Add a citation detector

app/models/detector/citation.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class Detector
+  # Detector::Citation attempts to identify citations based on the prevalence of individual sub-patterns. It is not
+  # targeted at a particular citation format, but was designed based on characteristics of five formats: APA, MLA,
+  # Chicago, Terabian, and IEEE.
+  #
+  # It receives a Term object, which is parsed in various ways en route to calculating a final score. Terms with a
+  # higher score are more citation-like, while a score of 0 indicates a Term that has no hallmarks of being a citation.
+  # Terms whose score is higher than the REQUIRED_SCORE value can be registered as a Detection.
+  class Citation
+    attr_reader :score, :subpatterns, :summary
+
+    # Citation patterns are regular expressions which attempt to identify structures that are part of many citations.
+    # This object is used as part of the pattern_checker method. Some of these patterns may get promoted to the Detector
+    # model if they prove useful beyond a Citation context.
+    CITATION_PATTERNS = {
+      apa_volume_issue: /\d+\(\d+\)/,
+      no: /no\.\s\d+/,
+      pages: /\d+-+\d+/,
+      pp: /pp\.\s\d+/,
+      vol: /vol\.\s\d+/,
+      year_parens: /\(\d{4}\)/,
+      brackets: /\[.*?\]/,
+      lastnames: /[A-Z][a-z]+[.,]/,
+      quotes: /".*?"/
+    }.freeze
+
+    # The required score value is the threshold needed for a Term to be officially recorded with a Detection.
+    REQUIRED_SCORE = 6
+
+    # Summary thresholds are used by the calculate_score method. This class counts the number of occurrences of specific
+    # characters in the @summary instance variable. The thresholds here determine whether any of those counts are high
+    # enough to contribute to the Term's citation score.
+    SUMMARY_THRESHOLDS = {
+      characters: 25,
+      colons: 2,
+      commas: 2,
+      periods: 2,
+      semicolons: 2,
+      words: 5
+    }.freeze
+
+    # Detection? is a convenience method to check whether the calculated @score is high enough to qualify as a citation.
+    #
+    # @return boolean
+    def detection?
+      @score >= REQUIRED_SCORE
+    end
+
+    # The initializer handles the parsing of a Term object, and subsequent population of the @subpatterns, @summary,
+    # and @score instance variables. @subpatterns contains all the citation components which have been flagged by the
+    # CITATION_PATTERNS hash. @summary contains counts of how often certain characters or words appear in the Term.
+    # Finally, the @score value is a summary of how many elements in the subpatterns or summary report were detected.
+    #
+    # @note This method can be called directly via Detector::Citation.new(Term). It is also called indirectly via the
+    #       Detector::Citation.record(Term) instance method. This method can be called directly when a Detection is not
+    #       desired.
+    def initialize(term)
+      @subpatterns = {}
+      @summary = {}
+      pattern_checker(term.phrase)
+      summarize(term.phrase)
+      @score = calculate_score
+    end
+
+    # The record method first runs all of the parsers by running the initialize method. If the resulting score is higher
+    # than the REQUIRED_SCORE value, then a Detection is registered.
+    #
+    # @return nil
+    def self.record(term)
+      cit = Detector::Citation.new(term)
+      return unless cit.detection?
+
+      Detection.find_or_create_by(
+        term:,
+        detector: Detector.where(name: 'Citation').first,
+        detector_version: ENV.fetch('DETECTOR_VERSION', 'unset')
+      )
+
+      nil
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    # This combines the two reports generated by the Citation detector (subpatterns and summary), and calculates the
+    # final score value from their contents.
+    #
+    # Any detected subpattern is counted toward the score (multiple detections do not get counted twice). For example,
+    # if the brackets pattern finds two matches, it still only adds one to the final score.
+    #
+    # For the summary report, each value is compared with a threshold value in the SUMMARY_THRESHOLDS constant. The
+    # number of values which meet or exceed their threshold are added to the score. As an example, if a search term has
+    # five words, this value is compared to the word threshold (also five). Because the threshold is met, the score gets
+    # incremented by one.
+    #
+    # @return integer
+    def calculate_score
+      summary_score = @summary.count do |key, value|
+        SUMMARY_THRESHOLDS.key?(key) && value >= SUMMARY_THRESHOLDS[key]
+      end
+
+      summary_score + @subpatterns.length
+    end
+
+    # This calculates the number of characters in the search term. It is called by the summarize method.
+    def characters(term)
+      term.length
+    end
+
+    # This counts the number of colons that appear in the search term, because they tend to appear more often in
+    # citations than in other searches. It is called by the summarize method.
+    def colons(term)
+      term.count(':')
+    end
+
+    # This counts the number of commas in the search term. It is called by the summarize method.
+    def commas(term)
+      term.count(',')
+    end
+
+    # This builds one of the two main components of the Citation detector - the subpattern report. It uses each of the
+    # regular expressions in the CITATION_PATTERNS constant, extracting all matches using the scan method.
+    #
+    # @return hash
+    def pattern_checker(term)
+      CITATION_PATTERNS.each_pair do |type, pattern|
+        @subpatterns[type.to_sym] = scan(pattern, term) if scan(pattern, term).present?
+      end
+    end
+
+    # This counts the number of periods in the search term. It is called by the summarize method.
+    def periods(term)
+      term.count('.')
+    end
+
+    # This is a convenience method for the scan method, which is used by pattern_checker.
+    def scan(pattern, term)
+      term.scan(pattern).map(&:strip)
+    end
+
+    # This counts the semicolons in the search term. It is called by the summarize method.
+    def semicolons(term)
+      term.count(';')
+    end
+
+    # This builds one of the two main components of the Citation detector - the summary report. It calls each of the
+    # methods in the first line - which all return integers - and puts the result as a key-value pair in the @summary
+    # instance variable.
+    #
+    # @return hash
+    def summarize(term)
+      %w[characters colons commas periods semicolons words].each do |check|
+        @summary[check.to_sym] = send(check, term)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # This counts the number of words in the search term. It is called by the summarize method.
+    def words(term)
+      term.split.length
+    end
+  end
+end

app/models/term.rb

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ class Term < ApplicationRecord
   #
   # @return nil
   def record_detections
+    Detector::Citation.record(self)
     Detector::StandardIdentifiers.record(self)
     Detector::Journal.record(self)
     Detector::Lcsh.record(self)

db/seeds.rb

@@ -32,8 +32,14 @@
 Detector.find_or_create_by(name: 'PMID')
 Detector.find_or_create_by(name: 'Journal')
 Detector.find_or_create_by(name: 'SuggestedResource')
+Detector.find_or_create_by(name: 'Citation')
 
 # DetectorCategories
+DetectorCategory.find_or_create_by(
+  detector: Detector.find_by(name: 'Citation'),
+  category: Category.find_by(name: 'Transactional'),
+  confidence: 0.3
+)
 DetectorCategory.find_or_create_by(
   detector: Detector.find_by(name: 'DOI'),
   category: Category.find_by(name: 'Transactional'),

test/fixtures/detector_categories.yml

@@ -38,3 +38,8 @@ six:
   detector: lcsh
   category: informational
   confidence: 0.7
+
+seven:
+  detector: citation
+  category: transactional
+  confidence: 0.3

test/fixtures/detectors.yml

@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@
 #  created_at :datetime         not null
 #  updated_at :datetime         not null
 #
+citation:
+  name: 'Citation'
+
 doi:
   name: 'DOI'
 

test/fixtures/terms.yml

@@ -37,3 +37,6 @@ suggested_resource_jstor:
 
 multiple_detections:
   phrase: 'Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review. Frontiers in Public Health. PMID: 32154200. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014'
+
+citation:
+  phrase: "A. Altun, "Understanding hypertext in the context of reading on the web: Language learners' experience," Current Issues in Education, vol. 6, no. 12, July, 2005. [Online serial]. Available: http://cie.ed.asu.edu/volume6/number12/. [Accessed Dec. 2, 2007]."