Introduce prognostic updraft velocity in saSAS and C3 convection

[lisa-bengtsson]

Description

This development incorporates a new prognostic updraft velocity equation into the saSAS deep and shallow convection schemes. It is introduced as a module and will be easily added to the C3 scheme as well, once the modularized C3 code is in place.

The equation describes the time-evolution of convective updraft velocity, with buoyancy as a source term, and quadratic damping is due to aerodynamic drag and mixing/diffusion and linear damping from wind shear.

The equation is discretized using an implicit approach, and solved as a quadratic equation. For implementation details - please see: https://docs.google.com/document/d/13VH7DV4erJcuuF_-dUGpplk9uYHF6dalfx8l1fAIxe8/edit?tab=t.0

The prognostic updraft velocity is used in the prognostic closure if progsigma = true and progomega = true, it is also replacing the diagnostic updraft velocity in the adjustment time-scale computation if progomega = true (regardless of progsigma). I here implement the scheme using the default setting of progomega = false for further testing and evaluation, and thus no regression tests should fail and no new baselines are required.

• fixes A new prognostic updraft velocity module for cumulus convection ufs-community/ufs-weather-model#2535

Do PRs in upstream repositories need to be merged first?
If so add the "waiting for other repos" label and list the upstream PRs

• waiting on
  Introduce prognostic updraft velocity to saSAS and C3 cumulus convection schemes ufs-community/ccpp-physics#246

Requirements before merging

• All new code in this PR is tested by at least one unit test
• All new code in this PR includes Doxygen documentation
• All new code in this PR does not add new compilation warnings (check CI output)