data exchanges involving various types of information. These data exchanges include charging events, user count balances, CDRs (Charging Data Records), and rating information.
+2\. **CHF (CHarging Function):**
+   * **Role:** CHF is responsible for facilitating communication among all functions within the Converged Charging System(CCS). Its role includes receiving charging events and generating CDRs (Charging Data Records). Importantly, it can simultaneously handle both online and offline charging functions.
+   * **Data Flow:** It evaluates charging events, determines the value of requested resource usage, authorizes it, and manages subscriber account balances.
+   * **Data Transfer:** CHF and its associated functions engage in data exchanges involving various types of information. These data exchanges include charging events, user count balances, CDRs (Charging Data Records), and rating information.
 
 
 >The remaining functions mentioned earlier in the descriptions of offline and online charging serve the same purposes and functions, so we won't go into further detail here.
@@ -115,26 +115,26 @@ In the 4G era, various concepts and functions for online and offline charging we
 
 The differences between 4G and 5G charging can be summarized as follows:
 
-1. **Network Architecture**:
-   - **4G**: In 4G networks, charging functions are typically less integrated and may involve multiple **separate components**.
-   - **5G**: 5G introduces a **more integrated and converged charging system** where various charging functions are unified within the Converged Charging System (CHF), allowing for more flexibility and efficiency.
+1\. **Network Architecture**:
+   * **4G**: In 4G networks, charging functions are typically less integrated and may involve multiple **separate components**.
+   * **5G**: 5G introduces a **more integrated and converged charging system** where various charging functions are unified within the Converged Charging System (CHF), allowing for more flexibility and efficiency.
 
 
-2. **Charging Flexibility**:
-   - **4G**: 4G networks may have limitations in terms of charging flexibility, especially when it comes to handling different charging scenarios and services.
-   - **5G**: 5G charging is designed to be more versatile and adaptable, **capable of handling various charging models, both online and offline**, for a wide range of services and use cases.
+2\. **Charging Flexibility**:
+   * **4G**: 4G networks may have limitations in terms of charging flexibility, especially when it comes to handling different charging scenarios and services.
+   * **5G**: 5G charging is designed to be more versatile and adaptable, **capable of handling various charging models, both online and offline**, for a wide range of services and use cases.
 
-3. **Service Support**:
-   - **4G**: 4G charging systems are primarily designed for traditional mobile services like **voice and data**.
-   - **5G**: 5G charging systems are **built to support a broader range of services**, including enhanced mobile broadband (**eMBB**), massive machine-type communications (**mMTC**), and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (**URLLC**), making them more suitable for diverse 5G applications.
+3\. **Service Support**:
+   * **4G**: 4G charging systems are primarily designed for traditional mobile services like **voice and data**.
+   * **5G**: 5G charging systems are **built to support a broader range of services**, including enhanced mobile broadband (**eMBB**), massive machine-type communications (**mMTC**), and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (**URLLC**), making them more suitable for diverse 5G applications.
 
-4. **Convergence**:
-   - **4G**: Converged charging in 4G networks is often limited, and different charging models may not be as seamlessly integrated.
-   - **5G**: **5G emphasizes the convergence of charging functions**, allowing for greater consistency and interoperability across various charging scenarios and services.
+4\. **Convergence**:
+   * **4G**: Converged charging in 4G networks is often limited, and different charging models may not be as seamlessly integrated.
+   * **5G**: **5G emphasizes the convergence of charging functions**, allowing for greater consistency and interoperability across various charging scenarios and services.
 
-5. **Charging Efficiency**:
-   - **4G**: Charging efficiency in 4G networks may vary depending on the specific implementation and the level of integration between charging components.
-   - **5G**: 5G charging systems aim to improve efficiency by streamlining charging processes and **reducing redundancy, thanks to the unified CHF**.
+5\. **Charging Efficiency**:
+   * **4G**: Charging efficiency in 4G networks may vary depending on the specific implementation and the level of integration between charging components.
+   * **5G**: 5G charging systems aim to improve efficiency by streamlining charging processes and **reducing redundancy, thanks to the unified CHF**.
 
 Overall, **the key difference between 4G and 5G charging lies in the level of integration, flexibility, and support for a broader range of services and use cases in 5G networks**. The introduction of the CHF in 5G brings greater convergence and efficiency to charging operations.
 
@@ -149,4 +149,4 @@ Overall, **the key difference between 4G and 5G charging lies in the level of in
 * [3GPP TS32.240 v15 spec(offline)](https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=1896)
 * [3GPP TS32.240 v15 spec(online)](https://www.tech-invite.com/3m32/tinv-3gpp-32-240.html#etoc)
 * https://devopedia.org/5g-service-based-architecture
-* https://free5gc.org/
+* https://free5gc.org/