diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 2ca2e2460..ff6ec5181 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "ssi"
-version = "0.9.0"
+version = "0.10.0"
 authors = ["Spruce Systems, Inc."]
 edition = "2021"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ ssi-json-ld = { path = "./crates/json-ld", version = "0.3", default-features = f
 ssi-security = { path = "./crates/security", version = "0.1", default-features = false }
 ssi-caips = { path = "./crates/caips", version = "0.2.1", default-features = false }
 ssi-ucan = { path = "./crates/ucan", version = "0.2.1", default-features = false }
-ssi-zcap-ld = { path = "./crates/zcap-ld", version = "0.2.1", default-features = false }
+ssi-zcap-ld = { path = "./crates/zcap-ld", version = "0.3.0", default-features = false }
 ssi-ssh = { path = "./crates/ssh", version = "0.2.1", default-features = false }
-ssi-status = { path = "./crates/status", version = "0.2", default-features = false }
+ssi-status = { path = "./crates/status", version = "0.3.0", default-features = false }
 ssi-bbs = { path = "./crates/bbs", version = "0.1.1", default-features = false }
 
 # Verifiable Claims
@@ -48,13 +48,13 @@ ssi-jws = { path = "./crates/claims/crates/jws", version = "0.3", default-featur
 ssi-jwt = { path = "./crates/claims/crates/jwt", version = "0.3", default-features = false }
 ssi-sd-jwt = { path = "./crates/claims/crates/sd-jwt", version = "0.3", default-features = false }
 ssi-cose = { path = "./crates/claims/crates/cose", version = "0.1", default-features = false }
-ssi-vc = { path = "./crates/claims/crates/vc", version = "0.3.1", default-features = false }
-ssi-vc-jose-cose = { path = "./crates/claims/crates/vc-jose-cose", version = "0.1.1", default-features = false }
+ssi-vc = { path = "./crates/claims/crates/vc", version = "0.4.0", default-features = false }
+ssi-vc-jose-cose = { path = "./crates/claims/crates/vc-jose-cose", version = "0.2.0", default-features = false }
 ssi-data-integrity-core = { path = "./crates/claims/crates/data-integrity/core", version = "0.2", default-features = false }
 ssi-di-sd-primitives = { path = "./crates/claims/crates/data-integrity/sd-primitives", version = "0.2", default-features = false }
 ssi-data-integrity-suites = { path = "./crates/claims/crates/data-integrity/suites", version = "0.1.1", default-features = false }
 ssi-data-integrity = { path = "./crates/claims/crates/data-integrity", version = "0.1.1", default-features = false }
-ssi-claims = { path = "./crates/claims", version = "0.1.1", default-features = false }
+ssi-claims = { path = "./crates/claims", version = "0.2.0", default-features = false }
 
 # DID methods
 ssi-dids-core = { path = "./crates/dids/core", version = "0.1.1", default-features = false }
diff --git a/crates/claims/Cargo.toml b/crates/claims/Cargo.toml
index 1f48e17f5..05e8f06db 100644
--- a/crates/claims/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/claims/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "ssi-claims"
-version = "0.1.1"
+version = "0.2.0"
 edition = "2021"
 authors = ["Spruce Systems, Inc."]
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/crates/claims/crates/vc-jose-cose/Cargo.toml b/crates/claims/crates/vc-jose-cose/Cargo.toml
index d033f22be..0badec7bf 100644
--- a/crates/claims/crates/vc-jose-cose/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/claims/crates/vc-jose-cose/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "ssi-vc-jose-cose"
-version = "0.1.1"
+version = "0.2.0"
 edition = "2021"
 authors = ["Spruce Systems, Inc."]
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/crates/claims/crates/vc/Cargo.toml b/crates/claims/crates/vc/Cargo.toml
index 0ed899af0..83cdfd630 100644
--- a/crates/claims/crates/vc/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/claims/crates/vc/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "ssi-vc"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 edition = "2021"
 authors = ["Spruce Systems, Inc."]
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/crates/claims/crates/vc/src/v1/revocation/v2020.rs b/crates/claims/crates/vc/src/v1/revocation/v2020.rs
index 23aaa3f19..e14f35db5 100644
--- a/crates/claims/crates/vc/src/v1/revocation/v2020.rs
+++ b/crates/claims/crates/vc/src/v1/revocation/v2020.rs
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ impl CredentialStatus for RevocationList2020Status {
             )));
         }
 
-        let revocation_list = match revocation_list_credential.credential_subjects.as_slice() {
+        let revocation_list = match revocation_list_credential.credential_subjects.as_ref() {
             [RevocationList2020Subject::RevocationList2020(l)] => l,
             [] => return Ok(StatusCheck::Invalid(Reason::MissingCredentialSubject)),
             _ => return Ok(StatusCheck::Invalid(Reason::TooManyCredentialSubjects)),
diff --git a/crates/claims/crates/vc/src/v1/revocation/v2021.rs b/crates/claims/crates/vc/src/v1/revocation/v2021.rs
index 927034e87..2cc51f110 100644
--- a/crates/claims/crates/vc/src/v1/revocation/v2021.rs
+++ b/crates/claims/crates/vc/src/v1/revocation/v2021.rs
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ impl CredentialStatus for StatusList2021Entry {
             )));
         }
 
-        let revocation_list = match status_list_credential.credential_subjects.as_slice() {
+        let revocation_list = match status_list_credential.credential_subjects.as_ref() {
             [StatusList2021Subject::StatusList2021(l)] => l,
             [] => return Ok(StatusCheck::Invalid(Reason::MissingCredentialSubject)),
             _ => return Ok(StatusCheck::Invalid(Reason::TooManyCredentialSubjects)),
diff --git a/crates/claims/crates/vc/src/v1/syntax/credential.rs b/crates/claims/crates/vc/src/v1/syntax/credential.rs
index 9dcb6e5ac..d1dfd3259 100644
--- a/crates/claims/crates/vc/src/v1/syntax/credential.rs
+++ b/crates/claims/crates/vc/src/v1/syntax/credential.rs
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ use xsd_types::DateTime;
 
 use crate::{
     syntax::{
-        not_null, value_or_array, IdOr, IdentifiedObject, IdentifiedTypedObject,
-        MaybeIdentifiedTypedObject, RequiredContextList, RequiredType, RequiredTypeSet,
-        TypeSerializationPolicy, Types,
+        non_empty_value_or_array, not_null, value_or_array, IdOr, IdentifiedObject,
+        IdentifiedTypedObject, MaybeIdentifiedTypedObject, NonEmptyVec, RequiredContextList,
+        RequiredType, RequiredTypeSet, TypeSerializationPolicy, Types,
     },
     Identified, MaybeIdentified, Typed,
 };
@@ -79,12 +79,8 @@ pub struct SpecializedJsonCredential<
 
     /// Credential subjects.
     #[serde(rename = "credentialSubject")]
-    #[serde(
-        with = "value_or_array",
-        default,
-        skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty"
-    )]
-    pub credential_subjects: Vec<Subject>,
+    #[serde(with = "non_empty_value_or_array")]
+    pub credential_subjects: NonEmptyVec<Subject>,
 
     /// Issuer.
     pub issuer: Issuer,
@@ -180,7 +176,7 @@ where
         id: Option<UriBuf>,
         issuer: Issuer,
         issuance_date: xsd_types::DateTime,
-        credential_subjects: Vec<Subject>,
+        credential_subjects: NonEmptyVec<Subject>,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             context: Context::default(),
diff --git a/crates/dids/methods/ethr/src/lib.rs b/crates/dids/methods/ethr/src/lib.rs
index 3f6c30a1f..22d3aa9cb 100644
--- a/crates/dids/methods/ethr/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/dids/methods/ethr/src/lib.rs
@@ -380,7 +380,10 @@ mod tests {
             signing::AlterSignature, AnyInputSuiteOptions, AnySuite, CryptographicSuite,
             ProofOptions,
         },
-        vc::v1::{JsonCredential, JsonPresentation},
+        vc::{
+            syntax::NonEmptyVec,
+            v1::{JsonCredential, JsonPresentation},
+        },
         VerificationParameters,
     };
     use ssi_dids_core::{did, DIDResolver};
@@ -492,9 +495,9 @@ mod tests {
             None,
             did.clone().into_uri().into(),
             "2021-02-18T20:23:13Z".parse().unwrap(),
-            vec![json_syntax::json!({
+            NonEmptyVec::new(json_syntax::json!({
                 "id": "did:example:foo"
-            })],
+            })),
         );
 
         let verification_method = if eip712 {
diff --git a/crates/dids/methods/key/src/lib.rs b/crates/dids/methods/key/src/lib.rs
index 70911e6a4..e18f41562 100644
--- a/crates/dids/methods/key/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/dids/methods/key/src/lib.rs
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ mod tests {
     use resolution::Parameters;
     use ssi_claims::{
         data_integrity::{AnyInputSuiteOptions, AnySuite},
-        vc::v1::JsonCredential,
+        vc::{syntax::NonEmptyVec, v1::JsonCredential},
         VerificationParameters,
     };
     use ssi_data_integrity::{CryptographicSuite, ProofOptions as SuiteOptions};
@@ -576,9 +576,9 @@ mod tests {
             Some(uri!("http://example.org/credentials/3731").to_owned()),
             did.clone().into_uri().into(),
             "2020-08-19T21:41:50Z".parse().unwrap(),
-            vec![json_syntax::json!({
+            NonEmptyVec::new(json_syntax::json!({
                 "id": "did:example:d23dd687a7dc6787646f2eb98d0"
-            })],
+            })),
         );
 
         let verification_method = DIDKey
@@ -630,9 +630,9 @@ mod tests {
             None,
             did.clone().into_uri().into(),
             "2021-02-18T20:17:46Z".parse().unwrap(),
-            vec![json_syntax::json!({
+            NonEmptyVec::new(json_syntax::json!({
                 "id": "did:example:d23dd687a7dc6787646f2eb98d0"
-            })],
+            })),
         );
 
         let verification_method = DIDKey
@@ -684,9 +684,9 @@ mod tests {
             None,
             did.clone().into_uri().into(),
             "2021-02-18T20:17:46Z".parse().unwrap(),
-            vec![json_syntax::json!({
+            NonEmptyVec::new(json_syntax::json!({
                 "id": "did:example:d23dd687a7dc6787646f2eb98d0"
-            })],
+            })),
         );
 
         let verification_method = DIDKey
diff --git a/crates/dids/methods/pkh/src/lib.rs b/crates/dids/methods/pkh/src/lib.rs
index 7a071ae52..c98edf75a 100644
--- a/crates/dids/methods/pkh/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/dids/methods/pkh/src/lib.rs
@@ -957,7 +957,10 @@ mod tests {
             data_integrity::{
                 signing::AlterSignature, AnyInputSuiteOptions, CryptographicSuite, ProofOptions,
             },
-            vc::v1::{JsonCredential, JsonPresentation},
+            vc::{
+                syntax::NonEmptyVec,
+                v1::{JsonCredential, JsonPresentation},
+            },
             VerificationParameters,
         };
         use ssi_verification_methods_core::{ProofPurpose, SingleSecretSigner};
@@ -974,9 +977,9 @@ mod tests {
             None,
             did.clone().into_uri().into(),
             "2021-03-18T16:38:25Z".parse().unwrap(),
-            vec![json_syntax::json!({
+            NonEmptyVec::new(json_syntax::json!({
                 "id": "did:example:foo"
-            })],
+            })),
         );
 
         let issuance_date = cred.issuance_date.clone().unwrap();
@@ -1090,7 +1093,10 @@ mod tests {
             data_integrity::{
                 signing::AlterSignature, AnyInputSuiteOptions, CryptographicSuite, ProofOptions,
             },
-            vc::v1::{JsonCredential, JsonPresentation},
+            vc::{
+                syntax::NonEmptyVec,
+                v1::{JsonCredential, JsonPresentation},
+            },
             VerificationParameters,
         };
         use ssi_verification_methods_core::{ProofPurpose, SingleSecretSigner};
@@ -1105,9 +1111,9 @@ mod tests {
             None,
             did.clone().into_uri().into(),
             "2021-03-18T16:38:25Z".parse().unwrap(),
-            vec![json_syntax::json!({
+            NonEmptyVec::new(json_syntax::json!({
                 "id": "did:example:foo"
-            })],
+            })),
         );
         let issuance_date = cred.issuance_date.clone().unwrap();
         let created_date =
diff --git a/crates/dids/methods/tz/tests/did.rs b/crates/dids/methods/tz/tests/did.rs
index 904a79676..0687a88b3 100644
--- a/crates/dids/methods/tz/tests/did.rs
+++ b/crates/dids/methods/tz/tests/did.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,10 @@ use ssi_claims::{
         signing::AlterSignature, AnyInputSuiteOptions, AnySuite, CryptographicSuite, DataIntegrity,
         ProofOptions as SuiteOptions,
     },
-    vc::v1::{JsonCredential, JsonPresentation},
+    vc::{
+        syntax::NonEmptyVec,
+        v1::{JsonCredential, JsonPresentation},
+    },
     VerificationParameters,
 };
 use ssi_dids_core::{did, resolution::Options, DIDResolver, VerificationMethodDIDResolver};
@@ -223,9 +226,9 @@ async fn credential_prove_verify_did_tz1() {
             None,
             did.clone().into_uri().into(),
             "2021-01-27T16:39:07Z".parse().unwrap(),
-            vec![json_syntax::json!({
+            NonEmptyVec::new(json_syntax::json!({
                 "id": "did:example:foo"
-            })]
+            }))
         ),
         vec![ssi_claims::data_integrity::Proof::new(
             ssi_claims::data_integrity::suites::Ed25519BLAKE2BDigestSize20Base58CheckEncodedSignature2021,
@@ -327,9 +330,9 @@ async fn credential_prove_verify_did_tz2() {
         None,
         did.clone().into_uri().into(),
         "2021-02-18T20:23:13Z".parse().unwrap(),
-        vec![json_syntax::json!({
+        NonEmptyVec::new(json_syntax::json!({
             "id": "did:example:foo"
-        })],
+        })),
     );
 
     let didtz = VerificationMethodDIDResolver::new(DIDTZ);
@@ -425,9 +428,9 @@ async fn credential_prove_verify_did_tz3() {
         None,
         did.clone().into_uri().into(),
         "2021-03-04T14:18:21Z".parse().unwrap(),
-        vec![json_syntax::json!({
+        NonEmptyVec::new(json_syntax::json!({
             "id": "did:example:foo"
-        })],
+        })),
     );
 
     let didtz = VerificationMethodDIDResolver::new(DIDTZ);
diff --git a/crates/dids/methods/web/src/lib.rs b/crates/dids/methods/web/src/lib.rs
index 19528df90..48afe4f3e 100644
--- a/crates/dids/methods/web/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/dids/methods/web/src/lib.rs
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ impl DIDMethodResolver for DIDWeb {
 mod tests {
     use ssi_claims::{
         data_integrity::{AnySuite, CryptographicSuite, ProofOptions},
-        vc::v1::JsonCredential,
+        vc::{syntax::NonEmptyVec, v1::JsonCredential},
         VerificationParameters,
     };
     use ssi_dids_core::{did, DIDResolver, Document, VerificationMethodDIDResolver};
@@ -254,9 +254,9 @@ mod tests {
             None,
             did!("did:web:localhost").to_owned().into_uri().into(),
             "2021-01-26T16:57:27Z".parse().unwrap(),
-            vec![json_syntax::json!({
+            NonEmptyVec::new(json_syntax::json!({
                 "id": "did:web:localhost"
-            })],
+            })),
         );
 
         let key: JWK = include_str!("../../../../../tests/ed25519-2020-10-18.json")
diff --git a/crates/status/Cargo.toml b/crates/status/Cargo.toml
index 755df54ab..e43078e91 100644
--- a/crates/status/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/status/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "ssi-status"
-version = "0.2.1"
+version = "0.3.0"
 edition = "2021"
 authors = ["Spruce Systems, Inc."]
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/crates/zcap-ld/Cargo.toml b/crates/zcap-ld/Cargo.toml
index cf4050994..e174038dd 100644
--- a/crates/zcap-ld/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/zcap-ld/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "ssi-zcap-ld"
-version = "0.2.1"
+version = "0.3.0"
 edition = "2021"
 authors = ["Spruce Systems, Inc."]
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/examples/issue-revocation-list.rs b/examples/issue-revocation-list.rs
index 5aaa32c8e..f403e641c 100644
--- a/examples/issue-revocation-list.rs
+++ b/examples/issue-revocation-list.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use ssi::{
     jwk::JWK,
     verification_methods::SingleSecretSigner,
 };
-use ssi_claims::VerificationParameters;
+use ssi_claims::{vc::syntax::NonEmptyVec, VerificationParameters};
 use ssi_dids::DIDResolver;
 use static_iref::{iri, uri};
 
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ async fn main() {
         Some(uri!("https://example.test/revocationList.json").to_owned()),
         uri!("did:example:foo").to_owned().into(),
         xsd_types::DateTime::now_ms(),
-        vec![RevocationList2020Subject::RevocationList2020(rl)],
+        NonEmptyVec::new(RevocationList2020Subject::RevocationList2020(rl)),
     );
 
     let verification_method = iri!("did:example:foo#key1").into();
diff --git a/examples/issue-status-list.rs b/examples/issue-status-list.rs
index b70f499ec..38c396bd8 100644
--- a/examples/issue-status-list.rs
+++ b/examples/issue-status-list.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use ssi::{
     jwk::JWK,
     verification_methods::SingleSecretSigner,
 };
-use ssi_claims::VerificationParameters;
+use ssi_claims::{vc::syntax::NonEmptyVec, VerificationParameters};
 use ssi_dids::DIDResolver;
 use static_iref::{iri, uri};
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ async fn main() {
         Some(uri!("https://example.com/credentials/status/3").to_owned()),
         uri!("did:example:12345").to_owned().into(),
         xsd_types::DateTime::now_ms(),
-        vec![StatusList2021Subject::StatusList2021(rl)],
+        NonEmptyVec::new(StatusList2021Subject::StatusList2021(rl)),
     );
 
     let verification_method = iri!("did:example:12345#key1").into();
diff --git a/tests/send.rs b/tests/send.rs
index 5e8c28097..2e1588342 100644
--- a/tests/send.rs
+++ b/tests/send.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ use ssi::{
     verification_methods::SingleSecretSigner,
     JWK,
 };
+use ssi_claims::vc::syntax::NonEmptyVec;
 use static_iref::uri;
 use std::future::Future;
 
@@ -30,7 +31,10 @@ fn data_integrity_sign_is_send() {
         Some(uri!("https://example.org/#CredentialId").to_owned()), // id
         uri!("https://example.org/#Issuer").to_owned().into(),      // issuer
         xsd_types::DateTime::now(),                                 // issuance date
-        vec![],
+        NonEmptyVec::new(Claims {
+            name: "name".into(),
+            email: "email@example.com".into(),
+        }),
     );
 
     let key = JWK::generate_p256(); // requires the `p256` feature.