MINOR: [Java] Bump com.google.protobuf:protobuf-bom in /java

Bumps [com.google.protobuf:protobuf-bom](https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf) from 3.25.1 to 4.27.1.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/blob/main/protobuf_release.bzl)
- [Commits](https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/commits)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: com.google.protobuf:protobuf-bom
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-major
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <[email protected]>

java/pom.xml

@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ under the License.
     <dep.guava-bom.version>33.2.1-jre</dep.guava-bom.version>
     <dep.netty-bom.version>4.1.110.Final</dep.netty-bom.version>
     <dep.grpc-bom.version>1.63.0</dep.grpc-bom.version>
-    <dep.protobuf-bom.version>3.25.1</dep.protobuf-bom.version>
+    <dep.protobuf-bom.version>4.27.1</dep.protobuf-bom.version>
     <dep.jackson-bom.version>2.17.1</dep.jackson-bom.version>
     <dep.hadoop.version>3.4.0</dep.hadoop.version>
     <dep.fbs.version>23.5.26</dep.fbs.version>