Add new entry: working with JSON in Go (#5906)

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* Update content/go/concepts/working-with-json/working-with-json.md

* Update content/go/concepts/working-with-json/working-with-json.md

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content/go/concepts/working-with-json/working-with-json.md

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+---
+Title: 'Working with JSON'
+Description: 'Working with JSON files, requests, or responses is essential to interacting with data that is exchanged between the Frontend and Backend in web applications.'
+Subjects:
+  - 'Code Foundations'
+  - 'Computer Science'
+Tags:
+  - 'JSON'
+  - 'Data'
+  - 'Development'
+  - 'Objects'
+CatalogContent:
+  - 'learn-go'
+  - 'paths/back-end-engineer-career-path'
+---
+
+**JSON** is one of the most commonly used data exchange formats for communication between web applications, other services, mobile applications, etc. Go provides built-in functions to work with JSON effectively.
+
+## Using Marshal and Unmarshal
+
+In Go, `json.Marshal` encodes a Go data structure into a JSON-formatted string. This encoded data can then be saved to a file, transmitted, or used in other applications.
+
+The syntax of `json.Marshal` looks like this:
+
+```pseudo
+data, err := json.Marshal(v)
+```
+
+- `v`: The Go value to be marshaled (e.g., `struct`, `map`).
+- `data`: The result of the marshaling, returned as a byte slice (`[]byte`).
+- `err`: An error, if any, that occurred during marshaling.
+
+Conversely, `json.Unmarshal` decodes JSON data into a Go data structure. The syntax for `json.Unmarshal` looks like this:
+
+```pseudo
+err := json.Unmarshal(data, &v)
+```
+
+- `data`: The JSON byte slice to be unmarshaled.
+- `v`: The Go value (typically a pointer to a `struct` or `map`) where the unmarshaled data will be stored.
+- `err`: An error, if any, that occurred during unmarshaling.
+
+This allows for operations such as adding new elements, extracting specific values (e.g., configurations), or modifying existing ones, as demonstrated in the example below:
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+  "encoding/json"
+  "fmt"
+  "os"
+  "strings"
+)
+
+// Define a struct that mirrors the structure of the JSON data we want to unmarshal.
+type Meal struct {
+  Name        string   `json:"name"`
+  Ingredients []string `json:"ingredients"`
+}
+
+type Meals struct {
+  Meals []Meal `json:"meals"`
+}
+
+func main() {
+  menu := `{
+    "meals": [
+      {"name": "Pizza Margherita", "ingredients": ["Dough", "Tomato Sauce", "Mozzarella Cheese", "Tomato", "Basil"]},
+      {"name": "Spaghetti Carbonara", "ingredients": ["Spaghetti", "Eggs", "Pancetta", "Pecorino Romano Cheese", "Black Pepper"]},
+      {"name": "Chicken Stir-fry", "ingredients": ["Chicken", "Vegetables (e.g., Broccoli, Carrots, Onions, Peppers)", "Rice", "Soy Sauce", "Ginger", "Garlic"]},
+      {"name": "Tacos al Pastor", "ingredients": ["Pork", "Pineapple", "Tortillas", "Onion", "Cilantro"]},
+      {"name": "Caesar Salad", "ingredients": ["Romaine Lettuce", "Croutons", "Parmesan Cheese", "Caesar Dressing"]}
+    ]
+  }`
+
+  // Declare a variable to store the decoded data.
+  meals := Meals{}
+
+  // Unmarshal the JSON string into the `meals` struct.
+  if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(menu), &meals); err != nil {
+    fmt.Println("Error unmarshalling data:", err)
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Add a new meal to the menu.
+  meal := Meal{
+    Name:        "Pupusas",
+    Ingredients: []string{"Cheese", "Refried beans", "Tomato Sauce", "Rice flour", "Pickled cabbage"},
+  }
+
+  // Add the new meal to the list.
+  meals.Meals = append(meals.Meals, meal)
+
+  // Add another meal inline.
+  meals.Meals = append(meals.Meals, Meal{Name: "Sushi", Ingredients: []string{"Rice", "Fish", "Seaweed", "Wasabi", "Soy Sauce", "Ginger"}})
+
+  // List the menu of meals.
+  for _, meal := range meals.Meals {
+    fmt.Printf("---\nMeal: %s\nIngredients: %s\n", meal.Name, strings.Join(meal.Ingredients, ", "))
+  }
+
+  // Serialize the object to a slice of bytes.
+  data, err := json.Marshal(meals)
+  if err != nil {
+    fmt.Println("Error marshalling data:", err)
+    return
+  }
+
+  fmt.Println("-------------")
+  fmt.Println(string(data))
+
+  // Create an empty file.
+  file, err := os.Create("meals.json")
+  if err != nil {
+    fmt.Println("Error creating file:", err)
+    return
+  }
+
+  // Ensure the file is closed after the program finishes.
+  defer file.Close()
+
+  // Write the serialized data into the file.
+  if _, err = file.Write(data); err != nil {
+    fmt.Println("Error writing to file:", err)
+    return
+  }
+
+  fmt.Println("Data has been written to meals.json successfully.")
+}
+```
+
+When running the above Go program, the following will happen:
+
+- The menu of meals will be printed to the console.
+- The serialized JSON data will be printed to the console.
+- A `meals.json` file will be created in the working directory with the serialized data.
+
+Here's how the console output will look like:
+
+```shell
+---
+Meal: Pizza Margherita
+Ingredients: Dough, Tomato Sauce, Mozzarella Cheese, Tomato, Basil
+---
+Meal: Spaghetti Carbonara
+Ingredients: Spaghetti, Eggs, Pancetta, Pecorino Romano Cheese, Black Pepper
+---
+Meal: Chicken Stir-fry
+Ingredients: Chicken, Vegetables (e.g., Broccoli, Carrots, Onions, Peppers), Rice, Soy Sauce, Ginger, Garlic
+---
+Meal: Tacos al Pastor
+Ingredients: Pork, Pineapple, Tortillas, Onion, Cilantro
+---
+Meal: Caesar Salad
+Ingredients: Romaine Lettuce, Croutons, Parmesan Cheese, Caesar Dressing
+---
+Meal: Pupusas
+Ingredients: Cheese, Refried beans, Tomato Sauce, Rice flour, Pickled cabbage
+---
+Meal: Sushi
+Ingredients: Rice, Fish, Seaweed, Wasabi, Soy Sauce, Ginger
+-------------
+{"meals":[{"name":"Pizza Margherita","ingredients":["Dough","Tomato Sauce","Mozzarella Cheese","Tomato","Basil"]},{"name":"Spaghetti Carbonara","ingredients":["Spaghetti","Eggs","Pancetta","Pecorino Romano Cheese","Black Pepper"]},{"name":"Chicken Stir-fry","ingredients":["Chicken","Vegetables (e.g., Broccoli, Carrots, Onions, Peppers)","Rice","Soy Sauce","Ginger","Garlic"]},{"name":"Tacos al Pastor","ingredients":["Pork","Pineapple","Tortillas","Onion","Cilantro"]},{"name":"Caesar Salad","ingredients":["Romaine Lettuce","Croutons","Parmesan Cheese","Caesar Dressing"]},{"name":"Pupusas","ingredients":["Cheese","Refried beans","Tomato Sauce","Rice flour","Pickled cabbage"]},{"name":"Sushi","ingredients":["Rice","Fish","Seaweed","Wasabi","Soy Sauce","Ginger"]}]
+}
+Data has been written to meals.json successfully.
+```
+
+## Using NewEncoder and NewDecoder
+
+In Go, `json.NewEncoder` is commonly used to encode data into a JSON format, making it suitable for exchanging information between the backend and external clients that require a JSON response.
+
+The syntax for `json.NewEncoder` looks like this:
+
+```pseudo
+encoder := json.NewEncoder(w)
+err := encoder.Encode(v)
+```
+
+- `w`: The `io.Writer` (e.g., `http.ResponseWriter`, file, etc.) where the JSON output will be written.
+- `v`: The Go value (typically a `struct`, `map`, etc.) to be encoded into JSON.
+- `encoder`: A new `json.Encoder` instance that is used to encode the Go value.
+- `err`: An error, if any, that occurred during encoding.
+
+On the other hand, `json.NewDecoder` is used to decode data received from a REST API, transforming it into a usable Go data structure.
+
+The syntax for `json.NewDecoder` looks like this:
+
+```pseudo
+decoder := json.NewDecoder(r)
+err := decoder.Decode(v)
+```
+
+- `r`: The `io.Reader` (e.g., `http.Request.Body`, file) containing the JSON data to be decoded.
+- `v`: A pointer to the Go value (typically a `struct`, `map`, etc.) where the decoded data will be stored.
+- `decoder`: A new `json.Decoder` instance that is used to decode the JSON data.
+- `err`: An error, if any, that occurred during decoding.
+
+## Example
+
+The following example:
+
+- Listens for POST requests at the /fruit endpoint on http://localhost:4444/fruit, accepting a name query parameter.
+- Fetches and decodes fruit data from an external API based on the provided fruit name, then adds product recommendations.
+- Returns the modified fruit data as a JSON response or an error message if the input is invalid.
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+  "encoding/json"
+  "errors"
+  "fmt"
+  "io"
+  "log"
+  "net/http"
+  "strings"
+)
+
+type ProductsByFruit map[string][]string
+
+type Fruit struct {
+  Name     string   `json:"name"`
+  ID       int      `json:"id"`
+  Family   string   `json:"family"`
+  Order    string   `json:"order"`
+  Genus    string   `json:"genus"`
+  Products []string `json:"products"`
+}
+
+func main() {
+  mux := http.NewServeMux()
+  mux.HandleFunc("/fruit", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+    if r.Method != http.MethodPost {
+      http.Error(w, "Method not allowed", http.StatusMethodNotAllowed)
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Get query params from URL
+    params := r.URL.Query()
+
+    // Validate the name of the fruit
+    if fruitName := params.Get("name"); len(fruitName) > 0 {
+
+      // Set the content type for the response
+      w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+
+      // Get the results of the invocation to the REST API
+      result, err := GetFruitData(fruitName)
+      if err != nil {
+        http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to get fruit data: %v", err), http.StatusInternalServerError)
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Decode the response into the fruit struct
+      fruit := Fruit{}
+      err = json.NewDecoder(result).Decode(&fruit)
+      if err != nil {
+        http.Error(w, "Error decoding data", http.StatusInternalServerError)
+        return
+      }
+
+      // Enhance the fruit data with products
+      productsByFruit := ProductsByFruit{
+        "strawberry": {"Smoothies", "Ice cream", "Jelly"},
+        "banana":     {"Banana split", "Smoothies"},
+        "tomato":     {"Salads", "Sauces"},
+        "raspberry":  {"Pies", "Smoothies"},
+        "orange":     {"Juice", "Jelly"},
+        "blueberry":  {"Smoothies", "Pies"},
+        "pumpkin":    {"Pies", "Latte"},
+      }
+
+      fruit.Products = productsByFruit[strings.ToLower(fruitName)]
+      if fruit.Products == nil {
+        fruit.Products = []string{"No specific products available"}
+      }
+
+      // Encode the modified fruit struct to the response
+      if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(fruit); err != nil {
+        http.Error(w, "Error encoding data", http.StatusInternalServerError)
+        return
+      }
+
+    } else {
+      http.Error(w, "Bad request, query param ?name= required", http.StatusBadRequest)
+      return
+    }
+  })
+
+  if err := http.ListenAndServe(":4444", mux); err != nil {
+    log.Fatal("Error occurred while starting the server: ", err)
+  }
+}
+
+func GetFruitData(name string) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
+  // Retrieve data from external REST API
+  response, err := http.Get(fmt.Sprintf("https://www.fruityvice.com/api/fruit/%s", name))
+  if err != nil {
+    return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to make request: %v", err)
+  }
+  if response == nil {
+    return nil, errors.New("no response from the server")
+  }
+
+  // Handle different HTTP status codes
+  switch response.StatusCode {
+  case http.StatusOK:
+    return response.Body, nil
+  case http.StatusNotFound:
+    return nil, errors.New("fruit not found")
+  default:
+    return nil, fmt.Errorf("server error with status: %d", response.StatusCode)
+  }
+}
+```
+
+To run the code, save it in a `.go` file and execute it using the command:
+
+```shell
+go run <filename>.go
+```
+
+Ensure that the Go server is running, then send a POST request with a name query parameter to `http://localhost:4444/fruit`.
+
+## Comparison between `json.Marshal` and `json.NewDecoder`
+
+Below is a comparison between `json.Marshal` and `json.NewDecoder` based on their use cases and performance considerations:
+
+| Feature      | `json.Marshal`                                                                | `json.NewDecoder`                                |
+| ------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------ |
+| Input        | Go value (`struct`, `map`, etc.)                                              | `io.ReadCloser` (network connection)             |
+| Output       | JSON byte slice                                                               | Go value (struct, map, etc.)                     |
+| Memory Usage | Can potentially use more memory if the input data is large                    | Generally more memory-efficient for large inputs |
+| Use Cases    | Converting Go data to JSON for various purposes, suitable for small data sets | Decoding JSON data from streams or large files   |