Skip to content

Commit

Permalink
20240510
Browse files Browse the repository at this point in the history
  • Loading branch information
BlitherBoom812 committed May 10, 2024
1 parent e35988f commit 32431bf
Show file tree
Hide file tree
Showing 14 changed files with 142 additions and 1 deletion.
31 changes: 30 additions & 1 deletion source/_posts/Antenna.md
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -582,4 +582,33 @@ Increase Input Impedance

#### Monopole

![1713509771675](../images/Antenna/1713509771675.png)
![1713509771675](../images/Antenna/1713509771675.png)

## Loop Antennas

### Small Loop

![1715324583382](../images/Antenna/1715324583382.png)

![1715324548326](../images/Antenna/1715324548326.png)

![1715324559069](../images/Antenna/1715324559069.png)

Infinite small loop radius;

Infinite small wire radius;

Uniform distribution.

Resistance $R_r$ too small!

### Finite-length loop antennas

![1715325834911](../images/Antenna/1715325834911.png)

![1715324769403](../images/Antenna/1715324769403.png)



### Modes of Loop antennas

112 changes: 112 additions & 0 deletions source/_posts/Speech-SP.md
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -578,3 +578,115 @@ G_{TC} =\frac{min\{\sigma_{r,PCM}^{2}\}}{min\{\sigma_{r,TC}^{2}\}}=\frac{\vareps
$$

#### 最佳正交变换 - KL 变换


## 语音信号的参数编码

### 感觉加权滤波器

误差函数加权:

$$
J=\int_0^{f_s}\lvert s(f)-\hat{s}(f)\rvert^2\cdot\lvert w(f)\rvert^2df
$$

其中,加权滤波器满足

$$
\int_0^{f_S}|w(f)|df= Const.
$$

当误差函数最小的时候,应当保证

$$
|s(f)-\hat{s}(f)|^2\cdot|w(f)|=\frac{\gamma}{2}=\text{常数}
$$

可以选择如下的滤波器:

$$
w(z)=\frac{A(z)}{A\left(\frac{z}{\gamma}\right)}=\frac{1-\sum_{i=1}^P\alpha_iz^{-i}}{1-\sum_{i=1}^P\alpha_i\gamma^iz^{-i}},\quad0\leq\gamma\leq1
$$

$\gamma$ 为加权因子,在 0-1 之间。

$\gamma=0$ 时变成逆滤波器,其频谱包络的峰值点就是语音谱的谷值点。

> 分析:语音信号是全极点模型产生的,即 $S(z) = GE(z)/A(z)$,与逆滤波器点频谱成反比。
![1715172645812](../images/Speech-SP/1715172645812.png)

### 多脉冲激励线性预测声码器

![1715172680511](../images/Speech-SP/1715172680511.png)

语音综合器的激励源有若干个不同位置和幅度的脉冲信号组成。

$$
\hat{s}(n)=\hat{s}_0(n)+\sum_{k=1}^Mg_kh(n-n_k)
$$

其中 $\hat s_0(n)$ 是 LPC 综合器的零输入响应。

$$
\begin{aligned}&e_{s}(n)=s(n)-\hat{s}(n)=s(n)-\hat{s}_{0}(n)-\sum_{k=1}^{M}g_{k}h(n-n_{k})\\&=\bar{e}(n)-\sum_{k=1}^Mg_kh(n-n_k)\end{aligned}
$$

用 $\bar{e}(n)=s(n)-\hat{s}_0(n)$ 表示输入语音减去零输入响应(受历史激励影响的部分)。

输入感觉加权滤波器,得到输出

$$
\begin{aligned}e(n)&=e_{s}(n)*w(n)=\left[\bar{e}(n)-\sum_{k=1}^{M}g_{k}h(n-n_{k})\right]*w(n)\\&=\bar{e}_{w}(n)-\sum_{k=1}^{M}g_{k}h_{w}(n-n_{k})\end{aligned}
$$

从而,得到感觉加权滤波器的误差函数

$$
E=\sum_{n=1}^Ne^2(n)=\sum_{n=1}^N\left[\bar{e}_w(n)-\sum_{k=1}^Mg_kh_w(n-n_k)\right]^2
$$

选择合适的 $n_k$, $g_k$ 使得上面的误差函数最小

$$
\frac{\partial E}{\partial n_j}=0,\quad j=1,\cdots M\\\frac{\partial E}{\partial g_j}=0,\quad j=1,\cdots M
$$

上面那个方程很复杂,会导出非线性的方程;

从下面的那个方程可以推出

$$
\sum_{k=1}^Mg_kR_{hh}(n_k,n_j)=R_{eh}(n_j),\quad j=1,\cdots M
$$

其中

$$
R_{eh}(n_j)=\sum_{n=1}^N\bar{e}_w(n)\cdot h_w(n-n_j)\\R_{hh}(n_k,n_j)=\sum_{n=1}^Nh_w(n-n_k)h_w(n-n_j)
$$

此时可改写最小均方误差

$$
E_{min}=\sum_{n=1}^N[\bar{e}_w(n)]^2-\sum_{k=1}^Mg_kR_{eh}(n_k)
$$

最优解的计算涉及到非线性方程的求解,不太现实。考虑采用次优搜索,一个一个求解。

当只有一个脉冲时

$$
g_1R_{hh}(n_1,n_1)=R_{eh}(n_1)\\
E_{min}=\sum_{n=1}^N[\bar{e}_w(n)]^2-g_1R_{eh}(n_1)
$$

消元得到

$$
E_{min}=\sum_{n=1}^N[\bar{e}_w(n)]^2-R_{eh}^2(n_1)/R_{hh}(n_1,n_1)
$$

接下来搜索 $n_1$ 使得上式最优化。解出 $n_1$ 后即可解出 $g_1$。

接下来一个个求解,每次都要把前面求解过的脉冲折算到零输入响应中,然后求解当前的结果:
Binary file added source/images/Antenna/1715324548326.png
Loading
Sorry, something went wrong. Reload?
Sorry, we cannot display this file.
Sorry, this file is invalid so it cannot be displayed.
Binary file added source/images/Antenna/1715324559069.png
Loading
Sorry, something went wrong. Reload?
Sorry, we cannot display this file.
Sorry, this file is invalid so it cannot be displayed.
Binary file added source/images/Antenna/1715324583382.png
Loading
Sorry, something went wrong. Reload?
Sorry, we cannot display this file.
Sorry, this file is invalid so it cannot be displayed.
Binary file added source/images/Antenna/1715324769403.png
Loading
Sorry, something went wrong. Reload?
Sorry, we cannot display this file.
Sorry, this file is invalid so it cannot be displayed.
Binary file added source/images/Antenna/1715325834911.png
Loading
Sorry, something went wrong. Reload?
Sorry, we cannot display this file.
Sorry, this file is invalid so it cannot be displayed.
Binary file added source/images/Antenna/1715328812089.png
Loading
Sorry, something went wrong. Reload?
Sorry, we cannot display this file.
Sorry, this file is invalid so it cannot be displayed.
Binary file added source/images/Speech-SP/1715172378465.png
Loading
Sorry, something went wrong. Reload?
Sorry, we cannot display this file.
Sorry, this file is invalid so it cannot be displayed.
Binary file added source/images/Speech-SP/1715172404966.png
Loading
Sorry, something went wrong. Reload?
Sorry, we cannot display this file.
Sorry, this file is invalid so it cannot be displayed.
Binary file added source/images/Speech-SP/1715172645812.png
Loading
Sorry, something went wrong. Reload?
Sorry, we cannot display this file.
Sorry, this file is invalid so it cannot be displayed.
Binary file added source/images/Speech-SP/1715172680511.png
Loading
Sorry, something went wrong. Reload?
Sorry, we cannot display this file.
Sorry, this file is invalid so it cannot be displayed.
Binary file added source/images/Speech-SP/1715173923794.png
Loading
Sorry, something went wrong. Reload?
Sorry, we cannot display this file.
Sorry, this file is invalid so it cannot be displayed.
Binary file added source/images/Speech-SP/1715174312556.png
Loading
Sorry, something went wrong. Reload?
Sorry, we cannot display this file.
Sorry, this file is invalid so it cannot be displayed.

0 comments on commit 32431bf

Please sign in to comment.