-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
Copy pathR-fundamentals.html
976 lines (651 loc) · 38.3 KB
/
R-fundamentals.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="" xml:lang="">
<head>
<title>R语言基础</title>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta name="author" content="任哲" />
<script src="libs/header-attrs/header-attrs.js"></script>
<link href="libs/remark-css/default.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<script src="libs/htmlwidgets/htmlwidgets.js"></script>
<script src="libs/jquery/jquery.min.js"></script>
<link href="libs/leaflet/leaflet.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<script src="libs/leaflet/leaflet.js"></script>
<link href="libs/leafletfix/leafletfix.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<script src="libs/proj4/proj4.min.js"></script>
<script src="libs/Proj4Leaflet/proj4leaflet.js"></script>
<link href="libs/rstudio_leaflet/rstudio_leaflet.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<script src="libs/leaflet-binding/leaflet.js"></script>
<link href="libs/datatables-css/datatables-crosstalk.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<script src="libs/datatables-binding/datatables.js"></script>
<link href="libs/dt-core/css/jquery.dataTables.min.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/dt-core/css/jquery.dataTables.extra.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<script src="libs/dt-core/js/jquery.dataTables.min.js"></script>
<link href="libs/crosstalk/css/crosstalk.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<script src="libs/crosstalk/js/crosstalk.min.js"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="zh-CN.css" type="text/css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="customize.css" type="text/css" />
</head>
<body>
<textarea id="source">
class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide
# R语言基础
## 面向非程序员的R基础教程
### 任哲
### MSI, BGI-Shenzhen
### 2021-07-06 </br> (最后更新: 2021-08-02 11:21:16)
---
class: inverse, center, middle
# 正式开始之前
---
class: inverse, center, middle
# 哲学三问
--
## 我是谁？
--
## 我从哪里来？
--
## 我要去哪里？
---
class: inverse, center, middle
## 我的回答
--
## 我是谁
--
### “我”是/不是一个程序员
--
## 我从哪里来
--
### “我”已经可以/不可以熟练使用R/Excel/SPSS/...
--
## 我要去哪里
--
### “我”想了解R语言，想用R语言做更多...
---
class: inverse, center, middle
# 出发！
---
class: center, middle
# 在本教程中
--
## 你大概率**不**会用到笔记本电脑<svg viewBox="0 0 640 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M624 416H381.54c-.74 19.81-14.71 32-32.74 32H288c-18.69 0-33.02-17.47-32.77-32H16c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16v16c0 35.2 28.8 64 64 64h512c35.2 0 64-28.8 64-64v-16c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16zM576 48c0-26.4-21.6-48-48-48H112C85.6 0 64 21.6 64 48v336h512V48zm-64 272H128V64h384v256z"></path></svg>
--
## 你大概率**不**需要记笔记<svg viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M448 360V24c0-13.3-10.7-24-24-24H96C43 0 0 43 0 96v320c0 53 43 96 96 96h328c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24v-16c0-7.5-3.5-14.3-8.9-18.7-4.2-15.4-4.2-59.3 0-74.7 5.4-4.3 8.9-11.1 8.9-18.6zM128 134c0-3.3 2.7-6 6-6h212c3.3 0 6 2.7 6 6v20c0 3.3-2.7 6-6 6H134c-3.3 0-6-2.7-6-6v-20zm0 64c0-3.3 2.7-6 6-6h212c3.3 0 6 2.7 6 6v20c0 3.3-2.7 6-6 6H134c-3.3 0-6-2.7-6-6v-20zm253.4 250H96c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32 0-17.6 14.4-32 32-32h285.4c-1.9 17.1-1.9 46.9 0 64z"></path></svg>
--
<!-- ## 你大概率**不**需要连接Internet<svg viewBox="0 0 640 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M634.91 154.88C457.74-8.99 182.19-8.93 5.09 154.88c-6.66 6.16-6.79 16.59-.35 22.98l34.24 33.97c6.14 6.1 16.02 6.23 22.4.38 145.92-133.68 371.3-133.71 517.25 0 6.38 5.85 16.26 5.71 22.4-.38l34.24-33.97c6.43-6.39 6.3-16.82-.36-22.98zM320 352c-35.35 0-64 28.65-64 64s28.65 64 64 64 64-28.65 64-64-28.65-64-64-64zm202.67-83.59c-115.26-101.93-290.21-101.82-405.34 0-6.9 6.1-7.12 16.69-.57 23.15l34.44 33.99c6 5.92 15.66 6.32 22.05.8 83.95-72.57 209.74-72.41 293.49 0 6.39 5.52 16.05 5.13 22.05-.8l34.44-33.99c6.56-6.46 6.33-17.06-.56-23.15z"></path></svg> -->
## 当然如果你用笔记本记笔记我是很高兴的
---
class: center, middle
# 在本课程中你会了解到：
--
## R语言及R语言的应用领域
--
## Rstudio与Rmarkdown
---
class: center, middle
## <img src="./resources/Rlogo.svg" alt="R logo" width="10%" align="center"> 关于R语言
--
**R**是一门用于统计计算和作图的语言，受S语言和Scheme语言影响发展而来。
--
**R**语言最初由新西兰奥克兰大学统计系的Robert Gentleman和Ross Ihaka合作编写。
--
**R**语言具有免费、开源及统计模块齐全的特征，已被国外大量学术和科研机构采用，其应用范围涵盖了诸多领域。
--
.footnote[
.left[
* S语言是一门用于数据分析和图示的高层语言。基于S语言开发的商业软件Splus<img src="./resources/spluslogo.png" alt="R logo" width="25px" align = "center">，在外国学术界应用很广。
Scheme语言是LISP语言<img src="./resources/lisp_log.png" alt="R logo" width="25px" align = "center">的一个方言(或说成变种)
]]
---
class: center, middle
## 在遇到R之前
--
## 你一定见过其他统计分析软件
--
<img src="./resources/saslogo.png" alt="SAS logo" width="72px" align = "center"> **SAS**: 速度快，有大量统计分析模块，可扩展性稍差，昂贵。
--
<img src="./resources/spsslogo.png" alt="SPSS logo" width="50px" align = "center"> **SPSS**: 复杂的用户图形界面，简单易学，但编程十分困难。
--
<img src="./resources/spluslogo.png" alt="Splus logo" width="50px" align = "center"> **Splus**: 运行S语言，具有复杂的界面，与R完全兼容，昂贵。
--
<img src="./resources/Origin-logo.png" alt="Origin logo" width="50px" align = "center"> **Origin**: 无需编程基础，图表样式丰富，但定制化分析较为困难。
--
<img src="./resources/excel.png" alt="Excel logo" width="50px" align = "center"> **Excel**: 微软出品，功能强大，图形化界面易上手，但学习曲线比较陡峭，昂贵。
---
class: center, middle
# 为什么选择R？
--
### <svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M488.6 250.2L392 214V105.5c0-15-9.3-28.4-23.4-33.7l-100-37.5c-8.1-3.1-17.1-3.1-25.3 0l-100 37.5c-14.1 5.3-23.4 18.7-23.4 33.7V214l-96.6 36.2C9.3 255.5 0 268.9 0 283.9V394c0 13.6 7.7 26.1 19.9 32.2l100 50c10.1 5.1 22.1 5.1 32.2 0l103.9-52 103.9 52c10.1 5.1 22.1 5.1 32.2 0l100-50c12.2-6.1 19.9-18.6 19.9-32.2V283.9c0-15-9.3-28.4-23.4-33.7zM358 214.8l-85 31.9v-68.2l85-37v73.3zM154 104.1l102-38.2 102 38.2v.6l-102 41.4-102-41.4v-.6zm84 291.1l-85 42.5v-79.1l85-38.8v75.4zm0-112l-102 41.4-102-41.4v-.6l102-38.2 102 38.2v.6zm240 112l-85 42.5v-79.1l85-38.8v75.4zm0-112l-102 41.4-102-41.4v-.6l102-38.2 102 38.2v.6z"></path></svg> 广阔的应用领域
--
### <svg viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M171.73,232.813A5.381,5.381,0,0,0,176.7,229.5,48.081,48.081,0,0,1,191.6,204.244c1.243-.828,1.657-2.484,1.657-4.141a4.22,4.22,0,0,0-2.071-3.312L74.429,128.473,148.958,85a9.941,9.941,0,0,0,4.968-8.281,9.108,9.108,0,0,0-4.968-8.281L126.6,55.6a9.748,9.748,0,0,0-9.523,0l-100.2,57.966a9.943,9.943,0,0,0-4.969,8.281V236.954a9.109,9.109,0,0,0,4.969,8.281L39.235,258.07a8.829,8.829,0,0,0,4.968,1.242,9.4,9.4,0,0,0,6.625-2.484,10.8,10.8,0,0,0,2.9-7.039V164.5L169.66,232.4A4.5,4.5,0,0,0,171.73,232.813ZM323.272,377.73a12.478,12.478,0,0,0-4.969,1.242l-74.528,43.062V287.882c0-2.9-2.9-5.8-6.211-4.555a53.036,53.036,0,0,1-28.984.414,4.86,4.86,0,0,0-6.21,4.555V421.619l-74.529-43.061a8.83,8.83,0,0,0-4.969-1.242,9.631,9.631,0,0,0-9.523,9.523v26.085a9.107,9.107,0,0,0,4.969,8.281l100.2,57.553A8.829,8.829,0,0,0,223.486,480a11.027,11.027,0,0,0,4.969-1.242l100.2-57.553a9.941,9.941,0,0,0,4.968-8.281V386.839C332.8,382.285,328.24,377.73,323.272,377.73ZM286.007,78a23,23,0,1,0-23-23A23,23,0,0,0,286.007,78Zm63.627-10.086a23,23,0,1,0,23,23A23,23,0,0,0,349.634,67.914ZM412.816,151.6a23,23,0,1,0-23-23A23,23,0,0,0,412.816,151.6Zm-63.182-9.2a23,23,0,1,0,23,23A23,23,0,0,0,349.634,142.4Zm-63.627,83.244a23,23,0,1,0-23-23A23,23,0,0,0,286.007,225.648Zm-62.074,36.358a23,23,0,1,0-23-23A23,23,0,0,0,223.933,262.006Zm188.883-82.358a23,23,0,1,0,23,23A23,23,0,0,0,412.816,179.648Zm0,72.272a23,23,0,1,0,23,23A23,23,0,0,0,412.816,251.92Z"></path></svg> 丰富的资源（R包），良好的扩展性
--
### <svg viewBox="0 0 384 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M202.021 0C122.202 0 70.503 32.703 29.914 91.026c-7.363 10.58-5.093 25.086 5.178 32.874l43.138 32.709c10.373 7.865 25.132 6.026 33.253-4.148 25.049-31.381 43.63-49.449 82.757-49.449 30.764 0 68.816 19.799 68.816 49.631 0 22.552-18.617 34.134-48.993 51.164-35.423 19.86-82.299 44.576-82.299 106.405V320c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h72.471c13.255 0 24-10.745 24-24v-5.773c0-42.86 125.268-44.645 125.268-160.627C377.504 66.256 286.902 0 202.021 0zM192 373.459c-38.196 0-69.271 31.075-69.271 69.271 0 38.195 31.075 69.27 69.271 69.27s69.271-31.075 69.271-69.271-31.075-69.27-69.271-69.27z"></path></svg> 完备的帮助系统，大量详尽的文档
--
### <svg viewBox="0 0 640 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M608 32H32C14.33 32 0 46.33 0 64v384c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h576c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32zM176 327.88V344c0 4.42-3.58 8-8 8h-16c-4.42 0-8-3.58-8-8v-16.29c-11.29-.58-22.27-4.52-31.37-11.35-3.9-2.93-4.1-8.77-.57-12.14l11.75-11.21c2.77-2.64 6.89-2.76 10.13-.73 3.87 2.42 8.26 3.72 12.82 3.72h28.11c6.5 0 11.8-5.92 11.8-13.19 0-5.95-3.61-11.19-8.77-12.73l-45-13.5c-18.59-5.58-31.58-23.42-31.58-43.39 0-24.52 19.05-44.44 42.67-45.07V152c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8h16c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8v16.29c11.29.58 22.27 4.51 31.37 11.35 3.9 2.93 4.1 8.77.57 12.14l-11.75 11.21c-2.77 2.64-6.89 2.76-10.13.73-3.87-2.43-8.26-3.72-12.82-3.72h-28.11c-6.5 0-11.8 5.92-11.8 13.19 0 5.95 3.61 11.19 8.77 12.73l45 13.5c18.59 5.58 31.58 23.42 31.58 43.39 0 24.53-19.05 44.44-42.67 45.07zM416 312c0 4.42-3.58 8-8 8H296c-4.42 0-8-3.58-8-8v-16c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8h112c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8v16zm160 0c0 4.42-3.58 8-8 8h-80c-4.42 0-8-3.58-8-8v-16c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8h80c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8v16zm0-96c0 4.42-3.58 8-8 8H296c-4.42 0-8-3.58-8-8v-16c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8h272c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8v16z"></path></svg> 开源！GNU软件：大概率免费
---
class: center, middle
# <svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M488.6 250.2L392 214V105.5c0-15-9.3-28.4-23.4-33.7l-100-37.5c-8.1-3.1-17.1-3.1-25.3 0l-100 37.5c-14.1 5.3-23.4 18.7-23.4 33.7V214l-96.6 36.2C9.3 255.5 0 268.9 0 283.9V394c0 13.6 7.7 26.1 19.9 32.2l100 50c10.1 5.1 22.1 5.1 32.2 0l103.9-52 103.9 52c10.1 5.1 22.1 5.1 32.2 0l100-50c12.2-6.1 19.9-18.6 19.9-32.2V283.9c0-15-9.3-28.4-23.4-33.7zM358 214.8l-85 31.9v-68.2l85-37v73.3zM154 104.1l102-38.2 102 38.2v.6l-102 41.4-102-41.4v-.6zm84 291.1l-85 42.5v-79.1l85-38.8v75.4zm0-112l-102 41.4-102-41.4v-.6l102-38.2 102 38.2v.6zm240 112l-85 42.5v-79.1l85-38.8v75.4zm0-112l-102 41.4-102-41.4v-.6l102-38.2 102 38.2v.6z"></path></svg> 广阔的应用领域
.pull-left[
#### Statistical & Data Science 统计和数据科学领域
#### IT Sector 信息技术领域
#### Finance 金融领域
#### E-commerce 电子商务领域
#### Social Media 社交媒体领域
#### Life Science and Healthcare 生命健康领域
#### Manufacturing 工业生产领域
#### ......
]
.pull-right[
<img src="./resources/Applications-of-R-1.jpg" alt="Applications" width="100%" align = "center">
]
---
class: center, middle
## Statistical & Data Science 统计和数据科学领域
> "I keep saying that the sexy job in the next 10 years will be statisticians and, I’m not kidding."
> Chief Economist at Google says.
### R首先是一种统计学研究工具
### R也常被用来进行机器学习和人工智能相关研究
#### 真实世界中应用R的科研机构
#### Cornell University 康奈尔大学（全美Top20）使用R作为统计计算的首选语言
#### UCLA 加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校（全美Top5）使用R作为统计计算的教学语言
---
class: center, middle
## Statistical & Data Science 统计和数据科学领域
### Tidyverse ecosystem
<img src="./resources/4_tidyverse-packages.png" alt="Applications" width="50%" align = "center">
---
class: center, middle
## Statistical & Data Science 统计和数据科学领域
### Tidymodels ecosystem
<img src="./resources/simpletidymodels.png" alt="Applications" width="50%" align = "center">
---
class: center, middle
## IT Sector 信息技术领域
.pull-left[
<img src="./resources/R-in-IT-sector.jpg" alt="Applications" width="100%" align = "center">
]
.pull-right[
#### 真实世界中应用R的IT公司
#### Microsoft 微软
##### 使用R作为Azure机器学习平台的统计引擎
##### 开发了[R-open](https://mran.microsoft.com/open)作为高效数学计算的R发行版
#### Google 谷歌
##### 使用R来改善搜索结果，提供个性化广告推荐
]
---
class: center, middle
## Finance 金融领域
.pull-left[
#### R为金融工作和计算提供了先进的统计学套件，包括自动回归，时间序列分析，股票市场模型，金融数据挖掘，量化分析，下游风险评估等等。
#### 真实世界中应用R的金融公司
#### Lloyds of London 劳合社是全球最为知名的特殊保险与再保险市场
#### Bajaj Allianz Insurance 巴贾杰安联保险公司
]
.pull-right[
<img src="./resources/R-in-finance.jpg" alt="Applications" width="100%" align = "center">
]
---
class: center, middle
## Finance 金融领域
### 股票和量化分析
<img src="./resources/quantmod_tidyquant.jpg" alt="Applications" width="70%" align = "center">
---
class: center, middle
## Life Science and Healthcare 生命健康领域
.pull-left[
<img src="./resources/R-in-healthcare-circle.jpg" alt="Applications" width="100%" align = "center">
]
.pull-right[
#### R在药物发现，生物信息学，流行病学和公共卫生领域都有着大量应用
#### 真实世界中应用R的生物制药公司
#### Merck: 默克集团
#### 使用R进行临床试验设计评估和药物设计
]
---
class: center, middle
## Life Science and Healthcare 生命健康领域
### Covid-19 Map by Johns Hopkins
<img src="./resources/ncovid19-john.jpg" alt="Applications" width="80%" align = "center">
---
class: center, middle
## Life Science and Healthcare 生命健康领域
### Covid-19 Map by YuLab-SUM using R [nCov2019](https://github.com/YuLab-SMU/nCov2019)
<img src="./resources/ncovid19_map.jpg" alt="Applications" width="50%" align = "center">
---
class: center, middle
## 说得这么好，那么哪里可以找到这些R包呢？
<img src="./resources/wheretobuy.jpg" alt="Applications" width="50%" align = "center">
---
class: center, middle
## <svg viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M171.73,232.813A5.381,5.381,0,0,0,176.7,229.5,48.081,48.081,0,0,1,191.6,204.244c1.243-.828,1.657-2.484,1.657-4.141a4.22,4.22,0,0,0-2.071-3.312L74.429,128.473,148.958,85a9.941,9.941,0,0,0,4.968-8.281,9.108,9.108,0,0,0-4.968-8.281L126.6,55.6a9.748,9.748,0,0,0-9.523,0l-100.2,57.966a9.943,9.943,0,0,0-4.969,8.281V236.954a9.109,9.109,0,0,0,4.969,8.281L39.235,258.07a8.829,8.829,0,0,0,4.968,1.242,9.4,9.4,0,0,0,6.625-2.484,10.8,10.8,0,0,0,2.9-7.039V164.5L169.66,232.4A4.5,4.5,0,0,0,171.73,232.813ZM323.272,377.73a12.478,12.478,0,0,0-4.969,1.242l-74.528,43.062V287.882c0-2.9-2.9-5.8-6.211-4.555a53.036,53.036,0,0,1-28.984.414,4.86,4.86,0,0,0-6.21,4.555V421.619l-74.529-43.061a8.83,8.83,0,0,0-4.969-1.242,9.631,9.631,0,0,0-9.523,9.523v26.085a9.107,9.107,0,0,0,4.969,8.281l100.2,57.553A8.829,8.829,0,0,0,223.486,480a11.027,11.027,0,0,0,4.969-1.242l100.2-57.553a9.941,9.941,0,0,0,4.968-8.281V386.839C332.8,382.285,328.24,377.73,323.272,377.73ZM286.007,78a23,23,0,1,0-23-23A23,23,0,0,0,286.007,78Zm63.627-10.086a23,23,0,1,0,23,23A23,23,0,0,0,349.634,67.914ZM412.816,151.6a23,23,0,1,0-23-23A23,23,0,0,0,412.816,151.6Zm-63.182-9.2a23,23,0,1,0,23,23A23,23,0,0,0,349.634,142.4Zm-63.627,83.244a23,23,0,1,0-23-23A23,23,0,0,0,286.007,225.648Zm-62.074,36.358a23,23,0,1,0-23-23A23,23,0,0,0,223.933,262.006Zm188.883-82.358a23,23,0,1,0,23,23A23,23,0,0,0,412.816,179.648Zm0,72.272a23,23,0,1,0,23,23A23,23,0,0,0,412.816,251.92Z"></path></svg> 丰富的资源（R包），良好的扩展性
--
### CRAN <img src="./resources/Rlogo.svg" alt="Applications" height="72px" align = "center"> [https://cran.r-project.org/](https://cran.r-project.org/)
--
### BioConductor <img src="./resources/bioc.png" alt="Applications" height="72px" align = "center"> [https://www.bioconductor.org/](https://www.bioconductor.org/)
--
### R-OpenSci <img src="./resources/ropen.png" alt="Applications" height="72px" align = "center"> [https://ropensci.org/](https://ropensci.org/)
--
### 当然还有大量的未发表的R包隐藏在全球最大的同性交友网站Github <svg viewBox="0 0 496 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"></path></svg> [https://github.com/](https://github.com/)
---
class: center, middle
## <svg viewBox="0 0 384 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M202.021 0C122.202 0 70.503 32.703 29.914 91.026c-7.363 10.58-5.093 25.086 5.178 32.874l43.138 32.709c10.373 7.865 25.132 6.026 33.253-4.148 25.049-31.381 43.63-49.449 82.757-49.449 30.764 0 68.816 19.799 68.816 49.631 0 22.552-18.617 34.134-48.993 51.164-35.423 19.86-82.299 44.576-82.299 106.405V320c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h72.471c13.255 0 24-10.745 24-24v-5.773c0-42.86 125.268-44.645 125.268-160.627C377.504 66.256 286.902 0 202.021 0zM192 373.459c-38.196 0-69.271 31.075-69.271 69.271 0 38.195 31.075 69.27 69.271 69.27s69.271-31.075 69.271-69.271-31.075-69.27-69.271-69.27z"></path></svg> 完备的帮助系统，大量详尽的文档
--
### CRAN task views 如何利用CRAN的R包来解决真实世界的问题
### [https://cran.r-project.org/web/views/](https://cran.r-project.org/web/views/)
--
### Bioconductor course 公开的R教程、视频资料
### [https://www.bioconductor.org/help/course-materials/](https://www.bioconductor.org/help/course-materials/)
--
### The R Journal 关于R和R包的在线杂志
### [https://journal.r-project.org/](https://journal.r-project.org/)
---
class: center, middle
## <svg viewBox="0 0 640 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M608 32H32C14.33 32 0 46.33 0 64v384c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h576c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32zM176 327.88V344c0 4.42-3.58 8-8 8h-16c-4.42 0-8-3.58-8-8v-16.29c-11.29-.58-22.27-4.52-31.37-11.35-3.9-2.93-4.1-8.77-.57-12.14l11.75-11.21c2.77-2.64 6.89-2.76 10.13-.73 3.87 2.42 8.26 3.72 12.82 3.72h28.11c6.5 0 11.8-5.92 11.8-13.19 0-5.95-3.61-11.19-8.77-12.73l-45-13.5c-18.59-5.58-31.58-23.42-31.58-43.39 0-24.52 19.05-44.44 42.67-45.07V152c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8h16c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8v16.29c11.29.58 22.27 4.51 31.37 11.35 3.9 2.93 4.1 8.77.57 12.14l-11.75 11.21c-2.77 2.64-6.89 2.76-10.13.73-3.87-2.43-8.26-3.72-12.82-3.72h-28.11c-6.5 0-11.8 5.92-11.8 13.19 0 5.95 3.61 11.19 8.77 12.73l45 13.5c18.59 5.58 31.58 23.42 31.58 43.39 0 24.53-19.05 44.44-42.67 45.07zM416 312c0 4.42-3.58 8-8 8H296c-4.42 0-8-3.58-8-8v-16c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8h112c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8v16zm160 0c0 4.42-3.58 8-8 8h-80c-4.42 0-8-3.58-8-8v-16c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8h80c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8v16zm0-96c0 4.42-3.58 8-8 8H296c-4.42 0-8-3.58-8-8v-16c0-4.42 3.58-8 8-8h272c4.42 0 8 3.58 8 8v16z"></path></svg> 开源！免费！
--
<img src="./resources/freeofcharge.jpg" alt="Applications" width="60%" align = "center">
---
class: center, middle
## 接下来
--
## 别担心，还没到开始写代码
--
## 想要正常使用R，让我们先把R部署到你的电脑上
---
class: center, top
# 把大象放进冰箱里需要几步？
--
<img src="./resources/elephent.jpg" alt="elephant" width="100%" align = "center">
---
background-image: url(./resources/cran.png)
background-position: center
background-size: contain
class: center, right
# 如何安装 R
--
### 打开R主页[https://cran.r-project.org/](https://cran.r-project.org/)
--
### 点击<u>Download for Windows</u>进入R for Windows页面
--
### 点击<u>install R for the first time</u>进入下载页面
--
### 点击<u>Download R 4.1.0 for Windows</u>下载安装包
--
### 安装
---
class: center, middle
# 这就够了？
--
# 还不够！
--
# 让我们先来聊聊这个安装包的名字:
--
# “R 4.1.0”
---
class: center, middle
# 软件的持续开发与部署
--
<img src="./resources/软件的可持续开发.png" alt="elephant" width="50%" align = "center">
--
### 软件的持续开发意味着多次发布
### 多次发布之间需要有版本号进行区别
### 但是仅仅区分版本号还不够，如何快速分辨软件的依赖关系呢？
---
class: center, middle
# 语义化的版本控制
--
<img src="./resources/语义化版本控制1.png" alt="elephant" width="40%" align = "center">
--
假设有个名为“救火车”的软件，它依赖于另一个名为“梯子”并已经有使用语义化版本控制的软件。当救火车创建时，梯子的版本号为 3.1.0。因为救火车使用了一些版本 3.1.0 所新增的功能，你可以放心地指定依赖于梯子的版本号大于等于 3.1.0 但小于 4.0.0。这样，当梯子版本 3.1.1 和 3.2.0 发布时，你可以将直接它们纳入你的包管理系统，因为它们能与原有依赖的软件兼容。
---
class: center, middle
## 再回来看“4.1.0”
### 4: 代表重大版本更新
### 1: 代表小版本更新
### 0: 代表错误修复
---
class: center, middle
### 除了版本号之外，每个R发布的版本都还会有一个别称
### 所有的版本别名都来自美国漫画连载《Peanuts》的系列名字
<img src="./resources/cb_peanuts.jpg" alt="peanuts" height="72px" align = "center"> <img src="./resources/snoopy-peanuts.png" alt="peanuts" height="72px" align = "center">
### 下面是最近的几个R发行版的名字，感兴趣可以自行检索
* **4.1.0** "Camp Pontanezen" (original strip: 1986-02-12) (R version release data: 2021-05-18)
* **4.0.5** "Shake and Throw" (original strip: 1978-07-30) (R version release date: 2021-03-31)
* **4.0.4** "Lost Library Book" (original strip: 1959-03-02) (R version release date: 2021-02-15)
* **4.0.3** "Bunny-Wunnies Freak Out" (original strip: 1972-10-23) (R version release date: 2020-10-10)
* **4.0.2** "Taking Off Again" (original strip: 1962-04-14) (R version release date: 2020-06-22)
* **4.0.1** "See Things Now" (original strip: 1962-02-06) (R version release date: 2020-06-06)
* **4.0.0** "Arbor Day" (original strip: 1970-04-24) (R version release date: 2020-04-24)
---
class: center, middle
## 在安装R时候的常见问题
--
### 我安装的R是3.5.3，那么在这个环境下开发的工具，能用在R 4.1.0吗？
--
### 我安装的R是4.1.0，那么在这个环境下开发的工具，能用在R 3.5.3吗？
--
### 我有必要更新到最新的R 4.1.0吗？
---
class: center, middle
## 好了好了，我明白了版本号了，也装了合适的R了，该开始用R了吧？
--
## One more thing
--
### 安装Rtools
### [https://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/Rtools/history.html](https://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/Rtools/history.html)
---
class: center, middle
## Rtools 是什么，为什么还要装Rtools？
### 简单来讲，Rtools是R实现跨平台和提高兼容性的必备工具
<img src="./resources/Rtools.png" alt="elephant" width="50%" align = "center">
### 它也可以让我们马上就要介绍的Rstudio使用得更顺畅
### 根据自己的R版本选择合适的Rtools安装即可
---
class: center, middle
## <img src="./resources/Rstudio_logo.svg" alt="R logo" width="25%" align="center"> 关于Rstudio
---
class: center, middle
## 首先来看R的图形界面
<img src="./resources/Rgui.png" alt="elephant" width="80%" align = "center">
---
class: center, middle
## 再来看看Rstudio
<img src="./resources/Rstudio_ss.png" alt="elephant" width="80%" align = "center">
---
class: center, middle
## 看起来好看多了，对吗
--
## 但我们并不只是奔着好看去的
---
class: center, middle
## Rstudio是R的集成开发环境
##（improved developer productivity, IDE）
### 它的优势包括但不限于：
### R的语法高亮和代码整理
### 代码的自动补齐（神奇的Tab键）
### 调用、查看函数库
### 编译代码，打包工具
### 交互式地展示代码执行结果，修改结果
---
class: center, middle
### 好了好了，知道是个好东西了，让我们赶紧来开始用Rstudio吧
<img src="./resources/takemymoney.jpg" alt="takemymoney" width="80%" align = "center">
---
class: center, middle
### 首先，Rstudio可以用来编写可执行的R代码
--
```r
# 一个无聊的回归模型
fit = lm(dist ~ 1 + speed, data = cars)
coef(summary(fit))
```
```
# Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
# (Intercept) -17.579095 6.7584402 -2.601058 1.231882e-02
# speed 3.932409 0.4155128 9.463990 1.489836e-12
```
```r
dojutsu = c('地爆天星', '天照', '加具土命', '神威', '須佐能乎', '無限月読')
grep('天', dojutsu, value = TRUE)
```
```
# [1] "地爆天星" "天照"
```
--
### 但是这并不是我们今天的主要内容
---
class: center, middle
### 其次，还可以画图
--
```r
library(tidyverse)
data(cars)
cars %>% ggplot(aes(x = speed, y = dist)) +
geom_point() +
geom_line()
```
<!-- -->
---
class: center, middle
### 还可以画地图
```r
library(leaflet)
leaflet() %>% addTiles() %>% setView(-93.65, 42.0285, zoom = 17)
```
<div id="htmlwidget-cbe46cffcfe0f125c07f" style="width:100%;height:432px;" class="leaflet html-widget"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-cbe46cffcfe0f125c07f">{"x":{"options":{"crs":{"crsClass":"L.CRS.EPSG3857","code":null,"proj4def":null,"projectedBounds":null,"options":{}}},"calls":[{"method":"addTiles","args":["//{s}.tile.openstreetmap.org/{z}/{x}/{y}.png",null,null,{"minZoom":0,"maxZoom":18,"tileSize":256,"subdomains":"abc","errorTileUrl":"","tms":false,"noWrap":false,"zoomOffset":0,"zoomReverse":false,"opacity":1,"zIndex":1,"detectRetina":false,"attribution":"© <a href=\"http://openstreetmap.org\">OpenStreetMap<\/a> contributors, <a href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/\">CC-BY-SA<\/a>"}]}],"setView":[[42.0285,-93.65],17,[]]},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
---
class: center, middle
### 还可以画表格
```r
DT::datatable(
head(iris, 4),
fillContainer = FALSE, options = list(pageLength = 8)
)
```
<div id="htmlwidget-87dbddcca668b63eadf0" style="width:100%;height:auto;" class="datatables html-widget"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-87dbddcca668b63eadf0">{"x":{"filter":"none","fillContainer":false,"data":[["1","2","3","4"],[5.1,4.9,4.7,4.6],[3.5,3,3.2,3.1],[1.4,1.4,1.3,1.5],[0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2],["setosa","setosa","setosa","setosa"]],"container":"<table class=\"display\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th> <\/th>\n <th>Sepal.Length<\/th>\n <th>Sepal.Width<\/th>\n <th>Petal.Length<\/th>\n <th>Petal.Width<\/th>\n <th>Species<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n<\/table>","options":{"pageLength":8,"columnDefs":[{"className":"dt-right","targets":[1,2,3,4]},{"orderable":false,"targets":0}],"order":[],"autoWidth":false,"orderClasses":false,"lengthMenu":[8,10,25,50,100]}},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
--
### 但是这都不是我们今天的主要内容
---
class: center, middle
### 有一件事，你仅能在Rstudio上完美地实现，它就是
--
### Rmarkdown <img src="./resources/Rmarkdown_logo.png" alt="Rmarkdown" height="60px" align = "center">
--
<img src="./resources/markdown-ecosystem.png" alt="Rmarkdown ecosystem" width="35%" align = "center">
---
class: center, middle
### Rmarkdown顾名思义，就是R语言中的Markdown，那么什么是 Markdown?
--
> Markdown 是一种轻量级标记语言，创始人为 John Gruber。它允许人们「使用易读易写的纯文本格式编写文档，然后转换成有效的 XHTML（或者 HTML）文档」。
> from 维基百科
---
class: center, middle
### 说起编写文档，我用 Word 也可以实现同样的效果，为什么要使用 Markdown 呢？
<img src="./resources/Word.png" alt="Rmarkdown ecosystem" width="35%" align = "center">
--
#### 你一定经历过使用word排版的痛苦，比如毕业论文。
#### 也一定经历过当你把Word编写好的内容粘贴到网页上，出现格式错乱的时候。
#### 如果用Markdown，一切都会不一样
> Markdown 的本质是让我们回归到内容本身，注重文章本身的结构，而不是样式
---
class: center, middle
### 今天这里不会讲Markdown的语法
### 这里推荐3款兼容Markdown的文档编辑软件，大家上手之后一定会爱上Markdown
--
### Typora <img src="./resources/Typora.png" alt="Rmarkdown ecosystem" height="72px" align = "center">
--
### 语雀 <img src="./resources/语雀.png" alt="Rmarkdown ecosystem" height="72px" align = "center">
--
### Notion <img src="./resources/notion.png" alt="Rmarkdown ecosystem" height="72px" align = "center">
---
class: center, middle
### 突然想起我们这是一场关于R的教程
<img src="./resources/wait_comeback.jpg" alt="come back" weight="30%" align = "center">
### 让我们来看看如何用R来编写Markdown文档
---
class: center, middle
### 从菜单 `File -> New File -> R Markdown -> Documente` 填写作者和标题，创建一个新文档；
--
<img src="./resources/test_rmd_config.png" alt="come back" weight="100%" align = "center">
---
class: center, middle
### 点击 `Knit` 按钮编译文档；
--
### 恭喜你成功地制作了一份即时演算的Markdown文档！
--
<img src="./resources/test_rmd.png" alt="Rmarkdown ecosystem" width="60%" align = "center">
> 当然它还很丑，如何美化它，那就是另一个的故事了
---
class: center, middle
## 动态可重复文档解决方案
在数据分析过程中通常的处理流程如下：
--
> **需求定义->数据收集->数据转化->数据分析->数据可视化**
--
而在需求快速变化的项目初期，为了快速确定需求，如何敏捷打造最小可用原型显然比项目工程化来得更有意义。
所以在现实中，这时候流程常常就会缩短成：
--
> **需求定义->数据整理->数据可视化**
--
数据整理：R
--
数据可视化：Rmarkdown
---
class: center, middle
# 再进一步
--
## 如果这个报告的输入也可以改变，所有的结果都适时地根据输入来显示
--
## 你是在说Shiny？
---
class: center, middle
## Shiny App
<img src="./resources/shinyarchitecture.png" alt="Rmarkdown ecosystem" width="70%" align = "center">
---
class: center, middle
## 依赖成熟的框架，可以快速地构建动态shinyapp
.pull-left[
### flexdashboard
<img src="./resources/shinyflexdashboard.png" alt="Rmarkdown ecosystem" width="100%" align = "center">
]
.pull-right[
### shinydashboard
<img src="./resources/shinydashboard.png" alt="Rmarkdown ecosystem" width="100%" align = "center">
]
---
class: center, middle
## 这就是我们在国产质谱仪软件开发中完成的工作
--
## 敬请期待后续关于maldiSNP和Nutyper的内容！
<img src="./resources/maldiSNP_sticker.png" alt="Rmarkdown ecosystem" width="30%" align = "center">
---
class: center, middle
# 最后，蟹蟹
本幻灯片由 R 包 [**xaringan**](https://github.com/yihui/xaringan) 生成；
使得这一切变得可能的是 [remark.js](https://remarkjs.com)、[**knitr**](https://yihui.org/knitr)、以及 [R Markdown](https://rmarkdown.rstudio.com)。
主要参考资料：
* https://techvidvan.com/tutorials/r-applications/
* https://bookdown.org/yihui/rmarkdown/
* https://bookdown.org/yihui/rmarkdown-cookbook/
* https://www.coursera.org/learn/r-programming
</textarea>
<style data-target="print-only">@media screen {.remark-slide-container{display:block;}.remark-slide-scaler{box-shadow:none;}}</style>
<script src="https://remarkjs.com/downloads/remark-latest.min.js"></script>
<script>var slideshow = remark.create({
"highlightStyle": "github",
"highlightLines": true,
"countIncrementalSlides": false,
"ratio": "16:9"
});
if (window.HTMLWidgets) slideshow.on('afterShowSlide', function (slide) {
window.dispatchEvent(new Event('resize'));
});
(function(d) {
var s = d.createElement("style"), r = d.querySelector(".remark-slide-scaler");
if (!r) return;
s.type = "text/css"; s.innerHTML = "@page {size: " + r.style.width + " " + r.style.height +"; }";
d.head.appendChild(s);
})(document);
(function(d) {
var el = d.getElementsByClassName("remark-slides-area");
if (!el) return;
var slide, slides = slideshow.getSlides(), els = el[0].children;
for (var i = 1; i < slides.length; i++) {
slide = slides[i];
if (slide.properties.continued === "true" || slide.properties.count === "false") {
els[i - 1].className += ' has-continuation';
}
}
var s = d.createElement("style");
s.type = "text/css"; s.innerHTML = "@media print { .has-continuation { display: none; } }";
d.head.appendChild(s);
})(document);
// delete the temporary CSS (for displaying all slides initially) when the user
// starts to view slides
(function() {
var deleted = false;
slideshow.on('beforeShowSlide', function(slide) {
if (deleted) return;
var sheets = document.styleSheets, node;
for (var i = 0; i < sheets.length; i++) {
node = sheets[i].ownerNode;
if (node.dataset["target"] !== "print-only") continue;
node.parentNode.removeChild(node);
}
deleted = true;
});
})();
(function() {
"use strict"
// Replace <script> tags in slides area to make them executable
var scripts = document.querySelectorAll(
'.remark-slides-area .remark-slide-container script'
);
if (!scripts.length) return;
for (var i = 0; i < scripts.length; i++) {
var s = document.createElement('script');
var code = document.createTextNode(scripts[i].textContent);
s.appendChild(code);
var scriptAttrs = scripts[i].attributes;
for (var j = 0; j < scriptAttrs.length; j++) {
s.setAttribute(scriptAttrs[j].name, scriptAttrs[j].value);
}
scripts[i].parentElement.replaceChild(s, scripts[i]);
}
})();
(function() {
var links = document.getElementsByTagName('a');
for (var i = 0; i < links.length; i++) {
if (/^(https?:)?\/\//.test(links[i].getAttribute('href'))) {
links[i].target = '_blank';
}
}
})();
// adds .remark-code-has-line-highlighted class to <pre> parent elements
// of code chunks containing highlighted lines with class .remark-code-line-highlighted
(function(d) {
const hlines = d.querySelectorAll('.remark-code-line-highlighted');
const preParents = [];
const findPreParent = function(line, p = 0) {
if (p > 1) return null; // traverse up no further than grandparent
const el = line.parentElement;
return el.tagName === "PRE" ? el : findPreParent(el, ++p);
};
for (let line of hlines) {
let pre = findPreParent(line);
if (pre && !preParents.includes(pre)) preParents.push(pre);
}
preParents.forEach(p => p.classList.add("remark-code-has-line-highlighted"));
})(document);</script>
<script>
slideshow._releaseMath = function(el) {
var i, text, code, codes = el.getElementsByTagName('code');
for (i = 0; i < codes.length;) {
code = codes[i];
if (code.parentNode.tagName !== 'PRE' && code.childElementCount === 0) {
text = code.textContent;
if (/^\\\((.|\s)+\\\)$/.test(text) || /^\\\[(.|\s)+\\\]$/.test(text) ||
/^\$\$(.|\s)+\$\$$/.test(text) ||
/^\\begin\{([^}]+)\}(.|\s)+\\end\{[^}]+\}$/.test(text)) {
code.outerHTML = code.innerHTML; // remove <code></code>
continue;
}
}
i++;
}
};
slideshow._releaseMath(document);
</script>
<!-- dynamically load mathjax for compatibility with self-contained -->
<script>
(function () {
var script = document.createElement('script');
script.type = 'text/javascript';
script.src = 'https://mathjax.rstudio.com/latest/MathJax.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_CHTML';
if (location.protocol !== 'file:' && /^https?:/.test(script.src))
script.src = script.src.replace(/^https?:/, '');
document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(script);
})();
</script>
</body>
</html>