Week 1-2: Introduction to ROS2

This is how far we will get by the end of this course:

In the first half of the course we'll learn how to simulate mobile robots, sensors, actuators. How to do mapping localization and navigation.

In the second half of the course we'll learn about the simulation of robotic arms with direct and inverse kinematics.

Here you can see a short video about the final projects from the previous years:

Requirements for completing the course:

Detailed description and requirements of the final project can be found on this link.

Short summary:

Registration deadline for projects: week 5
Submission deadline: week 14

• Project teams should consist of 3, maximum 4 members.
• The project submission will take place live (on Teams) in 15+5 minutes
• The project documentation should be in Markdown format on GitHub (no PPT required!)

Available real robots at the department:

Table of Contents

1. What is ROS(2)?
2. Required softwares
3. Basics of ROS2
   3.1. Running some examples
   3.2. Create a colcon workspace
   3.3. Let's write the simplest possible hello_world in python
   3.4. Create a python publisher
   3.5. Create a C++ publisher
   3.6. Create a python subscriber
   3.7. Create a C++ subscriber
   3.8. Launchfiles
   3.9. Remap
4. Parameters
   4.1. Set the parameter from a launchfile
   4.2. A more advanced example for setting parameters
5. Services
   5.1. Service server
   5.2. Service client
   5.3. Use services and parameters with turtlesim
6. Recap
   6.1. Useful Linux commands
   6.2. Useful ROS2 commands

What is ROS(2)?

ROS, or Robot Operating System, is an open-source framework designed to facilitate the development of robotic applications. It provides a collection of tools, libraries, and conventions that simplify the process of designing complex robot behaviors across a wide variety of robotic platforms.

ROS was initially developed in 2007 by the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and continued by Willow Garage, with the goal of providing a common platform for research and development in robotics. The primary motivation was to create a standard framework that could support a broad range of robotic applications, promote code reuse, and foster collaboration within the robotics community.

Key reasons for ROS development include:

• Standardization: Creating a common platform that simplifies the integration of different hardware and software components.
• Modularity: Enabling the development of modular and reusable software components (nodes) that can be easily shared and adapted for various robotic systems.
• Community Collaboration: Encouraging collaboration among researchers and developers, resulting in a vast collection of tools and libraries.

Transition to ROS 2

ROS 2 was developed to address the limitations of ROS 1 and meet the growing demands for industrial and commercial robotics applications. The development began around 2014 and aimed to enhance the capabilities of ROS, particularly in areas such as security, real-time performance, and support for multi-robot systems. In practice, the biggest difference is in the underlying middleware, ROS1 uses a custom transport layer and message-passing system that was not designed for real-time or distributed applications (see ROS1's roscore).

The latest ROS1 release is ROS Noetic which was intended to be used on Ubuntu 20.04.

Required softwares

Ubuntu 24.04 LTS

In the course we'll use ROS2 Jazzy Jalisco, which requires Ubuntu 24.04 for the smoothest operation.

You have a couple of options, but the most recommended is the native install of the operating system.

1. Native install
2. Windows 11 WSL2 (Windows Subsystem Linux): instructions
3. Virtual machine, recommended: VMware fusion is now free for personal use
4. Docker container
5. Using an online environment e.g. The Construct

The options 1. and 2. are the most preferred solutions, in an exotic case like mine, if you want to install Ubuntu 24.04 in virtual machine on Apple silicon this is a very good tutorial.

Pro tip if you want to mount directories from your host system into your guest Ubuntu 24.04 running in VMware fusion, more details on this link:

/usr/bin/vmhgfs-fuse .host:/BME/ROS2-lessons /home/david/ros2_ws/src/ROS2-lessons -o subtype=vmhgfs-fuse,allow_other

Visual Studio Code

The recommended code editor during the course is Visual Studio Code, but it's up to your choice if you want to go with your different editor. Depending on your Ubuntu install method you might install it natively on Ubuntu, in your virtual environment or on your host operating system.

Recommended extensions to install:

• Markdown All in One
• C/C++
• Python
• CMake Tools
• Remote - SSH - if you work on physical robots, too
• Remote - WSL - if you do the course using WSL2

GitHub and a git client

The course materials are available on GitHub, and the submissions of your final projects shall also use GitHub. You'll need a very good excuse why to use alternative git solutions like GitLab.

So I encourage everyone to register your GitHub accounts, and if you are there don't forget to sign up for the GitHub Student Developer Pack which gives you a bunch of powerful developer tools for free.

I recommend to use a graphical git client that can boost your experience with git, in my optinion the best one is GitKraken, which is not a free software, but you get the pro version as part of the GitHub Student Developr Pack! If you prefer using git as a cli tool then no worries, it's absoluetely all right.

Markdown

Markdown is not a standalone software but rather a lightweight, plain-text formatting language used to create formatted documents. It was created by John Gruber in 2004 with the goal of being easy to read and write, using simple syntax to style text, create lists, links, images, and more. It is widely used for writing documentation, readme files, and content for static websites.

Basic Markdown Syntax

• Headings: # Heading 1, ## Heading 2, etc.
• Bold: **bold text** or __bold text__
• Italic: *italic text* or _italic text_
• Lists:
  • Unordered: - Item or * Item
  • Ordered: 1. Item
  • Links: [Link text](URL)
  • Images: ![Alt text](Image URL)
  • Code: Inline code or code blocks using triple backticks (```)

GitHub Flavored Markdown (GFM)

GitHub Flavored Markdown (GFM) is a variant of Markdown used by GitHub to provide additional features and syntax that are not available in standard Markdown. It includes:

• Tables:

  | Column 1 | Column 2 |
  |----------|----------|
  | Row 1    | Data     |
  | Row 2    | Data     |
  

• Task lists:

  - [x] Task 1
  - [ ] Task 2
  

• Strikethrough: ~~strikethrough text~~
• Syntax highlighting in a specific language:

  ```python
  def hello_world():
  print("Hello, world!")
  

• Tables of Contents
• @mentions for users, references to issues, and pull requests using #number

Most of the tips and tricks that you might need for your own project documentation can be found in the source of this readme that you read right now, feel free to use any snippets from it!

A good terminal

It's up to your choice which terminal tool would you like to use, but I strongly recommend one that support multiple split windows in a single unified window, because we will use a lot of terminals! On Linux, I can recommend terminator:

In case you use WSL2, the built-in Windows terminal also support multiple panes and works really well!

And finally, install ROS2 Jazzy

ROS always had very good and detailed installed guides, it's not anything different for ROS2's Jazzy release. The installation steps can be found here, with Ubuntu 24.04 it can be installed simply through pre-built, binary deb packages.

After installing it we have to set up our ROS2 environment with the following command:

source /opt/ros/jazzy/setup.bash

By default, we have to run this command in every new shell session we start, but there is a powerful tool in Linux for such use cases. .bashrc file is always in the user's home directory and it is used for user-specific settings for our shell sessions. You can edit .bashrc directly in a terminal window with a basic text editor, like nano:

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ nano .bashrc

Here, you can add your custom user-specific settings in the end of the file, that will be executed every time you initiate a new shell session. I created an example gist that you can add to the end of your file and use it during the course.

ROS2 Jazzy has an even more detailed tutorial about setting up your environment, you can check it out, too!

Basics of ROS2

Running some examples

Your ROS2 install comes with a couple of examples as you can also read on the install page.

Let's try them!

The following command starts a simple publisher. A publisher is a component that is responsible for sending messages (in this example a string) over a specific topic (in this example the topic's name is chatter) to other nodes in the system. It is part of the publish-subscribe communication model, where publishers send data to topics, and subscribers listen to those topics to receive the data.

Publish-subscribe models are asynchronous, one-to-many or many-to-many interaction where the publishers don't know how many publishers there are (if any). Therefore publisher never expects any response or confirmation from the subscribers.

Now, let1s run the demo publisher:

ros2 run demo_nodes_cpp talker

Your output should look like this:

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 run demo_nodes_cpp talker
[INFO] [1727116062.558281395] [talker]: Publishing: 'Hello World: 1'
[INFO] [1727116063.558177802] [talker]: Publishing: 'Hello World: 2'
[INFO] [1727116064.558010534] [talker]: Publishing: 'Hello World: 3'
[INFO] [1727116065.557939861] [talker]: Publishing: 'Hello World: 4'
[INFO] [1727116066.557849645] [talker]: Publishing: 'Hello World: 5'

Let's start a subscriber in another terminal window, which subscribes to the chatter topic and listens to the publisher node's messages

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 run demo_nodes_py listener
[INFO] [1727116231.574662048] [listener]: I heard: [Hello World: 170]
[INFO] [1727116232.560517676] [listener]: I heard: [Hello World: 171]
[INFO] [1727116233.558907367] [listener]: I heard: [Hello World: 172]
[INFO] [1727116234.560768278] [listener]: I heard: [Hello World: 173]
[INFO] [1727116235.559821377] [listener]: I heard: [Hello World: 174]
[INFO] [1727116236.559993767] [listener]: I heard: [Hello World: 175]

Useful cli and graphical tools

Now both nodes are running we can try a few useful tools. The first on let us know what kind of nodes are running in your ROS2 system:

ros2 node list

Which gives us the following output:

david@david-ubuntu24:~/ros2_ws$ ros2 node list
/listener
/talker

If we want to know more about one of our nodes, we can use the ros2 node info /node command:

david@david-ubuntu24:~/ros2_ws$ ros2 node info /listener 
/listener
  Subscribers:
    /chatter: std_msgs/msg/String
  Publishers:
    /parameter_events: rcl_interfaces/msg/ParameterEvent
    /rosout: rcl_interfaces/msg/Log
  Service Servers:
    /listener/describe_parameters: rcl_interfaces/srv/DescribeParameters
    /listener/get_parameter_types: rcl_interfaces/srv/GetParameterTypes
    /listener/get_parameters: rcl_interfaces/srv/GetParameters
    /listener/get_type_description: type_description_interfaces/srv/GetTypeDescription
    /listener/list_parameters: rcl_interfaces/srv/ListParameters
    /listener/set_parameters: rcl_interfaces/srv/SetParameters
    /listener/set_parameters_atomically: rcl_interfaces/srv/SetParametersAtomically
  Service Clients:

  Action Servers:

  Action Clients:

At the moment the most important detail we can get about a node if it's subscribing or publishing to any topic. Let we'll learn more about parameters and services.

In a very similar way we can also list all of our topics with ros2 topic list command:

david@david-ubuntu24:~/ros2_ws$ ros2 topic list 
/chatter
/parameter_events
/rosout

And we can get more details about a certain topic with the ros2 topic info /topic command:

david@david-ubuntu24:~/ros2_ws$ ros2 topic info /chatter 
Type: std_msgs/msg/String
Publisher count: 1
Subscription count: 1

Another powerful tool is rqt_graph that helps us visualizing the nodes and topics in a graph.

rqt_graph can be used as a standalone tool, or part of rqt which can be used to build a complete dashboard to mintor and control your nodes. We'll spend a lot of time with it, at the moment let's just see the message monitoring function:

Let's run more examples: turtlesim

Let's see another built in example which is a simple 2D plotter game.

In a case it's not automatically installed, you can install it with the following command:

sudo apt install ros-jazzy-turtlesim

To run the main node just execute the follwoing command:

ros2 run turtlesim turtlesim_node

And in another terminal start its remote controller, you can simply drive the turtle with the arrows:

ros2 run turtlesim turtle_teleop_key

We can use the same tools as before to see the running nodes and topics, here is how does it look like in rqt_graph.

We should notice two important things:

1. turtlesim is more complex than the previous example with multiple services and parameters that we'll check in the end of this lesson.
2. the turtle is controlled with a cmd_vel message which is a 6D vector in space. We'll use this exact same message type in the future to drive our simulated robots.

Now let's move on to create our own nodes!

Create a colcon workspace

To create, build and run custom nodes we need packages, but first we need a workspace where we'll maintain our future packages. There are 2 new terms we must learn about ROS2 workspaces:

1. ament provides the underlying build system and tools specifically for ROS2 packages. ament_cmake is a CMake-based build system for C/C++ nodes and ament_python provides the tools for packing and installing python nodes and libraries.
2. colcon (COmmand Line COLlectioN) is a general-purpose tool to build and manage entire workspaces with various build systems, including ament, cmake, make, and more.

It means that our ROS2 workspaces will be colcon workspaces which in the backround will use ament for building the individual packages.

If you have experience with ROS1, colcon and ament replaces the old catkin tools.

Let's create our workspace inside our user's home directory:

mkdir -p ~/ros2_ws/src
cd ~/ros2_ws

A workspace always must contain a src folder where we maintain the source files of our packages, later, during building colcon will create further folders for binaries and other output files.

Let's go into the src folder and create our first python package

ros2 pkg create --build-type ament_python bme_ros2_tutorials_py

During package creation we should define if it's a C/C++ (ament_cmake) or a python (ament_python) package. If we don't do it, the default is always ament_cmake!

Let's create a scripts folder inside our new package, add an empty file __init__.py and add our first node, hello_world.py. At this point our workspace should look like this (if it was not built yet):

david@david-ubuntu24:~/ros2_ws$ tree -L 4
.
└── src
    └── bme_ros2_tutorials_py
        └── scripts
            ├── __init__.py
            └── hello_world.py

It's always recommended to fill out the description, maintainer with your name and email address and license fields in your package.xml and setup.py files. I personally prefer a highly permissive license in non-commercial packages of mine, like BSD or Apache License 2.0.

Let's write the simplest possible hello_world in python:

#!/usr/bin/env python3

# Main entry point, args is a parameter that is used to pass arguments to the main function
def main(args=None):
    print("Hello, world!")

# Check if the script is being run directly
if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Although this is a python script that doesn't require any compilation, we have to make sure that ament will pack, copy and install our node. Note that we are not running python scripts directly from its source folder!

Let's edit setup.py that was automatically generated when we defined that our package will use ament_python.

1. Add an entry point for every python node:

   ...
       entry_points={
           'console_scripts': [
               'py_hello_world = scripts.hello_world:main'
           ],
       },
   ...

2. If your scripts folder already has a __init__.py file, find_packages() should find it, but if it doesn't happen you can anytime simply edit packages variable like this:

   ...
   #packages=find_packages(exclude=['test']),
   packages=[package_name, 'scripts'],
   ...

After this our first node in our first package is ready for build! Build must be initiated always in the root of our workspace!

cd ~/ros2_ws

And here we can execute the colcon build command. After a successful built we have to update our enivornment with the freshly built package, to do this we have to run the following command:

source install/setup.bash

As we did with the base ROS2 environment we can add this to the .bashrc, too:

source ~/ros2_ws/install/setup.bash

And now we are ready to run our first node:

ros2 run bme_ros2_tutorials_py py_hello_world

Athough we could run our first node, it was a plain python script, not using any components of ROS. Let's upgrade hello world to a more ROS-like hello world. We import the rclpy which is the ROS2 python API and we start using the most basic functions of rclpy like init(), create_node() and shutdown(). If you want to already deep-dive in the the API functions you can find more details here.

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import rclpy # Import ROS2 python interface

# Main entry point, args is a parameter that is used to pass arguments to the main function
def main(args=None):
    rclpy.init(args=args)                          # Initialize the ROS2 python interface
    node = rclpy.create_node('python_hello_world') # Node constructor, give it a name
    node.get_logger().info("Hello, ROS2!")         # Use the ROS2 node's built in logger
    node.destroy_node()                            # Node destructor
    rclpy.shutdown()                               # Shut the ROS2 python interface down

# Check if the script is being run directly
if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

We don't have to do anything with setup.py but we have to re-build the colcon workspace! After that we can run our node:

ros2 run bme_ros2_tutorials_py py_hello_world

Create a python publisher

Let's make our first publisher in python, we create a new file in scripts folder: publisher.py.

We can create files in Linux in several different ways, just a few examples:

• Right click in the folder using the desktop environment
• Through the development environment, in our case Visual Studio Code
• From command line in the current folder using the touch command: touch publisher.py

We start expanding the usage of the ROS2 API with publishing related functions.

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import rclpy
from std_msgs.msg import String # Import 'String' from ROS2 standard messages
import time

def main(args=None):
    rclpy.init(args=args)
    node = rclpy.create_node('python_publisher')
    # Register the node as publisher
    # It will publish 'String' type to the topic named 'topic' (with a queue size of 10)
    publisher = node.create_publisher(String, 'topic', 10)

    msg = String()                     # Initialize msg as a 'String' instance
    i = 0
    while rclpy.ok():                  # Breaks the loop on ctrl+c
        msg.data = f'Hello, world: {i}' # Write the actual string into msg's data field
        i += 1
        node.get_logger().info(f'Publishing: "{msg.data}"')
        publisher.publish(msg)         # Let the node publish the msg according to the publisher setup
        time.sleep(0.5)                # Python wait function in seconds

    node.destroy_node()
    rclpy.shutdown()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

We have to edit setup.py, registering our new node as entry point:

...
    entry_points={
        'console_scripts': [
            'py_hello_world = scripts.hello_world:main',
            'py_publisher = scripts.publisher:main'
        ],
    },
...

Don't forget to rebuil the workspace and we can run our new node:

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 run bme_ros2_tutorials_py py_publisher
[INFO] [1727526317.470055907] [python_publisher]: Publishing: "Hello, world: 0"
[INFO] [1727526317.971461827] [python_publisher]: Publishing: "Hello, world: 1"
[INFO] [1727526318.473896872] [python_publisher]: Publishing: "Hello, world: 2"
[INFO] [1727526318.977439178] [python_publisher]: Publishing: "Hello, world: 3"

We can observe the published topic through rqt's topic monitor:

Or we can use a simple but powerful tool, the topic echo:

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 topic echo /topic 
data: 'Hello, world: 23'
---
data: 'Hello, world: 24'
---
data: 'Hello, world: 25'

The above publisher node is very simple and looks exactly how do we impelent nodes in ROS1. But ROS2 provides more powerful API functions and also places a greater emphasis on object-oriented programming. So let's create another publisher but in a more OOP way and using the timer functions of the ROS2 API. The other important API function is rclpy.spin(node) which keeps the node running until we don't force quit it with ctrl+c.

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import rclpy
from rclpy.node import Node     # Import ROS2 Node as parent for our own node class
from std_msgs.msg import String

class MyPublisherNode(Node):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__("python_publisher_oop")
        self.publisher_ = self.create_publisher(String, 'topic', 10)
        self.timer = self.create_timer(0.5, self.timer_callback)     # Timer callback, period in seconds, not frequency!
        self.i = 0
        self.msg = String()
        self.get_logger().info("Publisher OOP has been started.")

    def timer_callback(self):                                        # Timer callback function implementation
        self.msg.data = f"Hello, world: {self.i}"
        self.i += 1
        self.get_logger().info(f'Publishing: "{self.msg.data}"')
        self.publisher_.publish(self.msg)

def main(args=None):
    rclpy.init(args=args)
    node = MyPublisherNode() # node is now a custom class based on ROS2 Node
    rclpy.spin(node)         # Keeps the node running until it's closed with ctrl+c
    node.destroy_node()
    rclpy.shutdown()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

As we did previously, edit setup.py, build the workspace and run our new node:

ros2 run bme_ros2_tutorials_py py_publisher_oop

Create a C++ publisher

In ROS1 it was very straightforward to mix nodes written in different languages. In ROS2 although it's not impossible, but requires more manual editing of package metadata because we define for ament what is the package's build type. To keep it simple, let's create a new package, but on this link you can see an example how to mix both python and C++ nodes within the same package.

ros2 pkg create --build-type ament_cmake bme_ros2_tutorials_cpp

Let's create publisher.cpp in src folder of the new package, this follows the object-oriented patterns as our previous python node, including the ROS2 timer. This time we work with the ROS2 C++ API, rclcpp, the available API functions are pretty much identical to the rclpy.

#include "rclcpp/rclcpp.hpp"
#include "std_msgs/msg/string.hpp"

class MyPublisherNode : public rclcpp::Node
{
public:
    MyPublisherNode() : Node("cpp_publisher"), count_(0)
    {
        publisher_ = this->create_publisher<std_msgs::msg::String>("topic", 10);
        timer_     = this->create_wall_timer(std::chrono::milliseconds(500),
                                                std::bind(&MyPublisherNode::publishString, this));
        RCLCPP_INFO(this->get_logger(), "CPP publisher has been started.");
    }

private:
    void publishString()
    {
        auto msg = std_msgs::msg::String();
        msg.data = "Hello, world: " + std::to_string(this->count_++);
        RCLCPP_INFO(this->get_logger(), "Publishing: '%s'", msg.data.c_str());
        publisher_->publish(msg);
    }

    size_t count_;
    rclcpp::Publisher<std_msgs::msg::String>::SharedPtr publisher_;
    rclcpp::TimerBase::SharedPtr timer_;
};

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    rclcpp::init(argc, argv);
    rclcpp::spin(std::make_shared<MyPublisherNode>());
    rclcpp::shutdown();
    return 0;
}

To properly set up our node in the package's metadata files we have to edit the CMakeLists.txt:

find_package(rclcpp REQUIRED)
find_package(std_msgs REQUIRED)

add_executable(publisher_cpp src/publisher.cpp)
ament_target_dependencies(publisher_cpp rclcpp std_msgs)

install(TARGETS
  publisher_cpp
  DESTINATION lib/${PROJECT_NAME})

After that we can build the workspace with colcon build, since it's a new package we have to source the environment and after the we can run our new node:

ros2 run bme_ros2_tutorials_cpp publisher_cpp

If sourcing the environment of your workspace is already in the .bashrc it's just easier to close and open a new terminal session.

We can use the same tools as before to observe the published data by our new C++ node like topic list, topic echo or a graphical tool like rqt.

Create a python subscriber

Let's create a new file subscriber.py in the scripts folder of our python package. First let's make the very simple implementation and after that we'll implement a more OOP version of it. Here we extend our knowledge with more API functions related to subscriptions.

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import rclpy
from std_msgs.msg import String


def main(args=None):
    rclpy.init(args=args)
    node = rclpy.create_node('python_subscriber')

    def subscriber_callback(msg):                      # Subscriber callback will be invoked every time when a message arrives to the topic it has subsctibed
        node.get_logger().info(f"I heard: {msg.data}")

    # Register the node as a subscriber on a certain topic: 'topic' (with a certain data type: String)
    # and assign the callback function that will be invoked when a message arrives to the topic
    # with a queue size of 10 which determines how many incoming messages can be held in the subscriber’s
    # queue while waiting to be processed by the callback function
    subscriber = node.create_subscription(String, 'topic', subscriber_callback, 10) 
    node.get_logger().info("Subsciber has been started.")

    rclpy.spin(node)

    node.destroy_node()
    rclpy.shutdown()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Add the node to the setup.py file as a new entry point

...
    entry_points={
        'console_scripts': [
            'py_hello_world = scripts.hello_world:main',
            'py_publisher = scripts.publisher:main',
            'py_publisher_oop = scripts.publisher_oop:main',
            'py_subscriber = scripts.subscriber:main'
        ],
    },
...

Then, re-build the workspace and we can start using our new node!

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 run bme_ros2_tutorials_py py_subscriber
[INFO] [1727606328.416973729] [python_subscriber]: Subsciber has been started.

If we don't start a publisher, then our subscriber is just keep listening to the /topic but the callback function is not invoked. The node doesn't stop running because of the rclpy.spin(node) API function.

Let's start our C++ publisher in another terminal window:

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 run bme_ros2_tutorials_cpp publisher_cpp 
[INFO] [1727606744.184678739] [cpp_publisher]: CPP publisher has been started.
[INFO] [1727606744.685934650] [cpp_publisher]: Publishing: 'Hello, world: 0'
[INFO] [1727606745.185073828] [cpp_publisher]: Publishing: 'Hello, world: 1'
[INFO] [1727606745.686288921] [cpp_publisher]: Publishing: 'Hello, world: 2'
[INFO] [1727606746.186169881] [cpp_publisher]: Publishing: 'Hello, world: 3'

And let's see what happens with the subscriber! It's subscription callback function is invoked every time when the publisher puts a data onto the /topic.

david@david-ubuntu24:~/ros2_ws$ ros2 run bme_ros2_tutorials_py py_subscriber
[INFO] [1727606614.099180007] [python_subscriber]: Subsciber has been started.
[INFO] [1727606744.695260304] [python_subscriber]: I heard: Hello, world: 0
[INFO] [1727606745.187956805] [python_subscriber]: I heard: Hello, world: 1
[INFO] [1727606745.689289484] [python_subscriber]: I heard: Hello, world: 2
[INFO] [1727606746.188467429] [python_subscriber]: I heard: Hello, world: 3

We can also observe it with rqt_graph:

And we can also observe the language agnostic approach of ROS2, without any additional effort its middleware provides the interface between the 2 nodes which were written in different programmin languages.

Let's make our subscriber more OOP using our previous template from the supplier. Compared to the OOP publisher we need to replace the timer callback with a subscription callback and that's all!

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import rclpy
from rclpy.node import Node
from std_msgs.msg import String

class MySubscriberNode(Node):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__("python_subsciber_oop")
        self.subscriber_ = self.create_subscription(String, 'topic', self.subscriber_callback, 10)
        self.get_logger().info("Subsciber OOP has been started.")

    def subscriber_callback(self, msg):
        self.get_logger().info(f"I heard: {msg.data}")

def main(args=None):
    rclpy.init(args=args)
    node = MySubscriberNode()
    rclpy.spin(node)
    node.destroy_node()
    rclpy.shutdown()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Create a C++ subscriber

Now let's create a new file in the src directory of the bme_ros2_tutorials_cpp, we can name it subscriber.cpp.

#include "rclcpp/rclcpp.hpp"
#include "std_msgs/msg/string.hpp"

class MySubscriberNode : public rclcpp::Node
{
public:
    MySubscriberNode() : Node("cpp_subscriber")
    {
        subscriber_ = this->create_subscription<std_msgs::msg::String>(
            "topic", 10, std::bind(&MySubscriberNode::subscriber_callback, this, std::placeholders::_1));
    }

private:
    void subscriber_callback(const std_msgs::msg::String & msg) const
    {
        RCLCPP_INFO(this->get_logger(), "I heard: '%s'", msg.data.c_str());
    }

    rclcpp::Subscription<std_msgs::msg::String>::SharedPtr subscriber_;
};

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    rclcpp::init(argc, argv);
    auto node = std::make_shared<MySubscriberNode>();
    rclcpp::spin(node);
    rclcpp::shutdown();
    return 0;
}

Add it to the CMakeLists.txt:

add_executable(publisher_cpp src/publisher.cpp)
add_executable(subscriber_cpp src/subscriber.cpp)
ament_target_dependencies(publisher_cpp rclcpp std_msgs)
ament_target_dependencies(subscriber_cpp rclcpp std_msgs)

install(TARGETS
  publisher_cpp
  subscriber_cpp
  DESTINATION lib/${PROJECT_NAME})

Re-build the workspace and we can try the new node. Let's start also a publisher and observe the behavior of the new C++ subscriber with the tools we already know!

Launchfiles

As you noticed with the previous examples we have to use as many terminals as many nodes we start. With a simple publisher and subscriber this isn't really a problem, but in more complex robotic systems, it's quite common to use ROS nodes in the range of hundreds. Therefore ROS provides an efficient interface to launch multiple nodes together and even change their topics or parameters during launch time instead of changing the actuals nodes themselves.

Compared to ROS1 it's also slightly more complicated to bundle these launchfiles with our nodes, so as a best practice, I recommend creating an individual pakage only for your launcfiles.

Let's create a new package without specifying the build type (by default it's ament_cmake).

ros2 pkg create bme_ros2_tutorials_bringup

Now let's create a launch folder within this new package. We can freely delete include and src folders:

rm -rf include/ src/

Add the following to the CMakeLists.txt to install the content of launch when we build the workspce:

install(DIRECTORY
  launch
  DESTINATION share/${PROJECT_NAME}
)

Create a new launch file, and let's call it publisher_subscriber.py, in ROS2 the launchfiles are special python scripts instead of the XML files we used in ROS1!

touch publisher_subscriber.py

Let's create our template that we can re-use in the future with only one publisher first. When we add a node to the launch file we must define the the package, the node and a chosen name.

#!/usr/bin/env python3
from launch import LaunchDescription
from launch_ros.actions import Node

def generate_launch_description():
    ld = LaunchDescription()

    publisher_node = Node(
        package="bme_ros2_tutorials_py",
        executable="py_publisher",
        name="my_publisher"
    )

    ld.add_action(publisher_node)
    return ld

Build and don't forget to source the workspace because we added a new package!

After it we can execute our launchfile with the ros2 launch command:

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 launch bme_ros2_tutorials_bringup publisher_subscriber.py
[INFO] [launch]: All log files can be found below /home/david/.ros/log/2024-09-29-14-17-29-864407-david-ubuntu24-41228
[INFO] [launch]: Default logging verbosity is set to INFO
[INFO] [py_publisher-1]: process started with pid [41231]
[py_publisher-1] [INFO] [1727612250.056173684] [my_publisher]: Publishing: "Hello, world: 0"
[py_publisher-1] [INFO] [1727612250.559170990] [my_publisher]: Publishing: "Hello, world: 1"
[py_publisher-1] [INFO] [1727612251.061618736] [my_publisher]: Publishing: "Hello, world: 2"

We can notice that our node is now called my_publisher instead of python_publisher as we coded in the node itself earlier. With launch files we can easily rename our nodes for better handling and organizing as our application scales up.

We can use the node list tool to list our nodes and the output will look like this:

david@david-ubuntu24:~/ros2_ws$ ros2 node list 
/my_publisher

Now let's add the subscriber too:

Every time when we add a node to the launch file we also have to register it with the ld.add_action() function:

from launch import LaunchDescription
from launch_ros.actions import Node

def generate_launch_description():
    ld = LaunchDescription()

    publisher_node = Node(
        package="bme_ros2_tutorials_py",
        executable="py_publisher",
        name="my_publisher",
    )

    subscriber_node = Node(
        package="bme_ros2_tutorials_py",
        executable="py_subscriber",
        name="my_subscriber",
    )

    ld.add_action(publisher_node)
    ld.add_action(subscriber_node)
    return ld

Don't forget to rebuild the workspace so the changed launchfile will be installed, after that we can run it!

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 launch bme_ros2_tutorials_bringup publisher_subscriber.py
[INFO] [launch]: All log files can be found below /home/david/.ros/log/2024-09-29-14-20-15-603371-david-ubuntu24-41380
[INFO] [launch]: Default logging verbosity is set to INFO
[INFO] [py_publisher-1]: process started with pid [41383]
[INFO] [py_subscriber-2]: process started with pid [41384]
[py_publisher-1] [INFO] [1727612415.811451529] [my_publisher]: Publishing: "Hello, world: 0"
[py_subscriber-2] [INFO] [1727612415.811459737] [my_subscriber]: Subsciber has been started.
[py_subscriber-2] [INFO] [1727612415.811878677] [my_subscriber]: I heard: Hello, world: 0
[py_publisher-1] [INFO] [1727612416.313222973] [my_publisher]: Publishing: "Hello, world: 1"
[py_subscriber-2] [INFO] [1727612416.315340170] [my_subscriber]: I heard: Hello, world: 1

We can see that both nodes started and their logging to the standard output is combined in this single terminal window.

We can verify this with node list or using rqt_graph visually:

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 node list 
/my_publisher
/my_subscriber

We can also verify the used topics with the topic list tool:

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 topic list 
/parameter_events
/rosout
/topic

Remap

But with launch files we can not just rename our nodes, we can also re-map topics, let's try to remap the existing /topic to /another_topic:

Let's add remapping to the publisher:

    py_publisher_node = Node(
        package="bme_ros2_tutorials_py",
        executable="py_publisher",
        name="my_publisher",
        remappings=[
            ("topic", "another_topic")
        ]
    )

After build we can run the modified launch file and verify the topics with topic list:

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 topic list 
/another_topic
/parameter_events
/rosout
/topic

Also our subsriber's callback function is not triggered because it's still listening to the /topic while the publisher sends its messages to /another_topic, we can see it visually that our two nodes are now unconnected with rqt_grap:

We can also use the node info cli tool to check what are the published topics and the subscriptions for a specific node:

ros2 node info /my_publisher

Let's remap our subscriber too!

Add re-mapping in the same way to the subscriber, too:

...
        remappings=[
            ("topic", "another_topic")
        ]
...

And we'll see that they are connected again, through the /another_topic.

Adding more nodes

Now let's add more publishers and subscribers, also start mixing our C++ and python nodes:

from launch import LaunchDescription
from launch_ros.actions import Node

def generate_launch_description():
    ld = LaunchDescription()

    cpp_publisher_node = Node(
        package="bme_ros2_tutorials_cpp",
        executable="publisher_cpp",
        name="my_cpp_publisher",
    )

    py_publisher_node = Node(
        package="bme_ros2_tutorials_py",
        executable="py_publisher",
        name="my_py_publisher",
        remappings=[
            ("topic", "another_topic")
        ]
    )

    py_subscriber_node1 = Node(
        package="bme_ros2_tutorials_py",
        executable="py_subscriber",
        name="my_py_subscriber1",
    )

    py_subscriber_node2 = Node(
        package="bme_ros2_tutorials_py",
        executable="py_subscriber_oop",
        name="my_py_subscriber2",
    )

    cpp_subscriber_node1 = Node(
        package="bme_ros2_tutorials_cpp",
        executable="subscriber_cpp",
        name="my_cpp_subscriber1",
        remappings=[
            ("topic", "another_topic")
        ]
    )

    ld.add_action(cpp_publisher_node)
    ld.add_action(py_publisher_node)
    ld.add_action(py_subscriber_node1)
    ld.add_action(py_subscriber_node2)
    ld.add_action(cpp_subscriber_node1)
    return ld

Rebuild the workspace and let's soo them visually with rqt_graph:

Parameters

ROS2 provides an interface to custom parameters of nodes, we can list the parameters, get or set their value with the param list, param get and param set cli tools.

Let's see what kind of parameters do we have for our existing nodes, start our C++ publisher:

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 run bme_ros2_tutorials_cpp publisher_cpp 

And in a separate terminal execute ros2 param list /cpp_publisher:

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 param list /cpp_publisher
  qos_overrides./parameter_events.publisher.depth
  qos_overrides./parameter_events.publisher.durability
  qos_overrides./parameter_events.publisher.history
  qos_overrides./parameter_events.publisher.reliability
  start_type_description_service
  use_sim_time

Although this list a couple of parameters, these are default parameters that were set up by the ROS2 C++ API, let's write another python publisher node where this time we add a parameter with the ROS2 API. Let's use our OOP publisher as the template:

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import rclpy
from rclpy.node import Node
from std_msgs.msg import String

class MyPublisherNode(Node):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__("python_publisher_with_parameter")
        self.declare_parameter("published_text", "MOGI")        # Add a parameter with a default value
        self.text_ = self.get_parameter("published_text").value # Copy the parameter value into the text_ variable

        self.publisher_ = self.create_publisher(String, 'topic', 10)
        self.timer = self.create_timer(0.5, self.timer_callback)
        self.i = 0
        self.msg = String()
        self.get_logger().info("Publisher OOP has been started.")

    def timer_callback(self):
        self.msg.data = f"{self.text_}: {self.i}"               # use the text_ variable for the String message
        self.i += 1
        self.get_logger().info(f'Publishing: "{self.msg.data}"')
        self.publisher_.publish(self.msg)

def main(args=None):
    rclpy.init(args=args)
    node = MyPublisherNode()
    rclpy.spin(node)
    node.destroy_node()
    rclpy.shutdown()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Now, let's see the parameters with the param list tool:

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 param list /python_publisher_with_parameter 
  published_text
  start_type_description_service
  use_sim_time

The published_text parameter is now visible for ROS2.

Parameter handling is a key difference between ROS1 and ROS2, in ROS1 it was a centralized functionality of the ROS master (ros_core), every node reported it's parameters to the global parameter server and we could change their parameters only through this parameter server. In ROS2, there is no parameter server anymore and the handling of parameters is node-specific and decentralized.

Let's see how can we get the value of this parameter using param get tool:

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 param get /python_publisher_with_parameter published_text
String value is: MOGI

Now let's try to modify the parameter value from MOGI to BME:

ros2 param set /python_publisher_with_parameter published_text BME

As we experience it doesn't work because we set the self.text_ variable in the constructor, so it's value is not dynamically read from the parameter set by the API. This is not necessarily a mistake, if we only want to set these parameters at startup instead of changing them runtime. For example setting up a topic's name or the frequency of a timer is often used as startup parameters.

This time we want to dynamically change the text so let's move this line into the timer_callback() instead of the constructor:

self.text_ = self.get_parameter("published_text").value

Rebuild the workspace, start the node and modify the parameter as before. As we expected we could change the published text runtime through the ROS2 param API.

[INFO] [1727616903.755729829] [python_publisher_with_parameter]: Publishing: "MOGI: 3"
[INFO] [1727616904.254593308] [python_publisher_with_parameter]: Publishing: "MOGI: 4"
[INFO] [1727616904.754490094] [python_publisher_with_parameter]: Publishing: "BME: 5"
[INFO] [1727616905.255873125] [python_publisher_with_parameter]: Publishing: "BME: 6"

Set the parameter from a launchfile

Now, let's create a new launch file (publisher_param.py) that starts our latest node with a custom parameter.

#!/usr/bin/env python3
from launch import LaunchDescription
from launch_ros.actions import Node

def generate_launch_description():
    ld = LaunchDescription()

    cpp_publisher_node = Node(
        package="bme_ros2_tutorials_py",
        executable="py_publisher_with_param",
        name="my_publisher",
        parameters=[{"published_text": "Parameter_from_launch"}]
    )


    ld.add_action(cpp_publisher_node)
    return ld

Rebuild the workspace and launch the file:

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 launch bme_ros2_tutorials_bringup publisher_param.py
[INFO] [launch]: All log files can be found below /home/david/.ros/log/2024-09-29-15-50-33-210526-david-ubuntu24-44682
[INFO] [launch]: Default logging verbosity is set to INFO
[INFO] [py_publisher_with_param-1]: process started with pid [44685]
[py_publisher_with_param-1] [INFO] [1727617833.429100542] [my_publisher]: Publisher OOP has been started.
[py_publisher_with_param-1] [INFO] [1727617833.926650915] [my_publisher]: Publishing: "Parameter_from_launch: 0"
[py_publisher_with_param-1] [INFO] [1727617834.426182680] [my_publisher]: Publishing: "Parameter_from_launch: 1"

A more advanced example for setting parameters

Some parameters are usually set in the constructor like a topic's name or the frequency of a publisher. Now let's see a more advanced example for changing the frequency runtime. Using this for changing a period is more a workaround than an API feature. On parameter change we will cancel the existing timer and start another one with the new parameter. Let's upgrade our exisiting node with the changes:

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import rclpy
from rclpy.node import Node
from std_msgs.msg import String
from rcl_interfaces.msg import SetParametersResult

class MyPublisherNode(Node):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__("python_publisher_with_parameter")
        self.declare_parameter("published_text", "MOGI")             # Add a parameter with a default value
        self.declare_parameter("timer_period", 1.0)                  # Add the timer_period parameter with default 1s
        self.timer_period = self.get_parameter('timer_period').value # Get the startup value of the timer_period
        self.publisher_ = self.create_publisher(String, 'topic', 10)
        # Use the startup value of self.timer_period to start a timer
        self.timer = self.create_timer(self.timer_period, self.timer_callback)
        # Set a callback to listen for changes to the 'timer_period' parameter
        self.add_on_set_parameters_callback(self.update_timer_period_callback)
        self.i = 0
        self.msg = String()
        self.get_logger().info("Publisher OOP has been started.")

    def timer_callback(self):
        self.text_ = self.get_parameter("published_text").value # Copy the parameter value into the text_ variable
        self.msg.data = f"{self.text_}: {self.i}"               # use the text_ variable for the String message
        self.i += 1
        self.get_logger().info(f'Publishing: "{self.msg.data}"')
        self.publisher_.publish(self.msg)

    def update_timer_period_callback(self, params):
        result = SetParametersResult(successful=True)
        for param in params:
            if param.name == 'timer_period' and param.type_ == rclpy.Parameter.Type.DOUBLE:
                new_period = param.value
                self.get_logger().info(f'Updating timer period to {new_period} seconds')
                # Cancel the old timer and create a new one with the updated period
                self.timer.cancel()                                              # Cancel the existing timer
                self.timer = self.create_timer(new_period, self.timer_callback)  # Create a new timer
                return result
        # Return success, so updates are seen via get_parameter()
        return result


def main(args=None):
    rclpy.init(args=args)
    node = MyPublisherNode()
    rclpy.spin(node)
    node.destroy_node()
    rclpy.shutdown()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

If we want we can change the startup parameter for the period from a launch file by adding another parameter:

...
        parameters=[{"published_text": "Parameter_from_launch"},
                    {"timer_period": 0.5}]
...

Don't forget to rebuild the workspace and let's see what happens if we run the following command:

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 param set /python_publisher_with_parameter timer_period 5.0
Set parameter successful

In our other terinal:

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 run bme_ros2_tutorials_py py_publisher_with_param 
[INFO] [1727620325.796053193] [python_publisher_with_parameter]: Publisher OOP has been started.
...
[INFO] [1727620335.792876945] [python_publisher_with_parameter]: Publishing: "MOGI: 9"
[INFO] [1727620335.894037660] [python_publisher_with_parameter]: Updating timer period to 5.0 seconds
[INFO] [1727620340.897785232] [python_publisher_with_parameter]: Publishing: "MOGI: 10"
[INFO] [1727620345.895518460] [python_publisher_with_parameter]: Publishing: "MOGI: 11"

Services

Previously we met the publish-subscribe communication model, as a recap let's see how did we define it in the beginning of this lesson:

Publish-subscribe models are asynchronous, one-to-many or many-to-many interaction where the publishers don't know how many publishers there are (if any). Therefore publisher never expects any response or confirmation from the subscribers.

Services are the opposite in many ways and are suitable for different use-cases:

• Services are synchronous communications where a client sends a request to the server, the server processes the request and returns a response.
• This is a one-to-one only interaction.
• The communication only ends when the request was handled and response is returned.
• Services are suitable for one-time and request-response operations.

Before we write a server or client we have to create the service definition. In ROS2 usually we place custom messages, services and actions in a separate package. Let's create the bme_ros2_tutorials_interfaces package:

ros2 pkg create bme_ros2_tutorials_interfaces

The package must be an ament_cmake package, we can either define it with --build-type ament_cmake in the pkg create command or we can rely on the default settings of it.

Let's create an srv folder, we will store our service here and we are free to delete the src and include folders.

If you want to delete a folder from command line that is not empty you can use the rm -rf folder command

In the srv folder we create a our service file CustomCalc.srv with the following request-response structure:

int64 a
int64 b
---
int64 result

We have to edit CMakeLists.txt, add the following lines:

find_package(rosidl_default_generators REQUIRED)

rosidl_generate_interfaces(${PROJECT_NAME}
  "srv/CustomCalc.srv"
)

And also edit packge.xml, add the following lines:

  <buildtool_depend>rosidl_default_generators</buildtool_depend>
  <exec_depend>rosidl_default_runtime</exec_depend>
  <member_of_group>rosidl_interface_packages</member_of_group>

Then we can build the workspace. And we also have to source the environment because we added a new package!

We can verify if our service was successfully created with the ros2 interface package cli tool:

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 interface package bme_ros2_tutorials_interfaces 
bme_ros2_tutorials_interfaces/srv/CustomCalc

If it shows the name of our service we can even look inside with the interface show tool:

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 interface show bme_ros2_tutorials_interfaces/srv/CustomCalc
int64 a
int64 b
---
int64 result

Service server

Create the following python node service_server.py:

#!/usr/bin/env python3
from bme_ros2_tutorials_interfaces.srv import CustomCalc # Import our own custom service

import rclpy
from rclpy.node import Node

class MyService(Node):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__('my_service')
        # Create a service server with a callback function
        self.srv = self.create_service(CustomCalc, 'custom_calc', self.custom_calc_callback)

    # A service callback has request and response parameters
    def custom_calc_callback(self, request, response):
        response.result = request.a + request.b
        self.get_logger().info('Incoming request\na: %d b: %d' % (request.a, request.b))
        return response

def main():
    rclpy.init()
    my_service_server = MyService()
    rclpy.spin(my_service_server)
    rclpy.shutdown()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

We have to add the new entry point to the setup.py:

'py_service_server = scripts.service_server:main'

And we also have to edit package.xml because now our package depends on our other interface package:

  <depend>bme_ros2_tutorials_interfaces</depend>

Rebuild the workspace and run the new node:

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 run bme_ros2_tutorials_py py_service_server

Now our node is running in the background waiting for a service call. Before we write our service client we can test it with rqt, we can add the Service Caller plugin, set the a and b parameters and call it.

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 run bme_ros2_tutorials_py py_service_server 
[INFO] [1727625404.997418704] [my_service]: Incoming request
a: 5 b: 2

If you are interested in writing a service server in C++ you can check out the official tutorials about it.

Service client

Create the following python node service_client.py:

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import sys

from bme_ros2_tutorials_interfaces.srv import CustomCalc # Import our own custom service

import rclpy
from rclpy.node import Node

class MyServiceClientAsync(Node):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__('my_service_client_async')
        # Create a service client
        self.cli = self.create_client(CustomCalc, 'custom_calc')
        # Check if service server is online
        while not self.cli.wait_for_service(timeout_sec=1.0):
            self.get_logger().info('service not available, waiting again...')
        # Create the service request
        self.req = CustomCalc.Request()

    def send_request(self, a, b):
        self.req.a = a
        self.req.b = b
        # Call the service with the 2 parameters in the request and return result
        return self.cli.call_async(self.req)

def main():
    rclpy.init()
    my_service_client = MyServiceClientAsync()
    future = my_service_client.send_request(int(sys.argv[1]), int(sys.argv[2]))
    # Spin only until response arrives
    rclpy.spin_until_future_complete(my_service_client, future)
    response = future.result()
    my_service_client.get_logger().info(
        'Result of custom_calc: for %d + %d = %d' %
        (int(sys.argv[1]), int(sys.argv[2]), response.result))

    my_service_client.destroy_node()
    rclpy.shutdown()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

We have to add the new entry point to the setup.py:

'py_service_client = scripts.service_client:main'

Rebuild the workspace then first, start the service server:

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 run bme_ros2_tutorials_py py_service_server

Then run the service client with 2 numbers as command line arguments:

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 run bme_ros2_tutorials_py py_service_client 3 4
[INFO] [1727626843.911245336] [my_service_client_async]: Result of custom_calc: for 3 + 4 = 7

Use services and parameters with turtlesim

Let's return to turtlesim, now we understand the ROS2 parameters and service calls. Start turtlesim in a terminal window:

ros2 run turtlesim turtlesim_node

Then run the turtle_teleop_key in another terminal window:

ros2 run turtlesim turtle_teleop_key

And start rqt in a 3^rd terminal window. Now let's drive the turtle around, then we can play with the /clear and /turtle1/set_pen services.

In another terminal window we can also check out turtlesim's parameters. First let's see what kind of parameters does it have:

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 param list /turtlesim 
  background_b
  background_g
  background_r
  holonomic
  qos_overrides./parameter_events.publisher.depth
  qos_overrides./parameter_events.publisher.durability
  qos_overrides./parameter_events.publisher.history
  qos_overrides./parameter_events.publisher.reliability
  start_type_description_service
  use_sim_time

Then let's see for example background_b parameter:

david@david-ubuntu24:~$ ros2 param get /turtlesim background_b
Integer value is: 255

And now let's try to change is:

david@david-ubuntu24:~/ros2_ws$ ros2 param set /turtlesim background_b 50
Set parameter successful

Recap

Before we deep dive into the simulation environment, let's do a recap about the most important Linux and ROS2 commands.

Useful Linux commands

Command	Description
sudo	execute commands with elevated privileges
apt	Debian based distributions' package manager
apt update	updates the local package index from the online repositories
apt upgrade	It installs the new versions of packages based on the information from apt update
nano	simple text editor that operated inside a terminal
ls	list the contents of a directory
cd	change the current directory
~	tilde represents the user's home directory, can be used together with ls or cd
mkdir	create a new directory
rm -rf	rm removes a file or an empty folder -r means recursive (useful for folder systems) and -f is force deletion without prompting
touch	creates a new file
chmod +x	make a file executable
tree	list the contents of the file system under the current directory

Useful ROS2 commands

Command	Description
ros2 node list, info	list or obtain more information about node(s)
ros2 topic list, info, echo	list or obtain more information about topic(s), echo can subscribe onto a topic within the terminal window
ros2 run *package* *node*	starts a ROS2 node from a certain package
ros2 pkg create	create a ROS2 package, we can define the --build-type to ament_cmake or ament_python build system for the package
rqt	opens rqt a graphical tool to intercat with topics, services and more
rqt_graph	a visual tool to see the pub-sub connections between nodes
colcon build	builds the worspace
source /opt/ros/jazzy/setup.bash	source ROS2 environment, it's recommended to put into .bashrc
ros2 launch *package* *launchfile*	starts a ROS2 launch file from a crtain package
ros2 param list, get, set	list, get or set the parameters of a node
ros2 interface package, show	list or obtain more information about the services of a package