diff --git a/src/codecs/jats/__file_snapshots__/87253.json b/src/codecs/jats/__file_snapshots__/87253.json
index ef7d8f8ab..febf25ddb 100644
--- a/src/codecs/jats/__file_snapshots__/87253.json
+++ b/src/codecs/jats/__file_snapshots__/87253.json
@@ -7187,7 +7187,7 @@
       "id": "s1",
       "depth": 1,
       "content": [
-        "Introduction"
+        "INTRODUCTION"
       ]
     },
     {
@@ -7703,7 +7703,7 @@
       "id": "s2",
       "depth": 1,
       "content": [
-        "Results"
+        "RESULTS"
       ]
     },
     {
@@ -9904,7 +9904,7 @@
       "id": "s3",
       "depth": 1,
       "content": [
-        "Discussion"
+        "DISCUSSION"
       ]
     },
     {
@@ -10257,7 +10257,7 @@
       "id": "s4",
       "depth": 1,
       "content": [
-        "Materials and methods"
+        "MATERIALS AND METHODS"
       ]
     },
     {
@@ -10763,7 +10763,7 @@
       "id": "s4j",
       "depth": 2,
       "content": [
-        "3 race"
+        "3’RACE"
       ]
     },
     {
@@ -10901,7 +10901,7 @@
       "id": "s5",
       "depth": 1,
       "content": [
-        "Data availability"
+        "DATA AVAILABILITY"
       ]
     },
     {
@@ -10918,7 +10918,7 @@
       "id": "s6",
       "depth": 1,
       "content": [
-        "Funding"
+        "FUNDING"
       ]
     },
     {
@@ -10951,7 +10951,7 @@
       "id": "s7",
       "depth": 1,
       "content": [
-        "Conflict of interest"
+        "CONFLICT OF INTEREST"
       ]
     },
     {
@@ -10968,7 +10968,7 @@
       "id": "s8",
       "depth": 1,
       "content": [
-        "Author contributions"
+        "AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS"
       ]
     },
     {
diff --git a/src/codecs/jats/__file_snapshots__/8758d58a-6c3d-1014-87a3-bbc202f7d832.json b/src/codecs/jats/__file_snapshots__/8758d58a-6c3d-1014-87a3-bbc202f7d832.json
index 90805e949..c596121db 100644
--- a/src/codecs/jats/__file_snapshots__/8758d58a-6c3d-1014-87a3-bbc202f7d832.json
+++ b/src/codecs/jats/__file_snapshots__/8758d58a-6c3d-1014-87a3-bbc202f7d832.json
@@ -6753,7 +6753,7 @@
       "id": "s1",
       "depth": 1,
       "content": [
-        "Introduction"
+        "INTRODUCTION"
       ]
     },
     {
@@ -7008,7 +7008,7 @@
       "id": "s2",
       "depth": 1,
       "content": [
-        "Results"
+        "RESULTS"
       ]
     },
     {
@@ -8937,7 +8937,7 @@
       "id": "s3",
       "depth": 1,
       "content": [
-        "Discussion"
+        "DISCUSSION"
       ]
     },
     {
@@ -9388,7 +9388,7 @@
       "id": "s4",
       "depth": 1,
       "content": [
-        "Materials and methods"
+        "MATERIALS AND METHODS"
       ]
     },
     {
diff --git a/src/codecs/jats/__file_snapshots__/ca7917ff-6cb0-1014-9b19-d05ef1e56b05.json b/src/codecs/jats/__file_snapshots__/ca7917ff-6cb0-1014-9b19-d05ef1e56b05.json
index 00c036df7..4c372b6ba 100644
--- a/src/codecs/jats/__file_snapshots__/ca7917ff-6cb0-1014-9b19-d05ef1e56b05.json
+++ b/src/codecs/jats/__file_snapshots__/ca7917ff-6cb0-1014-9b19-d05ef1e56b05.json
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@
       "type": "Heading",
       "depth": 1,
       "content": [
-        "Summary"
+        "SUMMARY"
       ]
     },
     {
@@ -4312,7 +4312,7 @@
       "id": "s1",
       "depth": 1,
       "content": [
-        "Introduction"
+        "INTRODUCTION"
       ]
     },
     {
@@ -4851,7 +4851,7 @@
       "id": "s2",
       "depth": 1,
       "content": [
-        "Results"
+        "RESULTS"
       ]
     },
     {
@@ -6205,7 +6205,7 @@
       "id": "s3",
       "depth": 1,
       "content": [
-        "Discussion"
+        "DISCUSSION"
       ]
     },
     {
@@ -6389,7 +6389,7 @@
       "id": "s4",
       "depth": 1,
       "content": [
-        "Materials and methods"
+        "MATERIALS AND METHODS"
       ]
     },
     {
@@ -6712,7 +6712,7 @@
       "id": "s5",
       "depth": 1,
       "content": [
-        "Data availability"
+        "DATA AVAILABILITY"
       ]
     },
     {
@@ -6745,7 +6745,7 @@
       "id": "s6",
       "depth": 1,
       "content": [
-        "Author contributions"
+        "AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS"
       ]
     },
     {
@@ -6762,7 +6762,7 @@
       "id": "s7",
       "depth": 1,
       "content": [
-        "Declaration of interests"
+        "DECLARATION OF INTERESTS"
       ]
     },
     {
@@ -6779,7 +6779,7 @@
       "id": "s8",
       "depth": 1,
       "content": [
-        "Supplemental information"
+        "SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION"
       ]
     },
     {
diff --git a/src/codecs/jats/__file_snapshots__/d6f14042-6db3-1014-b228-f9da7cb8e4cc.json b/src/codecs/jats/__file_snapshots__/d6f14042-6db3-1014-b228-f9da7cb8e4cc.json
index 8c73afed8..3b38811c7 100644
--- a/src/codecs/jats/__file_snapshots__/d6f14042-6db3-1014-b228-f9da7cb8e4cc.json
+++ b/src/codecs/jats/__file_snapshots__/d6f14042-6db3-1014-b228-f9da7cb8e4cc.json
@@ -5021,7 +5021,7 @@
       "id": "s1",
       "depth": 1,
       "content": [
-        "Introduction"
+        "INTRODUCTION"
       ]
     },
     {
@@ -5279,7 +5279,7 @@
       "id": "s2",
       "depth": 1,
       "content": [
-        "Materials and methods"
+        "MATERIALS AND METHODS"
       ]
     },
     {
@@ -5563,7 +5563,7 @@
       "id": "s2b7",
       "depth": 3,
       "content": [
-        "Ltpa"
+        "LTPA"
       ]
     },
     {
@@ -5836,7 +5836,7 @@
       "id": "s3",
       "depth": 1,
       "content": [
-        "Results"
+        "RESULTS"
       ]
     },
     {
@@ -6339,7 +6339,7 @@
       "id": "s4",
       "depth": 1,
       "content": [
-        "Discussion"
+        "DISCUSSION"
       ]
     },
     {
diff --git a/src/codecs/jats/index.ts b/src/codecs/jats/index.ts
index 3ec6688ed..0a9d868a1 100644
--- a/src/codecs/jats/index.ts
+++ b/src/codecs/jats/index.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ import stencila, { isA, ThingTypes } from '@stencila/schema'
 import crypto from 'crypto'
 import { dropLeft, takeLeftWhile } from 'fp-ts/lib/Array'
 import fs from 'fs-extra'
-import { sentenceCase } from 'sentence-case'
 import { isDefined } from '../../util'
 import { ensureArticle } from '../../util/content/ensureArticle'
 import { ensureBlockContent } from '../../util/content/ensureBlockContent'
@@ -573,7 +572,8 @@ export function decodeAbstract(
       !(
         block.type === 'Heading' &&
         block.content.length === 1 &&
-        block.content[0] === 'Abstract'
+        typeof block.content[0] === 'string' &&
+        block.content[0].toUpperCase() === 'ABSTRACT'
       ),
   )
 }
@@ -1877,9 +1877,6 @@ function decodeAppendix(
  * implies a nested section. This is more likely to ensure conformance with
  * the following rule if the document is encoded to HTML:
  * https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/3.5/heading-order
- *
- * For consistency, across documents all caps titles are converted to
- * sentence case.
  */
 function decodeHeading(
   elem: xml.Element,
@@ -1891,20 +1888,12 @@ function decodeHeading(
     ancestorElem?.name === 'sec' || ancestorElem?.name === 'app'
       ? [sectionDepth, sectionId]
       : [sectionDepth + 1, undefined]
-  let content = decodeInlineContent(elem.elements ?? [], state)
+  const content = decodeInlineContent(elem.elements ?? [], state)
 
   if (depth === undefined || Number.isNaN(depth)) {
     depth = 1
   }
 
-  if (
-    content.length === 1 &&
-    typeof content[0] === 'string' &&
-    content[0].toUpperCase() === content[0]
-  ) {
-    content = [sentenceCase(content[0])]
-  }
-
   return [
     stencila.heading({
       content,