[Docker] Update Dockerfile & corresponding CI

[felixdittrich92]

This PR:

• update Dockerfile (simplify and cuda upgrade)
• update CI job logic

[codecov-commenter]

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Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 98.23%. Comparing base (16e6be4) to head (327850d).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

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Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main      #47   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   98.23%   98.23%           
=======================================
  Files          65       65           
  Lines        2038     2038           
=======================================
  Hits         2002     2002           
  Misses         36       36           

Flag	Coverage Δ
unittests	98.23% <ø> (ø)

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