From 5aa4bfddb3552980e6013bd8150edc3923c33219 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Danipulok <45077699+Danipulok@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Jan 2025 16:34:43 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] chore(formatting): use f-strings instead of old python
 formatting & access fields as attrs, not as dicts & update `README.md` (#380)

---
 README.md                       | 181 ++++++++++++++++++--------------
 demo.py                         | 108 +++++++++----------
 download_illusts.py             |  12 ++-
 example_bypass_sni.py           |   4 +-
 example_tag_translations.py     |   4 +-
 notebooks/pixivCrawler.ipynb    |   2 +-
 notebooks/pixivDownloader.ipynb |   6 +-
 pixivpy3/aapi.py                |  84 +++++++--------
 pixivpy3/api.py                 |  17 +--
 tests/conftest.py               |   5 +-
 10 files changed, 224 insertions(+), 199 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 1b82d30..90a82b9 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -119,34 +119,37 @@ Requirements: [requests](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests)
 ### Example:
 
 ```python
-from pixivpy3 import *
+from pixivpy3 import AppPixivAPI
+
+access_token = "..."
+refresh_token = "..."
 
 api = AppPixivAPI()
-# api.login("username", "password")   # Not required
+api.set_auth(access_token, refresh_token)
 
 # get origin url
 json_result = api.illust_detail(59580629)
 illust = json_result.illust
-print(">>> origin url: %s" % illust.image_urls['large'])
+print(f">>> origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
 # get ranking: 1-30
 # mode: [day, week, month, day_male, day_female, week_original, week_rookie, day_manga]
 json_result = api.illust_ranking('day')
 for illust in json_result.illusts:
-    print(" p1 [%s] %s" % (illust.title, illust.image_urls.medium))
+    print(f" p1 [{illust.title}] {illust.image_urls.medium}")
 
 # next page: 31-60
 next_qs = api.parse_qs(json_result.next_url)
 json_result = api.illust_ranking(**next_qs)
 for illust in json_result.illusts:
-    print(" p2 [%s] %s" % (illust.title, illust.image_urls.medium))
+    print(f" p2 [{illust.title}] {illust.image_urls.medium}")
 
 # get all page:
 next_qs = {"mode": "day"}
 while next_qs:
     json_result = api.illust_ranking(**next_qs)
     for illust in json_result.illusts:
-        print("[%s] %s" % (illust.title, illust.image_urls.medium))
+        print(f"[{illust.title}] {illust.image_urls.medium}")
     next_qs = api.parse_qs(json_result.next_url)
 ```
 
@@ -160,6 +163,7 @@ while next_qs:
 2. Call `api.download()` like the below:
 
 ```python
+from pixivpy3 import AppPixivAPI
 aapi = AppPixivAPI()
 json_result = aapi.illust_ranking()
 for illust in json_result.illusts[:3]:
@@ -172,16 +176,16 @@ for illust in json_result.illusts[:3]:
 2. Change deprecated SPAI call to Public-API call
 
 ```python
-print(">>> new ranking_all(mode='daily', page=1, per_page=50)")
-#rank_list = api.sapi.ranking("all", 'day', 1)
-rank_list = api.ranking_all('daily', 1, 50)
+from pixivpy3 import AppPixivAPI
+api = AppPixivAPI()
+rank_list = api.illust_ranking('day')
 print(rank_list)
 
 # more fields about response: https://github.com/upbit/pixivpy/wiki/sniffer
 ranking = rank_list.response[0]
 for img in ranking.works:
-	# print(img.work)
-	print("[%s/%s(id=%s)] %s" % (img.work.user.name, img.work.title, img.work.id, img.work.image_urls.px_480mw))
+    # print(img.work)
+    print(f"[{img.work.user.name}/{img.work.title}(id={img.work.id})] {img.work.image_urls.px_480mw}")
 ```
 
 ### About
@@ -199,56 +203,63 @@ Find Pixiv API in **Objective-C**? You might also like
 ### App-API (6.0 - app-api.pixiv.net)
 
 ```python
+from __future__ import annotations
+from typing import Any
+from pixivpy3.utils import ParsedJson
+
+from pixivpy3.api import BasePixivAPI
+
+
 class AppPixivAPI(BasePixivAPI):
 
     # 返回翻页用参数
-    def parse_qs(next_url):
+    def parse_qs(cls, next_url: str | None) -> dict[str, Any] | None: ...
 
     # 用户详情
-    def user_detail(user_id):
+    def user_detail(self, user_id: int | str) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 用户作品列表
     ## type: [illust, manga]
-    def user_illusts(user_id, type="illust"):
+    def user_illusts(self, user_id: int | str, type="illust") -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 用户收藏作品列表
     # tag: 从 user_bookmark_tags_illust 获取的收藏标签
-    def user_bookmarks_illust(user_id, restrict="public"):
+    def user_bookmarks_illust(self, user_id: int | str, restrict="public") -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 用户收藏作品列表中的小说
-    def user_bookmarks_novel(user_id, restrict="public"):
+    def user_bookmarks_novel(self, user_id: int | str, restrict="public") -> ParsedJson: ...
 
-    def user_related(seed_user_id):
+    def user_related(self, seed_user_id: int | str) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 关注用户的新作
     # restrict: [public, private]
-    def illust_follow(restrict="public"):
+    def illust_follow(self, restrict="public") -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 作品详情 (类似PAPI.works()，iOS中未使用)
-    def illust_detail(illust_id):
+    def illust_detail(self, illust_id: int | str) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 作品评论
-    def illust_comments(illust_id, include_total_comments=None):
+    def illust_comments(self, illust_id: int | str, include_total_comments=None) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 相关作品列表
-    def illust_related(illust_id):
+    def illust_related(self, illust_id: int | str) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 插画推荐 (Home - Main)
     # content_type: [illust, manga]
-    def illust_recommended(content_type="illust"):
+    def illust_recommended(self, content_type="illust") -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 小说推荐
-    def novel_recommended():
+    def novel_recommended(self) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 作品排行
     # mode: [day, week, month, day_male, day_female, week_original, week_rookie, day_manga]
     # date: '2016-08-01'
     # mode (Past): [day, week, month, day_male, day_female, week_original, week_rookie,
     #               day_r18, day_male_r18, day_female_r18, week_r18, week_r18g]
-    def illust_ranking(mode="day", date=None):
+    def illust_ranking(self, mode="day", date=None) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 趋势标签 (Search - tags)
-    def trending_tags_illust():
+    def trending_tags_illust(self) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 搜索 (Search)
     # search_target - 搜索类型
@@ -258,7 +269,15 @@ class AppPixivAPI(BasePixivAPI):
     # sort: [date_desc, date_asc, popular_desc] - popular_desc为会员的热门排序
     # duration: [within_last_day, within_last_week, within_last_month]
     # start_date, end_date: '2020-07-01'
-    def search_illust(word, search_target="partial_match_for_tags", sort="date_desc", duration=None, start_date=None, end_date=None):
+    def search_illust(
+            self,
+            word: str,
+            search_target="partial_match_for_tags",
+            sort="date_desc",
+            duration=None,
+            start_date=None,
+            end_date=None,
+    ) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 搜索小说 (Search Novel)
     # search_target - 搜索类型
@@ -268,148 +287,156 @@ class AppPixivAPI(BasePixivAPI):
     #   keyword                 - 关键词
     # sort: [date_desc, date_asc]
     # start_date/end_date: 2020-06-01
-    def search_novel(word, search_target="partial_match_for_tags", sort="date_desc", start_date=None, end_date=None):
+    def search_novel(
+            self,
+            word: str,
+            search_target="partial_match_for_tags",
+            sort="date_desc",
+            start_date=None,
+            end_date=None,
+    ) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
-    def search_user(word, sort='date_desc', duration=None):
+    def search_user(self, word: str, sort='date_desc', duration=None) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 作品收藏详情
-    def illust_bookmark_detail(illust_id):
+    def illust_bookmark_detail(self, illust_id: int | str) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 新增收藏
-    def illust_bookmark_add(illust_id, restrict="public", tags=None):
+    def illust_bookmark_add(self, illust_id: int | str, restrict="public", tags=None) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 删除收藏
-    def illust_bookmark_delete(illust_id):
+    def illust_bookmark_delete(self, illust_id: int | str) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 关注用户
-    def user_follow_add(user_id, restrict="public"):
+    def user_follow_add(self, user_id: int | str, restrict="public") -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 取消关注用户
-    def user_follow_delete(user_id):
+    def user_follow_delete(self, user_id: int | str) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 用户收藏标签列表
-    def user_bookmark_tags_illust(restrict="public"):
+    def user_bookmark_tags_illust(self, restrict="public") -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # Following用户列表
-    def user_following(user_id, restrict="public"):
+    def user_following(self, user_id: int | str, restrict="public") -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # Followers用户列表
-    def user_follower(user_id):
+    def user_follower(self, user_id: int | str) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 好P友
-    def user_mypixiv(user_id):
+    def user_mypixiv(self, user_id: int | str) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 黑名单用户
-    def user_list(user_id):
+    def user_list(self, user_id: int | str) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 获取ugoira信息
-    def ugoira_metadata(illust_id):
+    def ugoira_metadata(self, illust_id: int | str) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 用户小说列表
-    def user_novels(user_id):
+    def user_novels(self, user_id: int | str) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 小说系列详情
-    def novel_series(series_id, last_order=None):
+    def novel_series(self, series_id: int | str, last_order=None) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 小说详情
-    def novel_detail(novel_id):
+    def novel_detail(self, novel_id: int | str) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 小说 (包含正文)
-    def webview_novel(novel_id):
+    def webview_novel(self, novel_id: int | str) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 小说评论
-    def novel_comments(novel_id):
+    def novel_comments(self, novel_id: int | str) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 大家的新作
     # content_type: [illust, manga]
-    def illust_new(content_type="illust", max_illust_id=None):
+    def illust_new(self, content_type="illust", max_illust_id=None) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
-    def novel_new(max_novel_id=None):
+    def novel_new(self, max_novel_id=None) -> ParsedJson: ...
 
     # 特辑详情 (无需登录，调用Web API)
-    def showcase_article(showcase_id):
+    def showcase_article(self, showcase_id) -> ParsedJson: ...
 ```
 
 [Usage](https://github.com/upbit/pixivpy/blob/aec177aa7a1979f7ec4c5bbbeed9085cc256bdbd/demo.py#L306):
 
 ```python
-aapi = AppPixivAPI()
+from pixivpy3 import AppPixivAPI
+api = AppPixivAPI()
 
 # 作品推荐
-json_result = aapi.illust_recommended()
+json_result = api.illust_recommended()
 print(json_result)
 illust = json_result.illusts[0]
-print(">>> %s, origin url: %s" % (illust.title, illust.image_urls['large']))
+print(f">>> {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
 # 作品相关推荐
-json_result = aapi.illust_related(57065990)
+json_result = api.illust_related(57065990)
 print(json_result)
 illust = json_result.illusts[0]
-print(">>> %s, origin url: %s" % (illust.title, illust.image_urls['large']))
+print(f">>> {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
 # 作品相关推荐-下一页 (.parse_qs(next_url) 用法)
-next_qs = aapi.parse_qs(json_result.next_url)
-json_result = aapi.illust_related(**next_qs)
+next_qs = api.parse_qs(json_result.next_url)
+json_result = api.illust_related(**next_qs)
 print(json_result)
 illust = json_result.illusts[0]
-print(">>> %s, origin url: %s" % (illust.title, illust.image_urls['large']))
+print(f">>> {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
 # 用户详情
-json_result = aapi.user_detail(660788)
+json_result = api.user_detail(660788)
 print(json_result)
 user = json_result.user
-print("%s(@%s) region=%s" % (user.name, user.account, json_result.profile.region))
+print(f"{user.name}(@{user.account}) region={json_result.profile.region}")
 
 # 用户作品列表
-json_result = aapi.user_illusts(660788)
+json_result = api.user_illusts(660788)
 print(json_result)
 illust = json_result.illusts[0]
-print(">>> %s, origin url: %s" % (illust.title, illust.image_urls['large']))
+print(f">>> {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
 # 用户收藏列表
-json_result = aapi.user_bookmarks_illust(2088434)
+json_result = api.user_bookmarks_illust(2088434)
 print(json_result)
 illust = json_result.illusts[0]
-print(">>> %s, origin url: %s" % (illust.title, illust.image_urls['large']))
+print(f">>> {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
 # 用户收藏列表中的小说
-json_result = aapi.user_bookmarks_novel(42862448)
+json_result = api.user_bookmarks_novel(42862448)
 print(json_result)
 novel = json_result.novels[0]
-print(">>> {}, text_length: {}, series: {}".format(novel.title, novel.text_length, novel.series))
+print(f">>> {novel.title}, text_length: {novel.text_length}, series: {novel.series}")
 
 # 2016-07-15 日的过去一周排行
-json_result = aapi.illust_ranking('week', date='2016-07-15')
+json_result = api.illust_ranking('week', date='2016-07-15')
 print(json_result)
 illust = json_result.illusts[0]
-print(">>> %s, origin url: %s" % (illust.title, illust.image_urls['large']))
+print(f">>> {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
 # 关注用户的新作 (需要login)
-json_result = aapi.illust_follow(req_auth=True)
+json_result = api.illust_follow(req_auth=True)
 print(json_result)
 illust = json_result.illusts[0]
-print(">>> %s, origin url: %s" % (illust.title, illust.image_urls['large']))
+print(f">>> {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
 # 标签 "水着" 搜索
-json_result = aapi.search_illust('水着', search_target='partial_match_for_tags')
+json_result = api.search_illust('水着', search_target='partial_match_for_tags')
 print(json_result)
 illust = json_result.illusts[0]
-print(">>> %s, origin url: %s" % (illust.title, illust.image_urls['large']))
+print(f">>> {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
 # 用户 "gomzi" 搜索
-json_result = aapi.search_user("gomzi")
+json_result = api.search_user("gomzi")
 print(json_result)
 illust = json_result.user_previews[0].illusts[0]
-print(">>> %s, origin url: %s" % (illust.title, illust.image_urls['large']))
+print(f">>> {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
 # 展示小说评论区
-json_result = aapi.novel_comments(16509454, include_total_comments=True)
-print("Total comments = {}".format(json_result["total_comments"]))
-for comment in json_result["comments"]:
-    if comment["parent_comment"] != dict():
-        print("{user} replied to {target} at {time} : {content}".format(user = comment["user"]["name"], time = comment["date"], content = comment["comment"], target = comment["parent_comment"]["user"]["name"]))
+json_result = api.novel_comments(16509454, include_total_comments=True)
+print(f"Total comments = {json_result.total_comments}")
+for comment in json_result.comments:
+    if comment.parent_comment:
+        print(f"{comment.user.name} replied to {comment.parent_comment.user.name} at {comment.date} : {comment.comment}")
     else:
-        print("{user} at {time} : {content}".format(user=comment["user"]["name"], time=comment["date"], content=comment["comment"]))
+        print(f"{comment.user.name} at {comment.date} : {comment.comment}")
 ```
 
 ## Package Publishing Instructions
diff --git a/demo.py b/demo.py
index d014e73..a9c2d52 100644
--- a/demo.py
+++ b/demo.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ def appapi_illust(aapi):
     json_result = aapi.illust_detail(59580629)
     print(json_result)
     illust = json_result.illust
-    print(">>> {}, origin url: {}".format(illust.title, illust.image_urls["large"]))
+    print(f">>> {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
     json_result = aapi.illust_comments(59580629)
     print(json_result)
@@ -38,14 +38,14 @@ def appapi_illust(aapi):
     # json_result = aapi.ugoira_metadata(51815717)
     # print(json_result)
     # metadata = json_result.ugoira_metadata
-    # print(">>> frames=%d %s" % (len(metadata.frames), metadata.zip_urls.medium))
+    # print(f">>> frames={len(metadata.frames)} {metadata.zip_urls.medium}")
 
 
 def appapi_recommend(aapi):
     json_result = aapi.illust_recommended(bookmark_illust_ids=[59580629])
     print(json_result)
     illust = json_result.illusts[0]
-    print(">>> {}, origin url: {}".format(illust.title, illust.image_urls["large"]))
+    print(f">>> {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
     # get next page
     next_qs = aapi.parse_qs(json_result.next_url)
@@ -53,12 +53,12 @@ def appapi_recommend(aapi):
         json_result = aapi.illust_recommended(**next_qs)
         # print(json_result)
         illust = json_result.illusts[0]
-        print("  > {}, origin url: {}".format(illust.title, illust.image_urls["large"]))
+        print(f"  > {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
     json_result = aapi.illust_related(59580629)
     print(json_result)
     illust = json_result.illusts[0]
-    print(">>> {}, origin url: {}".format(illust.title, illust.image_urls["large"]))
+    print(f">>> {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
     # get next page
     next_qs = aapi.parse_qs(json_result.next_url)
@@ -66,19 +66,19 @@ def appapi_recommend(aapi):
         json_result = aapi.illust_related(**next_qs)
         # print(json_result)
         illust = json_result.illusts[0]
-        print("  > {}, origin url: {}".format(illust.title, illust.image_urls["large"]))
+        print(f"  > {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
 
 def appapi_users(aapi):
     json_result = aapi.user_detail(275527)
     print(json_result)
     user = json_result.user
-    print("{}(@{}) region={}".format(user.name, user.account, json_result.profile.region))
+    print(f"{user.name}(@{user.account}) region={json_result.profile.region}")
 
     json_result = aapi.user_illusts(275527)
     print(json_result)
     illust = json_result.illusts[0]
-    print(">>> {}, origin url: {}".format(illust.title, illust.image_urls["large"]))
+    print(f">>> {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
     # get next page
     next_qs = aapi.parse_qs(json_result.next_url)
@@ -86,29 +86,29 @@ def appapi_users(aapi):
         json_result = aapi.user_illusts(**next_qs)
         # print(json_result)
         illust = json_result.illusts[0]
-        print("  > {}, origin url: {}".format(illust.title, illust.image_urls["large"]))
+        print(f"  > {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
     json_result = aapi.user_bookmarks_illust(2088434)
     print(json_result)
     illust = json_result.illusts[0]
-    print(">>> {}, origin url: {}".format(illust.title, illust.image_urls["large"]))
+    print(f"  > {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
     json_result = aapi.user_bookmarks_novel(42862448)
     print(json_result)
     novel = json_result.novels[0]
-    print(">>> {}, text_length: {}, series: {}".format(novel.title, novel.text_length, novel.series))
+    print(f">>> {novel.title}, text_length: {novel.text_length}, series: {novel.series}")
 
     json_result = aapi.user_following(7314824)
     print(json_result)
     user_preview = json_result.user_previews[0]
-    print(">>> {}(@{})".format(user_preview.user.name, user_preview.user.account))
+    print(f">>> {user_preview.user.name}(@{user_preview.user.account})")
 
     next_qs = aapi.parse_qs(json_result.next_url)
     if next_qs is not None:
         json_result = aapi.user_following(**next_qs)
         # print(json_result)
         user_preview = json_result.user_previews[0]
-        print("  > {}(@{})".format(user_preview.user.name, user_preview.user.account))
+        print(f">>> {user_preview.user.name}(@{user_preview.user.account})")
 
     json_result = aapi.user_follower(275527)
     print(json_result)
@@ -129,12 +129,12 @@ def appapi_search(aapi):
     for trend_tag in response.trend_tags[:10]:
         if not first_tag:
             first_tag = trend_tag.tag
-        print("{} -  {}(id={})".format(trend_tag.tag, trend_tag.illust.title, trend_tag.illust.id))
+        print(f"{trend_tag.tag} -  {trend_tag.illust.title}(id={trend_tag.illust.id})")
 
     json_result = aapi.search_illust(first_tag, search_target="partial_match_for_tags")
     print(json_result)
     illust = json_result.illusts[0]
-    print(">>> {}, origin url: {}".format(illust.title, illust.image_urls["large"]))
+    print(f">>> {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
     # get next page
     next_qs = aapi.parse_qs(json_result.next_url)
@@ -142,13 +142,13 @@ def appapi_search(aapi):
         json_result = aapi.search_illust(**next_qs)
         # print(json_result)
         illust = json_result.illusts[0]
-        print(">>> {}, origin url: {}".format(illust.title, illust.image_urls["large"]))
+        print(f">>> {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
     # novel
     json_result = aapi.search_novel("FGO", search_target="keyword")
     print(json_result)
     novel = json_result.novels[0]
-    print(">>> {}, origin url: {}".format(novel.title, novel.image_urls["large"]))
+    print(f">>> {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
     # get next page
     next_qs = aapi.parse_qs(json_result.next_url)
@@ -156,23 +156,23 @@ def appapi_search(aapi):
         json_result = aapi.search_novel(**next_qs)
         # print(json_result)
         novel = json_result.novels[0]
-        print(">>> {}, origin url: {}".format(novel.title, novel.image_urls["large"]))
+        print(f">>> {novel.title}, origin url: {novel.image_urls['large']}")
 
     json_result = aapi.search_illust("AI生成", search_target="exact_match_for_tags", search_ai_type=0)
     # 关闭AI搜索选项后，将过滤掉所有illust_ai_type=2的插画，而illust_ai_type=1 or 0 的插画将被保留
     # 但是，加入了"AI生成"的tag却没有在作品提交时打开“AI生成”的开关的作品不会被筛选出结果列表
-    print(json_result["illusts"][0])
+    print(json_result.illusts[0])
 
 
 def appapi_user_search(aapi):
     json_result = aapi.illust_ranking("day_male")
     name = json_result.illusts[0].user.name
-    print(">>> %s" % name)
+    print(f">>> {name}")
 
     json_result = aapi.search_user(name)
     print(json_result)
     illust = json_result.user_previews[0].illusts[0]
-    print(">>> {}, origin url: {}".format(illust.title, illust.image_urls["large"]))
+    print(f">>> {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
     # get next page
     next_qs = aapi.parse_qs(json_result.next_url)
@@ -180,14 +180,14 @@ def appapi_user_search(aapi):
         json_result = aapi.search_user(**next_qs)
         # print(json_result)
         illust = json_result.user_previews[0].illusts[0]
-        print(">>> {}, origin url: {}".format(illust.title, illust.image_urls["large"]))
+        print(f">>> {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
 
 def appapi_ranking(aapi):
     json_result = aapi.illust_ranking("day_male")
     print(json_result)
     illust = json_result.illusts[0]
-    print(">>> {}, origin url: {}".format(illust.title, illust.image_urls["large"]))
+    print(f">>> {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
     # get next page
     next_qs = aapi.parse_qs(json_result.next_url)
@@ -195,20 +195,20 @@ def appapi_ranking(aapi):
         json_result = aapi.illust_ranking(**next_qs)
         # print(json_result)
         illust = json_result.illusts[0]
-        print(">>> {}, origin url: {}".format(illust.title, illust.image_urls["large"]))
+        print(f">>> {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
     # 2016-07-15 日的过去一周排行
     json_result = aapi.illust_ranking("week", date="2016-07-15")
     print(json_result)
     illust = json_result.illusts[0]
-    print(">>> {}, origin url: {}".format(illust.title, illust.image_urls["large"]))
+    print(f">>> {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
 
 def appapi_auth_api(aapi):
     json_result = aapi.illust_follow(req_auth=True)
     print(json_result)
     illust = json_result.illusts[0]
-    print(">>> {}, origin url: {}".format(illust.title, illust.image_urls["large"]))
+    print(f">>> {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
     # get next page
     next_qs = aapi.parse_qs(json_result.next_url)
@@ -216,100 +216,86 @@ def appapi_auth_api(aapi):
         json_result = aapi.illust_follow(req_auth=True, **next_qs)
         # print(json_result)
         illust = json_result.illusts[0]
-        print(">>> {}, origin url: {}".format(illust.title, illust.image_urls["large"]))
+        print(f">>> {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
     json_result = aapi.illust_recommended(req_auth=True)
     print(json_result)
     illust = json_result.illusts[0]
-    print(">>> {}, origin url: {}".format(illust.title, illust.image_urls["large"]))
+    print(f">>> {illust.title}, origin url: {illust.image_urls.large}")
 
 
 def appapi_bookmark_add(aapi):
     illust_id = 74187223
     tags = ["Fate/GO", "50000users入り", "私服"]
-    json_result = aapi.illust_bookmark_add(illust_id, tags=tags)
+    aapi.illust_bookmark_add(illust_id, tags=tags)
     json_result = aapi.illust_bookmark_detail(illust_id)
     print(json_result.bookmark_detail)
-    print(
-        ">>> %s, tags added: %s"
-        % (
-            illust_id,
-            [tag.name for tag in json_result.bookmark_detail.tags if tag.is_registered],
-        )
-    )
+    tags_added = [tag.name for tag in json_result.bookmark_detail.tags if tag.is_registered]
+    print(f">>> {illust_id}, tags added: {tags_added}")
 
 
 def appapi_novel(aapi):
     json_result = aapi.novel_recommended()
     print(json_result)
     novel = json_result.novels[0]
-    print(">>> {}, text_length: {}, series: {}".format(novel.title, novel.text_length, novel.series))
+    print(f">>> {novel.title}, text_length: {novel.text_length}, series: {novel.series}")
 
     # get next page
     next_qs = aapi.parse_qs(json_result.next_url)
     if next_qs is not None:
         json_result = aapi.novel_recommended(**next_qs)
         novel = json_result.novels[0]
-        print(">>> {}, text_length: {}, series: {}".format(novel.title, novel.text_length, novel.series))
+        print(f">>> {novel.title}, text_length: {novel.text_length}, series: {novel.series}")
 
     json_result = aapi.user_novels(59216290)
     print(json_result)
     novel = json_result.novels[0]
-    print(">>> {}, text_length: {}, series: {}".format(novel.title, novel.text_length, novel.series))
+    print(f">>> {novel.title}, text_length: {novel.text_length}, series: {novel.series}")
 
     # get next page
     next_qs = aapi.parse_qs(json_result.next_url)
     if next_qs is not None:
         json_result = aapi.user_novels(**next_qs)
         novel = json_result.novels[0]
-        print(">>> {}, text_length: {}, series: {}".format(novel.title, novel.text_length, novel.series))
+        print(f">>> {novel.title}, text_length: {novel.text_length}, series: {novel.series}")
 
     json_result = aapi.novel_series(1206600)
     print(json_result)
     detail = json_result.novel_series_detail
-    print(">>> {}, total_character_count: {}".format(detail.title, detail.total_character_count))
+    print(f">>> {detail.title}, total_character_count: {detail.total_character_count}")
 
     # get next page
     next_qs = aapi.parse_qs(json_result.next_url)
     if next_qs is not None:
         json_result = aapi.novel_series(**next_qs)
         detail = json_result.novel_series_detail
-        print(">>> {}, total_character_count: {}".format(detail.title, detail.total_character_count))
+        print(f">>> {detail.title}, total_character_count: {detail.total_character_count}")
 
     novel_id = 12438689
     json_result = aapi.novel_detail(novel_id)
     print(json_result)
     novel = json_result.novel
-    print(">>> {}, text_length: {}, series: {}".format(novel.title, novel.text_length, novel.series))
+    print(f">>> {novel.title}, text_length: {novel.text_length}, series: {novel.series}")
 
     json_result = aapi.novel_text(novel_id)
     print(json_result)
-    print(">>> {}, novel_text: {}".format(novel.title, json_result.novel_text))
+    print(f">>> {novel.title}, novel_text: {json_result.novel_text}")
 
     json_result = aapi.novel_follow()
     print(json_result)
     novel = json_result.novels[0]
-    print(">>> {}, text_length: {}, series: {}".format(novel.title, novel.text_length, novel.series))
+    print(f">>> {novel.title}, text_length: {novel.text_length}, series: {novel.series}")
 
     # List the comments of the novel
     json_result = aapi.novel_comments(16509454, include_total_comments=True)
-    print("Total comments = {}".format(json_result["total_comments"]))
-    for comment in json_result["comments"]:
-        if comment["parent_comment"]:
-            print(
-                "{user} replied to {target} at {time} : {content}".format(
-                    user=comment["user"]["name"],
-                    time=comment["date"],
-                    content=comment["comment"],
-                    target=comment["parent_comment"]["user"]["name"],
-                )
-            )
+    print(f"Total comments = {json_result.total_comments}")
+    for comment in json_result.comments:
+        if comment.parent_comment:
+            text = f"{comment.user.name} replied to {comment.parent_comment.user.name} at {comment.date} : {comment.comment}"
+            print(text)
         else:
-            print(
-                "{user} at {time} : {content}".format(
-                    user=comment["user"]["name"], time=comment["date"], content=comment["comment"]
-                )
-            )
+            text = f"{comment.user.name} at {comment.date} : {comment.comment}"
+            print(text)
 
 
 def main():
diff --git a/download_illusts.py b/download_illusts.py
index 3a75755..a753801 100644
--- a/download_illusts.py
+++ b/download_illusts.py
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ def main():
 
     # download top3 day rankings to 'illusts' dir
     for idx, illust in enumerate(json_result.illusts[:4]):
-        image_url = illust.meta_single_page.get("original_image_url", illust.image_urls.large)
-        print("{}: {}".format(illust.title, image_url))
+        image_url = illust.meta_single_pageoriginal_image_url or illust.image_urls.large
+        print(f"{illust.title}: {image_url}")
 
         # try four args in MR#102
         if idx == 0:
@@ -40,16 +40,18 @@ def main():
         elif idx == 1:
             url_basename = os.path.basename(image_url)
             extension = os.path.splitext(url_basename)[1]
-            name = "illust_id_%d_%s%s" % (illust.id, illust.title, extension)
+            name = f"illust_id_{illust.id}_{illust.title}{extension}"
             api.download(image_url, path=directory, name=name)
         elif idx == 2:
-            api.download(image_url, path=directory, fname="illust_%s.jpg" % (illust.id))
+            fname = f"illust_{illust.id}.jpg"
+            api.download(image_url, path=directory, fname=fname)
         else:
             # path will not work due to fname is a handler
+            fname = f"{directory}/illust_{illust.id}.jpg"
             api.download(
                 image_url,
                 path="/foo/bar",
-                fname=open("{}/illust_{}.jpg".format(directory, illust.id), "wb"),
+                fname=open(fname, "wb"),
             )
 
 
diff --git a/example_bypass_sni.py b/example_bypass_sni.py
index 3fd3b53..849e2d9 100644
--- a/example_bypass_sni.py
+++ b/example_bypass_sni.py
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ def main():
 
     # api.login(_USERNAME, _PASSWORD)
     print(api.auth(refresh_token=_REFRESH_TOKEN))
-    json_result = api.illust_ranking("day", date=(datetime.now() - timedelta(days=5)).strftime("%Y-%m-%d"))
+    date = datetime.now() - timedelta(days=5)
+    date_str = date.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
+    json_result = api.illust_ranking("day", date=date_str)
 
     print("Printing image titles and tags with English tag translations present when available")
 
diff --git a/example_tag_translations.py b/example_tag_translations.py
index cea5bf7..8d34a41 100644
--- a/example_tag_translations.py
+++ b/example_tag_translations.py
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ def main():
     aapi.set_accept_language("en-us")  # zh-cn
 
     aapi.auth(refresh_token=_REFRESH_TOKEN)
-    json_result = aapi.illust_ranking("day", date=(datetime.now() - timedelta(days=5)).strftime("%Y-%m-%d"))
+    date = datetime.now() - timedelta(days=5)
+    date_str = date.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
+    json_result = aapi.illust_ranking("day", date=date_str)
 
     print("Printing image titles and tags with English tag translations present when available")
 
diff --git a/notebooks/pixivCrawler.ipynb b/notebooks/pixivCrawler.ipynb
index c5fdd77..d358f0d 100644
--- a/notebooks/pixivCrawler.ipynb
+++ b/notebooks/pixivCrawler.ipynb
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@
     "        elif type == \"manga\":\n",
     "            total = user.profile.total_manga\n",
     "        else:\n",
-    "            raise Exception(\"Unsupported type=%d\" % type)\n",
+    "            raise Exception(f\"Unsupported type={type}\")\n",
     "        self.randSleep(0.1)\n",
     "\n",
     "        with tqdm(total=total, desc=\"api.user_illusts\") as pbar:\n",
diff --git a/notebooks/pixivDownloader.ipynb b/notebooks/pixivDownloader.ipynb
index 48cf232..9fc66f7 100644
--- a/notebooks/pixivDownloader.ipynb
+++ b/notebooks/pixivDownloader.ipynb
@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
+    "import json\n",
     "import os\n",
     "import random\n",
     "import sqlite3 as lite\n",
     "import time\n",
     "\n",
     "import pandas as pd\n",
-    "from sqlalchemy import create_engine\n",
     "\n",
     "from pixivpy3 import *\n",
     "\n",
@@ -53,9 +53,9 @@
     "\n",
     "    def getImageUrl(self, illust, origin=True):\n",
     "        if origin:\n",
-    "            return illust[\"meta_single_page\"].get(\"original_image_url\", illust[\"image_urls\"][\"large\"])\n",
+    "            return illust.meta_single_page.original_image_url or illust.image_urls.large\n",
     "        else:  # square\n",
-    "            return illust[\"image_urls\"][\"square_medium\"]\n",
+    "            return illust.image_urls.square_medium\n",
     "\n",
     "    def StartDownload(self, path, origin=True):\n",
     "        if not os.path.exists(path):\n",
diff --git a/pixivpy3/aapi.py b/pixivpy3/aapi.py
index a2d4d6f..98f6eba 100644
--- a/pixivpy3/aapi.py
+++ b/pixivpy3/aapi.py
@@ -88,14 +88,15 @@ def no_auth_requests_call(
             return self.requests_call(method, url, headers_, params, data)
         else:
             self.require_auth()
-            headers_["Authorization"] = "Bearer %s" % self.access_token
+            headers_["Authorization"] = f"Bearer {self.access_token}"
             return self.requests_call(method, url, headers_, params, data)
 
     def parse_result(self, res: Response) -> ParsedJson:
         try:
             return self.parse_json(res.text)
         except Exception as e:
-            raise PixivError("parse_json() error: %s" % e, header=res.headers, body=res.text)
+            msg = f"parse_json() error: {e}"
+            raise PixivError(msg, header=res.headers, body=res.text)
 
     @classmethod
     def format_bool(cls, bool_value: bool | str | None) -> _BOOL:
@@ -132,7 +133,7 @@ def user_detail(
         filter: _FILTER = "for_ios",
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/user/detail" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/user/detail"
         params = {
             "user_id": user_id,
             "filter": filter,
@@ -150,7 +151,7 @@ def user_illusts(
         offset: int | str | None = None,
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/user/illusts" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/user/illusts"
         params = {
             "user_id": user_id,
             "filter": filter,
@@ -173,7 +174,7 @@ def user_bookmarks_illust(
         tag: str | None = None,
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/user/bookmarks/illust" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/user/bookmarks/illust"
         params = {
             "user_id": user_id,
             "restrict": restrict,
@@ -196,7 +197,7 @@ def user_bookmarks_novel(
         tag: str | None = None,
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/user/bookmarks/novel" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/user/bookmarks/novel"
         params = {
             "user_id": user_id,
             "restrict": restrict,
@@ -216,7 +217,7 @@ def user_related(
         offset: int | str | None = None,
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/user/related" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/user/related"
         params = {
             "filter": filter,
             # Pixiv warns to put seed_user_id at the end -> put offset here
@@ -232,7 +233,7 @@ def user_recommended(
         offset: int | str | None = None,
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/user/recommended" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/user/recommended"
         params = {
             "filter": filter,
         }
@@ -250,7 +251,7 @@ def illust_follow(
         offset: int | str | None = None,
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v2/illust/follow" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v2/illust/follow"
         params: dict[str, str | int] = {
             "restrict": restrict,
         }
@@ -261,7 +262,7 @@ def illust_follow(
 
     # 作品详情 (类似PAPI.works()，iOS中未使用)
     def illust_detail(self, illust_id: int | str, req_auth: bool = True) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/illust/detail" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/illust/detail"
         params = {
             "illust_id": illust_id,
         }
@@ -276,7 +277,7 @@ def illust_comments(
         include_total_comments: str | bool | None = None,
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/illust/comments" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/illust/comments"
         params = {
             "illust_id": illust_id,
         }
@@ -297,7 +298,7 @@ def illust_related(
         viewed: str | list[str] | None = None,
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v2/illust/related" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v2/illust/related"
         params: dict[str, Any] = {
             "illust_id": illust_id,
             "filter": filter,
@@ -331,9 +332,9 @@ def illust_recommended(
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
         if req_auth:
-            url = "%s/v1/illust/recommended" % self.hosts
+            url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/illust/recommended"
         else:
-            url = "%s/v1/illust/recommended-nologin" % self.hosts
+            url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/illust/recommended-nologin"
         params: dict[str, Any] = {
             "content_type": content_type,
             "include_ranking_label": self.format_bool(include_ranking_label),
@@ -373,7 +374,7 @@ def novel_comments(
         include_total_comments: str | bool | None = None,
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/novel/comments" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/novel/comments"
         params = {
             "novel_id": novel_id,
         }
@@ -396,7 +397,7 @@ def novel_recommended(
         include_privacy_policy: str | list[int | str] | None = None,
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/novel/recommended" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/novel/recommended"
         params: dict[str, Any] = {
             "include_ranking_label": self.format_bool(include_ranking_label),
             "filter": filter,
@@ -431,7 +432,7 @@ def illust_ranking(
         offset: int | str | None = None,
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/illust/ranking" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/illust/ranking"
         params: dict[str, Any] = {
             "mode": mode,
             "filter": filter,
@@ -445,7 +446,7 @@ def illust_ranking(
 
     # 趋势标签 (Search - tags)
     def trending_tags_illust(self, filter: _FILTER = "for_ios", req_auth: bool = True) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/trending-tags/illust" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/trending-tags/illust"
         params = {
             "filter": filter,
         }
@@ -474,7 +475,7 @@ def search_illust(
         offset: int | str | None = None,
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/search/illust" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/search/illust"
         params: dict[str, Any] = {
             "word": word,
             "search_target": search_target,
@@ -517,7 +518,7 @@ def search_novel(
         offset: int | str | None = None,
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/search/novel" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/search/novel"
         params: dict[str, Any] = {
             "word": word,
             "search_target": search_target,
@@ -546,7 +547,7 @@ def search_user(
         offset: int | str | None = None,
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/search/user" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/search/user"
         params: dict[str, Any] = {
             "word": word,
             "sort": sort,
@@ -561,7 +562,7 @@ def search_user(
 
     # 作品收藏详情
     def illust_bookmark_detail(self, illust_id: int | str, req_auth: bool = True) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v2/illust/bookmark/detail" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v2/illust/bookmark/detail"
         params = {
             "illust_id": illust_id,
         }
@@ -576,7 +577,7 @@ def illust_bookmark_add(
         tags: str | list[str] | None = None,
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v2/illust/bookmark/add" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v2/illust/bookmark/add"
         data = {
             "illust_id": illust_id,
             "restrict": restrict,
@@ -591,7 +592,7 @@ def illust_bookmark_add(
 
     # 删除收藏
     def illust_bookmark_delete(self, illust_id: int | str, req_auth: bool = True) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/illust/bookmark/delete" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/illust/bookmark/delete"
         data = {
             "illust_id": illust_id,
         }
@@ -605,21 +606,21 @@ def user_follow_add(
         restrict: _RESTRICT = "public",
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/user/follow/add" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/user/follow/add"
         data = {"user_id": user_id, "restrict": restrict}
         r = self.no_auth_requests_call("POST", url, data=data, req_auth=req_auth)
         return self.parse_result(r)
 
     # 取消关注用户
     def user_follow_delete(self, user_id: int | str, req_auth: bool = True) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/user/follow/delete" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/user/follow/delete"
         data = {"user_id": user_id}
         r = self.no_auth_requests_call("POST", url, data=data, req_auth=req_auth)
         return self.parse_result(r)
 
     # 设置用户选项中是否展现AI生成作品
     def user_edit_ai_show_settings(self, setting: _BOOL, req_auth: bool = True) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/user/ai-show-settings/edit" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/user/ai-show-settings/edit"
         data = {"show_ai": setting}
         r = self.no_auth_requests_call("POST", url, data=data, req_auth=req_auth)
         return self.parse_result(r)
@@ -632,7 +633,7 @@ def user_bookmark_tags_illust(
         offset: int | str | None = None,
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/user/bookmark-tags/illust" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/user/bookmark-tags/illust"
         params: dict[str, Any] = {
             "user_id": user_id,
             "restrict": restrict,
@@ -650,7 +651,7 @@ def user_following(
         offset: int | str | None = None,
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/user/following" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/user/following"
         params = {
             "user_id": user_id,
             "restrict": restrict,
@@ -669,7 +670,7 @@ def user_follower(
         offset: int | str | None = None,
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/user/follower" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/user/follower"
         params = {
             "user_id": user_id,
             "filter": filter,
@@ -687,7 +688,7 @@ def user_mypixiv(
         offset: int | str | None = None,
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/user/mypixiv" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/user/mypixiv"
         params = {
             "user_id": user_id,
         }
@@ -705,7 +706,7 @@ def user_list(
         offset: int | str | None = None,
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v2/user/list" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v2/user/list"
         params = {
             "user_id": user_id,
             "filter": filter,
@@ -718,7 +719,7 @@ def user_list(
 
     # 获取ugoira信息
     def ugoira_metadata(self, illust_id: int | str, req_auth: bool = True) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/ugoira/metadata" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/ugoira/metadata"
         params = {
             "illust_id": illust_id,
         }
@@ -734,7 +735,7 @@ def user_novels(
         offset: int | str | None = None,
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/user/novels" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/user/novels"
         params = {
             "user_id": user_id,
             "filter": filter,
@@ -752,7 +753,7 @@ def novel_series(
         last_order: str | None = None,
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v2/novel/series" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v2/novel/series"
         params = {
             "series_id": series_id,
             "filter": filter,
@@ -764,7 +765,7 @@ def novel_series(
 
     # 小说详情
     def novel_detail(self, novel_id: int | str, req_auth: bool = True) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v2/novel/detail" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v2/novel/detail"
         params = {
             "novel_id": novel_id,
         }
@@ -778,7 +779,7 @@ def novel_new(
         max_novel_id: int | str | None = None,
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/novel/new" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/novel/new"
         params: dict[str, Any] = {
             "filter": filter,
         }
@@ -795,7 +796,7 @@ def novel_follow(
         offset: int | None = None,
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/novel/follow" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/novel/follow"
         params: dict[str, Any] = {"restrict": restrict, "offset": offset}
         r = self.no_auth_requests_call("GET", url, params=params, req_auth=req_auth)
         return self.parse_result(r)
@@ -804,7 +805,7 @@ def novel_follow(
     #  raw=True, return html content directly
     def webview_novel(self, novel_id: int | str, raw: bool = False, req_auth: bool = True) -> ParsedJson:
         # change new endpoint due to #337
-        url = "%s/webview/v2/novel" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/webview/v2/novel"
         params = {
             "id": novel_id,
             "viewer_version": "20221031_ai",
@@ -818,7 +819,8 @@ def webview_novel(self, novel_id: int | str, raw: bool = False, req_auth: bool =
             json_str = re.search(r"novel:\s({.+}),\s+isOwnWork", r.text).groups()[0].encode()  # type: ignore
             return self.parse_json(json_str)
         except Exception as e:
-            raise PixivError("Extract novel content error: %s" % e, header=r.headers, body=r.text)
+            msg = f"Extract novel content error: {e}"
+            raise PixivError(msg, header=r.headers, body=r.text)
 
     # 小说正文 (deprecated)
     def novel_text(self, novel_id: int | str, req_auth: bool = True) -> ParsedJson:
@@ -836,7 +838,7 @@ def illust_new(
         max_illust_id: int | str | None = None,
         req_auth: bool = True,
     ) -> ParsedJson:
-        url = "%s/v1/illust/new" % self.hosts
+        url = f"{self.hosts}/v1/illust/new"
         params: dict[str, Any] = {
             "content_type": content_type,
             "filter": filter,
diff --git a/pixivpy3/api.py b/pixivpy3/api.py
index 7762776..d5b0344 100644
--- a/pixivpy3/api.py
+++ b/pixivpy3/api.py
@@ -95,9 +95,11 @@ def requests_call(
                     **self.requests_kwargs,
                 )
             else:
-                raise PixivError("Unknown method: %s" % method)
+                msg = f"Unknown method: {method}"
+                raise PixivError(msg)
         except Exception as e:
-            raise PixivError("requests {} {} error: {}".format(method, url, e))
+            msg = f"requests {method} {url} error: {e}"
+            raise PixivError(msg)
 
     def set_auth(self, access_token: str, refresh_token: str | None = None) -> None:
         self.access_token = access_token
@@ -135,7 +137,7 @@ def auth(
             # noinspection PyUnresolvedReferences
             auth_hosts = self.hosts  # BAPI解析成IP的场景
             headers_["host"] = "oauth.secure.pixiv.net"
-        url = "%s/auth/token" % auth_hosts
+        url = f"{auth_hosts}/auth/token"
         data = {
             "get_secure_url": 1,
             "client_id": self.client_id,
@@ -155,14 +157,16 @@ def auth(
         r = self.requests_call("POST", url, headers=headers_, data=data)
         if r.status_code not in {200, 301, 302}:
             if data["grant_type"] == "password":
+                msg = f"[ERROR] auth() failed! check username and password.\nHTTP {r.status_code}: {r.text}"
                 raise PixivError(
-                    "[ERROR] auth() failed! check username and password.\nHTTP {}: {}".format(r.status_code, r.text),
+                    msg,
                     header=r.headers,
                     body=r.text,
                 )
             else:
+                msg = f"[ERROR] auth() failed! check refresh_token.\nHTTP {r.status_code}: {r.text}"
                 raise PixivError(
-                    "[ERROR] auth() failed! check refresh_token.\nHTTP {}: {}".format(r.status_code, r.text),
+                    msg,
                     header=r.headers,
                     body=r.text,
                 )
@@ -175,8 +179,9 @@ def auth(
             self.access_token = token.response.access_token
             self.refresh_token = token.response.refresh_token
         except json.JSONDecodeError:
+            msg = f"Get access_token error! Response: {token}"
             raise PixivError(
-                "Get access_token error! Response: %s" % token,
+                msg,
                 header=r.headers,
                 body=r.text,
             )
diff --git a/tests/conftest.py b/tests/conftest.py
index 4389791..d8f5435 100644
--- a/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -37,9 +37,8 @@ def pixiv_url_common():
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def pixiv_image_url():
-    return "https://i.pximg.net/c/600x1200_90/img-master/img/2023/01/01/12/38/38/{}_p0_master1200.jpg".format(
-        random.randint(100_000_000, 999_999_999)
-    )
+    img_id = random.randint(100_000_000, 999_999_999)
+    return f"https://i.pximg.net/c/600x1200_90/img-master/img/2023/01/01/12/38/38/{img_id}_p0_master1200.jpg"
 
 
 @pytest.fixture