From 9838047c2b7751496b04cd9f4fa7a310b51ac3fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gudkat <115873397+Gudkat@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Jan 2024 22:37:55 +0000
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---
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 arvostelu-ja-kokeet/index.html                            | 2 +-
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 osa-14/3-pelin-viimeistely/index.html                     | 2 +-
 osa-14/4-oma-peli/index.html                              | 6 +++---
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 osa-3/4-omat-funktiot/index.html                          | 2 +-
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 osa-4/1-vscode/index.html                                 | 2 +-
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 osa-4/6-lisaa-rakenteista/index.html                      | 2 +-
 osa-4/index.html                                          | 2 +-
 osa-5/1-lisaa-listoja/index.html                          | 2 +-
 osa-5/2-viittaukset/index.html                            | 2 +-
 osa-5/3-dictionary/index.html                             | 2 +-
 osa-5/4-tuple/index.html                                  | 2 +-
 osa-5/index.html                                          | 2 +-
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 osa-6/2-tiedostojen-kirjoittaminen/index.html             | 2 +-
 osa-6/3-virheet/index.html                                | 2 +-
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 osa-6/index.html                                          | 2 +-
 osa-7/1-moduulit/index.html                               | 2 +-
 osa-7/2-satunnaisuus/index.html                           | 2 +-
 osa-7/3-aikojen-kasittely/index.html                      | 2 +-
 osa-7/4-datan-kasittely/index.html                        | 2 +-
 osa-7/5-omat-moduulit/index.html                          | 2 +-
 osa-7/6-lisaa-pythonista/index.html                       | 2 +-
 osa-7/index.html                                          | 2 +-
 osa-8/1-oliot-ja-metodit/index.html                       | 2 +-
 osa-8/2-luokat-ja-oliot/index.html                        | 2 +-
 osa-8/3-omat-luokat/index.html                            | 2 +-
 osa-8/4-metodit-omissa-luokissa/index.html                | 2 +-
 osa-8/5-lisaa-esimerkkeja/index.html                      | 2 +-
 osa-8/index.html                                          | 2 +-
 osa-9/1-oliot-ja-viittaukset/index.html                   | 2 +-
 osa-9/2-oliot-attribuuttina/index.html                    | 2 +-
 osa-9/3-kapselointi/index.html                            | 2 +-
 osa-9/4-metodien-nakyvyys/index.html                      | 2 +-
 osa-9/5-staattiset-piirteet/index.html                    | 2 +-
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 page-data/osa-3/page-data.json                            | 2 +-
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 page-data/osa-8/5-lisaa-esimerkkeja/page-data.json        | 2 +-
 page-data/osa-8/page-data.json                            | 2 +-
 page-data/osa-9/1-oliot-ja-viittaukset/page-data.json     | 2 +-
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 page-data/osa-9/3-kapselointi/page-data.json              | 2 +-
 page-data/osa-9/4-metodien-nakyvyys/page-data.json        | 2 +-
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 page-data/osa-9/page-data.json                            | 2 +-
 page-data/tuki/page-data.json                             | 2 +-
 report-issue/index.html                                   | 2 +-
 sanasto/index.html                                        | 2 +-
 sign-in/index.html                                        | 2 +-
 sign-up/index.html                                        | 2 +-
 tuki/index.html                                           | 8 ++++----
 usein-kysytyt-kysymykset/index.html                       | 2 +-
 verkkotentti-ohja/index.html                              | 2 +-
 verkkotentti-ohpe/index.html                              | 2 +-
 verkkotentti/index.html                                   | 2 +-
 virheilmoitukset/index.html                               | 2 +-
 174 files changed, 180 insertions(+), 180 deletions(-)

diff --git a/404.html b/404.html
index 79bee9650..8646775b9 100644
--- a/404.html
+++ b/404.html
@@ -134,4 +134,4 @@
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32s-14.3 32-32 32H32C14.3 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32zM448 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg>Avaa valikko</span></span></button></div><div class="Sidebar__SidebarContainer-ufe7yk-1 SePEO"><div class="Sidebar__Brand-ufe7yk-4 jkfuJR">Ohjelmoinnin perusteet ja jatkokurssi 2024</div><nav class="Sidebar__TreeViewContainer-ufe7yk-3 dyqBWG"><ul class="TreeView__StyledUl-sc-1xcycfy-0 klCPuJ"><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img 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32s-14.3 32-32 32H32C14.3 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32zM448 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg>Avaa valikko</span></span></button></div><div class="Sidebar__SidebarContainer-ufe7yk-1 SePEO"><div class="Sidebar__Brand-ufe7yk-4 jkfuJR">Ohjelmoinnin perusteet ja jatkokurssi 2024</div><nav class="Sidebar__TreeViewContainer-ufe7yk-3 dyqBWG"><ul class="TreeView__StyledUl-sc-1xcycfy-0 klCPuJ"><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" 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ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img 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32-32 32H32C14.3 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32zM448 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg>Avaa valikko</span></span></button></div><div class="Sidebar__SidebarContainer-ufe7yk-1 SePEO"><div class="Sidebar__Brand-ufe7yk-4 jkfuJR">Ohjelmoinnin perusteet ja jatkokurssi 2024</div><nav class="Sidebar__TreeViewContainer-ufe7yk-3 dyqBWG"><ul class="TreeView__StyledUl-sc-1xcycfy-0 klCPuJ"><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img 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32-32 32H32C14.3 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32zM448 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg>Avaa valikko</span></span></button></div><div class="Sidebar__SidebarContainer-ufe7yk-1 SePEO"><div class="Sidebar__Brand-ufe7yk-4 jkfuJR">Ohjelmoinnin perusteet ja jatkokurssi 2024</div><nav class="Sidebar__TreeViewContainer-ufe7yk-3 dyqBWG"><ul class="TreeView__StyledUl-sc-1xcycfy-0 klCPuJ"><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img 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diff --git a/arvostelu-ja-kokeet/index.html b/arvostelu-ja-kokeet/index.html
index 7afda694e..82dedb15c 100644
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+++ b/arvostelu-ja-kokeet/index.html
@@ -192,4 +192,4 @@
         <td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">hylätty</td>
     </tr>
     </tbody>
-</table></div><p>Arvostelu perustuu sekä tehtyihin tehtäviin (50 % kokonaispisteistä) että kokeeseen (50 % kokonaispisteistä). Tämä tarkoittaa, että arvosteluasteikon kokonaispisteet saadaan laskemalla tämän sivun pistevisualisaation (sininen pallo oikeassa alakulmassa) kurssipisteet ja saamasi koepisteet yhteen.</p><p>Kurssin läpipääsyyn vaaditaan vähintään 25% jokaisen osan ohjelmointitehtävien pisteistä.</p><h4 class="material-header" id="koeleikkuri">Koeleikkuri<a href="#koeleikkuri" aria-label="koeleikkuri permalink" class="anchor after"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a></h4><p>Kokeesta tulee saada vähintään puolet pisteistä kurssin läpäisemiseksi.</p></div></article></div></main><footer class="Footer__FooterWrapper-sc-16r343g-5 cnVvAf"><div class="Footer__FooterBackground-sc-16r343g-6 hnTGgX"></div><div class="Footer__FooterContent-sc-16r343g-7 hicfXL"><div class="MuiPaper-root MuiCard-root Footer__StyledCard-sc-16r343g-8 kkekar MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded"><div class="MuiCardContent-root Footer__StyledCardContent-sc-16r343g-9 KBHom"><div class="Footer__GithubContainer-sc-16r343g-3 okroy"><a href="https://github.com/rage/ohjelmointi-24" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-labelledby="svg-inline--fa-title-Q2MNT8q5KEbL" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="github" class="svg-inline--fa fa-github fa-3x Footer__StyledIcon-sc-16r343g-0 jZezEY" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><title id="svg-inline--fa-title-Q2MNT8q5KEbL">Materiaalin lähdekoodi</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 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src="data:image/png;base64,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+</table></div><p>Arvostelu perustuu sekä tehtyihin tehtäviin (50 % kokonaispisteistä) että kokeeseen (50 % kokonaispisteistä). Tämä tarkoittaa, että arvosteluasteikon kokonaispisteet saadaan laskemalla tämän sivun pistevisualisaation (sininen pallo oikeassa alakulmassa) kurssipisteet ja saamasi koepisteet yhteen.</p><p>Kurssin läpipääsyyn vaaditaan vähintään 25% jokaisen osan ohjelmointitehtävien pisteistä.</p><h4 class="material-header" id="koeleikkuri">Koeleikkuri<a href="#koeleikkuri" aria-label="koeleikkuri permalink" class="anchor after"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a></h4><p>Kokeesta tulee saada vähintään puolet pisteistä kurssin läpäisemiseksi.</p></div></article></div></main><footer class="Footer__FooterWrapper-sc-16r343g-5 cnVvAf"><div class="Footer__FooterBackground-sc-16r343g-6 hnTGgX"></div><div class="Footer__FooterContent-sc-16r343g-7 hicfXL"><div class="MuiPaper-root MuiCard-root Footer__StyledCard-sc-16r343g-8 kkekar MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded"><div class="MuiCardContent-root Footer__StyledCardContent-sc-16r343g-9 KBHom"><div class="Footer__GithubContainer-sc-16r343g-3 okroy"><a href="https://github.com/rage/ohjelmointi-24" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-labelledby="svg-inline--fa-title-W3NF06uOMKJD" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="github" class="svg-inline--fa fa-github fa-3x Footer__StyledIcon-sc-16r343g-0 jZezEY" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><title id="svg-inline--fa-title-W3NF06uOMKJD">Materiaalin lähdekoodi</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 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32-32 32H32C14.3 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32zM448 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg>Avaa valikko</span></span></button></div><div class="Sidebar__SidebarContainer-ufe7yk-1 SePEO"><div class="Sidebar__Brand-ufe7yk-4 jkfuJR">Ohjelmoinnin perusteet ja jatkokurssi 2024</div><nav class="Sidebar__TreeViewContainer-ufe7yk-3 dyqBWG"><ul class="TreeView__StyledUl-sc-1xcycfy-0 klCPuJ"><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img 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" 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rel="noopener noreferrer">Agile Education Research -tutkimusryhmä</a>.</p><h2>Kurssimateriaali</h2><p>Kurssimateriaalin ja tehtävien tekijät ovat Erkki Kaila, Antti Laaksonen ja Matti Luukkainen. 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32-32 32H32C14.3 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32zM448 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg>Avaa valikko</span></span></button></div><div class="Sidebar__SidebarContainer-ufe7yk-1 SePEO"><div class="Sidebar__Brand-ufe7yk-4 jkfuJR">Ohjelmoinnin perusteet ja jatkokurssi 2024</div><nav class="Sidebar__TreeViewContainer-ufe7yk-3 dyqBWG"><ul class="TreeView__StyledUl-sc-1xcycfy-0 klCPuJ"><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img 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" 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rel="noopener noreferrer">Agile Education Research -tutkimusryhmä</a>.</p><h2>Kurssimateriaali</h2><p>Kurssimateriaalin ja tehtävien tekijät ovat Erkki Kaila, Antti Laaksonen ja Matti Luukkainen. 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@@ -231,4 +231,4 @@ <h2 class="material-header" id="luentotallenteet">Luentotallenteet<a href="#luen
 
 
 
-<div class="MuiPaper-root MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded"><table class="MuiTable-root"><thead class="MuiTableHead-root"><tr class="MuiTableRow-root MuiTableRow-head"><th class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-head Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE" role="columnheader" scope="col">Osa</th><th class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-head Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE" role="columnheader" scope="col">Luentotallenne</th></tr></thead><tbody class="MuiTableBody-root"><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 1</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/D747XGyM3Ys" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 04.09.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 2</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/CGBUjc_ZbfE" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 11.09.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 3</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/MXdj96x2sdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 18.09.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 4</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/W8D7xonW-Ss" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 25.09.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 5</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/F6AyZORGcac" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 02.10.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 6</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/MI9LLe4n_WQ" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 09.10.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 7</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/dst-3rSenIw" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 16.10.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 8</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/t2hzBwBRE7Q" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 30.10.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 9</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/jVxnPyf769Y" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 03.11.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 10</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/5AdWw8qD4ns" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 13.11.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 11</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/pupTIw6ZZ4o" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 20.11.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 12</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/Eti9wBaLIws" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 27.11.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 13</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/BIkhyeiLEYg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 05.12.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 14</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Ei luentoa, projektityö</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div></main><footer class="Footer__FooterWrapper-sc-16r343g-5 cnVvAf"><div class="Footer__FooterBackground-sc-16r343g-6 hnTGgX"></div><div class="Footer__FooterContent-sc-16r343g-7 hicfXL"><div class="MuiPaper-root MuiCard-root Footer__StyledCard-sc-16r343g-8 kkekar MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded"><div class="MuiCardContent-root Footer__StyledCardContent-sc-16r343g-9 KBHom"><div class="Footer__GithubContainer-sc-16r343g-3 okroy"><a href="https://github.com/rage/ohjelmointi-24" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-labelledby="svg-inline--fa-title-wR5NaLKfbBHB" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="github" class="svg-inline--fa fa-github fa-3x Footer__StyledIcon-sc-16r343g-0 jZezEY" 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+<div class="MuiPaper-root MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded"><table class="MuiTable-root"><thead class="MuiTableHead-root"><tr class="MuiTableRow-root MuiTableRow-head"><th class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-head Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE" role="columnheader" scope="col">Osa</th><th class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-head Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE" role="columnheader" scope="col">Luentotallenne</th></tr></thead><tbody class="MuiTableBody-root"><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 1</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/D747XGyM3Ys" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 04.09.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 2</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/CGBUjc_ZbfE" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 11.09.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 3</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/MXdj96x2sdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 18.09.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 4</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/W8D7xonW-Ss" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 25.09.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 5</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/F6AyZORGcac" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 02.10.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 6</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/MI9LLe4n_WQ" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 09.10.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 7</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/dst-3rSenIw" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 16.10.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 8</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/t2hzBwBRE7Q" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 30.10.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 9</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/jVxnPyf769Y" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 03.11.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 10</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/5AdWw8qD4ns" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 13.11.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 11</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/pupTIw6ZZ4o" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 20.11.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 12</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/Eti9wBaLIws" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 27.11.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 13</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE"><a href="https://youtu.be/BIkhyeiLEYg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Luentotallenne, 05.12.2023</a></td></tr><tr class="MuiTableRow-root"><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Osa 14</td><td class="MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body Table__StyledTableCell-sc-1s2xaqw-0 kaecOE">Ei luentoa, projektityö</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div></main><footer class="Footer__FooterWrapper-sc-16r343g-5 cnVvAf"><div class="Footer__FooterBackground-sc-16r343g-6 hnTGgX"></div><div class="Footer__FooterContent-sc-16r343g-7 hicfXL"><div class="MuiPaper-root MuiCard-root Footer__StyledCard-sc-16r343g-8 kkekar MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded"><div class="MuiCardContent-root Footer__StyledCardContent-sc-16r343g-9 KBHom"><div class="Footer__GithubContainer-sc-16r343g-3 okroy"><a href="https://github.com/rage/ohjelmointi-24" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-labelledby="svg-inline--fa-title-YMS2XTvbYb3p" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="github" class="svg-inline--fa fa-github fa-3x Footer__StyledIcon-sc-16r343g-0 jZezEY" 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class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a aria-current="page" active="t" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 ddReQ" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki 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class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img 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class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a aria-current="page" active="t" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 ddReQ" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki 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class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img 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diff --git a/osa-1/1-ohjelmoinnin-aloittaminen/index.html b/osa-1/1-ohjelmoinnin-aloittaminen/index.html
index fb76ca77a..c41ae298f 100644
--- a/osa-1/1-ohjelmoinnin-aloittaminen/index.html
+++ b/osa-1/1-ohjelmoinnin-aloittaminen/index.html
@@ -231,4 +231,4 @@
 <span class="token comment"># vuodessa on 365 päivää ja jokaisessa 24 tuntia</span>
 <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">365</span><span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token number">24</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun ohjelma suoritetaan, kommenteissa oleva teksti ei näy mitenkään ohjelman käyttäjälle:</p><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>Tuntien määrä vuodessa:
 8760</p></div></div><p>Lyhyempi kommentti voi olla myös rivin lopussa:</p><div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="python"><pre class="language-python"><code class="language-python"><span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Tuntien määrä vuodessa:&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
-<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">365</span><span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token number">24</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># 365 päivää, 24 tuntia päivässä</span></code></pre></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><p>Kertauskysely tämän osan asioihin liittyen:</p><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-90b76562-cc2b-5dd4-996b-895d7b5bc69e"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM169.8 165.3c7.9-22.3 29.1-37.3 52.8-37.3h58.3c34.9 0 63.1 28.3 63.1 63.1c0 22.6-12.1 43.5-31.7 54.8L280 264.4c-.2 13-10.9 23.6-24 23.6c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V250.5c0-8.6 4.6-16.5 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+<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">365</span><span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token number">24</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># 365 päivää, 24 tuntia päivässä</span></code></pre></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg 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47oxRJrWD/zPrGMOj6kY8fWmobleVcdr+jtOVj+hrulKk8nHT2qhBJwFm4ULsvEfEMC8Rx1mI5kzaJBhypkIW7St9+yRnljH9a9FVx3qjTrQ6Rl95YvZ/2C75yhe7mxHmrPAv0doL+vSRuqZJT4VeB/9P+pZc5dFpj0Uyg/Up3FouBFHr9UvZAPfX3/i8tKgjTR+6LvLZYVMVLPzjL5xU4poy2G7RU/i0hw1jRnryYNZpGclOvllKMfbpTmeSweq6N8WN406h68cF4ItIY8DQvcbIhQmzgBFyrifTKDg984qwINa7RezA8F13yhoF2O1DnXRfsr1bAmBr4q4L+DTHdq/+WBhvWK6nd4VK9QwxoiweY5QcduL9Cwdgi0/fUjv7PPNNK/MwqZtjRdfo6bAjO8ncvcGxedPl5v7kekxi/BJeFbT6r8Jh3Yrtvj4m66CqOk/XhWko74obd9Q+R3uU1m+jV6kNcnnRFQxBTciFhosvwNeAo3peshaRpLIy2siCbcSOUMVj3R41cj98aN0fELcaN5R0lg31cqlb4A7CtB8SvSBJDv4NJvU2CiTsTFo/1B/sCjdezFvC8lSfJwqVSaKrP8XuASPRs/1Cl/wA0w1DxHUn1hBh2xPdPFNKx4WxppWPG2H9kxQBdK2yjSsMA5yd+keRzWMAmc+Jqv4gJJizQsz/g20LDi7VA+God1LB+dSP+BBBlkjxKSoWEdIOHdFF3rJdyKT3kaljf9nswo761tILQ7jLbOMNAdF328icluNsPNXaxW+gRv/duC/QfpwbtbPpDP5GgsN8o/lTXae7t8mrtJK2rChZ88ruO7ycfzkITfHsB70q48WwCfkgB6OehfY3Cjz016UCfjRtYG4MIRGoB7dN46Eo5zAoviELkV8kb/NsBNrJ8pDd6zayQkPA/hRiq9tuUn8g+V+TiUNPLcl2M9aT9xnT2+7P+UFjZCdRuoF8EdwUsDXGzk2lFdfX33kca/HBdjNjWI5DekepuW5dRuwzCqnHrcyGGtC6wV1HCsi2G0B93a4ZrL5OSrdXrI1PqkNYVhVDd9qWzJrFrY5uPWNKy3bmEYq0Z7et+Oo7r8ODfiQi/KcQTFQXmtpQE33P8yLj1LPS5+qLGD2mMIbqrH+6Tz5QD+D+fA9WlJxmd8dxHOMTwJ57w/FDebIWRdXMT1Tjhn+QxckOQ04Jcyl8/ChaRchXNAH4pzDgOcjhsU+KXKCS7J4+k4p3sP3GjfpUmS3FMqlbYmnYcYsycuAHM/XIzeVriYrsm4+EEfRDmR5vFQi4G/4+b5LcUNRpyOG73rpXv5O1yanJAzcY7wX+Gm+YCLVfsLbvRzLM7p3x8XrPu0ztkRFxbxBHCy2mVT9ZPz1Y5Hkw5ClHAhH31VjuNz6r+v6rl1sO9D3MjsJeoDJdwMhiNVrpm46UV/woW07IOb53gI+aFLPyMN0o25QjIhi2tpnuKow4ThnVWk6VxaYblPXo1l2qoD70+7pZfRvX8s43tzJeDuIZ3Qu01w/OzgGldq30n6vDdpRoO4LOuQhjVkbX1xU2Cyjs0inT3xWs45UxSO8fuMYytxo5khfnWnccG+LUhDElC7J7j4Mh8P+SXtm6TP0/R5Z9xoYkIaSwUuHizRPSuq/yDyp8I9j5udMT7n+D4SnImE63MFv/O1gmNnFhy7oCN9WJ4EF2T3uCmyuezUScp5DS5swG8jypy/uR6md3EJ7PpJGB1P8dSp03OEeB8JgXqVZaC0wPG4uYLzgnOnSQMIt3WloQB8FzfReEMJi6HSHGKNbABp2MfupVJpW9KgzS31kB8njeLZVWjbUbhA6HJMDLQlz376Gybleya6VwN0HzzHat9oCbrNJJSO0vEDcaEqBwGXJElyd0bbDAd+HFguvp19EoIZGWW4JDhvUSBwhwf3pkMFFrh5arupkxkfpbNkJ10mk81vcyt0NayFyy4wX+bfxDLf66m3eTwDYz91+jdwGUPnyKS7gOZTVHxZZ0bb4RJSU/TgrMBN2Pcm1P6kebi8+f6ezDYvjIYG9RojAXFlSx62Av5HQr6IW/WbO+klEAqssF0bo3v1Hs0XeVmofVNl/iMN09dtV5m+twHfzYjZeltt6iPlPwja2bs3VmSUYWFwni/PW/rcUC0Cy/sBjpZaeztuCo2Rvq2GdHAZ1sUFI/ota47ZIbhpNn47vMw1n8MFVNYDt5VKpWf0Zi9apeklaQKjMvxmnw78ayuk4f0x2PaNtLs7gu3rgTCIgzSf0AO3Ro5fZltpIMhvdIX+vxAXYX+GfFmrwqMSEH8q0z5zZNZ1k+k4XKao3+/ZLLpXP8653kakGV5fDeo2TkLkAipfXyHmUxWWocWszjQoD2qrl39khFT9JWqgd4G5SZJ8UCqVeqvhv4Kbyd6ziwqsHno4x3VgGbpTPvSifyTIynXkBNhLWtU35b+5UppM3vy/94Ef4RzsZ8pci/upzwjyCQkiz0zSqT39A80D3ARjLwiWZvzuioyX97TonJukaZ2s650ijetc9dEdiXLat4BxOMf5Z2SuljML95CA7iet6BaaD9ysGfnUHo6ucXP02WdR8ZrZmeoPp6hurXFblCtDq+nWAQ/IMtm4N+NWyblRb5nXgQ+kgi5Wp/meOv6yLqxlfZvK11hsD96TluW3LHPvKtykc7/9rkLN+hRpkCfrHu5b9AAkSTJRD2AdzRMhzg58R0iYjcLlz4qZLo3MbxcF398uOneQHvx48OG1oB0e0IOLTLJf4SZyj9V3NseNrIU0BS+D+FlrytCcvKDapUyb3qIyjMGNqJJhZs+I7tVJ0fE3ZdZ5zWqPQOBNkDIxRtr2YNLcZy3hyTJl6FQCq6Xchxsu7ar0kH9iZAf9fhPOae23rIVmG6UJ+60wFEMjaueqTouSJPk1aWba3AUQ9LI6keZOdORLatIDfaiE4Qw+OsLpBWVojrxDGnZwCG5U0vvZziUd0Qwd01/GhSU0SXD6/GYnAGOSJGmU1uXnI8YLj/hVevYKfEP7B0IiZgL5cxtD5uJCMXrrJTcHl/k3vp/hvVoeHf8+LqRkscxCPw/y4EDwTiZdVWitVvapojJ0aYEFaUbGrsogaZknsfpW424JB+ih9lucZeB2acTTgGmlUumH8u88A0wtlUqPyuRZTPlR43elWROZdZcE5tkjuIm+Z1ZS+CRJ7lcZ6+RbmyI/2zF6mH6Q8bVpuIwNPXHxY9viQmP+XiqVntLvHyMBHyfdu17X3UtCc6rMY+SrytO0F1RQnVsyNK6QTaJ79RgfTUYwW3UCF+e2nsp1DS62bVJQ3tYspbd5RhlGUGOECdi6ShxW1vas3vDtPaW+PdPLbIjLCBrOdpgtrQWy47AeiTS0v9I8DqsbbjStgeaLS1wqv9UuFKdsWROXe2o5zdO07B6ZgkmghQ2VkE1wI7on0DyF8oICk+kg0lgrn17mNNWN4FiYYM8nDsiKw/KsS5pOOUwns3NBnxpFGod1iM7vTbqKzonSXJ+L7vHP1Q/DOCzPidp3RbBvdEEZtgzO8yvBD25pp+1MeSZ+GzVYS1mYYWpksRbVkY3xBflfrsVFJbc1JdwIl89M6emlY0slJOqylBbShIlZfciv8dc9eCDfCPw39Tr2ofatKU1hWWQq10nArIj2jwg0rxWBv6g+4zoxH5Mwnq/vJ5FQ66a6N0X7VqgsJfnleqlOy8uY+yOkpb0Ulcu33ZKgDP6e+Dr4314WaVIf1/73In9Z3vSvpbiRUN/m3qSvUxlXAsu0+O1A+fVmBf3Cnxd+t6eu2Rj0z3JlaCqoe5fjB9TmXMS3ZV7VzOKXhtEVGE1tT6JegBt8WNu6gmFUP90pv3BrLWzvy6/Tw7qEUWt0tlypX+ajSf9rlSdxw9AvrMILYF35Fd4L9veTb2KhPvfFOZ7DOYDrSGC+L1/K2vLlNMmHsYTmy4XVy6RtlL8kyy/2oX4n9B82SbNcnuEbGqk6PB/4hgaoTy9UubNoDIR9g7924L9B/q0PM9rr06rHizRfJqsP2QvQrqR5XFtP1S/e73/3Pfl38q41j3Tprjk5/p81cEGbK9U23sfXX7/foDZaW+0WjkyurXuzQG3fT+01L5AX/vcXqt7ddLyx1h7ANSo873zTspoteTa2le2dN0roR+eOJR0lfD4SMn7Rgx1JF1S4BzeKl+DieEJ+Srqww8ScutxOmn0g3Jbj0rJ4U3g30tGtRA/OuRJCPo7smII2u5909O2coIx+MYz5pHP1PHvhYqvC69wQlOkc8jMhhPgR0eei/d753C9oq6zR4zWCz30y7unBQRt4bXy8BI1f2GIPXJiKX9Q1fEHcqP2Hq50TvRg9PqPDTL3s/EjnpqtLSFRTHNZVZK9vF3M6bgj29SoTuAluVO8/q/E3e+Nifk5q59/ZDLfydjm89ruLHj6PD5oMp4W8SDpd68FIU1yqfY+QZv24DDdqdhMubu1e0nxce0d9eREu3uvxQFN8WZ+fJ82OMA7or1ADL7wuijTOz0mID5OgvlXXHCshG1op76jMfpuxCm0+O2qfp8qcP0CCvT9uzuX9ugd7FHznE7iMDJWUZ7TaaBkuZGMuNc5d6gjjc1TiLJNmb1zg28OBitzRMVTr42Jznso5ZzEuJuZ83IKro3ExNEfR+vxhft299tKwfI76bcpoWOGxI/R5OOmgQX2gYR2RUSavYb0c7AsX/9xa/78ZPGSjSCPRvXYRBkpOJl0yC2/+kS7b9TPSAZ23M/reA6TxRl44baK+mqj+XsO6uEybt0TD+kWOFZKnYe1Jml8r1Br9Sj9ZGlaY86pIwxogAZqQptih1jWsZ3ExMj/HOdcvwE2azWOlHpLv4Va6HY7LubSyA+swUg/CFD1cH5cw+qI61CbygewqTfEGPRBTcVHG+8n8WNDC3y3hVhRur0UvmmRyXU35iehey/ITkL2guJPmcUhDpLn5LS9+xy+VVieB1ASsVyqVJqg9p+PiqSpvLDcF6DRdaxxp1PfZeqGE/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 <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Osoite on nyt &quot;</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> osoite<span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkkisuoritus:</p><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>Mikä on osoitteesi? <strong>Pythonpolku 10</strong>
 Anna uusi osoite: <strong>Ohjelmoijanraitti 230</strong>
-Osoite on nyt Ohjelmoijanraitti 230</p></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div 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diff --git a/osa-1/3-lisaa-muuttujista/index.html b/osa-1/3-lisaa-muuttujista/index.html
index 3a1630b05..a2b433068 100644
--- a/osa-1/3-lisaa-muuttujista/index.html
+++ b/osa-1/3-lisaa-muuttujista/index.html
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@
 <li>Osaat käyttää muuttujia eri yhteyksissä</li>
 <li>Tiedät, millaista tietoa muuttujiin voidaan tallentaa</li>
 <li>Ymmärrät merkkijonojen sekä kokonais- ja liukulukujen eron</li>
-</ul></div></aside><p>Vastaa seuraavaan kyselyyn ennen osion aloittamista. Saat vastaamisesta yhden tehtäväpisteen.</p><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-696ae8ca-e032-58a1-9f55-76f59a01b3a7"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM169.8 165.3c7.9-22.3 29.1-37.3 52.8-37.3h58.3c34.9 0 63.1 28.3 63.1 63.1c0 22.6-12.1 43.5-31.7 54.8L280 264.4c-.2 13-10.9 23.6-24 23.6c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V250.5c0-8.6 4.6-16.5 12.1-20.8l44.3-25.4c4.7-2.7 7.6-7.7 7.6-13.1c0-8.4-6.8-15.1-15.1-15.1H222.6c-3.4 0-6.4 2.1-7.5 5.3l-.4 1.2c-4.4 12.5-18.2 19-30.6 14.6s-19-18.2-14.6-30.6l.4-1.2zM288 352c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg></div><div class="sc-fvEvSO fVANQe"><div class="MuiTypography-root-1 MuiTypography-subtitle1-12" id="quiz-type-label" style="line-height:1.2;opacity:0.8"></div><svg aria-labelledby="bo1t688-aria" role="img" height="40" width="100" class="sc-csDkEv fzckQW"><title id="bo1t688-aria">Loading...</title><rect role="presentation" x="0" y="0" width="100%" height="100%" clip-path="url(#bo1t688-diff)" style="fill:url(#bo1t688-animated-diff)"></rect><defs><clipPath id="bo1t688-diff"><rect x="0" y="10" rx="4" ry="20" width="100" height="30"></rect></clipPath><linearGradient id="bo1t688-animated-diff"><stop offset="0%" stop-color="#ffffff" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop><stop offset="50%" stop-color="#dddddd" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop><stop offset="100%" stop-color="#ffffff" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop></linearGradient></defs></svg></div><div class="sc-fcCDlF YTANc"><div class="MuiTypography-root-1 sc-bWOGAC kdUncb MuiTypography-body1-3">:</div><svg aria-labelledby="wflhmkk-aria" role="img" height="40" width="100" class="sc-dEVLtI claeMQ"><title id="wflhmkk-aria">Loading...</title><rect role="presentation" x="0" y="0" width="100%" height="100%" clip-path="url(#wflhmkk-diff)" style="fill:url(#wflhmkk-animated-diff)"></rect><defs><clipPath id="wflhmkk-diff"><rect x="0" y="10" rx="25" ry="25" width="100" height="30"></rect></clipPath><linearGradient id="wflhmkk-animated-diff"><stop offset="0%" stop-color="#ffffff" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop><stop offset="50%" stop-color="#dddddd" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop><stop offset="100%" stop-color="#ffffff" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop></linearGradient></defs></svg></div></div><div class="sc-evzXkX bwkoKs"><p class="MuiTypography-root-1 sc-fHSyak bXAqKg MuiTypography-subtitle1-12">Log in to view the quiz</p></div></div></div></div><p>Muuttujia tarvitaan ohjelmissa moniin tarkoituksiin. Voimme tallentaa muuttujiin mitä tahansa sellaista tietoa, jota tarvitaan ohjelmassa myöhemmin.</p><p>Muuttuja luodaan Pythonissa seuraavasti:</p><p><code class="language-text">muuttujan_nimi = ...</code></p><p>Tässä <code class="language-text">...</code> tarkoittaa arvoa, joka tallennetaan muuttujaan.</p><p>Esimerkiksi kun luemme <code class="language-text">input</code>-komennolla merkkijonon käyttäjältä, sijoitamme merkkijonon muuttujaan, jotta voimme käyttää sitä myöhemmin ohjelmassa:</p><div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="python"><pre class="language-python"><code class="language-python">nimi <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">input</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Anna nimesi: &quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
+</ul></div></aside><p>Vastaa seuraavaan kyselyyn ennen osion aloittamista. Saat vastaamisesta yhden tehtäväpisteen.</p><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-696ae8ca-e032-58a1-9f55-76f59a01b3a7"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM169.8 165.3c7.9-22.3 29.1-37.3 52.8-37.3h58.3c34.9 0 63.1 28.3 63.1 63.1c0 22.6-12.1 43.5-31.7 54.8L280 264.4c-.2 13-10.9 23.6-24 23.6c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V250.5c0-8.6 4.6-16.5 12.1-20.8l44.3-25.4c4.7-2.7 7.6-7.7 7.6-13.1c0-8.4-6.8-15.1-15.1-15.1H222.6c-3.4 0-6.4 2.1-7.5 5.3l-.4 1.2c-4.4 12.5-18.2 19-30.6 14.6s-19-18.2-14.6-30.6l.4-1.2zM288 352c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg></div><div class="sc-fvEvSO fVANQe"><div class="MuiTypography-root-1 MuiTypography-subtitle1-12" id="quiz-type-label" style="line-height:1.2;opacity:0.8"></div><svg aria-labelledby="mcctmzl-aria" role="img" height="40" width="100" class="sc-csDkEv fzckQW"><title id="mcctmzl-aria">Loading...</title><rect role="presentation" x="0" y="0" width="100%" height="100%" clip-path="url(#mcctmzl-diff)" style="fill:url(#mcctmzl-animated-diff)"></rect><defs><clipPath id="mcctmzl-diff"><rect x="0" y="10" rx="4" ry="20" width="100" height="30"></rect></clipPath><linearGradient id="mcctmzl-animated-diff"><stop offset="0%" stop-color="#ffffff" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop><stop offset="50%" stop-color="#dddddd" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop><stop offset="100%" stop-color="#ffffff" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop></linearGradient></defs></svg></div><div class="sc-fcCDlF YTANc"><div class="MuiTypography-root-1 sc-bWOGAC kdUncb MuiTypography-body1-3">:</div><svg aria-labelledby="tlxoaq-aria" role="img" height="40" width="100" class="sc-dEVLtI claeMQ"><title id="tlxoaq-aria">Loading...</title><rect role="presentation" x="0" y="0" width="100%" height="100%" clip-path="url(#tlxoaq-diff)" style="fill:url(#tlxoaq-animated-diff)"></rect><defs><clipPath id="tlxoaq-diff"><rect x="0" y="10" rx="25" ry="25" width="100" height="30"></rect></clipPath><linearGradient id="tlxoaq-animated-diff"><stop offset="0%" stop-color="#ffffff" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop><stop offset="50%" stop-color="#dddddd" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop><stop offset="100%" stop-color="#ffffff" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop></linearGradient></defs></svg></div></div><div class="sc-evzXkX bwkoKs"><p class="MuiTypography-root-1 sc-fHSyak bXAqKg MuiTypography-subtitle1-12">Log in to view the quiz</p></div></div></div></div><p>Muuttujia tarvitaan ohjelmissa moniin tarkoituksiin. Voimme tallentaa muuttujiin mitä tahansa sellaista tietoa, jota tarvitaan ohjelmassa myöhemmin.</p><p>Muuttuja luodaan Pythonissa seuraavasti:</p><p><code class="language-text">muuttujan_nimi = ...</code></p><p>Tässä <code class="language-text">...</code> tarkoittaa arvoa, joka tallennetaan muuttujaan.</p><p>Esimerkiksi kun luemme <code class="language-text">input</code>-komennolla merkkijonon käyttäjältä, sijoitamme merkkijonon muuttujaan, jotta voimme käyttää sitä myöhemmin ohjelmassa:</p><div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="python"><pre class="language-python"><code class="language-python">nimi <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">input</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Anna nimesi: &quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Moi, &quot;</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> nimi<span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>Anna nimesi: <strong>Kummitus</strong>
 Moi, Kummitus</p></div></div><p>Muuttujille voidaan antaa arvoja myös esimerkiksi näin:</p><div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="python"><pre class="language-python"><code class="language-python">etunimi <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">&quot;Pekka&quot;</span>
 sukunimi <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">&quot;Pythonen&quot;</span>
@@ -276,4 +276,4 @@
 luku3 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">3.62</span>
 
 keskiarvo <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>luku1 <span class="token operator">+</span> luku2 <span class="token operator">+</span> luku3<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">3</span>
-<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string-interpolation"><span class="token string">f&quot;Keskiarvo: </span><span class="token interpolation"><span class="token punctuation">{</span>keskiarvo<span class="token punctuation">}</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>Keskiarvo: 1.6233333333333333</p></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><p>Kertauskysely tämän osan asioihin liittyen:</p><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-664b560c-e4cd-585f-beba-401fe45ee11b"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path 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+<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string-interpolation"><span class="token string">f&quot;Keskiarvo: </span><span class="token interpolation"><span class="token punctuation">{</span>keskiarvo<span class="token punctuation">}</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>Keskiarvo: 1.6233333333333333</p></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" 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47oxRJrWD/zPrGMOj6kY8fWmobleVcdr+jtOVj+hrulKk8nHT2qhBJwFm4ULsvEfEMC8Rx1mI5kzaJBhypkIW7St9+yRnljH9a9FVx3qjTrQ6Rl95YvZ/2C75yhe7mxHmrPAv0doL+vSRuqZJT4VeB/9P+pZc5dFpj0Uyg/Up3FouBFHr9UvZAPfX3/i8tKgjTR+6LvLZYVMVLPzjL5xU4poy2G7RU/i0hw1jRnryYNZpGclOvllKMfbpTmeSweq6N8WN406h68cF4ItIY8DQvcbIhQmzgBFyrifTKDg984qwINa7RezA8F13yhoF2O1DnXRfsr1bAmBr4q4L+DTHdq/+WBhvWK6nd4VK9QwxoiweY5QcduL9Cwdgi0/fUjv7PPNNK/MwqZtjRdfo6bAjO8ncvcGxedPl5v7kekxi/BJeFbT6r8Jh3Yrtvj4m66CqOk/XhWko74obd9Q+R3uU1m+jV6kNcnnRFQxBTciFhosvwNeAo3peshaRpLIy2siCbcSOUMVj3R41cj98aN0fELcaN5R0lg31cqlb4A7CtB8SvSBJDv4NJvU2CiTsTFo/1B/sCjdezFvC8lSfJwqVSaKrP8XuASPRs/1Cl/wA0w1DxHUn1hBh2xPdPFNKx4WxppWPG2H9kxQBdK2yjSsMA5yd+keRzWMAmc+Jqv4gJJizQsz/g20LDi7VA+God1LB+dSP+BBBlkjxKSoWEdIOHdFF3rJdyKT3kaljf9nswo761tILQ7jLbOMNAdF328icluNsPNXaxW+gRv/duC/QfpwbtbPpDP5GgsN8o/lTXae7t8mrtJK2rChZ88ruO7ycfzkITfHsB70q48WwCfkgB6OehfY3Cjz016UCfjRtYG4MIRGoB7dN46Eo5zAoviELkV8kb/NsBNrJ8pDd6zayQkPA/hRiq9tuUn8g+V+TiUNPLcl2M9aT9xnT2+7P+UFjZCdRuoF8EdwUsDXGzk2lFdfX33kca/HBdjNjWI5DekepuW5dRuwzCqnHrcyGGtC6wV1HCsi2G0B93a4ZrL5OSrdXrI1PqkNYVhVDd9qWzJrFrY5uPWNKy3bmEYq0Z7et+Oo7r8ODfiQi/KcQTFQXmtpQE33P8yLj1LPS5+qLGD2mMIbqrH+6Tz5QD+D+fA9WlJxmd8dxHOMTwJ57w/FDebIWRdXMT1Tjhn+QxckOQ04Jcyl8/ChaRchXNAH4pzDgOcjhsU+KXKCS7J4+k4p3sP3GjfpUmS3FMqlbYmnYcYsycuAHM/XIzeVriYrsm4+EEfRDmR5vFQi4G/4+b5LcUNRpyOG73rpXv5O1yanJAzcY7wX+Gm+YCLVfsLbvRzLM7p3x8XrPu0ztkRFxbxBHCy2mVT9ZPz1Y5Hkw5ClHAhH31VjuNz6r+v6rl1sO9D3MjsJeoDJdwMhiNVrpm46UV/woW07IOb53gI+aFLPyMN0o25QjIhi2tpnuKow4ThnVWk6VxaYblPXo1l2qoD70+7pZfRvX8s43tzJeDuIZ3Qu01w/OzgGldq30n6vDdpRoO4LOuQhjVkbX1xU2Cyjs0inT3xWs45UxSO8fuMYytxo5khfnWnccG+LUhDElC7J7j4Mh8P+SXtm6TP0/R5Z9xoYkIaSwUuHizRPSuq/yDyp8I9j5udMT7n+D4SnImE63MFv/O1gmNnFhy7oCN9WJ4EF2T3uCmyuezUScp5DS5swG8jypy/uR6md3EJ7PpJGB1P8dSp03OEeB8JgXqVZaC0wPG4uYLzgnOnSQMIt3WloQB8FzfReEMJi6HSHGKNbABp2MfupVJpW9KgzS31kB8njeLZVWjbUbhA6HJMDLQlz376Gybleya6VwN0HzzHat9oCbrNJJSO0vEDcaEqBwGXJElyd0bbDAd+HFguvp19EoIZGWW4JDhvUSBwhwf3pkMFFrh5arupkxkfpbNkJ10mk81vcyt0NayFyy4wX+bfxDLf66m3eTwDYz91+jdwGUPnyKS7gOZTVHxZZ0bb4RJSU/TgrMBN2Pcm1P6kebi8+f6ezDYvjIYG9RojAXFlSx62Av5HQr6IW/WbO+klEAqssF0bo3v1Hs0XeVmofVNl/iMN09dtV5m+twHfzYjZeltt6iPlPwja2bs3VmSUYWFwni/PW/rcUC0Cy/sBjpZaeztuCo2Rvq2GdHAZ1sUFI/ota47ZIbhpNn47vMw1n8MFVNYDt5VKpWf0Zi9apeklaQKjMvxmnw78ayuk4f0x2PaNtLs7gu3rgTCIgzSf0AO3Ro5fZltpIMhvdIX+vxAXYX+GfFmrwqMSEH8q0z5zZNZ1k+k4XKao3+/ZLLpXP8653kakGV5fDeo2TkLkAipfXyHmUxWWocWszjQoD2qrl39khFT9JWqgd4G5SZJ8UCqVeqvhv4Kbyd6ziwqsHno4x3VgGbpTPvSifyTIynXkBNhLWtU35b+5UppM3vy/94Ef4RzsZ8pci/upzwjyCQkiz0zSqT39A80D3ARjLwiWZvzuioyX97TonJukaZ2s650ijetc9dEdiXLat4BxOMf5Z2SuljML95CA7iet6BaaD9ysGfnUHo6ucXP02WdR8ZrZmeoPp6hurXFblCtDq+nWAQ/IMtm4N+NWyblRb5nXgQ+kgi5Wp/meOv6yLqxlfZvK11hsD96TluW3LHPvKtykc7/9rkLN+hRpkCfrHu5b9AAkSTJRD2AdzRMhzg58R0iYjcLlz4qZLo3MbxcF398uOneQHvx48OG1oB0e0IOLTLJf4SZyj9V3NseNrIU0BS+D+FlrytCcvKDapUyb3qIyjMGNqJJhZs+I7tVJ0fE3ZdZ5zWqPQOBNkDIxRtr2YNLcZy3hyTJl6FQCq6Xchxsu7ar0kH9iZAf9fhPOae23rIVmG6UJ+60wFEMjaueqTouSJPk1aWba3AUQ9LI6keZOdORLatIDfaiE4Qw+OsLpBWVojrxDGnZwCG5U0vvZziUd0Qwd01/GhSU0SXD6/GYnAGOSJGmU1uXnI8YLj/hVevYKfEP7B0IiZgL5cxtD5uJCMXrrJTcHl/k3vp/hvVoeHf8+LqRkscxCPw/y4EDwTiZdVWitVvapojJ0aYEFaUbGrsogaZknsfpW424JB+ih9lucZeB2acTTgGmlUumH8u88A0wtlUqPyuRZTPlR43elWROZdZcE5tkjuIm+Z1ZS+CRJ7lcZ6+RbmyI/2zF6mH6Q8bVpuIwNPXHxY9viQmP+XiqVntLvHyMBHyfdu17X3UtCc6rMY+SrytO0F1RQnVsyNK6QTaJ79RgfTUYwW3UCF+e2nsp1DS62bVJQ3tYspbd5RhlGUGOECdi6ShxW1vas3vDtPaW+PdPLbIjLCBrOdpgtrQWy47AeiTS0v9I8DqsbbjStgeaLS1wqv9UuFKdsWROXe2o5zdO07B6ZgkmghQ2VkE1wI7on0DyF8oICk+kg0lgrn17mNNWN4FiYYM8nDsiKw/KsS5pOOUwns3NBnxpFGod1iM7vTbqKzonSXJ+L7vHP1Q/DOCzPidp3RbBvdEEZtgzO8yvBD25pp+1MeSZ+GzVYS1mYYWpksRbVkY3xBflfrsVFJbc1JdwIl89M6emlY0slJOqylBbShIlZfciv8dc9eCDfCPw39Tr2ofatKU1hWWQq10nArIj2jwg0rxWBv6g+4zoxH5Mwnq/vJ5FQ66a6N0X7VqgsJfnleqlOy8uY+yOkpb0Ulcu33ZKgDP6e+Dr4314WaVIf1/73In9Z3vSvpbiRUN/m3qSvUxlXAsu0+O1A+fVmBf3Cnxd+t6eu2Rj0z3JlaCqoe5fjB9TmXMS3ZV7VzOKXhtEVGE1tT6JegBt8WNu6gmFUP90pv3BrLWzvy6/Tw7qEUWt0tlypX+ajSf9rlSdxw9AvrMILYF35Fd4L9veTb2KhPvfFOZ7DOYDrSGC+L1/K2vLlNMmHsYTmy4XVy6RtlL8kyy/2oX4n9B82SbNcnuEbGqk6PB/4hgaoTy9UubNoDIR9g7924L9B/q0PM9rr06rHizRfJqsP2QvQrqR5XFtP1S/e73/3Pfl38q41j3Tprjk5/p81cEGbK9U23sfXX7/foDZaW+0WjkyurXuzQG3fT+01L5AX/vcXqt7ddLyx1h7ANSo873zTspoteTa2le2dN0roR+eOJR0lfD4SMn7Rgx1JF1S4BzeKl+DieEJ+Srqww8ScutxOmn0g3Jbj0rJ4U3g30tGtRA/OuRJCPo7smII2u5909O2coIx+MYz5pHP1PHvhYqvC69wQlOkc8jMhhPgR0eei/d753C9oq6zR4zWCz30y7unBQRt4bXy8BI1f2GIPXJiKX9Q1fEHcqP2Hq50TvRg9PqPDTL3s/EjnpqtLSFRTHNZVZK9vF3M6bgj29SoTuAluVO8/q/E3e+Nifk5q59/ZDLfydjm89ruLHj6PD5oMp4W8SDpd68FIU1yqfY+QZv24DDdqdhMubu1e0nxce0d9eREu3uvxQFN8WZ+fJ82OMA7or1ADL7wuijTOz0mID5OgvlXXHCshG1op76jMfpuxCm0+O2qfp8qcP0CCvT9uzuX9ugd7FHznE7iMDJWUZ7TaaBkuZGMuNc5d6gjjc1TiLJNmb1zg28OBitzRMVTr42Jznso5ZzEuJuZ83IKro3ExNEfR+vxhft299tKwfI76bcpoWOGxI/R5OOmgQX2gYR2RUSavYb0c7AsX/9xa/78ZPGSjSCPRvXYRBkpOJl0yC2/+kS7b9TPSAZ23M/reA6TxRl44baK+mqj+XsO6uEybt0TD+kWOFZKnYe1Jml8r1Br9Sj9ZGlaY86pIwxogAZqQptih1jWsZ3ExMj/HOdcvwE2azWOlHpLv4Va6HY7LubSyA+swUg/CFD1cH5cw+qI61CbygewqTfEGPRBTcVHG+8n8WNDC3y3hVhRur0UvmmRyXU35iehey/ITkL2guJPmcUhDpLn5LS9+xy+VVieB1ASsVyqVJqg9p+PiqSpvLDcF6DRdaxxp1PfZeqGE/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diff --git a/osa-1/4-laskentaa-luvuilla/index.html b/osa-1/4-laskentaa-luvuilla/index.html
index ef9c222a6..fa3cd5dda 100644
--- a/osa-1/4-laskentaa-luvuilla/index.html
+++ b/osa-1/4-laskentaa-luvuilla/index.html
@@ -349,4 +349,4 @@
 <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Hei &quot;</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> nimi <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">&quot;!&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 
 ika <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">int</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">input</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Mikä on ikäsi? &quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
-<span class="token comment"># ohjelma jatkuu...</span></code></pre></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><p>Kertauskysely tämän osan asioihin liittyen:</p><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-3fd3df29-665e-5280-9fcf-f0e002316918"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg 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+<span class="token comment"># ohjelma jatkuu...</span></code></pre></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><p>Kertauskysely tämän osan asioihin liittyen:</p><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-3fd3df29-665e-5280-9fcf-f0e002316918"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg 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diff --git a/osa-1/5-ehtorakenne/index.html b/osa-1/5-ehtorakenne/index.html
index bc597a293..41eac2364 100644
--- a/osa-1/5-ehtorakenne/index.html
+++ b/osa-1/5-ehtorakenne/index.html
@@ -317,4 +317,4 @@
     <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;a on pienempi kuin 5&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>True
 a on pienempi kuin 5</p></div></div><p>Voimme käyttää koodissa myös sanoja <code class="language-text">True</code> ja <code class="language-text">False</code>. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi suorittaa <code class="language-text">print</code>-komennon aina, koska ehdon arvona on <code class="language-text">True</code>:</p><div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="python"><pre class="language-python"><code class="language-python">ehto <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">True</span>
 <span class="token keyword">if</span> ehto<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
-    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Tänne tullaan aina&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>Tänne tullaan aina</p></div></div><p>Tällainen ohjelma ei ole sinänsä kovin hyödyllinen, mutta myöhemmin kurssilla näemme, mitä hyötyä on totuusarvoista muuttujissa.</p><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><p>Kertauskysely tämän osan asioihin liittyen:</p><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-6a20ae0e-38b3-5fb3-93c4-ebd70162fbb6"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM169.8 165.3c7.9-22.3 29.1-37.3 52.8-37.3h58.3c34.9 0 63.1 28.3 63.1 63.1c0 22.6-12.1 43.5-31.7 54.8L280 264.4c-.2 13-10.9 23.6-24 23.6c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V250.5c0-8.6 4.6-16.5 12.1-20.8l44.3-25.4c4.7-2.7 7.6-7.7 7.6-13.1c0-8.4-6.8-15.1-15.1-15.1H222.6c-3.4 0-6.4 2.1-7.5 5.3l-.4 1.2c-4.4 12.5-18.2 19-30.6 14.6s-19-18.2-14.6-30.6l.4-1.2zM288 352c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg></div><div class="sc-fvEvSO fVANQe"><div class="MuiTypography-root-1 MuiTypography-subtitle1-12" id="quiz-type-label" style="line-height:1.2;opacity:0.8"></div><svg aria-labelledby="pw34fmg-aria" role="img" height="40" width="100" class="sc-csDkEv fzckQW"><title id="pw34fmg-aria">Loading...</title><rect role="presentation" x="0" y="0" width="100%" height="100%" clip-path="url(#pw34fmg-diff)" style="fill:url(#pw34fmg-animated-diff)"></rect><defs><clipPath id="pw34fmg-diff"><rect x="0" y="10" rx="4" ry="20" width="100" height="30"></rect></clipPath><linearGradient id="pw34fmg-animated-diff"><stop offset="0%" stop-color="#ffffff" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop><stop offset="50%" stop-color="#dddddd" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop><stop offset="100%" stop-color="#ffffff" 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quiz</p></div></div></div></div><p>Vastaa lopuksi kyselyyn tämän viikon materiaaleista. Saat kyselyyn vastaamisesta yhden pisteen:</p><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-63e241aa-f451-5dd6-b06e-a363703cdc6c"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM169.8 165.3c7.9-22.3 29.1-37.3 52.8-37.3h58.3c34.9 0 63.1 28.3 63.1 63.1c0 22.6-12.1 43.5-31.7 54.8L280 264.4c-.2 13-10.9 23.6-24 23.6c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V250.5c0-8.6 4.6-16.5 12.1-20.8l44.3-25.4c4.7-2.7 7.6-7.7 7.6-13.1c0-8.4-6.8-15.1-15.1-15.1H222.6c-3.4 0-6.4 2.1-7.5 5.3l-.4 1.2c-4.4 12.5-18.2 19-30.6 14.6s-19-18.2-14.6-30.6l.4-1.2zM288 352c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg></div><div class="sc-fvEvSO fVANQe"><div class="MuiTypography-root-31 MuiTypography-subtitle1-42" id="quiz-type-label" style="line-height:1.2;opacity:0.8"></div><svg aria-labelledby="zyxzuo-aria" role="img" height="40" width="100" class="sc-csDkEv fzckQW"><title id="zyxzuo-aria">Loading...</title><rect role="presentation" x="0" y="0" width="100%" height="100%" clip-path="url(#zyxzuo-diff)" style="fill:url(#zyxzuo-animated-diff)"></rect><defs><clipPath id="zyxzuo-diff"><rect x="0" y="10" rx="4" ry="20" width="100" height="30"></rect></clipPath><linearGradient id="zyxzuo-animated-diff"><stop offset="0%" stop-color="#ffffff" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop><stop offset="50%" stop-color="#dddddd" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop><stop offset="100%" stop-color="#ffffff" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop></linearGradient></defs></svg></div><div class="sc-fcCDlF YTANc"><div class="MuiTypography-root-31 sc-bWOGAC kdUncb MuiTypography-body1-33">:</div><svg aria-labelledby="wkp4409-aria" role="img" 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+    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Tänne tullaan aina&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>Tänne tullaan aina</p></div></div><p>Tällainen ohjelma ei ole sinänsä kovin hyödyllinen, mutta myöhemmin kurssilla näemme, mitä hyötyä on totuusarvoista muuttujissa.</p><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary 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7.6-13.1c0-8.4-6.8-15.1-15.1-15.1H222.6c-3.4 0-6.4 2.1-7.5 5.3l-.4 1.2c-4.4 12.5-18.2 19-30.6 14.6s-19-18.2-14.6-30.6l.4-1.2zM288 352c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg></div><div class="sc-fvEvSO fVANQe"><div class="MuiTypography-root-1 MuiTypography-subtitle1-12" id="quiz-type-label" style="line-height:1.2;opacity:0.8"></div><svg aria-labelledby="kfoofkl-aria" role="img" height="40" width="100" class="sc-csDkEv fzckQW"><title id="kfoofkl-aria">Loading...</title><rect role="presentation" x="0" y="0" width="100%" height="100%" clip-path="url(#kfoofkl-diff)" style="fill:url(#kfoofkl-animated-diff)"></rect><defs><clipPath id="kfoofkl-diff"><rect x="0" y="10" rx="4" ry="20" width="100" height="30"></rect></clipPath><linearGradient id="kfoofkl-animated-diff"><stop offset="0%" stop-color="#ffffff" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop><stop offset="50%" stop-color="#dddddd" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop><stop offset="100%" stop-color="#ffffff" 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Saat kyselyyn vastaamisesta yhden pisteen:</p><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-63e241aa-f451-5dd6-b06e-a363703cdc6c"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM169.8 165.3c7.9-22.3 29.1-37.3 52.8-37.3h58.3c34.9 0 63.1 28.3 63.1 63.1c0 22.6-12.1 43.5-31.7 54.8L280 264.4c-.2 13-10.9 23.6-24 23.6c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V250.5c0-8.6 4.6-16.5 12.1-20.8l44.3-25.4c4.7-2.7 7.6-7.7 7.6-13.1c0-8.4-6.8-15.1-15.1-15.1H222.6c-3.4 0-6.4 2.1-7.5 5.3l-.4 1.2c-4.4 12.5-18.2 19-30.6 14.6s-19-18.2-14.6-30.6l.4-1.2zM288 352c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 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class="MuiButtonBase-root MuiButton-root MuiButton-outlined MuiButton-outlinedPrimary" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="MuiButton-label"><span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="bars" class="svg-inline--fa fa-bars Sidebar__StyledIcon-ufe7yk-0 cypYga" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 96C0 78.3 14.3 64 32 64H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32C14.3 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32zM448 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg>Avaa valikko</span></span></button></div><div class="Sidebar__SidebarContainer-ufe7yk-1 SePEO"><div class="Sidebar__Brand-ufe7yk-4 jkfuJR">Ohjelmoinnin perusteet ja jatkokurssi 2024</div><nav class="Sidebar__TreeViewContainer-ufe7yk-3 dyqBWG"><ul class="TreeView__StyledUl-sc-1xcycfy-0 klCPuJ"><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a aria-current="page" active="t" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 ddReQ" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img 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47oxRJrWD/zPrGMOj6kY8fWmobleVcdr+jtOVj+hrulKk8nHT2qhBJwFm4ULsvEfEMC8Rx1mI5kzaJBhypkIW7St9+yRnljH9a9FVx3qjTrQ6Rl95YvZ/2C75yhe7mxHmrPAv0doL+vSRuqZJT4VeB/9P+pZc5dFpj0Uyg/Up3FouBFHr9UvZAPfX3/i8tKgjTR+6LvLZYVMVLPzjL5xU4poy2G7RU/i0hw1jRnryYNZpGclOvllKMfbpTmeSweq6N8WN406h68cF4ItIY8DQvcbIhQmzgBFyrifTKDg984qwINa7RezA8F13yhoF2O1DnXRfsr1bAmBr4q4L+DTHdq/+WBhvWK6nd4VK9QwxoiweY5QcduL9Cwdgi0/fUjv7PPNNK/MwqZtjRdfo6bAjO8ncvcGxedPl5v7kekxi/BJeFbT6r8Jh3Yrtvj4m66CqOk/XhWko74obd9Q+R3uU1m+jV6kNcnnRFQxBTciFhosvwNeAo3peshaRpLIy2siCbcSOUMVj3R41cj98aN0fELcaN5R0lg31cqlb4A7CtB8SvSBJDv4NJvU2CiTsTFo/1B/sCjdezFvC8lSfJwqVSaKrP8XuASPRs/1Cl/wA0w1DxHUn1hBh2xPdPFNKx4WxppWPG2H9kxQBdK2yjSsMA5yd+keRzWMAmc+Jqv4gJJizQsz/g20LDi7VA+God1LB+dSP+BBBlkjxKSoWEdIOHdFF3rJdyKT3kaljf9nswo761tILQ7jLbOMNAdF328icluNsPNXaxW+gRv/duC/QfpwbtbPpDP5GgsN8o/lTXae7t8mrtJK2rChZ88ruO7ycfzkITfHsB70q48WwCfkgB6OehfY3Cjz016UCfjRtYG4MIRGoB7dN46Eo5zAoviELkV8kb/NsBNrJ8pDd6zayQkPA/hRiq9tuUn8g+V+TiUNPLcl2M9aT9xnT2+7P+UFjZCdRuoF8EdwUsDXGzk2lFdfX33kca/HBdjNjWI5DekepuW5dRuwzCqnHrcyGGtC6wV1HCsi2G0B93a4ZrL5OSrdXrI1PqkNYVhVDd9qWzJrFrY5uPWNKy3bmEYq0Z7et+Oo7r8ODfiQi/KcQTFQXmtpQE33P8yLj1LPS5+qLGD2mMIbqrH+6Tz5QD+D+fA9WlJxmd8dxHOMTwJ57w/FDebIWRdXMT1Tjhn+QxckOQ04Jcyl8/ChaRchXNAH4pzDgOcjhsU+KXKCS7J4+k4p3sP3GjfpUmS3FMqlbYmnYcYsycuAHM/XIzeVriYrsm4+EEfRDmR5vFQi4G/4+b5LcUNRpyOG73rpXv5O1yanJAzcY7wX+Gm+YCLVfsLbvRzLM7p3x8XrPu0ztkRFxbxBHCy2mVT9ZPz1Y5Hkw5ClHAhH31VjuNz6r+v6rl1sO9D3MjsJeoDJdwMhiNVrpm46UV/woW07IOb53gI+aFLPyMN0o25QjIhi2tpnuKow4ThnVWk6VxaYblPXo1l2qoD70+7pZfRvX8s43tzJeDuIZ3Qu01w/OzgGldq30n6vDdpRoO4LOuQhjVkbX1xU2Cyjs0inT3xWs45UxSO8fuMYytxo5khfnWnccG+LUhDElC7J7j4Mh8P+SXtm6TP0/R5Z9xoYkIaSwUuHizRPSuq/yDyp8I9j5udMT7n+D4SnImE63MFv/O1gmNnFhy7oCN9WJ4EF2T3uCmyuezUScp5DS5swG8jypy/uR6md3EJ7PpJGB1P8dSp03OEeB8JgXqVZaC0wPG4uYLzgnOnSQMIt3WloQB8FzfReEMJi6HSHGKNbABp2MfupVJpW9KgzS31kB8njeLZVWjbUbhA6HJMDLQlz376Gybleya6VwN0HzzHat9oCbrNJJSO0vEDcaEqBwGXJElyd0bbDAd+HFguvp19EoIZGWW4JDhvUSBwhwf3pkMFFrh5arupkxkfpbNkJ10mk81vcyt0NayFyy4wX+bfxDLf66m3eTwDYz91+jdwGUPnyKS7gOZTVHxZZ0bb4RJSU/TgrMBN2Pcm1P6kebi8+f6ezDYvjIYG9RojAXFlSx62Av5HQr6IW/WbO+klEAqssF0bo3v1Hs0XeVmofVNl/iMN09dtV5m+twHfzYjZeltt6iPlPwja2bs3VmSUYWFwni/PW/rcUC0Cy/sBjpZaeztuCo2Rvq2GdHAZ1sUFI/ota47ZIbhpNn47vMw1n8MFVNYDt5VKpWf0Zi9apeklaQKjMvxmnw78ayuk4f0x2PaNtLs7gu3rgTCIgzSf0AO3Ro5fZltpIMhvdIX+vxAXYX+GfFmrwqMSEH8q0z5zZNZ1k+k4XKao3+/ZLLpXP8653kakGV5fDeo2TkLkAipfXyHmUxWWocWszjQoD2qrl39khFT9JWqgd4G5SZJ8UCqVeqvhv4Kbyd6ziwqsHno4x3VgGbpTPvSifyTIynXkBNhLWtU35b+5UppM3vy/94Ef4RzsZ8pci/upzwjyCQkiz0zSqT39A80D3ARjLwiWZvzuioyX97TonJukaZ2s650ijetc9dEdiXLat4BxOMf5Z2SuljML95CA7iet6BaaD9ysGfnUHo6ucXP02WdR8ZrZmeoPp6hurXFblCtDq+nWAQ/IMtm4N+NWyblRb5nXgQ+kgi5Wp/meOv6yLqxlfZvK11hsD96TluW3LHPvKtykc7/9rkLN+hRpkCfrHu5b9AAkSTJRD2AdzRMhzg58R0iYjcLlz4qZLo3MbxcF398uOneQHvx48OG1oB0e0IOLTLJf4SZyj9V3NseNrIU0BS+D+FlrytCcvKDapUyb3qIyjMGNqJJhZs+I7tVJ0fE3ZdZ5zWqPQOBNkDIxRtr2YNLcZy3hyTJl6FQCq6Xchxsu7ar0kH9iZAf9fhPOae23rIVmG6UJ+60wFEMjaueqTouSJPk1aWba3AUQ9LI6keZOdORLatIDfaiE4Qw+OsLpBWVojrxDGnZwCG5U0vvZziUd0Qwd01/GhSU0SXD6/GYnAGOSJGmU1uXnI8YLj/hVevYKfEP7B0IiZgL5cxtD5uJCMXrrJTcHl/k3vp/hvVoeHf8+LqRkscxCPw/y4EDwTiZdVWitVvapojJ0aYEFaUbGrsogaZknsfpW424JB+ih9lucZeB2acTTgGmlUumH8u88A0wtlUqPyuRZTPlR43elWROZdZcE5tkjuIm+Z1ZS+CRJ7lcZ6+RbmyI/2zF6mH6Q8bVpuIwNPXHxY9viQmP+XiqVntLvHyMBHyfdu17X3UtCc6rMY+SrytO0F1RQnVsyNK6QTaJ79RgfTUYwW3UCF+e2nsp1DS62bVJQ3tYspbd5RhlGUGOECdi6ShxW1vas3vDtPaW+PdPLbIjLCBrOdpgtrQWy47AeiTS0v9I8DqsbbjStgeaLS1wqv9UuFKdsWROXe2o5zdO07B6ZgkmghQ2VkE1wI7on0DyF8oICk+kg0lgrn17mNNWN4FiYYM8nDsiKw/KsS5pOOUwns3NBnxpFGod1iM7vTbqKzonSXJ+L7vHP1Q/DOCzPidp3RbBvdEEZtgzO8yvBD25pp+1MeSZ+GzVYS1mYYWpksRbVkY3xBflfrsVFJbc1JdwIl89M6emlY0slJOqylBbShIlZfciv8dc9eCDfCPw39Tr2ofatKU1hWWQq10nArIj2jwg0rxWBv6g+4zoxH5Mwnq/vJ5FQ66a6N0X7VqgsJfnleqlOy8uY+yOkpb0Ulcu33ZKgDP6e+Dr4314WaVIf1/73In9Z3vSvpbiRUN/m3qSvUxlXAsu0+O1A+fVmBf3Cnxd+t6eu2Rj0z3JlaCqoe5fjB9TmXMS3ZV7VzOKXhtEVGE1tT6JegBt8WNu6gmFUP90pv3BrLWzvy6/Tw7qEUWt0tlypX+ajSf9rlSdxw9AvrMILYF35Fd4L9veTb2KhPvfFOZ7DOYDrSGC+L1/K2vLlNMmHsYTmy4XVy6RtlL8kyy/2oX4n9B82SbNcnuEbGqk6PB/4hgaoTy9UubNoDIR9g7924L9B/q0PM9rr06rHizRfJqsP2QvQrqR5XFtP1S/e73/3Pfl38q41j3Tprjk5/p81cEGbK9U23sfXX7/foDZaW+0WjkyurXuzQG3fT+01L5AX/vcXqt7ddLyx1h7ANSo873zTspoteTa2le2dN0roR+eOJR0lfD4SMn7Rgx1JF1S4BzeKl+DieEJ+Srqww8ScutxOmn0g3Jbj0rJ4U3g30tGtRA/OuRJCPo7smII2u5909O2coIx+MYz5pHP1PHvhYqvC69wQlOkc8jMhhPgR0eei/d753C9oq6zR4zWCz30y7unBQRt4bXy8BI1f2GIPXJiKX9Q1fEHcqP2Hq50TvRg9PqPDTL3s/EjnpqtLSFRTHNZVZK9vF3M6bgj29SoTuAluVO8/q/E3e+Nifk5q59/ZDLfydjm89ruLHj6PD5oMp4W8SDpd68FIU1yqfY+QZv24DDdqdhMubu1e0nxce0d9eREu3uvxQFN8WZ+fJ82OMA7or1ADL7wuijTOz0mID5OgvlXXHCshG1op76jMfpuxCm0+O2qfp8qcP0CCvT9uzuX9ugd7FHznE7iMDJWUZ7TaaBkuZGMuNc5d6gjjc1TiLJNmb1zg28OBitzRMVTr42Jznso5ZzEuJuZ83IKro3ExNEfR+vxhft299tKwfI76bcpoWOGxI/R5OOmgQX2gYR2RUSavYb0c7AsX/9xa/78ZPGSjSCPRvXYRBkpOJl0yC2/+kS7b9TPSAZ23M/reA6TxRl44baK+mqj+XsO6uEybt0TD+kWOFZKnYe1Jml8r1Br9Sj9ZGlaY86pIwxogAZqQptih1jWsZ3ExMj/HOdcvwE2azWOlHpLv4Va6HY7LubSyA+swUg/CFD1cH5cw+qI61CbygewqTfEGPRBTcVHG+8n8WNDC3y3hVhRur0UvmmRyXU35iehey/ITkL2guJPmcUhDpLn5LS9+xy+VVieB1ASsVyqVJqg9p+PiqSpvLDcF6DRdaxxp1PfZeqGE/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diff --git a/osa-10/2-nakyvyysmaareet/index.html b/osa-10/2-nakyvyysmaareet/index.html
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+++ b/osa-10/2-nakyvyysmaareet/index.html
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 <span class="token keyword">if</span> __name__ <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token string">&quot;__main__&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
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         <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>kirja<span class="token punctuation">.</span>nimi<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 </code></pre></div><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>Elämäni Pythoniassa
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 tallennuspalvelu <span class="token operator">=</span> InternetTallennin<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;amazon-cloud&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;mluukkai&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;passwrd&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
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-sovellus<span class="token punctuation">.</span>suorita<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kuten aiemmin todettiin, on tämän kaltaisten tekniikoiden käytöllä oma hintansa: koodia tulee enemmän, ja ohjelmoijan tulee harkita milloin se hinta kannattaa maksaa.</p><p>Tässä esitelty tekniikka (joka kulkee ammattijargonissa nimellä <em>dependency injection</em>), missä oliolle annetaan ulkopuolelta käsin sen tarvitsema <em>riippuvuus</em> (eli käytännössä jokin muu olio) on erittäin tyypillinen kikka ammattimaisessa koodauksessa, muun muassa siksi, että se helpottaa ohjelmistojen laajentamista sekä niiden automatisoitua testaamista. Jatkamme teeman käsittelyä kursseilla <a href="https://studies.helsinki.fi/opintotarjonta/cu/hy-CU-118024742-2020-08-01" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Ohjelmistotekniikka</a> ja <a href="https://studies.helsinki.fi/opintotarjonta/cu/hy-CU-118024909-2020-08-01" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Ohjelmistotuotanto</a>.</p><p>Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:</p><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-a5d5c420-b834-5a04-a8e3-a442912adcfa"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM169.8 165.3c7.9-22.3 29.1-37.3 52.8-37.3h58.3c34.9 0 63.1 28.3 63.1 63.1c0 22.6-12.1 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+sovellus<span class="token punctuation">.</span>suorita<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kuten aiemmin todettiin, on tämän kaltaisten tekniikoiden käytöllä oma hintansa: koodia tulee enemmän, ja ohjelmoijan tulee harkita milloin se hinta kannattaa maksaa.</p><p>Tässä esitelty tekniikka (joka kulkee ammattijargonissa nimellä <em>dependency injection</em>), missä oliolle annetaan ulkopuolelta käsin sen tarvitsema <em>riippuvuus</em> (eli käytännössä jokin muu olio) on erittäin tyypillinen kikka ammattimaisessa koodauksessa, muun muassa siksi, että se helpottaa ohjelmistojen laajentamista sekä niiden automatisoitua testaamista. Jatkamme teeman käsittelyä kursseilla <a href="https://studies.helsinki.fi/opintotarjonta/cu/hy-CU-118024742-2020-08-01" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Ohjelmistotekniikka</a> ja <a href="https://studies.helsinki.fi/opintotarjonta/cu/hy-CU-118024909-2020-08-01" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Ohjelmistotuotanto</a>.</p><p>Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:</p><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-a5d5c420-b834-5a04-a8e3-a442912adcfa"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM169.8 165.3c7.9-22.3 29.1-37.3 52.8-37.3h58.3c34.9 0 63.1 28.3 63.1 63.1c0 22.6-12.1 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class="MuiButtonBase-root MuiButton-root MuiButton-outlined MuiButton-outlinedPrimary" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="MuiButton-label"><span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="bars" class="svg-inline--fa fa-bars Sidebar__StyledIcon-ufe7yk-0 cypYga" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 96C0 78.3 14.3 64 32 64H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32C14.3 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32zM448 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg>Avaa valikko</span></span></button></div><div class="Sidebar__SidebarContainer-ufe7yk-1 SePEO"><div class="Sidebar__Brand-ufe7yk-4 jkfuJR">Ohjelmoinnin perusteet ja jatkokurssi 2024</div><nav class="Sidebar__TreeViewContainer-ufe7yk-3 dyqBWG"><ul class="TreeView__StyledUl-sc-1xcycfy-0 klCPuJ"><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a aria-current="page" active="t" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 ddReQ" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img 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diff --git a/osa-11/1-koosteet/index.html b/osa-11/1-koosteet/index.html
index a26e7a2a7..908157eef 100644
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+++ b/osa-11/1-koosteet/index.html
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diff --git a/osa-11/3-rekursio/index.html b/osa-11/3-rekursio/index.html
index bba9da7f0..11b0c55d8 100644
--- a/osa-11/3-rekursio/index.html
+++ b/osa-11/3-rekursio/index.html
@@ -315,4 +315,4 @@
     <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>binaarihaku<span class="token punctuation">(</span>lista<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">15</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token builtin">len</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>lista<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>True
 True
 False
-False</p></div></div><p>Tässä funktiolle <code class="language-text">binaarihaku</code> annetaan neljä parametria: viite listaan, etsittävä alkio sekä hakualueen vasen ja oikea kohta. Alussa hakualue on koko lista, jolloin vasen kohta on 0 ja oikea kohta on <code class="language-text">len(lista)-1</code>. Funktio tarkastaa hakualueen keskellä olevan alkion ja joko ilmoittaa, että haluttu alkio löytyi, tai jatkaa hakua vasemmasta tai oikeasta puoliskosta.</p><p>Jos verrataan binäärihakua <em>peräkkäishakuun</em>, algoritmien tehokkuus erottuu selvästi. Peräkkäishaussa alkiota lähdetään etsimään listan alusta ja listaa käydään läpi yksi alkio kerrallaan, kunnes alkio on löytynyt tai on päästy listan loppuun. Jos listan pituus on miljoona alkiota, tarvitaan perättäishaussa koko listan läpikäyntiin miljoona askelta, mutta binäärihaussa askelia tarvitaan vain 20.</p></div><div> <!-- -->Seuraava osa:<!-- --> <div class="EndOfSubSection__ButtonWrapper-ees48a-2 ihqBwp"><a class="EndOfSubSection__StyledLink-ees48a-0 TDJSC" href="/osa-11/4-lisaa-esimerkkeja"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right EndOfSubSection__StyledIcon-ees48a-1 jfrrKl" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg>4<!-- -->. <!-- -->Lisää esimerkkejä</a></div><p></p></div></article></div><footer class="CoursePageFooter__CoursePageFooterWrapper-sc-1wp274x-0 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+False</p></div></div><p>Tässä funktiolle <code class="language-text">binaarihaku</code> annetaan neljä parametria: viite listaan, etsittävä alkio sekä hakualueen vasen ja oikea kohta. Alussa hakualue on koko lista, jolloin vasen kohta on 0 ja oikea kohta on <code class="language-text">len(lista)-1</code>. Funktio tarkastaa hakualueen keskellä olevan alkion ja joko ilmoittaa, että haluttu alkio löytyi, tai jatkaa hakua vasemmasta tai oikeasta puoliskosta.</p><p>Jos verrataan binäärihakua <em>peräkkäishakuun</em>, algoritmien tehokkuus erottuu selvästi. Peräkkäishaussa alkiota lähdetään etsimään listan alusta ja listaa käydään läpi yksi alkio kerrallaan, kunnes alkio on löytynyt tai on päästy listan loppuun. Jos listan pituus on miljoona alkiota, tarvitaan perättäishaussa koko listan läpikäyntiin miljoona askelta, mutta binäärihaussa askelia tarvitaan vain 20.</p></div><div> <!-- -->Seuraava osa:<!-- --> <div class="EndOfSubSection__ButtonWrapper-ees48a-2 ihqBwp"><a class="EndOfSubSection__StyledLink-ees48a-0 TDJSC" href="/osa-11/4-lisaa-esimerkkeja"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right EndOfSubSection__StyledIcon-ees48a-1 jfrrKl" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg>4<!-- -->. <!-- -->Lisää esimerkkejä</a></div><p></p></div></article></div><footer class="CoursePageFooter__CoursePageFooterWrapper-sc-1wp274x-0 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diff --git a/osa-11/4-lisaa-esimerkkeja/index.html b/osa-11/4-lisaa-esimerkkeja/index.html
index 04a99e8f1..df19cd66b 100644
--- a/osa-11/4-lisaa-esimerkkeja/index.html
+++ b/osa-11/4-lisaa-esimerkkeja/index.html
@@ -291,4 +291,4 @@
         <span class="token keyword">return</span> etsi_alkio<span class="token punctuation">(</span>juuri<span class="token punctuation">.</span>oikea_lapsi<span class="token punctuation">,</span> arvo<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 
     <span class="token keyword">return</span> etsi_alkio<span class="token punctuation">(</span>juuri<span class="token punctuation">.</span>vasen_lapsi<span class="token punctuation">,</span> arvo<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
-</code></pre></div><div>Loading</div><h2 class="material-header" id="paluu-aikaan-ennen-rekursiota">Paluu aikaan ennen rekursiota<a href="#paluu-aikaan-ennen-rekursiota" aria-label="paluu aikaan ennen rekursiota permalink" class="anchor after"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Harjoitellaan vielä osan lopussa hieman laajemman ohjelman tekemistä olioita hyödyntäen. Tässä tehtäväsarjassa ei rekursiota tarvitse eikä edes kannata käyttää. 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class="MuiButtonBase-root MuiButton-root MuiButton-outlined MuiButton-outlinedPrimary" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="MuiButton-label"><span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="bars" class="svg-inline--fa fa-bars Sidebar__StyledIcon-ufe7yk-0 cypYga" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 96C0 78.3 14.3 64 32 64H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32C14.3 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32zM448 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg>Avaa valikko</span></span></button></div><div class="Sidebar__SidebarContainer-ufe7yk-1 SePEO"><div class="Sidebar__Brand-ufe7yk-4 jkfuJR">Ohjelmoinnin perusteet ja jatkokurssi 2024</div><nav class="Sidebar__TreeViewContainer-ufe7yk-3 dyqBWG"><ul class="TreeView__StyledUl-sc-1xcycfy-0 klCPuJ"><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a aria-current="page" active="t" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 ddReQ" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img 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diff --git a/osa-12/1-funktio-parametrina/index.html b/osa-12/1-funktio-parametrina/index.html
index 5fc6114e8..b69f0ed5a 100644
--- a/osa-12/1-funktio-parametrina/index.html
+++ b/osa-12/1-funktio-parametrina/index.html
@@ -378,4 +378,4 @@
     kopioi_rivit<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;eka.txt&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;toka.txt&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">lambda</span> rivi<span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;Python&quot;</span> <span class="token keyword">in</span> rivi<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 
     <span class="token comment"># Kopioidaan kaikki rivit, jotka eivät pääty pisteeseen</span>
-    kopioi_rivit<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;eka.txt&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;toka.txt&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">lambda</span> rivi<span class="token punctuation">:</span> rivi<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token string">&quot;.&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktiossa parametrille <code class="language-text">kriteeri</code> on määritelty oletusarvoksi lambda-lauseke <code class="language-text">lambda x: True</code>, jonka tuottama anonyymi funktio palauttaa arvon <code class="language-text">True</code> kaikille syötteille. Niinpä oletuksena kopioidaan kaikki rivit tiedostosta toiseen. Jos käyttäjä antaa kolmannelle parametrille arvon, tämä korvaa oletusarvon.</p><div>Loading</div></div><div> <!-- -->Seuraava osa:<!-- --> <div class="EndOfSubSection__ButtonWrapper-ees48a-2 ihqBwp"><a class="EndOfSubSection__StyledLink-ees48a-0 TDJSC" href="/osa-12/2-generaattorit"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right EndOfSubSection__StyledIcon-ees48a-1 jfrrKl" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg>2<!-- -->. <!-- -->Generaattorit</a></div><p></p></div></article></div><footer class="CoursePageFooter__CoursePageFooterWrapper-sc-1wp274x-0 bpGHNs"><div class="CoursePageFooter__CoursePageFooterContent-sc-1wp274x-1 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+    kopioi_rivit<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;eka.txt&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;toka.txt&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">lambda</span> rivi<span class="token punctuation">:</span> rivi<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token string">&quot;.&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktiossa parametrille <code class="language-text">kriteeri</code> on määritelty oletusarvoksi lambda-lauseke <code class="language-text">lambda x: True</code>, jonka tuottama anonyymi funktio palauttaa arvon <code class="language-text">True</code> kaikille syötteille. Niinpä oletuksena kopioidaan kaikki rivit tiedostosta toiseen. 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diff --git a/osa-12/3-funktionaalista-ohjelmointia/index.html b/osa-12/3-funktionaalista-ohjelmointia/index.html
index 73b72e035..f97e66f78 100644
--- a/osa-12/3-funktionaalista-ohjelmointia/index.html
+++ b/osa-12/3-funktionaalista-ohjelmointia/index.html
@@ -414,4 +414,4 @@
 
 lukujen_summa <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">reduce</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">lambda</span> summa<span class="token punctuation">,</span> alkio<span class="token punctuation">:</span> summa <span class="token operator">+</span> alkio<span class="token punctuation">,</span> lista<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 
-<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>lukujen_summa<span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos alkuarvoa ei anneta, toimii listan ensimmäinen luku alkuarvona ja &quot;redusointi&quot; aloitetaan vasta listan toisesta alkiosta.</p><p>Huomaa, että jos käsiteltävän listan alkiot ovat eri tyyppisiä kuin laskettava arvo, on <code class="language-text">reduce</code>-funktion kolmas parametri välttämätön. Jos yrittäisimme olla tili-esimerkissä käyttämättä alkuarvoa:</p><div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="python"><pre class="language-python"><code class="language-python">saldot_yhteensa <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">reduce</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>saldojen_summaaja<span class="token punctuation">,</span> tilit<span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>olisi seurauksena virhe</p><div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="python"><pre class="language-python"><code class="language-python">TypeError<span class="token punctuation">:</span> unsupported operand <span class="token builtin">type</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>s<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">&#x27;Pankkitili&#x27;</span> <span class="token keyword">and</span> <span class="token string">&#x27;int&#x27;</span></code></pre></div><p>sillä <code class="language-text">reduce</code>-funktion parametri <code class="language-text">yht_saldo</code> saisi ensimmäisellä kerralla arvokseen listan ensimmäisen pankkitilin ja sen summaaminen pankkitilin saldoon ei olisi mahdollista.</p></div></aside><div>Loading</div></div><div> <!-- -->Seuraava osa:<!-- --> <div class="EndOfSubSection__ButtonWrapper-ees48a-2 ihqBwp"><a class="EndOfSubSection__StyledLink-ees48a-0 TDJSC" href="/osa-12/4-saannolliset-lausekkeet"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right EndOfSubSection__StyledIcon-ees48a-1 jfrrKl" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 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+<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>lukujen_summa<span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos alkuarvoa ei anneta, toimii listan ensimmäinen luku alkuarvona ja &quot;redusointi&quot; aloitetaan vasta listan toisesta alkiosta.</p><p>Huomaa, että jos käsiteltävän listan alkiot ovat eri tyyppisiä kuin laskettava arvo, on <code class="language-text">reduce</code>-funktion kolmas parametri välttämätön. Jos yrittäisimme olla tili-esimerkissä käyttämättä alkuarvoa:</p><div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="python"><pre class="language-python"><code class="language-python">saldot_yhteensa <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">reduce</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>saldojen_summaaja<span class="token punctuation">,</span> tilit<span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>olisi seurauksena virhe</p><div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="python"><pre class="language-python"><code class="language-python">TypeError<span class="token punctuation">:</span> unsupported operand <span class="token builtin">type</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>s<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">&#x27;Pankkitili&#x27;</span> <span class="token keyword">and</span> <span class="token string">&#x27;int&#x27;</span></code></pre></div><p>sillä <code class="language-text">reduce</code>-funktion parametri <code class="language-text">yht_saldo</code> saisi ensimmäisellä kerralla arvokseen listan ensimmäisen pankkitilin ja sen summaaminen pankkitilin saldoon ei olisi mahdollista.</p></div></aside><div>Loading</div></div><div> <!-- -->Seuraava osa:<!-- --> <div class="EndOfSubSection__ButtonWrapper-ees48a-2 ihqBwp"><a class="EndOfSubSection__StyledLink-ees48a-0 TDJSC" href="/osa-12/4-saannolliset-lausekkeet"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right EndOfSubSection__StyledIcon-ees48a-1 jfrrKl" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 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diff --git a/osa-12/4-saannolliset-lausekkeet/index.html b/osa-12/4-saannolliset-lausekkeet/index.html
index 162e3e170..9b45cf184 100644
--- a/osa-12/4-saannolliset-lausekkeet/index.html
+++ b/osa-12/4-saannolliset-lausekkeet/index.html
@@ -289,4 +289,4 @@
 Anna testijono: <strong>jarmo the hut</strong>
 Ei osumaa.
 Anna testijono: <strong>jabba the smut</strong>
-Ei osumaa.</p></div></div><div>Loading</div><h2 class="material-header" id="loppuhuipennus">Loppuhuipennus<a href="#loppuhuipennus" aria-label="loppuhuipennus permalink" class="anchor after"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Harjoitellaan vielä osan lopussa hieman laajemman ohjelman tekemistä olioita hyödyntäen. Tämä tehtävä ei sijainnistaan huolimatta liity mitenkään säännöllisiin lausekkeisiin, mutta luvun <a href="/osa-12/1-funktio-parametrina">Funktio parametrina</a> asia tulee olemaan tarpeen ja myös <a href="/osa-11/1-koosteet">listakoosteet</a> voivat olla käyttökelpoisia.</p><p>Sovelluksen rakenteelle voi ottaa inspiraatiota osan 10 <a href="/osa-10/4-lisaa-esimerkkeja">viimeisestä luvusta</a>.</p><div>Loading</div><p>Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:</p><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-2249a8d3-9455-5228-bd15-d5328d147b19"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM169.8 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+Ei osumaa.</p></div></div><div>Loading</div><h2 class="material-header" id="loppuhuipennus">Loppuhuipennus<a href="#loppuhuipennus" aria-label="loppuhuipennus permalink" class="anchor after"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Harjoitellaan vielä osan lopussa hieman laajemman ohjelman tekemistä olioita hyödyntäen. 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class="MuiButtonBase-root MuiButton-root MuiButton-outlined MuiButton-outlinedPrimary" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="MuiButton-label"><span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="bars" class="svg-inline--fa fa-bars Sidebar__StyledIcon-ufe7yk-0 cypYga" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 96C0 78.3 14.3 64 32 64H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32C14.3 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32zM448 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg>Avaa valikko</span></span></button></div><div class="Sidebar__SidebarContainer-ufe7yk-1 SePEO"><div class="Sidebar__Brand-ufe7yk-4 jkfuJR">Ohjelmoinnin perusteet ja jatkokurssi 2024</div><nav class="Sidebar__TreeViewContainer-ufe7yk-3 dyqBWG"><ul class="TreeView__StyledUl-sc-1xcycfy-0 klCPuJ"><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a aria-current="page" active="t" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 ddReQ" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img 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diff --git a/osa-13/1-pygame-kayttoon/index.html b/osa-13/1-pygame-kayttoon/index.html
index ad648c5c3..6ba9ce08e 100644
--- a/osa-13/1-pygame-kayttoon/index.html
+++ b/osa-13/1-pygame-kayttoon/index.html
@@ -267,4 +267,4 @@
 naytto<span class="token punctuation">.</span>blit<span class="token punctuation">(</span>robo<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">300</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 naytto<span class="token punctuation">.</span>blit<span class="token punctuation">(</span>robo<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">200</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tällöin ikkuna näyttää seuraavalta:</p><img src="/a7807afa43ad1cc7d9686968e6838712/pygame_kuva2.gif"/><p>Seuraava koodi puolestaan piirtää kuvan ikkunan keskelle:</p><div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="python"><pre class="language-python"><code class="language-python">leveys <span class="token operator">=</span> robo<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_width<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 korkeus <span class="token operator">=</span> robo<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_height<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
-naytto<span class="token punctuation">.</span>blit<span class="token punctuation">(</span>robo<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">320</span><span class="token operator">-</span>leveys<span class="token operator">/</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">240</span><span class="token operator">-</span>korkeus<span class="token operator">/</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt ikkuna näyttää tältä:</p><img src="/498f521486feca567f74dd51c44e371b/pygame_kuva3.gif"/><p>Tässä metodi <code class="language-text">get_width</code> antaa kuvan leveyden ja vastaavasti metodi <code class="language-text">get_height</code> antaa kuvan korkeuden. Ikkunan keskikohta on <code class="language-text">(320, 240)</code>, joten tämän avulla saadaan laskettua sopiva kohta kuvan vasemmalle yläkulmalle niin, että kuva sijoittuu ikkunan keskelle.</p><aside style="--color:#528afc" class="TextBox__Wrapper-sc-16p8bmv-0 dMMxhd"><h3 class="TextBox__Header-sc-16p8bmv-2 expZhz"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-info" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-info fa-1x TextBox__StyledIcon-sc-16p8bmv-1 jvyiaL" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM216 336h24V272H216c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24s10.7-24 24-24h48c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24v88h8c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24s-10.7 24-24 24H216c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24s10.7-24 24-24zm40-144c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32z"></path></svg>Pygame-tehtävät</h3><div class="TextBox__Body-sc-16p8bmv-3 fTqaUE"><p>Tämän osan tehtävissä ei ole automaattisia testejä, vaan testi antaa pisteet automaattisesti, kun lähetät ratkaisun palvelimelle. Lähetä ratkaisu vasta sitten, kun se on valmis ja vastaa tehtävänannon vaatimuksia. Vaikka tehtävissä ei ole testejä, kurssin henkilökunta näkee lähetetyt ratkaisut. Myös keskeneräisen ratkaisun lähettäminen TMC Pasteen antaa pisteet automaattisesti, joten sitä ei tule käyttää kysyessä apua tämän osan tehtäviin. Voit kurssin tukikanavilla apua kysyessä käyttää <a href="https://pastebin.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Pastebin.com</a>ia tai jotain muuta internetin pastebin-palvelua.</p><p>Jos lähetät palvelimelle ratkaisun, joka selkeästi ei vastaa tehtävänantoa, voit menettää pisteet tämän osan tehtävistä.</p></div></aside><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div></div><div> <!-- -->Seuraava osa:<!-- --> <div class="EndOfSubSection__ButtonWrapper-ees48a-2 ihqBwp"><a class="EndOfSubSection__StyledLink-ees48a-0 TDJSC" href="/osa-13/2-animaatio"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right EndOfSubSection__StyledIcon-ees48a-1 jfrrKl" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 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+naytto<span class="token punctuation">.</span>blit<span class="token punctuation">(</span>robo<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">320</span><span class="token operator">-</span>leveys<span class="token operator">/</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">240</span><span class="token operator">-</span>korkeus<span class="token operator">/</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt ikkuna näyttää tältä:</p><img src="/498f521486feca567f74dd51c44e371b/pygame_kuva3.gif"/><p>Tässä metodi <code class="language-text">get_width</code> antaa kuvan leveyden ja vastaavasti metodi <code class="language-text">get_height</code> antaa kuvan korkeuden. Ikkunan keskikohta on <code class="language-text">(320, 240)</code>, joten tämän avulla saadaan laskettua sopiva kohta kuvan vasemmalle yläkulmalle niin, että kuva sijoittuu ikkunan keskelle.</p><aside style="--color:#528afc" class="TextBox__Wrapper-sc-16p8bmv-0 dMMxhd"><h3 class="TextBox__Header-sc-16p8bmv-2 expZhz"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-info" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-info fa-1x TextBox__StyledIcon-sc-16p8bmv-1 jvyiaL" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM216 336h24V272H216c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24s10.7-24 24-24h48c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24v88h8c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24s-10.7 24-24 24H216c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24s10.7-24 24-24zm40-144c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32z"></path></svg>Pygame-tehtävät</h3><div class="TextBox__Body-sc-16p8bmv-3 fTqaUE"><p>Tämän osan tehtävissä ei ole automaattisia testejä, vaan testi antaa pisteet automaattisesti, kun lähetät ratkaisun palvelimelle. Lähetä ratkaisu vasta sitten, kun se on valmis ja vastaa tehtävänannon vaatimuksia. Vaikka tehtävissä ei ole testejä, kurssin henkilökunta näkee lähetetyt ratkaisut. Myös keskeneräisen ratkaisun lähettäminen TMC Pasteen antaa pisteet automaattisesti, joten sitä ei tule käyttää kysyessä apua tämän osan tehtäviin. Voit kurssin tukikanavilla apua kysyessä käyttää <a href="https://pastebin.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Pastebin.com</a>ia tai jotain muuta internetin pastebin-palvelua.</p><p>Jos lähetät palvelimelle ratkaisun, joka selkeästi ei vastaa tehtävänantoa, voit menettää pisteet tämän osan tehtävistä.</p></div></aside><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div></div><div> <!-- -->Seuraava osa:<!-- --> <div class="EndOfSubSection__ButtonWrapper-ees48a-2 ihqBwp"><a class="EndOfSubSection__StyledLink-ees48a-0 TDJSC" href="/osa-13/2-animaatio"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right EndOfSubSection__StyledIcon-ees48a-1 jfrrKl" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 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diff --git a/osa-13/2-animaatio/index.html b/osa-13/2-animaatio/index.html
index 5eb489fd6..3113c03ac 100644
--- a/osa-13/2-animaatio/index.html
+++ b/osa-13/2-animaatio/index.html
@@ -258,4 +258,4 @@
 
     kulma <span class="token operator">+=</span> <span class="token number">0.01</span>
     kello<span class="token punctuation">.</span>tick<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">60</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suoritus näyttää tältä:</p><img src="/ce164a1f214ed31343271340f9157733/pygame_pyorinta.gif"/><p>Pyörimisanimaatio saadaan toteutettua trigonometrian avulla: muuttujassa <code class="language-text">kulma</code> on radiaaneina robotin sijainnin kulma suhteessa ikkunan keskipisteeseen. Tästä saadaan laskettua sini- ja kosinifunktioilla robotin sijainti:</p><div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="python"><pre class="language-python"><code class="language-python">        x <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">320</span><span class="token operator">+</span>math<span class="token punctuation">.</span>cos<span class="token punctuation">(</span>kulma<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token number">100</span><span class="token operator">-</span>robo<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_width<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token operator">/</span><span class="token number">2</span>
-        y <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">240</span><span class="token operator">+</span>math<span class="token punctuation">.</span>sin<span class="token punctuation">(</span>kulma<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token number">100</span><span class="token operator">-</span>robo<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_height<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token operator">/</span><span class="token number">2</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämä tarkoittaa, että robotin sijainti on ympyrällä, jonka säde on 100. Kosini antaa x-suuntaisen sijainnin ja sini puolestaan y-suuntaisen sijainnin. Jotta animaatio näyttää hyvältä, robotti lisäksi keskitetään niin, että sen keskipiste on ympyrällä.</p><p>Joka kierroksella muuttujan <code class="language-text">kulma</code> arvo kasvaa 0.01:llä. Koska radiaaneissa täysi ympyrä on 2π eli noin 6.28, robotti pyörii suunnilleen kierroksen verran 10 sekunnissa.</p><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div></div><div> <!-- -->Seuraava osa:<!-- --> <div class="EndOfSubSection__ButtonWrapper-ees48a-2 ihqBwp"><a class="EndOfSubSection__StyledLink-ees48a-0 TDJSC" href="/osa-13/3-tapahtumat"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right EndOfSubSection__StyledIcon-ees48a-1 jfrrKl" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg>3<!-- -->. <!-- -->Tapahtumat</a></div><p></p></div></article></div><footer 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+        y <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">240</span><span class="token operator">+</span>math<span class="token punctuation">.</span>sin<span class="token punctuation">(</span>kulma<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token number">100</span><span class="token operator">-</span>robo<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_height<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token operator">/</span><span class="token number">2</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämä tarkoittaa, että robotin sijainti on ympyrällä, jonka säde on 100. Kosini antaa x-suuntaisen sijainnin ja sini puolestaan y-suuntaisen sijainnin. Jotta animaatio näyttää hyvältä, robotti lisäksi keskitetään niin, että sen keskipiste on ympyrällä.</p><p>Joka kierroksella muuttujan <code class="language-text">kulma</code> arvo kasvaa 0.01:llä. Koska radiaaneissa täysi ympyrä on 2π eli noin 6.28, robotti pyörii suunnilleen kierroksen verran 10 sekunnissa.</p><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div></div><div> <!-- -->Seuraava osa:<!-- --> <div class="EndOfSubSection__ButtonWrapper-ees48a-2 ihqBwp"><a class="EndOfSubSection__StyledLink-ees48a-0 TDJSC" href="/osa-13/3-tapahtumat"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right EndOfSubSection__StyledIcon-ees48a-1 jfrrKl" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg>3<!-- -->. <!-- -->Tapahtumat</a></div><p></p></div></article></div><footer 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diff --git a/osa-13/3-tapahtumat/index.html b/osa-13/3-tapahtumat/index.html
index 368d6e9ba..69249d05f 100644
--- a/osa-13/3-tapahtumat/index.html
+++ b/osa-13/3-tapahtumat/index.html
@@ -347,4 +347,4 @@
     naytto<span class="token punctuation">.</span>blit<span class="token punctuation">(</span>robo<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>robo_x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> robo_y<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
     pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>display<span class="token punctuation">.</span>flip<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 
-    kello<span class="token punctuation">.</span>tick<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">60</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suoritus voi näyttää tältä:</p><img src="/cd4d53df2a1564c181f38b7a2d45e7c9/pygame_hiiri2.gif"/><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div></div><div> <!-- -->Seuraava osa:<!-- --> <div class="EndOfSubSection__ButtonWrapper-ees48a-2 ihqBwp"><a class="EndOfSubSection__StyledLink-ees48a-0 TDJSC" href="/osa-13/4-lisaa-tekniikoita"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right EndOfSubSection__StyledIcon-ees48a-1 jfrrKl" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 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diff --git a/osa-13/4-lisaa-tekniikoita/index.html b/osa-13/4-lisaa-tekniikoita/index.html
index 8bd6e1018..ae2e56905 100644
--- a/osa-13/4-lisaa-tekniikoita/index.html
+++ b/osa-13/4-lisaa-tekniikoita/index.html
@@ -222,4 +222,4 @@
 <span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
     <span class="token keyword">for</span> tapahtuma <span class="token keyword">in</span> pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>event<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
         <span class="token keyword">if</span> tapahtuma<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">type</span> <span class="token operator">==</span> pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>QUIT<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
-            exit<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suoritus näyttää seuraavalta:</p><img src="/ff536f08ddabdda8d522cc90c967ca8e/pygame_teksti.gif"/><p>Tässä metodi <code class="language-text">pygame.font.SysFont</code> luo fonttiolion, joka käyttää järjestelmän fonttia Arial kokona 24. Tämän jälkeen olion metodi <code class="language-text">render</code> luo kuvan, jossa lukee teksti &quot;Moikka!&quot; punaisella värillä, ja tämä kuva piirretään ikkunaan.</p><p>Huomaa, että eri järjestelmissä on saatavilla eri fontit. Jos järjestelmässä ei ole fonttia Arial (mikä tosin on yleinen fontti), yllä oleva koodi käyttää sen sijasta järjestelmän oletusfonttia. Toinen mahdollisuus on käyttää metodia <code class="language-text">pygame.font.Font</code>, jolle annetaan hakemistossa olevan fonttitiedoston nimi.</p><h2 class="material-header" id="tehtavat">Tehtävät<a href="#tehtavat" aria-label="tehtavat permalink" class="anchor after"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tässä on pari vaikeampaa tehtävää, joiden avulla voit harjoitella lisää tämän luvun asioita.</p><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><p>Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:</p><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 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+            exit<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suoritus näyttää seuraavalta:</p><img src="/ff536f08ddabdda8d522cc90c967ca8e/pygame_teksti.gif"/><p>Tässä metodi <code class="language-text">pygame.font.SysFont</code> luo fonttiolion, joka käyttää järjestelmän fonttia Arial kokona 24. Tämän jälkeen olion metodi <code class="language-text">render</code> luo kuvan, jossa lukee teksti &quot;Moikka!&quot; punaisella värillä, ja tämä kuva piirretään ikkunaan.</p><p>Huomaa, että eri järjestelmissä on saatavilla eri fontit. Jos järjestelmässä ei ole fonttia Arial (mikä tosin on yleinen fontti), yllä oleva koodi käyttää sen sijasta järjestelmän oletusfonttia. 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class="MuiButtonBase-root MuiButton-root MuiButton-outlined MuiButton-outlinedPrimary" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="MuiButton-label"><span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="bars" class="svg-inline--fa fa-bars Sidebar__StyledIcon-ufe7yk-0 cypYga" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 96C0 78.3 14.3 64 32 64H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32C14.3 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32zM448 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg>Avaa valikko</span></span></button></div><div class="Sidebar__SidebarContainer-ufe7yk-1 SePEO"><div class="Sidebar__Brand-ufe7yk-4 jkfuJR">Ohjelmoinnin perusteet ja jatkokurssi 2024</div><nav class="Sidebar__TreeViewContainer-ufe7yk-3 dyqBWG"><ul class="TreeView__StyledUl-sc-1xcycfy-0 klCPuJ"><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a aria-current="page" active="t" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 ddReQ" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img 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diff --git a/osa-14/1-peliprojekti/index.html b/osa-14/1-peliprojekti/index.html
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+++ b/osa-14/1-peliprojekti/index.html
@@ -408,4 +408,4 @@ <h2 class="material-header" id="pelisilmukka">Pelisilmukka<a href="#pelisilmukka
         pygame<span class="token punctuation">.</span>display<span class="token punctuation">.</span>flip<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div>
 <p>Tällä hetkellä ainoa pelin tunnistama tapahtuma on pelin sulkeminen (esimerkiksi pelaaja painaa ikkunassa olevaa raksia). Tässä tilanteessa peli sulkee itsensä kutsumalla <code class="language-text">exit</code>-funktiota.</p>
 <p>Näytön piirtäminen toteutetaan käymällä ruudukon sisältö ja piirtämällä jokaista ruutua vastaava kuva oikeaan paikkaan.</p>
-<p>Huomaa, että koordinaatteja x ja y käytetään eri päin eri tilanteissa. Kaksiulotteisen listan indeksoinnissa on luontevaa antaa ensin y ja sitten x, koska ensimmäinen indeksi tarkoittaa riviä ja toinen indeksi tarkoittaa saraketta. Kuitenkin Pygamen metodeissa annetaan ensin x ja y, kuten grafiikassa on yleensä tapana.</p></div><div> <!-- -->Seuraava osa:<!-- --> <div class="EndOfSubSection__ButtonWrapper-ees48a-2 ihqBwp"><a class="EndOfSubSection__StyledLink-ees48a-0 TDJSC" href="/osa-14/2-robo-ja-laatikot"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right EndOfSubSection__StyledIcon-ees48a-1 jfrrKl" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg>2<!-- -->. <!-- -->Robotti ja laatikot</a></div><p></p></div></article></div><footer class="CoursePageFooter__CoursePageFooterWrapper-sc-1wp274x-0 bpGHNs"><div 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+<p>Huomaa, että koordinaatteja x ja y käytetään eri päin eri tilanteissa. Kaksiulotteisen listan indeksoinnissa on luontevaa antaa ensin y ja sitten x, koska ensimmäinen indeksi tarkoittaa riviä ja toinen indeksi tarkoittaa saraketta. 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diff --git a/osa-14/2-robo-ja-laatikot/index.html b/osa-14/2-robo-ja-laatikot/index.html
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--- a/osa-14/2-robo-ja-laatikot/index.html
+++ b/osa-14/2-robo-ja-laatikot/index.html
@@ -254,4 +254,4 @@ <h2 class="material-header" id="refaktorointia">Refaktorointia?<a href="#refakto
 <p>koska nyt laatikkoa tarkoittava luku 3 vähennetään ruudun luvusta. Tämä toimii, koska tämä muuttaa tavallisen laatikon lattiaksi ja kohderuudussa olevan laatikon kohderuuduksi, mutta asian ymmärtäminen vaatii huolellista perehtymistä ruutujen numerointiin.</p>
 <p>Pelin koodin lukijan työtä voisi helpottaa <em>refaktoroimalla</em> koodia eli muuttamalla koodin rakennetta paremmaksi ja selkeämmäksi. Tässä tapauksessa helppo muutos olisi käyttää lukujen 0–6 sijasta kuvaavampia ruutujen nimiä, mutta tämä ei selittäisi sitä, miksi lukuja voi vähentää ja lisätä ja ruudukko muuttuu oikealla tavalla.</p>
 <p>Pelin koodin saaminen todella helposti luettavaksi vaatisikin luultavasti paljon suurempaa refaktorointia, kuten ruudukon pysyvän rakenteen tallentamista erillään ja robotin ja laatikoiden sijaintien tallentamista omissa tietorakenteissaan. Toisaalta tämän kääntöpuolena olisi, että koodia voisi tulla paljon lisää ja pelin sisäinen toiminta muuttuisi monimutkaisemmaksi.</p>
-<p>Refaktorointiin ja koodin laatuun liittyviin asioihin tutustutaan lisää tulevilla kursseilla, kuten <em>Ohjelmistotekniikka</em> ja <em>Ohjelmistotuotanto</em>.</p></div><div> <!-- -->Seuraava osa:<!-- --> <div class="EndOfSubSection__ButtonWrapper-ees48a-2 ihqBwp"><a class="EndOfSubSection__StyledLink-ees48a-0 TDJSC" href="/osa-14/3-pelin-viimeistely"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right EndOfSubSection__StyledIcon-ees48a-1 jfrrKl" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg>3<!-- -->. <!-- -->Pelin viimeistely</a></div><p></p></div></article></div><footer 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+<p>Refaktorointiin ja koodin laatuun liittyviin asioihin tutustutaan lisää tulevilla kursseilla, kuten <em>Ohjelmistotekniikka</em> ja <em>Ohjelmistotuotanto</em>.</p></div><div> <!-- -->Seuraava osa:<!-- --> <div class="EndOfSubSection__ButtonWrapper-ees48a-2 ihqBwp"><a class="EndOfSubSection__StyledLink-ees48a-0 TDJSC" href="/osa-14/3-pelin-viimeistely"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right EndOfSubSection__StyledIcon-ees48a-1 jfrrKl" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg>3<!-- -->. <!-- -->Pelin viimeistely</a></div><p></p></div></article></div><footer 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47oxRJrWD/zPrGMOj6kY8fWmobleVcdr+jtOVj+hrulKk8nHT2qhBJwFm4ULsvEfEMC8Rx1mI5kzaJBhypkIW7St9+yRnljH9a9FVx3qjTrQ6Rl95YvZ/2C75yhe7mxHmrPAv0doL+vSRuqZJT4VeB/9P+pZc5dFpj0Uyg/Up3FouBFHr9UvZAPfX3/i8tKgjTR+6LvLZYVMVLPzjL5xU4poy2G7RU/i0hw1jRnryYNZpGclOvllKMfbpTmeSweq6N8WN406h68cF4ItIY8DQvcbIhQmzgBFyrifTKDg984qwINa7RezA8F13yhoF2O1DnXRfsr1bAmBr4q4L+DTHdq/+WBhvWK6nd4VK9QwxoiweY5QcduL9Cwdgi0/fUjv7PPNNK/MwqZtjRdfo6bAjO8ncvcGxedPl5v7kekxi/BJeFbT6r8Jh3Yrtvj4m66CqOk/XhWko74obd9Q+R3uU1m+jV6kNcnnRFQxBTciFhosvwNeAo3peshaRpLIy2siCbcSOUMVj3R41cj98aN0fELcaN5R0lg31cqlb4A7CtB8SvSBJDv4NJvU2CiTsTFo/1B/sCjdezFvC8lSfJwqVSaKrP8XuASPRs/1Cl/wA0w1DxHUn1hBh2xPdPFNKx4WxppWPG2H9kxQBdK2yjSsMA5yd+keRzWMAmc+Jqv4gJJizQsz/g20LDi7VA+God1LB+dSP+BBBlkjxKSoWEdIOHdFF3rJdyKT3kaljf9nswo761tILQ7jLbOMNAdF328icluNsPNXaxW+gRv/duC/QfpwbtbPpDP5GgsN8o/lTXae7t8mrtJK2rChZ88ruO7ycfzkITfHsB70q48WwCfkgB6OehfY3Cjz016UCfjRtYG4MIRGoB7dN46Eo5zAoviELkV8kb/NsBNrJ8pDd6zayQkPA/hRiq9tuUn8g+V+TiUNPLcl2M9aT9xnT2+7P+UFjZCdRuoF8EdwUsDXGzk2lFdfX33kca/HBdjNjWI5DekepuW5dRuwzCqnHrcyGGtC6wV1HCsi2G0B93a4ZrL5OSrdXrI1PqkNYVhVDd9qWzJrFrY5uPWNKy3bmEYq0Z7et+Oo7r8ODfiQi/KcQTFQXmtpQE33P8yLj1LPS5+qLGD2mMIbqrH+6Tz5QD+D+fA9WlJxmd8dxHOMTwJ57w/FDebIWRdXMT1Tjhn+QxckOQ04Jcyl8/ChaRchXNAH4pzDgOcjhsU+KXKCS7J4+k4p3sP3GjfpUmS3FMqlbYmnYcYsycuAHM/XIzeVriYrsm4+EEfRDmR5vFQi4G/4+b5LcUNRpyOG73rpXv5O1yanJAzcY7wX+Gm+YCLVfsLbvRzLM7p3x8XrPu0ztkRFxbxBHCy2mVT9ZPz1Y5Hkw5ClHAhH31VjuNz6r+v6rl1sO9D3MjsJeoDJdwMhiNVrpm46UV/woW07IOb53gI+aFLPyMN0o25QjIhi2tpnuKow4ThnVWk6VxaYblPXo1l2qoD70+7pZfRvX8s43tzJeDuIZ3Qu01w/OzgGldq30n6vDdpRoO4LOuQhjVkbX1xU2Cyjs0inT3xWs45UxSO8fuMYytxo5khfnWnccG+LUhDElC7J7j4Mh8P+SXtm6TP0/R5Z9xoYkIaSwUuHizRPSuq/yDyp8I9j5udMT7n+D4SnImE63MFv/O1gmNnFhy7oCN9WJ4EF2T3uCmyuezUScp5DS5swG8jypy/uR6md3EJ7PpJGB1P8dSp03OEeB8JgXqVZaC0wPG4uYLzgnOnSQMIt3WloQB8FzfReEMJi6HSHGKNbABp2MfupVJpW9KgzS31kB8njeLZVWjbUbhA6HJMDLQlz376Gybleya6VwN0HzzHat9oCbrNJJSO0vEDcaEqBwGXJElyd0bbDAd+HFguvp19EoIZGWW4JDhvUSBwhwf3pkMFFrh5arupkxkfpbNkJ10mk81vcyt0NayFyy4wX+bfxDLf66m3eTwDYz91+jdwGUPnyKS7gOZTVHxZZ0bb4RJSU/TgrMBN2Pcm1P6kebi8+f6ezDYvjIYG9RojAXFlSx62Av5HQr6IW/WbO+klEAqssF0bo3v1Hs0XeVmofVNl/iMN09dtV5m+twHfzYjZeltt6iPlPwja2bs3VmSUYWFwni/PW/rcUC0Cy/sBjpZaeztuCo2Rvq2GdHAZ1sUFI/ota47ZIbhpNn47vMw1n8MFVNYDt5VKpWf0Zi9apeklaQKjMvxmnw78ayuk4f0x2PaNtLs7gu3rgTCIgzSf0AO3Ro5fZltpIMhvdIX+vxAXYX+GfFmrwqMSEH8q0z5zZNZ1k+k4XKao3+/ZLLpXP8653kakGV5fDeo2TkLkAipfXyHmUxWWocWszjQoD2qrl39khFT9JWqgd4G5SZJ8UCqVeqvhv4Kbyd6ziwqsHno4x3VgGbpTPvSifyTIynXkBNhLWtU35b+5UppM3vy/94Ef4RzsZ8pci/upzwjyCQkiz0zSqT39A80D3ARjLwiWZvzuioyX97TonJukaZ2s650ijetc9dEdiXLat4BxOMf5Z2SuljML95CA7iet6BaaD9ysGfnUHo6ucXP02WdR8ZrZmeoPp6hurXFblCtDq+nWAQ/IMtm4N+NWyblRb5nXgQ+kgi5Wp/meOv6yLqxlfZvK11hsD96TluW3LHPvKtykc7/9rkLN+hRpkCfrHu5b9AAkSTJRD2AdzRMhzg58R0iYjcLlz4qZLo3MbxcF398uOneQHvx48OG1oB0e0IOLTLJf4SZyj9V3NseNrIU0BS+D+FlrytCcvKDapUyb3qIyjMGNqJJhZs+I7tVJ0fE3ZdZ5zWqPQOBNkDIxRtr2YNLcZy3hyTJl6FQCq6Xchxsu7ar0kH9iZAf9fhPOae23rIVmG6UJ+60wFEMjaueqTouSJPk1aWba3AUQ9LI6keZOdORLatIDfaiE4Qw+OsLpBWVojrxDGnZwCG5U0vvZziUd0Qwd01/GhSU0SXD6/GYnAGOSJGmU1uXnI8YLj/hVevYKfEP7B0IiZgL5cxtD5uJCMXrrJTcHl/k3vp/hvVoeHf8+LqRkscxCPw/y4EDwTiZdVWitVvapojJ0aYEFaUbGrsogaZknsfpW424JB+ih9lucZeB2acTTgGmlUumH8u88A0wtlUqPyuRZTPlR43elWROZdZcE5tkjuIm+Z1ZS+CRJ7lcZ6+RbmyI/2zF6mH6Q8bVpuIwNPXHxY9viQmP+XiqVntLvHyMBHyfdu17X3UtCc6rMY+SrytO0F1RQnVsyNK6QTaJ79RgfTUYwW3UCF+e2nsp1DS62bVJQ3tYspbd5RhlGUGOECdi6ShxW1vas3vDtPaW+PdPLbIjLCBrOdpgtrQWy47AeiTS0v9I8DqsbbjStgeaLS1wqv9UuFKdsWROXe2o5zdO07B6ZgkmghQ2VkE1wI7on0DyF8oICk+kg0lgrn17mNNWN4FiYYM8nDsiKw/KsS5pOOUwns3NBnxpFGod1iM7vTbqKzonSXJ+L7vHP1Q/DOCzPidp3RbBvdEEZtgzO8yvBD25pp+1MeSZ+GzVYS1mYYWpksRbVkY3xBflfrsVFJbc1JdwIl89M6emlY0slJOqylBbShIlZfciv8dc9eCDfCPw39Tr2ofatKU1hWWQq10nArIj2jwg0rxWBv6g+4zoxH5Mwnq/vJ5FQ66a6N0X7VqgsJfnleqlOy8uY+yOkpb0Ulcu33ZKgDP6e+Dr4314WaVIf1/73In9Z3vSvpbiRUN/m3qSvUxlXAsu0+O1A+fVmBf3Cnxd+t6eu2Rj0z3JlaCqoe5fjB9TmXMS3ZV7VzOKXhtEVGE1tT6JegBt8WNu6gmFUP90pv3BrLWzvy6/Tw7qEUWt0tlypX+ajSf9rlSdxw9AvrMILYF35Fd4L9veTb2KhPvfFOZ7DOYDrSGC+L1/K2vLlNMmHsYTmy4XVy6RtlL8kyy/2oX4n9B82SbNcnuEbGqk6PB/4hgaoTy9UubNoDIR9g7924L9B/q0PM9rr06rHizRfJqsP2QvQrqR5XFtP1S/e73/3Pfl38q41j3Tprjk5/p81cEGbK9U23sfXX7/foDZaW+0WjkyurXuzQG3fT+01L5AX/vcXqt7ddLyx1h7ANSo873zTspoteTa2le2dN0roR+eOJR0lfD4SMn7Rgx1JF1S4BzeKl+DieEJ+Srqww8ScutxOmn0g3Jbj0rJ4U3g30tGtRA/OuRJCPo7smII2u5909O2coIx+MYz5pHP1PHvhYqvC69wQlOkc8jMhhPgR0eei/d753C9oq6zR4zWCz30y7unBQRt4bXy8BI1f2GIPXJiKX9Q1fEHcqP2Hq50TvRg9PqPDTL3s/EjnpqtLSFRTHNZVZK9vF3M6bgj29SoTuAluVO8/q/E3e+Nifk5q59/ZDLfydjm89ruLHj6PD5oMp4W8SDpd68FIU1yqfY+QZv24DDdqdhMubu1e0nxce0d9eREu3uvxQFN8WZ+fJ82OMA7or1ADL7wuijTOz0mID5OgvlXXHCshG1op76jMfpuxCm0+O2qfp8qcP0CCvT9uzuX9ugd7FHznE7iMDJWUZ7TaaBkuZGMuNc5d6gjjc1TiLJNmb1zg28OBitzRMVTr42Jznso5ZzEuJuZ83IKro3ExNEfR+vxhft299tKwfI76bcpoWOGxI/R5OOmgQX2gYR2RUSavYb0c7AsX/9xa/78ZPGSjSCPRvXYRBkpOJl0yC2/+kS7b9TPSAZ23M/reA6TxRl44baK+mqj+XsO6uEybt0TD+kWOFZKnYe1Jml8r1Br9Sj9ZGlaY86pIwxogAZqQptih1jWsZ3ExMj/HOdcvwE2azWOlHpLv4Va6HY7LubSyA+swUg/CFD1cH5cw+qI61CbygewqTfEGPRBTcVHG+8n8WNDC3y3hVhRur0UvmmRyXU35iehey/ITkL2guJPmcUhDpLn5LS9+xy+VVieB1ASsVyqVJqg9p+PiqSpvLDcF6DRdaxxp1PfZeqGE/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diff --git a/osa-14/3-pelin-viimeistely/index.html b/osa-14/3-pelin-viimeistely/index.html
index a20c5141e..060bbc007 100644
--- a/osa-14/3-pelin-viimeistely/index.html
+++ b/osa-14/3-pelin-viimeistely/index.html
@@ -248,4 +248,4 @@ <h2 class="material-header" id="peli-githubiin">Peli GitHubiin<a href="#peli-git
 <p>GitHub on hyvä paikka omille ohjelmointiprojekteille: sen avulla projektin koodin ja muut tiedostot saa talteen Git-versionhallintaan ja projektin pystyy helposti jakamaan muille. GitHubia käytetään paljon myöhemmillä tietojenkäsittelytieteen kursseilla.</p>
 <h2 class="material-header" id="montako-siirtoa-tarvitaan">Montako siirtoa tarvitaan?<a href="#montako-siirtoa-tarvitaan" aria-label="montako siirtoa tarvitaan permalink" class="anchor after"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a></h2>
 <p>Vaikka pelin ruudukko on melko pieni, peli ei ole helppo. Ensimmäinen haaste on onnistua läpäisemään peli, ja sen jälkeen haasteena on keksiä ratkaisu, jossa siirtojen määrä on mahdollisimman pieni. Kuinka lyhyen ratkaisun onnistut muodostamaan?</p>
-<p>Lyhimmän mahdollisen ratkaisun etsiminen käsin on hyvin vaikeaa, mutta tässäkin voi käyttää apuna ohjelmointia. Kurssilla <em>Tietorakenteet ja algoritmit</em>  tutustutaan tekniikoihin, joiden avulla voidaan löytää automaattisesti lyhin mahdollinen ratkaisu peliin.</p></div><div> <!-- -->Seuraava osa:<!-- --> <div class="EndOfSubSection__ButtonWrapper-ees48a-2 ihqBwp"><a class="EndOfSubSection__StyledLink-ees48a-0 TDJSC" href="/osa-14/4-oma-peli"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right EndOfSubSection__StyledIcon-ees48a-1 jfrrKl" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg>4<!-- -->. <!-- -->Oma peli</a></div><p></p></div></article></div><footer class="CoursePageFooter__CoursePageFooterWrapper-sc-1wp274x-0 bpGHNs"><div 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+<p>Lyhimmän mahdollisen ratkaisun etsiminen käsin on hyvin vaikeaa, mutta tässäkin voi käyttää apuna ohjelmointia. 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diff --git a/osa-14/4-oma-peli/index.html b/osa-14/4-oma-peli/index.html
index b9d9ad88b..a402ebc85 100644
--- a/osa-14/4-oma-peli/index.html
+++ b/osa-14/4-oma-peli/index.html
@@ -255,9 +255,9 @@ <h2 class="material-header" id="vertaisarviointi">Vertaisarviointi<a href="#vert
 <li>Miten hyvin peliohjelma on kirjoitettu? Onko pelissä hyödynnetty tarvittavissa kohdin järkevästi funktioita ja luokkia?</li>
 </ul>
 <p>Hyvään arvioon kuuluu yleensä se, että löydät ohjelmasta sekä hyviä puolia että jotain kehitettävää.</p>
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 <h2 class="material-header" id="loppukysely">Loppukysely<a href="#loppukysely" aria-label="loppukysely permalink" class="anchor after"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a></h2>
 <p>Vastaa ensin osion loppukyselyyn...</p>
-<div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-db980809-c0f7-561a-a843-cb0dfc5cc58f"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM169.8 165.3c7.9-22.3 29.1-37.3 52.8-37.3h58.3c34.9 0 63.1 28.3 63.1 63.1c0 22.6-12.1 43.5-31.7 54.8L280 264.4c-.2 13-10.9 23.6-24 23.6c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V250.5c0-8.6 4.6-16.5 12.1-20.8l44.3-25.4c4.7-2.7 7.6-7.7 7.6-13.1c0-8.4-6.8-15.1-15.1-15.1H222.6c-3.4 0-6.4 2.1-7.5 5.3l-.4 1.2c-4.4 12.5-18.2 19-30.6 14.6s-19-18.2-14.6-30.6l.4-1.2zM288 352c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg></div><div class="sc-fvEvSO fVANQe"><div class="MuiTypography-root-31 MuiTypography-subtitle1-42" id="quiz-type-label" style="line-height:1.2;opacity:0.8"></div><svg aria-labelledby="lefcjo-aria" role="img" height="40" width="100" class="sc-csDkEv fzckQW"><title id="lefcjo-aria">Loading...</title><rect role="presentation" x="0" y="0" width="100%" height="100%" clip-path="url(#lefcjo-diff)" style="fill:url(#lefcjo-animated-diff)"></rect><defs><clipPath id="lefcjo-diff"><rect x="0" y="10" rx="4" ry="20" width="100" height="30"></rect></clipPath><linearGradient id="lefcjo-animated-diff"><stop offset="0%" stop-color="#ffffff" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop><stop offset="50%" stop-color="#dddddd" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop><stop offset="100%" stop-color="#ffffff" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop></linearGradient></defs></svg></div><div class="sc-fcCDlF YTANc"><div class="MuiTypography-root-31 sc-bWOGAC kdUncb MuiTypography-body1-33">:</div><svg aria-labelledby="9pyvi7h-aria" role="img" height="40" width="100" class="sc-dEVLtI claeMQ"><title id="9pyvi7h-aria">Loading...</title><rect role="presentation" x="0" y="0" width="100%" height="100%" clip-path="url(#9pyvi7h-diff)" style="fill:url(#9pyvi7h-animated-diff)"></rect><defs><clipPath id="9pyvi7h-diff"><rect x="0" y="10" rx="25" ry="25" width="100" height="30"></rect></clipPath><linearGradient id="9pyvi7h-animated-diff"><stop offset="0%" stop-color="#ffffff" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop><stop offset="50%" stop-color="#dddddd" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop><stop offset="100%" stop-color="#ffffff" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop></linearGradient></defs></svg></div></div><div class="sc-evzXkX bwkoKs"><p class="MuiTypography-root-31 sc-fHSyak bXAqKg MuiTypography-subtitle1-42">Log in to view the quiz</p></div></div></div></div>
+<div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-db980809-c0f7-561a-a843-cb0dfc5cc58f"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM169.8 165.3c7.9-22.3 29.1-37.3 52.8-37.3h58.3c34.9 0 63.1 28.3 63.1 63.1c0 22.6-12.1 43.5-31.7 54.8L280 264.4c-.2 13-10.9 23.6-24 23.6c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V250.5c0-8.6 4.6-16.5 12.1-20.8l44.3-25.4c4.7-2.7 7.6-7.7 7.6-13.1c0-8.4-6.8-15.1-15.1-15.1H222.6c-3.4 0-6.4 2.1-7.5 5.3l-.4 1.2c-4.4 12.5-18.2 19-30.6 14.6s-19-18.2-14.6-30.6l.4-1.2zM288 352c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg></div><div class="sc-fvEvSO fVANQe"><div class="MuiTypography-root-31 MuiTypography-subtitle1-42" id="quiz-type-label" style="line-height:1.2;opacity:0.8"></div><svg aria-labelledby="phido1-aria" role="img" height="40" width="100" class="sc-csDkEv fzckQW"><title id="phido1-aria">Loading...</title><rect role="presentation" x="0" y="0" width="100%" height="100%" clip-path="url(#phido1-diff)" style="fill:url(#phido1-animated-diff)"></rect><defs><clipPath id="phido1-diff"><rect x="0" y="10" rx="4" ry="20" width="100" height="30"></rect></clipPath><linearGradient id="phido1-animated-diff"><stop offset="0%" stop-color="#ffffff" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop><stop offset="50%" stop-color="#dddddd" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop><stop offset="100%" stop-color="#ffffff" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop></linearGradient></defs></svg></div><div class="sc-fcCDlF YTANc"><div class="MuiTypography-root-31 sc-bWOGAC kdUncb MuiTypography-body1-33">:</div><svg aria-labelledby="3m4v5y-aria" role="img" height="40" width="100" class="sc-dEVLtI claeMQ"><title id="3m4v5y-aria">Loading...</title><rect role="presentation" x="0" y="0" width="100%" height="100%" clip-path="url(#3m4v5y-diff)" style="fill:url(#3m4v5y-animated-diff)"></rect><defs><clipPath id="3m4v5y-diff"><rect x="0" y="10" rx="25" ry="25" width="100" height="30"></rect></clipPath><linearGradient id="3m4v5y-animated-diff"><stop offset="0%" stop-color="#ffffff" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop><stop offset="50%" stop-color="#dddddd" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop><stop offset="100%" stop-color="#ffffff" stop-opacity="0.6"></stop></linearGradient></defs></svg></div></div><div class="sc-evzXkX bwkoKs"><p class="MuiTypography-root-31 sc-fHSyak bXAqKg MuiTypography-subtitle1-42">Log in to view the quiz</p></div></div></div></div>
 <p>...ja sitten vielä koko kurssin loppukyselyyn:</p>
-<div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-de9225f1-9413-50de-85e4-89170e7d4e5c"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM169.8 165.3c7.9-22.3 29.1-37.3 52.8-37.3h58.3c34.9 0 63.1 28.3 63.1 63.1c0 22.6-12.1 43.5-31.7 54.8L280 264.4c-.2 13-10.9 23.6-24 23.6c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V250.5c0-8.6 4.6-16.5 12.1-20.8l44.3-25.4c4.7-2.7 7.6-7.7 7.6-13.1c0-8.4-6.8-15.1-15.1-15.1H222.6c-3.4 0-6.4 2.1-7.5 5.3l-.4 1.2c-4.4 12.5-18.2 19-30.6 14.6s-19-18.2-14.6-30.6l.4-1.2zM288 352c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg></div><div class="sc-fvEvSO fVANQe"><div 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class="MuiButtonBase-root MuiButton-root MuiButton-outlined MuiButton-outlinedPrimary" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="MuiButton-label"><span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="bars" class="svg-inline--fa fa-bars Sidebar__StyledIcon-ufe7yk-0 cypYga" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 96C0 78.3 14.3 64 32 64H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32C14.3 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32zM448 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg>Avaa valikko</span></span></button></div><div class="Sidebar__SidebarContainer-ufe7yk-1 SePEO"><div class="Sidebar__Brand-ufe7yk-4 jkfuJR">Ohjelmoinnin perusteet ja jatkokurssi 2024</div><nav class="Sidebar__TreeViewContainer-ufe7yk-3 dyqBWG"><ul class="TreeView__StyledUl-sc-1xcycfy-0 klCPuJ"><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a aria-current="page" active="t" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 ddReQ" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img 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diff --git a/osa-2/1-ohjelmoinnin-termeja/index.html b/osa-2/1-ohjelmoinnin-termeja/index.html
index 7de5037b7..1ab390842 100644
--- a/osa-2/1-ohjelmoinnin-termeja/index.html
+++ b/osa-2/1-ohjelmoinnin-termeja/index.html
@@ -332,4 +332,4 @@
 Palkka 276.0 euroa</p></div></div><p>Koska <code class="language-text">tuntipalkka = 23.0</code> ja <code class="language-text">tunnit = 12</code>, vaikuttaa muuttujassa <code class="language-text">palkka</code> olevan oikea arvo aluksi, mutta kasvatuskomento ei kuitenkaan kasvata muuttujan arvoa. Komento on siis mitä ilmeisimmin virheellinen. Ja toden totta, komento</p><div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="python"><pre class="language-python"><code class="language-python">palkka <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token number">2</span></code></pre></div><p>ainoastaan laskee tuplapalkan mutta ei tee tulokselle mitään. Korjataan komento muotoon, joka tallentaa korotetun palkan muuttujaan <code class="language-text">palkka</code>:</p><div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="python"><pre class="language-python"><code class="language-python">palkka <span class="token operator">*=</span> <span class="token number">2</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun ohjelma suoritetaan nyt, huomataan että lopputuloskin on oikea:</p><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>ehto:  True
 palkka alussa: 276.0
 palkka kasvatuksen jälkeen: 552.0
-Palkka 552.0 euroa</p></div></div><p>Kun ohjelma on kunnossa, tulee debuggaustulosteet ja muu debuggauksen takia kirjoitettu ylimääräinen koodi poistaa.</p><p>Esimerkki oli yksinkertainen ja näin lyhyessä ohjelmassa oleva bugi selviäisi varmasti myös koodia lukemalla. Monesti kuitenkin debug-tulostuksilla pääsee huomattavasti nopeammin jyvälle siitä, missä vika piilee. Tulostamalla voidaan usein varmistua siitä, mitkä osat ohjelmasta toimivat &quot;varmuudella&quot; oikein, ja bugien jäljitys voidaan nopeasti kohdistaa niihin koodiriveihin, joissa ongelma todennäköisesti piileskelee.</p><p>Debuggaukseen on olemassa muitakin keinoja kuin debug-tulostusten tekeminen. Palaamme asiaan myöhemmin kurssilla. Sinun kannattaa tästä lähtien kurssilla käyttää debug-tulostamista virheiden etsimiseen. Ohjelmoinnin ammattilaiset eivät selviä työstään ilman debug-tulostuksia, joten on vaikea kuvitella, ettei aloittelijoidenkin kannattaisi laajentaa työkalupakkiaan tältä osin.</p><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" 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+Palkka 552.0 euroa</p></div></div><p>Kun ohjelma on kunnossa, tulee debuggaustulosteet ja muu debuggauksen takia kirjoitettu ylimääräinen koodi poistaa.</p><p>Esimerkki oli yksinkertainen ja näin lyhyessä ohjelmassa oleva bugi selviäisi varmasti myös koodia lukemalla. Monesti kuitenkin debug-tulostuksilla pääsee huomattavasti nopeammin jyvälle siitä, missä vika piilee. Tulostamalla voidaan usein varmistua siitä, mitkä osat ohjelmasta toimivat &quot;varmuudella&quot; oikein, ja bugien jäljitys voidaan nopeasti kohdistaa niihin koodiriveihin, joissa ongelma todennäköisesti piileskelee.</p><p>Debuggaukseen on olemassa muitakin keinoja kuin debug-tulostusten tekeminen. Palaamme asiaan myöhemmin kurssilla. Sinun kannattaa tästä lähtien kurssilla käyttää debug-tulostamista virheiden etsimiseen. 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 Nyt on joulupäivä
 Kiitos ja hei.</p></div></div><p>Huomaa, että ehtolauseessa ei edellisessä esimerkissä ole ollenkaan else-haaraa. Jos käyttäjä syöttää jonkin sellaisen päivämäärän, joka ei täytä ehtoa jossain <code class="language-text">if</code>- tai <code class="language-text">elif</code>-lauseessa, ohjelmassa ei suoriteta mitään ehtolauseen kolmesta lohkosta.</p><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>Joulukalenteri
 Mikä päivä nyt on? <strong>1.1.</strong>
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diff --git "a/osa-2/3-ehtojen-yhdist\303\244minen/index.html" "b/osa-2/3-ehtojen-yhdist\303\244minen/index.html"
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@@ -318,4 +318,4 @@
 <span class="token keyword">elif</span> luku <span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token keyword">and</span> luku <span class="token operator">%</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
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 <span class="token keyword">else</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
-    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Luku on negatiivinen.&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tilanteesta riippuu, kumpaa tapaa kannattaa käyttää. 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+    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Luku on negatiivinen.&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tilanteesta riippuu, kumpaa tapaa kannattaa käyttää. 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diff --git a/osa-2/4-yksinkertainen-silmukka/index.html b/osa-2/4-yksinkertainen-silmukka/index.html
index 2b595c1e9..f222b05b3 100644
--- a/osa-2/4-yksinkertainen-silmukka/index.html
+++ b/osa-2/4-yksinkertainen-silmukka/index.html
@@ -356,4 +356,4 @@
     yritykset <span class="token operator">+=</span> <span class="token number">1</span>
     tunnukset <span class="token operator">+=</span> tunnus <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">&quot;, &quot;</span>
     <span class="token comment"># ...</span></code></pre></div><p>Apumuuttuja saa aluksi arvokseen <em>tyhjän merkkijonon</em> eli merkkijonon, jossa ei ole yhtään merkkiä:</p><div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="python"><pre class="language-python"><code class="language-python">tunnukset <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">&quot;&quot;</span></code></pre></div><p>Silmukan sisällä merkkijonoa kasvatetaan lisäämällä siihen aina silmukassa syötetty tunnus ja pilkku:</p><div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="python"><pre class="language-python"><code class="language-python">    tunnus <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">input</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Anna PIN-koodi: &quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
-    tunnukset <span class="token operator">+=</span> tunnus <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">&quot;, &quot;</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos käyttäjä syöttäisi tunnukset <em>1111 2222 1234</em> olisi muuttujan <code class="language-text">tunnukset</code> arvo lopulta</p><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>1111, 2222, 1234,</p></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-4ba8f15f-2ddd-5630-b244-9b83ca0f0cb6"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM169.8 165.3c7.9-22.3 29.1-37.3 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class="MuiButtonBase-root MuiButton-root MuiButton-outlined MuiButton-outlinedPrimary" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="MuiButton-label"><span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="bars" class="svg-inline--fa fa-bars Sidebar__StyledIcon-ufe7yk-0 cypYga" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 96C0 78.3 14.3 64 32 64H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32C14.3 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32zM448 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg>Avaa valikko</span></span></button></div><div class="Sidebar__SidebarContainer-ufe7yk-1 SePEO"><div class="Sidebar__Brand-ufe7yk-4 jkfuJR">Ohjelmoinnin perusteet ja jatkokurssi 2024</div><nav class="Sidebar__TreeViewContainer-ufe7yk-3 dyqBWG"><ul class="TreeView__StyledUl-sc-1xcycfy-0 klCPuJ"><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a aria-current="page" active="t" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 ddReQ" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img 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JqkU7YQIhDxsCJXsKDMr1t5zJOVsOsMQd3mVzTqa6ueqVQQ40SvgqgdH5PeeAwIWP0cxyMaJvVI++rT+2El+24TJY60hXamCP1Kdet0K1JIZmwnIAx0eCvlkdY7DCbVU8NS4DtkDZcbtjGFaw13WPaJwIq316c/GgHPCEMyoLPjOpBeYOY6FHe2wR9Lng+f9Vo9+31F6ticpwM2+PK9lKrvcUPPgbQYiOVkRbinCN1YziBRunR/AQQKPhQdAwFMJC/tI5AuCGttwxTJh4oZK7m78zVKR/M+EfB5BAqAwIYWTQ/oPOTuC+7Nnkx3VY7dSOuDhQYC7gUQ8HnXOwaGMpdFtO4A1YJzDqaId2rjtggsUYquCwKvV2Tg5fOeXoVACK13SfS0TnjnVXfqWFIE9hoyEF7QDrjAEua0HXChzscwQGLPteGrCq40SeL/nxE4aYEB7MBWgsACO6yE/085W46lbkd7ck+XXdQO5Lx1rWy6yVNGaHwLqPNTgrXOuUPlklygJWc70UUR2PC/0wcuPKLDuwLq/JIo6xSsYDd94Lk8Exgr8midvSHkhDF/xATEHikd3BRQ502CsPisec8lDWGZIgWW95oigQjMeONfgkTUiE5eFUhvjTdUO0sYoXVsCevdSC+HEM32nTpJYGyY8h5qDbhpYJDWa44iVYbYVqWGFZP1qNGwHHkqlAqlw14jI5gfGPGmL4O2ZkLKnYtKuRPsq5o7SsyV/q2iYuAqwgaBN+mQI6pe8o6nX95AQJMhAgV+TyUyYE1PPtUMZhpyZ+gobxN2yhNWvviUmKhSHXVKpCRTNy56HXOc8G6cmCe1YZEiQZKpL5J1yRVXhykBOUlBZJrTCNTlRf8NpQXxk9P9gHsQZSldgd3FDOB6AR0a1SeuUtUTGgEXZFpYOZ5iBCgrwJXHQ1VFpTMpxjWjnCcEK0g6XEr3XGSVS5zGXL5p9QVHCisf2L321uK64YkQWAGfkapLJBsqZnNR3jrGfT6O3oUxV1E0w6LUKVGKa8eA8zjwVY4oFXZRfWNGxPeGjggsVfKdq++TtqOEoma6GGSsEshHtgQCK5zLi8V+PFGVS8jbJqij0O7SRnPoIflJS6EPnqhu16nk21hiVjxFomQ4Qi5HXhHhas8UYRy99RoXHfqIrgfSikEEaYdpY/n2UVPTkJBjX6OXZK8ycahc0rl4jhqrYeXQgI+T4GLVFj/xGB9zrW4e53svlzpK0M0M/CDu2Jgg+AlhI3stqM1sjhX2kCF+PNNW6XjAna8Y6HgCb9DRFeB7Vgve3ZXokX0kpcfBTXOcxiiEEuxStTMuLjaol7vVvIOtHxsTTaUrXqlHqJTfWKuatR+2WvCjeT5Gm3q8KWMGPJHXhneWKu/hWL2GRafe8l8CQ5BCE54hS9BMPXNmUGmHebiFx6ynPnuUivPXSilHQJABr1NL6fF+wW8BMU+gAatJf5PkW7S85TL68LVWYir9AJn2GOIpE91uGr3Qt47nvBo07W0p4rxVZ6n+z3STCyb5btT37dY64zVaMkLKEMTgwD4mqfPervw1EZGhvGNDiEC3htLqrhm8YVC9dB95oNoSMEOwVv0AAAYHkKk/zIY6Jcia+4avggi8ZgAhviY1e+sXAjA8wqWUy7F7toP1nVNkCGLAAGbEq2Hambbdh7SCHVGeowya+rhsV987RoagUoMqTRJMsPtj7xoVHe89wkH0FnkNJcUAiC5cOtks26mzh/XdczyWzge2MCICMXY+zKJTRx+8fE/PHxgSg9/I4MrMT/9zrFoz+SoeyZUCZt4IARPvszsd7A73nZYLLdFOMABkcJWyDsNOHGmxRDyZbwKis8YSMNdmub0eyZmaEKCZZvQNDGruGgUV3LcjGaX8KJtKhm7eNlrPjAfk1ht5Z3V2LkO9SzMOMXOMGgYQ4OhZqKIvDAJoCkUVyNZCsDOoYIxfcdV+cPMQryqja4ABNcda607qGzFLEisBoQYJTAlvSRbCL1GwEqedAqDJIoIhLNScRjI7NiTH3pErTdiVf5QaVBFwLQTM6DvWWZn8y2mx6HG4xk8rWElGTKR6/6qlXuDA53JoT0BNYagDtTnBAtlBKXCSqHIl1QnhFaHYoqlGU2rUFqUuwgmFBG+9Vw3prBU/I4JXbtDXDN0CTRSLTJYbcqipaK4XOXEupL5iJQCAup8NZ7W+CKP1OhZgZ8SHJgr6eRD2sUAdzGxFz7QVzvUaebo6MBIvxZmKAmPJkMpq3lTjdVmXzEFwGjICUZiv4pQZVm/uZqW/EI1TFc5qpTfWkJWyuRAA7Dd+aszs9lFxi7XIPASjvfC77bG3WEy8sXSRlyeMckkJoLvJI8kXZAo7SA5prGXKJb0ymCOfnjGvuhbpXEgolyQAE1OTNAn7EJ6JmdXXYidcixy3LgIOUT93ZrWxFbOIlDwVPdBGNrS6kPFBsUOsZ2I0MTG72giN1DxrbrmVjLQTRxVkJGuQDS5HdvOBnF1/LVasJhbIuMomskf6m9pPclRKWGSQ02aTnF84ku1MQHTgD73vGAkBaIYmiDeey+dstAeY2/tMxhtMwW5fskgUyPYaYUr4eqUpBHXfHzOZMVcGXkudVbfjvWIB2lRgVugW2lL2XcgVPom2fj+JfzFDhFcaRMacJaFkZ9+8VM00DErBx+kCRWa0MYNcZkAhBE2lj0kLrPS4zHAa5X7IT9ryQj+faQRPS5FQz0nBkW6wIEqU30QIENstm2KmL6TftnSj13C0S7P3n+luqRs7BxuR/OxJAORrrXAa4UEIALXdsaRyUlDrwh4GdTIORUgsfBLqQLoOnaCP12IEiDW/jZFlsxcx0Ls2A8tVcbP4PEmgm0OVpgb+lQCA6sico2VHyKKQuGV+SHj+rdCmiaZZb6SEMx20sAKC9X6NnWWzTXg6tpTdaZ5fsjRalD+KpZ63HOg7AvGKx5xMuBFLRg2/kz2Y7iWHmex0Ss46ucS/CgR+SRO17P6SIaV/YXxm3cCMpVxSVJiTA0DFkLwOUOu9iFWvzKZTbonPzG7PdWn3l/nSnVTWZnAOAFQM+agEgFx5zYQdXPJ9RBOXsT9rIQnDzFdsghNpwGBttLWC97/5de+6ejBIGwvFrVQXchfLzVONaVnDaemqoklDOBa9lH8wHih0QAAAqQesuPFVjaU4KLPCJJ4KYQiW0crViKUnona5IJF/MFeUCm9vhQhQesB5Xf53R1IZNjzXz+NZunScAxims5xmcbmdT/SW4Ik3Xg8L+Se3xGee/17J9txK1prAqJhfu0NvJe3lR1yKHCnSEGQM+UMTAJIX8eQTLKBaFhc5f5i2TCAqmnb/8ADcytwCZQq4nt4xYGhTt/fzT2babTcYAFNuBIht1/DPlCkIWAgMuH44nfd6/oVkibipEjkSgOffPABQCcBfkKaATwy4UEd3vtXX+V1ZO0aq2qRKqgBTKCQBQBBcqz0wXsXm6K95lVG5rezSBF7/g4wgCcC1VAdO7lEDAp6F4QRZMCs6CkK4lvLJnbImQWcRPl+pRABD8Jlm4pYqQWbG7tnecbKSd0qrBUDQhvOoAQCG4FHHD4WUxDpRYbevnoW5qlE8UyqZQRaV2bSQBIAPCO4UuQJczjboPrphmrst9GGyjZTB1EjNOgS78Z5eGQBkXOgAzh2Dwd9n2hkB3z/eiDYzTjd7Nfsdu1q74M2VGlBR41zDBb9IRQBD8HpPnwzGJJ4kXz7cRfk+9IjHH0/myTrTSy8ONxq71EVplGtNHaAgeBFlJuCBJpEqLeIs01kUr9fler2OZ9l01GLU9HCts0telEZpA8DRFLAQ/BAVdZBTmsSX2vdE7kTFafGpDgB3KgBOQnCnogVkllBaCj8/f7zScivCDn8EgAKBEwRfGCl40HdNlj/t+fxpocUtxJuCGQC+aAFQQ/BFZQ7fpZPqW1ms+xMEZ6PZmOOOegSggeDTP1Uh6UnY5UIZKKuI+rAIZjTXpJbWOugVAAKCv0IITLrIZRdRt4s3TjzXplPirfH3P84DgIDg9llc6AlFyeJyet4NrGBatggsxuL7dkxC4Es7AD4QOEFwwuD2u/iB10Jbbc8303YKEezWxbhFLGGtxLJWXae8+udTBYA2AhwERxBuHyUiK6l3KlLmHHeME7dlPLWX1Gq/39zcfP16eP4zAIAQfP36/tseZT57r4jYvHf+O9vR78vcZetEN3uu3bfxsxsAGIJ3DK4fZIkLrSyh5S3cwt8mySrPkyTxC3fhnZtQCWWJtIfrw/m7AMBC8KmC4OVJmrzZX6xq0Pb8g/uXCoBPZwMAIfjQhP/+lTeA9Zcp7ZJIfbeB/9Ua0AEAEoKbzyoOP7788S1fMX3m800/ANAQ/LhXWPQ4vOz5vVzRq3P/qzcAagjuaggOmvBd2QyztS91fI1rXEcNqAC46wYAA8HRJRzF4NuD0rVrU/p2ZaRS2ar18KcWgKMT6AhAky/gNOHlWYPYr91+QVDl0Y8Z0RegAXddz09BcMDgz4NWcFf0pA4aefRjUeCG1YCeAED2UF8MPlqEVouuojDex3oZh+cXRgM620CBMWDE4NuDZrBjzpKzUfCKje7ctQMLJASgDwAwBEcxeP2uH/KZWVl47WAYu0nUokf1+/+6Na+dhmEoDLdxurKc0SwhgSrBBZRSJARVef8HI8uOZ600m3NTqbWlfp9/HydREjYAHQogmwE+E4prA6/Rne/j5/HydVJeNuYvHl3PzR61eU4dgPwM6KwFqGKgG+Ydz34/3n4vxT3RobZxeD69vvy8X4/n7+ZP2ExD7zcAMgW5gzi1H1rVU/mKWYuyQUwGoC8BlQKBgwi0dNCWP5Lwdy2AiQHpIBnRAUwo/v4CcDsGYzmwQaIPFwA2BoyDKDWH5jfTiOXvNwCCGFAOYs0bkt/VYl22AfoUQMSAdlBIcPyh+H2nwqf5dwPw0zFAWwE7SFJ3gOVPE4qf3gD9C1A40EPYa0cwYaiPzS9zgCXEht/T0WD7Rkzjj8RPK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diff --git a/osa-3/1-ehdot-silmukoissa/index.html b/osa-3/1-ehdot-silmukoissa/index.html
index 45ec12e1d..2a6dffd3e 100644
--- a/osa-3/1-ehdot-silmukoissa/index.html
+++ b/osa-3/1-ehdot-silmukoissa/index.html
@@ -314,4 +314,4 @@
 lausunto <span class="token operator">+=</span> <span class="token string-interpolation"><span class="token string">f&quot;kurssilta </span><span class="token interpolation"><span class="token punctuation">{</span>kurssi<span class="token punctuation">}</span></span><span class="token string"> &quot;</span></span>
 lausunto <span class="token operator">+=</span> <span class="token string-interpolation"><span class="token string">f&quot;arvosanan </span><span class="token interpolation"><span class="token punctuation">{</span>arvosana<span class="token punctuation">}</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;</span></span>
 
-<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>lausunto<span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>Olet saanut kurssilta Ohjelmoinnin perusteet arvosanan 4</p></div></div><p>Edellisessä tehtävässä laskettiin lukujen summaa kasvattamalla sen arvoa silmukan sisällä.</p><p>Täsmälleen samalla idealla on mahdollista rakentaa myös merkkijonoa siten, että siihen lisätään yksi osa kerrallaan silmukassa...</p><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" 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+<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>lausunto<span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>Olet saanut kurssilta Ohjelmoinnin perusteet arvosanan 4</p></div></div><p>Edellisessä tehtävässä laskettiin lukujen summaa kasvattamalla sen arvoa silmukan sisällä.</p><p>Täsmälleen samalla idealla on mahdollista rakentaa myös merkkijonoa siten, että siihen lisätään yksi osa kerrallaan silmukassa...</p><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" 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diff --git a/osa-3/2-merkkijonojen-kasittely/index.html b/osa-3/2-merkkijonojen-kasittely/index.html
index 355d145aa..29a313d4f 100644
--- a/osa-3/2-merkkijonojen-kasittely/index.html
+++ b/osa-3/2-merkkijonojen-kasittely/index.html
@@ -364,4 +364,4 @@
 Ei löytynyt
 Mitä etsit? <strong>ippu</strong>
 Löytyi kohdasta 2
-...</p></div></div><aside style="--color:#528afc" class="TextBox__Wrapper-sc-16p8bmv-0 dMMxhd"><h3 class="TextBox__Header-sc-16p8bmv-2 expZhz"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-info" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-info fa-1x TextBox__StyledIcon-sc-16p8bmv-1 jvyiaL" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM216 336h24V272H216c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24s10.7-24 24-24h48c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24v88h8c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24s-10.7 24-24 24H216c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24s10.7-24 24-24zm40-144c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32z"></path></svg>Metodi</h3><div class="TextBox__Body-sc-16p8bmv-3 fTqaUE"><p>Merkkijonon sisältä merkkijonoa etsivä <code class="language-text">find</code> on siis <em>metodi</em>. Metodit ovat sukua jo meille tutuille asioille eli <em>funktioille</em>. Metodit ovatkin eräänlaisia funktioita, mutta niiden suorittama operaatio kohdistuu siihen <em>olioon</em>, jonka kautta metodia kutsutaan, eli joka esiintyy metodikutsun alussa ennen metodin nimeä. Metodin <code class="language-text">find</code> tapauksessa oliona on merkkijono, jonka osajonoa etsitään.</p></div></aside><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div 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Metodit ovatkin eräänlaisia funktioita, mutta niiden suorittama operaatio kohdistuu siihen <em>olioon</em>, jonka kautta metodia kutsutaan, eli joka esiintyy metodikutsun alussa ennen metodin nimeä. 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diff --git a/osa-3/3-lisaa-silmukoista/index.html b/osa-3/3-lisaa-silmukoista/index.html
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-0</p></div></div><p>Nyt sisemmässä silmukassa on käytössä apumuuttuja <code class="language-text">i</code>, jonka arvo on aina sisempään silmukkaan mentäessä 0. Muuttujan <code class="language-text">i</code> arvo kasvaa yhden välein, kunnes se on yhtä suuri kuin muuttujan <code class="language-text">luku</code> nykyinen arvo, joka taas vähenee ulomman silmukan vuoksi kohti nollaa.</p><p>Sisempi silmukka tulostaa apumuuttujan <code class="language-text">i</code> arvot välilyönnillä eroteltuna samalle riville. Kun sisempi silmukka päättyy, tulostetaan aina rivinvaihto komennolla <code class="language-text">print</code>.</p><p>Jos et ole täysin varma, että ymmärrät esimerkkikoodin toiminnan, kokeile kopioida koodi Python Tutorin <a href="http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">visualisaattoriin</a> ja tarkastele, mitä ohjelma tulostaa ja miten muuttujien arvot vaihtuvat koodin edetessä.</p><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root 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47oxRJrWD/zPrGMOj6kY8fWmobleVcdr+jtOVj+hrulKk8nHT2qhBJwFm4ULsvEfEMC8Rx1mI5kzaJBhypkIW7St9+yRnljH9a9FVx3qjTrQ6Rl95YvZ/2C75yhe7mxHmrPAv0doL+vSRuqZJT4VeB/9P+pZc5dFpj0Uyg/Up3FouBFHr9UvZAPfX3/i8tKgjTR+6LvLZYVMVLPzjL5xU4poy2G7RU/i0hw1jRnryYNZpGclOvllKMfbpTmeSweq6N8WN406h68cF4ItIY8DQvcbIhQmzgBFyrifTKDg984qwINa7RezA8F13yhoF2O1DnXRfsr1bAmBr4q4L+DTHdq/+WBhvWK6nd4VK9QwxoiweY5QcduL9Cwdgi0/fUjv7PPNNK/MwqZtjRdfo6bAjO8ncvcGxedPl5v7kekxi/BJeFbT6r8Jh3Yrtvj4m66CqOk/XhWko74obd9Q+R3uU1m+jV6kNcnnRFQxBTciFhosvwNeAo3peshaRpLIy2siCbcSOUMVj3R41cj98aN0fELcaN5R0lg31cqlb4A7CtB8SvSBJDv4NJvU2CiTsTFo/1B/sCjdezFvC8lSfJwqVSaKrP8XuASPRs/1Cl/wA0w1DxHUn1hBh2xPdPFNKx4WxppWPG2H9kxQBdK2yjSsMA5yd+keRzWMAmc+Jqv4gJJizQsz/g20LDi7VA+God1LB+dSP+BBBlkjxKSoWEdIOHdFF3rJdyKT3kaljf9nswo761tILQ7jLbOMNAdF328icluNsPNXaxW+gRv/duC/QfpwbtbPpDP5GgsN8o/lTXae7t8mrtJK2rChZ88ruO7ycfzkITfHsB70q48WwCfkgB6OehfY3Cjz016UCfjRtYG4MIRGoB7dN46Eo5zAoviELkV8kb/NsBNrJ8pDd6zayQkPA/hRiq9tuUn8g+V+TiUNPLcl2M9aT9xnT2+7P+UFjZCdRuoF8EdwUsDXGzk2lFdfX33kca/HBdjNjWI5DekepuW5dRuwzCqnHrcyGGtC6wV1HCsi2G0B93a4ZrL5OSrdXrI1PqkNYVhVDd9qWzJrFrY5uPWNKy3bmEYq0Z7et+Oo7r8ODfiQi/KcQTFQXmtpQE33P8yLj1LPS5+qLGD2mMIbqrH+6Tz5QD+D+fA9WlJxmd8dxHOMTwJ57w/FDebIWRdXMT1Tjhn+QxckOQ04Jcyl8/ChaRchXNAH4pzDgOcjhsU+KXKCS7J4+k4p3sP3GjfpUmS3FMqlbYmnYcYsycuAHM/XIzeVriYrsm4+EEfRDmR5vFQi4G/4+b5LcUNRpyOG73rpXv5O1yanJAzcY7wX+Gm+YCLVfsLbvRzLM7p3x8XrPu0ztkRFxbxBHCy2mVT9ZPz1Y5Hkw5ClHAhH31VjuNz6r+v6rl1sO9D3MjsJeoDJdwMhiNVrpm46UV/woW07IOb53gI+aFLPyMN0o25QjIhi2tpnuKow4ThnVWk6VxaYblPXo1l2qoD70+7pZfRvX8s43tzJeDuIZ3Qu01w/OzgGldq30n6vDdpRoO4LOuQhjVkbX1xU2Cyjs0inT3xWs45UxSO8fuMYytxo5khfnWnccG+LUhDElC7J7j4Mh8P+SXtm6TP0/R5Z9xoYkIaSwUuHizRPSuq/yDyp8I9j5udMT7n+D4SnImE63MFv/O1gmNnFhy7oCN9WJ4EF2T3uCmyuezUScp5DS5swG8jypy/uR6md3EJ7PpJGB1P8dSp03OEeB8JgXqVZaC0wPG4uYLzgnOnSQMIt3WloQB8FzfReEMJi6HSHGKNbABp2MfupVJpW9KgzS31kB8njeLZVWjbUbhA6HJMDLQlz376Gybleya6VwN0HzzHat9oCbrNJJSO0vEDcaEqBwGXJElyd0bbDAd+HFguvp19EoIZGWW4JDhvUSBwhwf3pkMFFrh5arupkxkfpbNkJ10mk81vcyt0NayFyy4wX+bfxDLf66m3eTwDYz91+jdwGUPnyKS7gOZTVHxZZ0bb4RJSU/TgrMBN2Pcm1P6kebi8+f6ezDYvjIYG9RojAXFlSx62Av5HQr6IW/WbO+klEAqssF0bo3v1Hs0XeVmofVNl/iMN09dtV5m+twHfzYjZeltt6iPlPwja2bs3VmSUYWFwni/PW/rcUC0Cy/sBjpZaeztuCo2Rvq2GdHAZ1sUFI/ota47ZIbhpNn47vMw1n8MFVNYDt5VKpWf0Zi9apeklaQKjMvxmnw78ayuk4f0x2PaNtLs7gu3rgTCIgzSf0AO3Ro5fZltpIMhvdIX+vxAXYX+GfFmrwqMSEH8q0z5zZNZ1k+k4XKao3+/ZLLpXP8653kakGV5fDeo2TkLkAipfXyHmUxWWocWszjQoD2qrl39khFT9JWqgd4G5SZJ8UCqVeqvhv4Kbyd6ziwqsHno4x3VgGbpTPvSifyTIynXkBNhLWtU35b+5UppM3vy/94Ef4RzsZ8pci/upzwjyCQkiz0zSqT39A80D3ARjLwiWZvzuioyX97TonJukaZ2s650ijetc9dEdiXLat4BxOMf5Z2SuljML95CA7iet6BaaD9ysGfnUHo6ucXP02WdR8ZrZmeoPp6hurXFblCtDq+nWAQ/IMtm4N+NWyblRb5nXgQ+kgi5Wp/meOv6yLqxlfZvK11hsD96TluW3LHPvKtykc7/9rkLN+hRpkCfrHu5b9AAkSTJRD2AdzRMhzg58R0iYjcLlz4qZLo3MbxcF398uOneQHvx48OG1oB0e0IOLTLJf4SZyj9V3NseNrIU0BS+D+FlrytCcvKDapUyb3qIyjMGNqJJhZs+I7tVJ0fE3ZdZ5zWqPQOBNkDIxRtr2YNLcZy3hyTJl6FQCq6Xchxsu7ar0kH9iZAf9fhPOae23rIVmG6UJ+60wFEMjaueqTouSJPk1aWba3AUQ9LI6keZOdORLatIDfaiE4Qw+OsLpBWVojrxDGnZwCG5U0vvZziUd0Qwd01/GhSU0SXD6/GYnAGOSJGmU1uXnI8YLj/hVevYKfEP7B0IiZgL5cxtD5uJCMXrrJTcHl/k3vp/hvVoeHf8+LqRkscxCPw/y4EDwTiZdVWitVvapojJ0aYEFaUbGrsogaZknsfpW424JB+ih9lucZeB2acTTgGmlUumH8u88A0wtlUqPyuRZTPlR43elWROZdZcE5tkjuIm+Z1ZS+CRJ7lcZ6+RbmyI/2zF6mH6Q8bVpuIwNPXHxY9viQmP+XiqVntLvHyMBHyfdu17X3UtCc6rMY+SrytO0F1RQnVsyNK6QTaJ79RgfTUYwW3UCF+e2nsp1DS62bVJQ3tYspbd5RhlGUGOECdi6ShxW1vas3vDtPaW+PdPLbIjLCBrOdpgtrQWy47AeiTS0v9I8DqsbbjStgeaLS1wqv9UuFKdsWROXe2o5zdO07B6ZgkmghQ2VkE1wI7on0DyF8oICk+kg0lgrn17mNNWN4FiYYM8nDsiKw/KsS5pOOUwns3NBnxpFGod1iM7vTbqKzonSXJ+L7vHP1Q/DOCzPidp3RbBvdEEZtgzO8yvBD25pp+1MeSZ+GzVYS1mYYWpksRbVkY3xBflfrsVFJbc1JdwIl89M6emlY0slJOqylBbShIlZfciv8dc9eCDfCPw39Tr2ofatKU1hWWQq10nArIj2jwg0rxWBv6g+4zoxH5Mwnq/vJ5FQ66a6N0X7VqgsJfnleqlOy8uY+yOkpb0Ulcu33ZKgDP6e+Dr4314WaVIf1/73In9Z3vSvpbiRUN/m3qSvUxlXAsu0+O1A+fVmBf3Cnxd+t6eu2Rj0z3JlaCqoe5fjB9TmXMS3ZV7VzOKXhtEVGE1tT6JegBt8WNu6gmFUP90pv3BrLWzvy6/Tw7qEUWt0tlypX+ajSf9rlSdxw9AvrMILYF35Fd4L9veTb2KhPvfFOZ7DOYDrSGC+L1/K2vLlNMmHsYTmy4XVy6RtlL8kyy/2oX4n9B82SbNcnuEbGqk6PB/4hgaoTy9UubNoDIR9g7924L9B/q0PM9rr06rHizRfJqsP2QvQrqR5XFtP1S/e73/3Pfl38q41j3Tprjk5/p81cEGbK9U23sfXX7/foDZaW+0WjkyurXuzQG3fT+01L5AX/vcXqt7ddLyx1h7ANSo873zTspoteTa2le2dN0roR+eOJR0lfD4SMn7Rgx1JF1S4BzeKl+DieEJ+Srqww8ScutxOmn0g3Jbj0rJ4U3g30tGtRA/OuRJCPo7smII2u5909O2coIx+MYz5pHP1PHvhYqvC69wQlOkc8jMhhPgR0eei/d753C9oq6zR4zWCz30y7unBQRt4bXy8BI1f2GIPXJiKX9Q1fEHcqP2Hq50TvRg9PqPDTL3s/EjnpqtLSFRTHNZVZK9vF3M6bgj29SoTuAluVO8/q/E3e+Nifk5q59/ZDLfydjm89ruLHj6PD5oMp4W8SDpd68FIU1yqfY+QZv24DDdqdhMubu1e0nxce0d9eREu3uvxQFN8WZ+fJ82OMA7or1ADL7wuijTOz0mID5OgvlXXHCshG1op76jMfpuxCm0+O2qfp8qcP0CCvT9uzuX9ugd7FHznE7iMDJWUZ7TaaBkuZGMuNc5d6gjjc1TiLJNmb1zg28OBitzRMVTr42Jznso5ZzEuJuZ83IKro3ExNEfR+vxhft299tKwfI76bcpoWOGxI/R5OOmgQX2gYR2RUSavYb0c7AsX/9xa/78ZPGSjSCPRvXYRBkpOJl0yC2/+kS7b9TPSAZ23M/reA6TxRl44baK+mqj+XsO6uEybt0TD+kWOFZKnYe1Jml8r1Br9Sj9ZGlaY86pIwxogAZqQptih1jWsZ3ExMj/HOdcvwE2azWOlHpLv4Va6HY7LubSyA+swUg/CFD1cH5cw+qI61CbygewqTfEGPRBTcVHG+8n8WNDC3y3hVhRur0UvmmRyXU35iehey/ITkL2guJPmcUhDpLn5LS9+xy+VVieB1ASsVyqVJqg9p+PiqSpvLDcF6DRdaxxp1PfZeqGE/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+0</p></div></div><p>Nyt sisemmässä silmukassa on käytössä apumuuttuja <code class="language-text">i</code>, jonka arvo on aina sisempään silmukkaan mentäessä 0. Muuttujan <code class="language-text">i</code> arvo kasvaa yhden välein, kunnes se on yhtä suuri kuin muuttujan <code class="language-text">luku</code> nykyinen arvo, joka taas vähenee ulomman silmukan vuoksi kohti nollaa.</p><p>Sisempi silmukka tulostaa apumuuttujan <code class="language-text">i</code> arvot välilyönnillä eroteltuna samalle riville. Kun sisempi silmukka päättyy, tulostetaan aina rivinvaihto komennolla <code class="language-text">print</code>.</p><p>Jos et ole täysin varma, että ymmärrät esimerkkikoodin toiminnan, kokeile kopioida koodi Python Tutorin <a href="http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">visualisaattoriin</a> ja tarkastele, mitä ohjelma tulostaa ja miten muuttujien arvot vaihtuvat koodin edetessä.</p><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root MuiCircularProgress-colorPrimary MuiCircularProgress-indeterminate" style="width:40px;height:40px" role="progressbar"><svg class="MuiCircularProgress-svg" viewBox="22 22 44 44"><circle class="MuiCircularProgress-circle MuiCircularProgress-circleIndeterminate" cx="44" cy="44" r="20.2" fill="none" stroke-width="3.6"></circle></svg></div></div><div class="Loading__LoadingWrapper-sc-7tusyj-0 hvpcLh"><div class="MuiCircularProgress-root 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 tervehdi<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Antti&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 tervehdi<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Emilia&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>Hei Emilia
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class="MuiButtonBase-root MuiButton-root MuiButton-outlined MuiButton-outlinedPrimary" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="MuiButton-label"><span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="bars" class="svg-inline--fa fa-bars Sidebar__StyledIcon-ufe7yk-0 cypYga" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 96C0 78.3 14.3 64 32 64H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32C14.3 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32zM448 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg>Avaa valikko</span></span></button></div><div class="Sidebar__SidebarContainer-ufe7yk-1 SePEO"><div class="Sidebar__Brand-ufe7yk-4 jkfuJR">Ohjelmoinnin perusteet ja jatkokurssi 2024</div><nav class="Sidebar__TreeViewContainer-ufe7yk-3 dyqBWG"><ul class="TreeView__StyledUl-sc-1xcycfy-0 klCPuJ"><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a aria-current="page" active="t" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 ddReQ" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img 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JqkU7YQIhDxsCJXsKDMr1t5zJOVsOsMQd3mVzTqa6ueqVQQ40SvgqgdH5PeeAwIWP0cxyMaJvVI++rT+2El+24TJY60hXamCP1Kdet0K1JIZmwnIAx0eCvlkdY7DCbVU8NS4DtkDZcbtjGFaw13WPaJwIq316c/GgHPCEMyoLPjOpBeYOY6FHe2wR9Lng+f9Vo9+31F6ticpwM2+PK9lKrvcUPPgbQYiOVkRbinCN1YziBRunR/AQQKPhQdAwFMJC/tI5AuCGttwxTJh4oZK7m78zVKR/M+EfB5BAqAwIYWTQ/oPOTuC+7Nnkx3VY7dSOuDhQYC7gUQ8HnXOwaGMpdFtO4A1YJzDqaId2rjtggsUYquCwKvV2Tg5fOeXoVACK13SfS0TnjnVXfqWFIE9hoyEF7QDrjAEua0HXChzscwQGLPteGrCq40SeL/nxE4aYEB7MBWgsACO6yE/085W46lbkd7ck+XXdQO5Lx1rWy6yVNGaHwLqPNTgrXOuUPlklygJWc70UUR2PC/0wcuPKLDuwLq/JIo6xSsYDd94Lk8Exgr8midvSHkhDF/xATEHikd3BRQ502CsPisec8lDWGZIgWW95oigQjMeONfgkTUiE5eFUhvjTdUO0sYoXVsCevdSC+HEM32nTpJYGyY8h5qDbhpYJDWa44iVYbYVqWGFZP1qNGwHHkqlAqlw14jI5gfGPGmL4O2ZkLKnYtKuRPsq5o7SsyV/q2iYuAqwgaBN+mQI6pe8o6nX95AQJMhAgV+TyUyYE1PPtUMZhpyZ+gobxN2yhNWvviUmKhSHXVKpCRTNy56HXOc8G6cmCe1YZEiQZKpL5J1yRVXhykBOUlBZJrTCNTlRf8NpQXxk9P9gHsQZSldgd3FDOB6AR0a1SeuUtUTGgEXZFpYOZ5iBCgrwJXHQ1VFpTMpxjWjnCcEK0g6XEr3XGSVS5zGXL5p9QVHCisf2L321uK64YkQWAGfkapLJBsqZnNR3jrGfT6O3oUxV1E0w6LUKVGKa8eA8zjwVY4oFXZRfWNGxPeGjggsVfKdq++TtqOEoma6GGSsEshHtgQCK5zLi8V+PFGVS8jbJqij0O7SRnPoIflJS6EPnqhu16nk21hiVjxFomQ4Qi5HXhHhas8UYRy99RoXHfqIrgfSikEEaYdpY/n2UVPTkJBjX6OXZK8ycahc0rl4jhqrYeXQgI+T4GLVFj/xGB9zrW4e53svlzpK0M0M/CDu2Jgg+AlhI3stqM1sjhX2kCF+PNNW6XjAna8Y6HgCb9DRFeB7Vgve3ZXokX0kpcfBTXOcxiiEEuxStTMuLjaol7vVvIOtHxsTTaUrXqlHqJTfWKuatR+2WvCjeT5Gm3q8KWMGPJHXhneWKu/hWL2GRafe8l8CQ5BCE54hS9BMPXNmUGmHebiFx6ynPnuUivPXSilHQJABr1NL6fF+wW8BMU+gAatJf5PkW7S85TL68LVWYir9AJn2GOIpE91uGr3Qt47nvBo07W0p4rxVZ6n+z3STCyb5btT37dY64zVaMkLKEMTgwD4mqfPervw1EZGhvGNDiEC3htLqrhm8YVC9dB95oNoSMEOwVv0AAAYHkKk/zIY6Jcia+4avggi8ZgAhviY1e+sXAjA8wqWUy7F7toP1nVNkCGLAAGbEq2Hambbdh7SCHVGeowya+rhsV987RoagUoMqTRJMsPtj7xoVHe89wkH0FnkNJcUAiC5cOtks26mzh/XdczyWzge2MCICMXY+zKJTRx+8fE/PHxgSg9/I4MrMT/9zrFoz+SoeyZUCZt4IARPvszsd7A73nZYLLdFOMABkcJWyDsNOHGmxRDyZbwKis8YSMNdmub0eyZmaEKCZZvQNDGruGgUV3LcjGaX8KJtKhm7eNlrPjAfk1ht5Z3V2LkO9SzMOMXOMGgYQ4OhZqKIvDAJoCkUVyNZCsDOoYIxfcdV+cPMQryqja4ABNcda607qGzFLEisBoQYJTAlvSRbCL1GwEqedAqDJIoIhLNScRjI7NiTH3pErTdiVf5QaVBFwLQTM6DvWWZn8y2mx6HG4xk8rWElGTKR6/6qlXuDA53JoT0BNYagDtTnBAtlBKXCSqHIl1QnhFaHYoqlGU2rUFqUuwgmFBG+9Vw3prBU/I4JXbtDXDN0CTRSLTJYbcqipaK4XOXEupL5iJQCAup8NZ7W+CKP1OhZgZ8SHJgr6eRD2sUAdzGxFz7QVzvUaebo6MBIvxZmKAmPJkMpq3lTjdVmXzEFwGjICUZiv4pQZVm/uZqW/EI1TFc5qpTfWkJWyuRAA7Dd+aszs9lFxi7XIPASjvfC77bG3WEy8sXSRlyeMckkJoLvJI8kXZAo7SA5prGXKJb0ymCOfnjGvuhbpXEgolyQAE1OTNAn7EJ6JmdXXYidcixy3LgIOUT93ZrWxFbOIlDwVPdBGNrS6kPFBsUOsZ2I0MTG72giN1DxrbrmVjLQTRxVkJGuQDS5HdvOBnF1/LVasJhbIuMomskf6m9pPclRKWGSQ02aTnF84ku1MQHTgD73vGAkBaIYmiDeey+dstAeY2/tMxhtMwW5fskgUyPYaYUr4eqUpBHXfHzOZMVcGXkudVbfjvWIB2lRgVugW2lL2XcgVPom2fj+JfzFDhFcaRMacJaFkZ9+8VM00DErBx+kCRWa0MYNcZkAhBE2lj0kLrPS4zHAa5X7IT9ryQj+faQRPS5FQz0nBkW6wIEqU30QIENstm2KmL6TftnSj13C0S7P3n+luqRs7BxuR/OxJAORrrXAa4UEIALXdsaRyUlDrwh4GdTIORUgsfBLqQLoOnaCP12IEiDW/jZFlsxcx0Ls2A8tVcbP4PEmgm0OVpgb+lQCA6sico2VHyKKQuGV+SHj+rdCmiaZZb6SEMx20sAKC9X6NnWWzTXg6tpTdaZ5fsjRalD+KpZ63HOg7AvGKx5xMuBFLRg2/kz2Y7iWHmex0Ss46ucS/CgR+SRO17P6SIaV/YXxm3cCMpVxSVJiTA0DFkLwOUOu9iFWvzKZTbonPzG7PdWn3l/nSnVTWZnAOAFQM+agEgFx5zYQdXPJ9RBOXsT9rIQnDzFdsghNpwGBttLWC97/5de+6ejBIGwvFrVQXchfLzVONaVnDaemqoklDOBa9lH8wHih0QAAAqQesuPFVjaU4KLPCJJ4KYQiW0crViKUnona5IJF/MFeUCm9vhQhQesB5Xf53R1IZNjzXz+NZunScAxims5xmcbmdT/SW4Ik3Xg8L+Se3xGee/17J9txK1prAqJhfu0NvJe3lR1yKHCnSEGQM+UMTAJIX8eQTLKBaFhc5f5i2TCAqmnb/8ADcytwCZQq4nt4xYGhTt/fzT2babTcYAFNuBIht1/DPlCkIWAgMuH44nfd6/oVkibipEjkSgOffPABQCcBfkKaATwy4UEd3vtXX+V1ZO0aq2qRKqgBTKCQBQBBcqz0wXsXm6K95lVG5rezSBF7/g4wgCcC1VAdO7lEDAp6F4QRZMCs6CkK4lvLJnbImQWcRPl+pRABD8Jlm4pYqQWbG7tnecbKSd0qrBUDQhvOoAQCG4FHHD4WUxDpRYbevnoW5qlE8UyqZQRaV2bSQBIAPCO4UuQJczjboPrphmrst9GGyjZTB1EjNOgS78Z5eGQBkXOgAzh2Dwd9n2hkB3z/eiDYzTjd7Nfsdu1q74M2VGlBR41zDBb9IRQBD8HpPnwzGJJ4kXz7cRfk+9IjHH0/myTrTSy8ONxq71EVplGtNHaAgeBFlJuCBJpEqLeIs01kUr9fler2OZ9l01GLU9HCts0telEZpA8DRFLAQ/BAVdZBTmsSX2vdE7kTFafGpDgB3KgBOQnCnogVkllBaCj8/f7zScivCDn8EgAKBEwRfGCl40HdNlj/t+fxpocUtxJuCGQC+aAFQQ/BFZQ7fpZPqW1ms+xMEZ6PZmOOOegSggeDTP1Uh6UnY5UIZKKuI+rAIZjTXpJbWOugVAAKCv0IITLrIZRdRt4s3TjzXplPirfH3P84DgIDg9llc6AlFyeJyet4NrGBatggsxuL7dkxC4Es7AD4QOEFwwuD2u/iB10Jbbc8303YKEezWxbhFLGGtxLJWXae8+udTBYA2AhwERxBuHyUiK6l3KlLmHHeME7dlPLWX1Gq/39zcfP16eP4zAIAQfP36/tseZT57r4jYvHf+O9vR78vcZetEN3uu3bfxsxsAGIJ3DK4fZIkLrSyh5S3cwt8mySrPkyTxC3fhnZtQCWWJtIfrw/m7AMBC8KmC4OVJmrzZX6xq0Pb8g/uXCoBPZwMAIfjQhP/+lTeA9Zcp7ZJIfbeB/9Ua0AEAEoKbzyoOP7788S1fMX3m800/ANAQ/LhXWPQ4vOz5vVzRq3P/qzcAagjuaggOmvBd2QyztS91fI1rXEcNqAC46wYAA8HRJRzF4NuD0rVrU/p2ZaRS2ar18KcWgKMT6AhAky/gNOHlWYPYr91+QVDl0Y8Z0RegAXddz09BcMDgz4NWcFf0pA4aefRjUeCG1YCeAED2UF8MPlqEVouuojDex3oZh+cXRgM620CBMWDE4NuDZrBjzpKzUfCKje7ctQMLJASgDwAwBEcxeP2uH/KZWVl47WAYu0nUokf1+/+6Na+dhmEoDLdxurKc0SwhgSrBBZRSJARVef8HI8uOZ600m3NTqbWlfp9/HydREjYAHQogmwE+E4prA6/Rne/j5/HydVJeNuYvHl3PzR61eU4dgPwM6KwFqGKgG+Ydz34/3n4vxT3RobZxeD69vvy8X4/n7+ZP2ExD7zcAMgW5gzi1H1rVU/mKWYuyQUwGoC8BlQKBgwi0dNCWP5Lwdy2AiQHpIBnRAUwo/v4CcDsGYzmwQaIPFwA2BoyDKDWH5jfTiOXvNwCCGFAOYs0bkt/VYl22AfoUQMSAdlBIcPyh+H2nwqf5dwPw0zFAWwE7SFJ3gOVPE4qf3gD9C1A40EPYa0cwYaiPzS9zgCXEht/T0WD7Rkzjj8RPK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-    </span><p>Ohjelmassa voi olla myös useita breakpointeja. Pysähtymisen jälkeen koodi voidaan taas käynnistää sinisellä kolmiolla (<em>Continue</em>) ja suoritus jatkuu, kunnes ohjelma törmää seuraavaan breakpointiin.</p><p>Visuaalinen debuggeri on vaihtoehto debug-tulostuksille, mutta on mieltymyksistä kiinni, mitä debuggaustekniikoita kukin ohjelmoija käyttää. 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src="data:image/png;base64,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+    </span><p>Ohjelmassa voi olla myös useita breakpointeja. Pysähtymisen jälkeen koodi voidaan taas käynnistää sinisellä kolmiolla (<em>Continue</em>) ja suoritus jatkuu, kunnes ohjelma törmää seuraavaan breakpointiin.</p><p>Visuaalinen debuggeri on vaihtoehto debug-tulostuksille, mutta on mieltymyksistä kiinni, mitä debuggaustekniikoita kukin ohjelmoija käyttää. On hyvä kokeilla erilaisia tapoja ja valita itselle sopiva tapa.</p></div><div> <!-- -->Seuraava osa:<!-- --> <div class="EndOfSubSection__ButtonWrapper-ees48a-2 ihqBwp"><a class="EndOfSubSection__StyledLink-ees48a-0 TDJSC" href="/osa-4/2-lisaa-funktioista"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right EndOfSubSection__StyledIcon-ees48a-1 jfrrKl" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg>2<!-- -->. <!-- -->Lisää funktioista</a></div><p></p></div></article></div><footer class="CoursePageFooter__CoursePageFooterWrapper-sc-1wp274x-0 bpGHNs"><div class="CoursePageFooter__CoursePageFooterContent-sc-1wp274x-1 hTiKoY"><div 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src="data:image/png;base64,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diff --git a/osa-4/2-lisaa-funktioista/index.html b/osa-4/2-lisaa-funktioista/index.html
index 9372fb3b1..e3e6f4902 100644
--- a/osa-4/2-lisaa-funktioista/index.html
+++ b/osa-4/2-lisaa-funktioista/index.html
@@ -352,4 +352,4 @@
         <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>viesti<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
         kerrat <span class="token operator">-=</span> <span class="token number">1</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämä kertoo funktion käyttäjälle, että parametrin <code class="language-text">viesti</code> on tarkoitus olla merkkijono, kun taas parametrin <code class="language-text">kerrat</code> on tarkoitus olla kokonaisluku.</p><p>Vastaavasti funktion paluuarvon tyypin voi vihjata funktion määrittelyssä:</p><div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="python"><pre class="language-python"><code class="language-python"><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">kysy_nimi</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token builtin">str</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
     nimi <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">input</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Mikä on nimesi? &quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
-    <span class="token keyword">return</span> nimi</code></pre></div><p>Tämä kertoo funktion käyttäjälle, että funktion on tarkoitus palauttaa merkkijono.</p><p>Huomaa kuitenkin, että tyyppivihje ainoastaan neuvoo, mikä tyypin tulisi olla, mutta ei valvo sitä. Jos funktiolle annetaan väärän tyyppinen parametri tai se palauttaa väärän tyyppisen arvon, funktio suoritetaan kuitenkin, mutta se toimii mahdollisesti väärin.</p><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-8e93e885-fda8-5930-8232-80dd3dc01642"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM169.8 165.3c7.9-22.3 29.1-37.3 52.8-37.3h58.3c34.9 0 63.1 28.3 63.1 63.1c0 22.6-12.1 43.5-31.7 54.8L280 264.4c-.2 13-10.9 23.6-24 23.6c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V250.5c0-8.6 4.6-16.5 12.1-20.8l44.3-25.4c4.7-2.7 7.6-7.7 7.6-13.1c0-8.4-6.8-15.1-15.1-15.1H222.6c-3.4 0-6.4 2.1-7.5 5.3l-.4 1.2c-4.4 12.5-18.2 19-30.6 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+    <span class="token keyword">return</span> nimi</code></pre></div><p>Tämä kertoo funktion käyttäjälle, että funktion on tarkoitus palauttaa merkkijono.</p><p>Huomaa kuitenkin, että tyyppivihje ainoastaan neuvoo, mikä tyypin tulisi olla, mutta ei valvo sitä. 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47oxRJrWD/zPrGMOj6kY8fWmobleVcdr+jtOVj+hrulKk8nHT2qhBJwFm4ULsvEfEMC8Rx1mI5kzaJBhypkIW7St9+yRnljH9a9FVx3qjTrQ6Rl95YvZ/2C75yhe7mxHmrPAv0doL+vSRuqZJT4VeB/9P+pZc5dFpj0Uyg/Up3FouBFHr9UvZAPfX3/i8tKgjTR+6LvLZYVMVLPzjL5xU4poy2G7RU/i0hw1jRnryYNZpGclOvllKMfbpTmeSweq6N8WN406h68cF4ItIY8DQvcbIhQmzgBFyrifTKDg984qwINa7RezA8F13yhoF2O1DnXRfsr1bAmBr4q4L+DTHdq/+WBhvWK6nd4VK9QwxoiweY5QcduL9Cwdgi0/fUjv7PPNNK/MwqZtjRdfo6bAjO8ncvcGxedPl5v7kekxi/BJeFbT6r8Jh3Yrtvj4m66CqOk/XhWko74obd9Q+R3uU1m+jV6kNcnnRFQxBTciFhosvwNeAo3peshaRpLIy2siCbcSOUMVj3R41cj98aN0fELcaN5R0lg31cqlb4A7CtB8SvSBJDv4NJvU2CiTsTFo/1B/sCjdezFvC8lSfJwqVSaKrP8XuASPRs/1Cl/wA0w1DxHUn1hBh2xPdPFNKx4WxppWPG2H9kxQBdK2yjSsMA5yd+keRzWMAmc+Jqv4gJJizQsz/g20LDi7VA+God1LB+dSP+BBBlkjxKSoWEdIOHdFF3rJdyKT3kaljf9nswo761tILQ7jLbOMNAdF328icluNsPNXaxW+gRv/duC/QfpwbtbPpDP5GgsN8o/lTXae7t8mrtJK2rChZ88ruO7ycfzkITfHsB70q48WwCfkgB6OehfY3Cjz016UCfjRtYG4MIRGoB7dN46Eo5zAoviELkV8kb/NsBNrJ8pDd6zayQkPA/hRiq9tuUn8g+V+TiUNPLcl2M9aT9xnT2+7P+UFjZCdRuoF8EdwUsDXGzk2lFdfX33kca/HBdjNjWI5DekepuW5dRuwzCqnHrcyGGtC6wV1HCsi2G0B93a4ZrL5OSrdXrI1PqkNYVhVDd9qWzJrFrY5uPWNKy3bmEYq0Z7et+Oo7r8ODfiQi/KcQTFQXmtpQE33P8yLj1LPS5+qLGD2mMIbqrH+6Tz5QD+D+fA9WlJxmd8dxHOMTwJ57w/FDebIWRdXMT1Tjhn+QxckOQ04Jcyl8/ChaRchXNAH4pzDgOcjhsU+KXKCS7J4+k4p3sP3GjfpUmS3FMqlbYmnYcYsycuAHM/XIzeVriYrsm4+EEfRDmR5vFQi4G/4+b5LcUNRpyOG73rpXv5O1yanJAzcY7wX+Gm+YCLVfsLbvRzLM7p3x8XrPu0ztkRFxbxBHCy2mVT9ZPz1Y5Hkw5ClHAhH31VjuNz6r+v6rl1sO9D3MjsJeoDJdwMhiNVrpm46UV/woW07IOb53gI+aFLPyMN0o25QjIhi2tpnuKow4ThnVWk6VxaYblPXo1l2qoD70+7pZfRvX8s43tzJeDuIZ3Qu01w/OzgGldq30n6vDdpRoO4LOuQhjVkbX1xU2Cyjs0inT3xWs45UxSO8fuMYytxo5khfnWnccG+LUhDElC7J7j4Mh8P+SXtm6TP0/R5Z9xoYkIaSwUuHizRPSuq/yDyp8I9j5udMT7n+D4SnImE63MFv/O1gmNnFhy7oCN9WJ4EF2T3uCmyuezUScp5DS5swG8jypy/uR6md3EJ7PpJGB1P8dSp03OEeB8JgXqVZaC0wPG4uYLzgnOnSQMIt3WloQB8FzfReEMJi6HSHGKNbABp2MfupVJpW9KgzS31kB8njeLZVWjbUbhA6HJMDLQlz376Gybleya6VwN0HzzHat9oCbrNJJSO0vEDcaEqBwGXJElyd0bbDAd+HFguvp19EoIZGWW4JDhvUSBwhwf3pkMFFrh5arupkxkfpbNkJ10mk81vcyt0NayFyy4wX+bfxDLf66m3eTwDYz91+jdwGUPnyKS7gOZTVHxZZ0bb4RJSU/TgrMBN2Pcm1P6kebi8+f6ezDYvjIYG9RojAXFlSx62Av5HQr6IW/WbO+klEAqssF0bo3v1Hs0XeVmofVNl/iMN09dtV5m+twHfzYjZeltt6iPlPwja2bs3VmSUYWFwni/PW/rcUC0Cy/sBjpZaeztuCo2Rvq2GdHAZ1sUFI/ota47ZIbhpNn47vMw1n8MFVNYDt5VKpWf0Zi9apeklaQKjMvxmnw78ayuk4f0x2PaNtLs7gu3rgTCIgzSf0AO3Ro5fZltpIMhvdIX+vxAXYX+GfFmrwqMSEH8q0z5zZNZ1k+k4XKao3+/ZLLpXP8653kakGV5fDeo2TkLkAipfXyHmUxWWocWszjQoD2qrl39khFT9JWqgd4G5SZJ8UCqVeqvhv4Kbyd6ziwqsHno4x3VgGbpTPvSifyTIynXkBNhLWtU35b+5UppM3vy/94Ef4RzsZ8pci/upzwjyCQkiz0zSqT39A80D3ARjLwiWZvzuioyX97TonJukaZ2s650ijetc9dEdiXLat4BxOMf5Z2SuljML95CA7iet6BaaD9ysGfnUHo6ucXP02WdR8ZrZmeoPp6hurXFblCtDq+nWAQ/IMtm4N+NWyblRb5nXgQ+kgi5Wp/meOv6yLqxlfZvK11hsD96TluW3LHPvKtykc7/9rkLN+hRpkCfrHu5b9AAkSTJRD2AdzRMhzg58R0iYjcLlz4qZLo3MbxcF398uOneQHvx48OG1oB0e0IOLTLJf4SZyj9V3NseNrIU0BS+D+FlrytCcvKDapUyb3qIyjMGNqJJhZs+I7tVJ0fE3ZdZ5zWqPQOBNkDIxRtr2YNLcZy3hyTJl6FQCq6Xchxsu7ar0kH9iZAf9fhPOae23rIVmG6UJ+60wFEMjaueqTouSJPk1aWba3AUQ9LI6keZOdORLatIDfaiE4Qw+OsLpBWVojrxDGnZwCG5U0vvZziUd0Qwd01/GhSU0SXD6/GYnAGOSJGmU1uXnI8YLj/hVevYKfEP7B0IiZgL5cxtD5uJCMXrrJTcHl/k3vp/hvVoeHf8+LqRkscxCPw/y4EDwTiZdVWitVvapojJ0aYEFaUbGrsogaZknsfpW424JB+ih9lucZeB2acTTgGmlUumH8u88A0wtlUqPyuRZTPlR43elWROZdZcE5tkjuIm+Z1ZS+CRJ7lcZ6+RbmyI/2zF6mH6Q8bVpuIwNPXHxY9viQmP+XiqVntLvHyMBHyfdu17X3UtCc6rMY+SrytO0F1RQnVsyNK6QTaJ79RgfTUYwW3UCF+e2nsp1DS62bVJQ3tYspbd5RhlGUGOECdi6ShxW1vas3vDtPaW+PdPLbIjLCBrOdpgtrQWy47AeiTS0v9I8DqsbbjStgeaLS1wqv9UuFKdsWROXe2o5zdO07B6ZgkmghQ2VkE1wI7on0DyF8oICk+kg0lgrn17mNNWN4FiYYM8nDsiKw/KsS5pOOUwns3NBnxpFGod1iM7vTbqKzonSXJ+L7vHP1Q/DOCzPidp3RbBvdEEZtgzO8yvBD25pp+1MeSZ+GzVYS1mYYWpksRbVkY3xBflfrsVFJbc1JdwIl89M6emlY0slJOqylBbShIlZfciv8dc9eCDfCPw39Tr2ofatKU1hWWQq10nArIj2jwg0rxWBv6g+4zoxH5Mwnq/vJ5FQ66a6N0X7VqgsJfnleqlOy8uY+yOkpb0Ulcu33ZKgDP6e+Dr4314WaVIf1/73In9Z3vSvpbiRUN/m3qSvUxlXAsu0+O1A+fVmBf3Cnxd+t6eu2Rj0z3JlaCqoe5fjB9TmXMS3ZV7VzOKXhtEVGE1tT6JegBt8WNu6gmFUP90pv3BrLWzvy6/Tw7qEUWt0tlypX+ajSf9rlSdxw9AvrMILYF35Fd4L9veTb2KhPvfFOZ7DOYDrSGC+L1/K2vLlNMmHsYTmy4XVy6RtlL8kyy/2oX4n9B82SbNcnuEbGqk6PB/4hgaoTy9UubNoDIR9g7924L9B/q0PM9rr06rHizRfJqsP2QvQrqR5XFtP1S/e73/3Pfl38q41j3Tprjk5/p81cEGbK9U23sfXX7/foDZaW+0WjkyurXuzQG3fT+01L5AX/vcXqt7ddLyx1h7ANSo873zTspoteTa2le2dN0roR+eOJR0lfD4SMn7Rgx1JF1S4BzeKl+DieEJ+Srqww8ScutxOmn0g3Jbj0rJ4U3g30tGtRA/OuRJCPo7smII2u5909O2coIx+MYz5pHP1PHvhYqvC69wQlOkc8jMhhPgR0eei/d753C9oq6zR4zWCz30y7unBQRt4bXy8BI1f2GIPXJiKX9Q1fEHcqP2Hq50TvRg9PqPDTL3s/EjnpqtLSFRTHNZVZK9vF3M6bgj29SoTuAluVO8/q/E3e+Nifk5q59/ZDLfydjm89ruLHj6PD5oMp4W8SDpd68FIU1yqfY+QZv24DDdqdhMubu1e0nxce0d9eREu3uvxQFN8WZ+fJ82OMA7or1ADL7wuijTOz0mID5OgvlXXHCshG1op76jMfpuxCm0+O2qfp8qcP0CCvT9uzuX9ugd7FHznE7iMDJWUZ7TaaBkuZGMuNc5d6gjjc1TiLJNmb1zg28OBitzRMVTr42Jznso5ZzEuJuZ83IKro3ExNEfR+vxhft299tKwfI76bcpoWOGxI/R5OOmgQX2gYR2RUSavYb0c7AsX/9xa/78ZPGSjSCPRvXYRBkpOJl0yC2/+kS7b9TPSAZ23M/reA6TxRl44baK+mqj+XsO6uEybt0TD+kWOFZKnYe1Jml8r1Br9Sj9ZGlaY86pIwxogAZqQptih1jWsZ3ExMj/HOdcvwE2azWOlHpLv4Va6HY7LubSyA+swUg/CFD1cH5cw+qI61CbygewqTfEGPRBTcVHG+8n8WNDC3y3hVhRur0UvmmRyXU35iehey/ITkL2guJPmcUhDpLn5LS9+xy+VVieB1ASsVyqVJqg9p+PiqSpvLDcF6DRdaxxp1PfZeqGE/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diff --git a/osa-4/3-listat/index.html b/osa-4/3-listat/index.html
index 046fe7079..7687fb845 100644
--- a/osa-4/3-listat/index.html
+++ b/osa-4/3-listat/index.html
@@ -389,4 +389,4 @@
 painot <span class="token operator">=</span> lue_luvut<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 
 <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Pituudet:&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
-pituudet <span class="token operator">=</span> lue_luvut<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><h2 class="material-header" id="lisaa-listan-kasittelysta">Lisää listan käsittelystä<a href="#lisaa-listan-kasittelysta" aria-label="lisaa listan kasittelysta permalink" class="anchor after"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Pythonissa on paljon muitakin mahdollisuuksia listan käsittelyyn. 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     <span class="token keyword">if</span> alkio parempi kuin paras<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
         paras <span class="token operator">=</span> alkio
 
-<span class="token comment"># paras on nyt tiedossa!</span></code></pre></div><p>Koodin yksityiskohdat riippuvat siitä minkä tyyppisiä alkioita listalla on ja mikä parhauden/huonouden vertailukriteeri on käytössä. Joissain tilanteissa myös apumuuttujia saatetaan tarvita useampia.</p><p>Harjoitellaan hieman tämän ratkaisumenetelmän käyttöä.</p><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-ddf4bfa0-6a65-5efa-ba7d-e3e0cd3217fc"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM169.8 165.3c7.9-22.3 29.1-37.3 52.8-37.3h58.3c34.9 0 63.1 28.3 63.1 63.1c0 22.6-12.1 43.5-31.7 54.8L280 264.4c-.2 13-10.9 23.6-24 23.6c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V250.5c0-8.6 4.6-16.5 12.1-20.8l44.3-25.4c4.7-2.7 7.6-7.7 7.6-13.1c0-8.4-6.8-15.1-15.1-15.1H222.6c-3.4 0-6.4 2.1-7.5 5.3l-.4 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+<span class="token comment"># paras on nyt tiedossa!</span></code></pre></div><p>Koodin yksityiskohdat riippuvat siitä minkä tyyppisiä alkioita listalla on ja mikä parhauden/huonouden vertailukriteeri on käytössä. Joissain tilanteissa myös apumuuttujia saatetaan tarvita useampia.</p><p>Harjoitellaan hieman tämän ratkaisumenetelmän käyttöä.</p><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-ddf4bfa0-6a65-5efa-ba7d-e3e0cd3217fc"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM169.8 165.3c7.9-22.3 29.1-37.3 52.8-37.3h58.3c34.9 0 63.1 28.3 63.1 63.1c0 22.6-12.1 43.5-31.7 54.8L280 264.4c-.2 13-10.9 23.6-24 23.6c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V250.5c0-8.6 4.6-16.5 12.1-20.8l44.3-25.4c4.7-2.7 7.6-7.7 7.6-13.1c0-8.4-6.8-15.1-15.1-15.1H222.6c-3.4 0-6.4 2.1-7.5 5.3l-.4 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-<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tervehdys <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string-interpolation"><span class="token string">f&quot;, asuinpaikkasi on </span><span class="token interpolation"><span class="token punctuation">{</span>kaupunki<span class="token punctuation">}</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>Hei Pekka, olet 59-vuotias, asuinpaikkasi on Lappeenranta</p></div></div><p>F-merkkijonon voi ajatella olevan eräänlainen funktio, joka tuottaa normaalin merkkijonon aaltosuluissa olevien &quot;parametrien&quot; perusteella.</p><div>Loading</div><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" 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+++ b/osa-4/6-lisaa-rakenteista/index.html
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     <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>analyysin_tulos<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 
 <span class="token comment"># ohjelman käynnistys</span>
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class="MuiButtonBase-root MuiButton-root MuiButton-outlined MuiButton-outlinedPrimary" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="MuiButton-label"><span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="bars" class="svg-inline--fa fa-bars Sidebar__StyledIcon-ufe7yk-0 cypYga" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 96C0 78.3 14.3 64 32 64H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32C14.3 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32zM448 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg>Avaa valikko</span></span></button></div><div class="Sidebar__SidebarContainer-ufe7yk-1 SePEO"><div class="Sidebar__Brand-ufe7yk-4 jkfuJR">Ohjelmoinnin perusteet ja jatkokurssi 2024</div><nav class="Sidebar__TreeViewContainer-ufe7yk-3 dyqBWG"><ul class="TreeView__StyledUl-sc-1xcycfy-0 klCPuJ"><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a aria-current="page" active="t" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 ddReQ" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img 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  _ _ 7 8 _ 3 9 _ _
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-</code></pre></div><p>Vastaavalla tavalla on mahdollista kuvata moni tuttu peli (esim. shakki, miinaharava, laivan upotus, mastermind, ...) matriisina. 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-[1, 4, 2, 5, 3, 6, 4, 7]</p></div></div><p>Koska funktio <code class="language-text">sorted</code> palauttaa uuden järjestetyn listan, toiseksi pienimmän alkion etsiminen ei enää sotke listan alkuperäistä järjestystä.</p><p>Usein pidetään hyvänä asiana, että funktiot eivät aiheuta sivuvaikutuksia, sillä sivuvaikutukset voivat hankaloittaa ohjelmien toimivuuden varmistamista.</p><p>Sivuvaikutuksettomia funktioita kutsutaan myös <em>puhtaiksi funktioiksi</em> ja erityisesti funktionaalista ohjelmointityyliä käytettäessä funktiot pyritään rakentamaan näin. Palaamme aiheeseen tarkemmin <em>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssilla</em>.</p><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-c978cb03-cb95-52a3-b122-2cc9ddf8a552"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM169.8 165.3c7.9-22.3 29.1-37.3 52.8-37.3h58.3c34.9 0 63.1 28.3 63.1 63.1c0 22.6-12.1 43.5-31.7 54.8L280 264.4c-.2 13-10.9 23.6-24 23.6c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V250.5c0-8.6 4.6-16.5 12.1-20.8l44.3-25.4c4.7-2.7 7.6-7.7 7.6-13.1c0-8.4-6.8-15.1-15.1-15.1H222.6c-3.4 0-6.4 2.1-7.5 5.3l-.4 1.2c-4.4 12.5-18.2 19-30.6 14.6s-19-18.2-14.6-30.6l.4-1.2zM288 352c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32s32 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+[1, 4, 2, 5, 3, 6, 4, 7]</p></div></div><p>Koska funktio <code class="language-text">sorted</code> palauttaa uuden järjestetyn listan, toiseksi pienimmän alkion etsiminen ei enää sotke listan alkuperäistä järjestystä.</p><p>Usein pidetään hyvänä asiana, että funktiot eivät aiheuta sivuvaikutuksia, sillä sivuvaikutukset voivat hankaloittaa ohjelmien toimivuuden varmistamista.</p><p>Sivuvaikutuksettomia funktioita kutsutaan myös <em>puhtaiksi funktioiksi</em> ja erityisesti funktionaalista ohjelmointityyliä käytettäessä funktiot pyritään rakentamaan näin. 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 Pekka Pythonen
 Pedro Python
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diff --git a/osa-5/4-tuple/index.html b/osa-5/4-tuple/index.html
index 73c987812..d36169059 100644
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+++ b/osa-5/4-tuple/index.html
@@ -236,4 +236,4 @@
     <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;avain:&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> avain<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
     <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;arvo:&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> arvo<span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tässäkin Python käyttää taustalla tupleja: <code class="language-text">sanakirja.items()</code> palauttaa yksi kerrallaan avain-arvo-parit tuplena, jonka ensimmäinen alkio on avain ja toinen arvo.</p><p>Vielä yksi tuplen käyttötarkoitus on kahden muuttujan arvon vaihtaminen keskenään:</p><div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="python"><pre class="language-python"><code class="language-python">luku1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> luku2 <span class="token operator">=</span> luku2<span class="token punctuation">,</span> luku1</code></pre></div><p>Yllä oleva koodi vaihtaa keskenään muuttujien <code class="language-text">luku1</code> ja <code class="language-text">luku2</code> arvot, eli koodi toimii samoin kuin seuraava, apumuuttujaa käyttävä koodi:</p><div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="python"><pre class="language-python"><code class="language-python">apu <span class="token operator">=</span> luku1
 luku1 <span class="token operator">=</span> luku2
-luku2 <span class="token operator">=</span> apu</code></pre></div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-8342aecc-48cd-5e26-a8ad-6272ba1df02a"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM169.8 165.3c7.9-22.3 29.1-37.3 52.8-37.3h58.3c34.9 0 63.1 28.3 63.1 63.1c0 22.6-12.1 43.5-31.7 54.8L280 264.4c-.2 13-10.9 23.6-24 23.6c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V250.5c0-8.6 4.6-16.5 12.1-20.8l44.3-25.4c4.7-2.7 7.6-7.7 7.6-13.1c0-8.4-6.8-15.1-15.1-15.1H222.6c-3.4 0-6.4 2.1-7.5 5.3l-.4 1.2c-4.4 12.5-18.2 19-30.6 14.6s-19-18.2-14.6-30.6l.4-1.2zM288 352c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 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class="MuiButtonBase-root MuiButton-root MuiButton-outlined MuiButton-outlinedPrimary" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="MuiButton-label"><span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="bars" class="svg-inline--fa fa-bars Sidebar__StyledIcon-ufe7yk-0 cypYga" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 96C0 78.3 14.3 64 32 64H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32C14.3 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32zM448 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg>Avaa valikko</span></span></button></div><div class="Sidebar__SidebarContainer-ufe7yk-1 SePEO"><div class="Sidebar__Brand-ufe7yk-4 jkfuJR">Ohjelmoinnin perusteet ja jatkokurssi 2024</div><nav class="Sidebar__TreeViewContainer-ufe7yk-3 dyqBWG"><ul class="TreeView__StyledUl-sc-1xcycfy-0 klCPuJ"><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a aria-current="page" active="t" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 ddReQ" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img 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-<span class="token punctuation">}</span></code></pre></div><p>Lopun for-silmukka yhdistää henkilöiden nimet ja niitä vastaavat palkat sanakirjojen avulla.</p><p>Ohjelma huomioi myös tilanteen, jossa henkilön palkkatietoja ei ole olemassa.</p><p>Huomaa, että koska ohjelma käyttää aputietorakenteena sanakirjaa, ei henkilöitä vastaavien rivien järjestyksellä ole merkitystä.</p><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-cdac5075-c9cf-56f5-9ea3-eda73a48df4e"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 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+<span class="token punctuation">}</span></code></pre></div><p>Lopun for-silmukka yhdistää henkilöiden nimet ja niitä vastaavat palkat sanakirjojen avulla.</p><p>Ohjelma huomioi myös tilanteen, jossa henkilön palkkatietoja ei ole olemassa.</p><p>Huomaa, että koska ohjelma käyttää aputietorakenteena sanakirjaa, ei henkilöitä vastaavien rivien järjestyksellä ole merkitystä.</p><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-cdac5075-c9cf-56f5-9ea3-eda73a48df4e"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 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diff --git a/osa-6/2-tiedostojen-kirjoittaminen/index.html b/osa-6/2-tiedostojen-kirjoittaminen/index.html
index 44f5cfb42..7110c5ef5 100644
--- a/osa-6/2-tiedostojen-kirjoittaminen/index.html
+++ b/osa-6/2-tiedostojen-kirjoittaminen/index.html
@@ -299,4 +299,4 @@
 
 viikkopisteet <span class="token operator">=</span> lue_viikkopisteet<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;viikkopisteet.csv&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>hae_arvosana<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Paula&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> viikkopisteet<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
-</code></pre></div><div class="SampleData__Wrapper-sc-1l3b75k-0 jUfxml"><div class="SampleData__Note-sc-1l3b75k-2 liVdgc">Esimerkkidata</div><div class="SampleData__Body-sc-1l3b75k-1 kUMJgg"><p>3</p></div></div><p>Jos ohjelmasta halutaan muuttaa tai korjata &quot;yhtä asiaa&quot;, esimerkiksi arvosanojen pisterajoja, kohdistuu muokkaus hyvin rakennetussa ohjelmassa ainoastaan yhteen tai muutamaan funktioon. Jos sama logiikka, esimerkiksi arvosanan laskeminen, olisi kopioitu useaan paikkaan, kasvaisi riski, että muutoksia ei muistettaisi tehdä kaikkiin oikeisiin paikkoihin.</p><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-58b92c76-559a-588f-8662-6c430d212bc2"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM169.8 165.3c7.9-22.3 29.1-37.3 52.8-37.3h58.3c34.9 0 63.1 28.3 63.1 63.1c0 22.6-12.1 43.5-31.7 54.8L280 264.4c-.2 13-10.9 23.6-24 23.6c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V250.5c0-8.6 4.6-16.5 12.1-20.8l44.3-25.4c4.7-2.7 7.6-7.7 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diff --git a/osa-6/3-virheet/index.html b/osa-6/3-virheet/index.html
index bab503ad7..daea71753 100644
--- a/osa-6/3-virheet/index.html
+++ b/osa-6/3-virheet/index.html
@@ -314,4 +314,4 @@
 print(kertoma(-1))
 File &quot;testi.py&quot;, line 3, in kertoma
 raise ValueError(&quot;Negatiivinen syöte: &quot; + str(n))
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     <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>analyysin_tulos<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 
 <span class="token comment"># ohjelman käynnistys</span>
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class="MuiButtonBase-root MuiButton-root MuiButton-outlined MuiButton-outlinedPrimary" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="MuiButton-label"><span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="bars" class="svg-inline--fa fa-bars Sidebar__StyledIcon-ufe7yk-0 cypYga" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 96C0 78.3 14.3 64 32 64H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32C14.3 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32zM448 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg>Avaa valikko</span></span></button></div><div class="Sidebar__SidebarContainer-ufe7yk-1 SePEO"><div class="Sidebar__Brand-ufe7yk-4 jkfuJR">Ohjelmoinnin perusteet ja jatkokurssi 2024</div><nav class="Sidebar__TreeViewContainer-ufe7yk-3 dyqBWG"><ul class="TreeView__StyledUl-sc-1xcycfy-0 klCPuJ"><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a aria-current="page" active="t" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 ddReQ" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img 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diff --git a/osa-7/1-moduulit/index.html b/osa-7/1-moduulit/index.html
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+++ b/osa-7/1-moduulit/index.html
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 <li><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html</a></li>
 </ul><p>Voimme myös tutkia funktion <code class="language-text">dir</code> avulla moduulin sisältöä:</p><div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="python"><pre class="language-python"><code class="language-python"><span class="token keyword">import</span> math
 
-<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">dir</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>math<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktio antaa listan nimistä, jotka moduuli määrittelee:</p><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>[&#x27;__doc__&#x27;, &#x27;__name__&#x27;, &#x27;__package__&#x27;, &#x27;acos&#x27;, &#x27;acosh&#x27;, &#x27;asin&#x27;, &#x27;asinh&#x27;, &#x27;atan&#x27;, &#x27;atan2&#x27;, &#x27;atanh&#x27;, &#x27;ceil&#x27;, &#x27;copysign&#x27;, &#x27;cos&#x27;, &#x27;cosh&#x27;, &#x27;degrees&#x27;, &#x27;e&#x27;, &#x27;erf&#x27;, &#x27;erfc&#x27;, &#x27;exp&#x27;, &#x27;expm1&#x27;, &#x27;fabs&#x27;, &#x27;factorial&#x27;, &#x27;floor&#x27;, &#x27;fmod&#x27;, &#x27;frexp&#x27;, &#x27;fsum&#x27;, &#x27;gamma&#x27;, &#x27;hypot&#x27;, &#x27;isinf&#x27;, &#x27;isnan&#x27;, &#x27;ldexp&#x27;, &#x27;lgamma&#x27;, &#x27;log&#x27;, &#x27;log10&#x27;, &#x27;log1p&#x27;, &#x27;modf&#x27;, &#x27;pi&#x27;, &#x27;pow&#x27;, &#x27;radians&#x27;, &#x27;sin&#x27;, &#x27;sinh&#x27;, &#x27;sqrt&#x27;, &#x27;tan&#x27;, &#x27;tanh&#x27;, &#x27;trunc&#x27;]</p></div></div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-26b53ed8-0c22-573e-a0e9-60b89ef34855"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM169.8 165.3c7.9-22.3 29.1-37.3 52.8-37.3h58.3c34.9 0 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+<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">dir</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>math<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktio antaa listan nimistä, jotka moduuli määrittelee:</p><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>[&#x27;__doc__&#x27;, &#x27;__name__&#x27;, &#x27;__package__&#x27;, &#x27;acos&#x27;, &#x27;acosh&#x27;, &#x27;asin&#x27;, &#x27;asinh&#x27;, &#x27;atan&#x27;, &#x27;atan2&#x27;, &#x27;atanh&#x27;, &#x27;ceil&#x27;, &#x27;copysign&#x27;, &#x27;cos&#x27;, &#x27;cosh&#x27;, &#x27;degrees&#x27;, &#x27;e&#x27;, &#x27;erf&#x27;, &#x27;erfc&#x27;, &#x27;exp&#x27;, &#x27;expm1&#x27;, &#x27;fabs&#x27;, &#x27;factorial&#x27;, &#x27;floor&#x27;, &#x27;fmod&#x27;, &#x27;frexp&#x27;, &#x27;fsum&#x27;, &#x27;gamma&#x27;, &#x27;hypot&#x27;, &#x27;isinf&#x27;, &#x27;isnan&#x27;, &#x27;ldexp&#x27;, &#x27;lgamma&#x27;, &#x27;log&#x27;, &#x27;log10&#x27;, &#x27;log1p&#x27;, &#x27;modf&#x27;, &#x27;pi&#x27;, &#x27;pow&#x27;, &#x27;radians&#x27;, &#x27;sin&#x27;, &#x27;sinh&#x27;, &#x27;sqrt&#x27;, &#x27;tan&#x27;, &#x27;tanh&#x27;, &#x27;trunc&#x27;]</p></div></div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-26b53ed8-0c22-573e-a0e9-60b89ef34855"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM169.8 165.3c7.9-22.3 29.1-37.3 52.8-37.3h58.3c34.9 0 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diff --git a/osa-7/2-satunnaisuus/index.html b/osa-7/2-satunnaisuus/index.html
index 2eecd87a9..4bfbed522 100644
--- a/osa-7/2-satunnaisuus/index.html
+++ b/osa-7/2-satunnaisuus/index.html
@@ -252,4 +252,4 @@
 
 seed<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1337</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 <span class="token comment"># tästä tulee aina sama satunnaisluku</span>
-<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>randint<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun annamme siemenarvon itse, satunnaisuutta käyttävät funktiot antavat samat tulokset ohjelman jokaisella suorituskerralla. Tulokset voivat kuitenkin riippua käytetystä Pythonin versiosta.</p><aside class="TextBox__Wrapper-sc-16p8bmv-0 dMMxhd"><h3 class="TextBox__Header-sc-16p8bmv-2 expZhz">Aito satunnaisuus</h3><div class="TextBox__Body-sc-16p8bmv-3 fTqaUE"><p>Jos tarkkoja ollaan, moduulin <code class="language-text">random</code> muodostamat luvut eivät ole aitoja satunnaislukuja, vaan <em>pseudosatunnaislukuja</em>. Tietokoneen avulla on vaikea arpoa täysin satunnaisia lukuja, koska sen toiminta on kaikilta osin ennustettavissa. Monissa käyttötarkoituksissa luvut ovat kuitenkin tarpeeksi satunnaisia. Aitoja satunnaislukuja muodostettaessa lähteenä käytetään yleensä jotain tietokoneen ulkopuolista satunnaista ilmiötä, esimerkiksi radioaktiivista taustasäteilyä tai äänentasoa.</p><div>Lisätietoa löydät esimerkiksi sivulta <a href="https://www.random.org/randomness/">random.org</a>.</div></div></aside><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-1a7d3d96-42a9-55a7-b3b5-fba27e14751e"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM169.8 165.3c7.9-22.3 29.1-37.3 52.8-37.3h58.3c34.9 0 63.1 28.3 63.1 63.1c0 22.6-12.1 43.5-31.7 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+<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>randint<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun annamme siemenarvon itse, satunnaisuutta käyttävät funktiot antavat samat tulokset ohjelman jokaisella suorituskerralla. Tulokset voivat kuitenkin riippua käytetystä Pythonin versiosta.</p><aside class="TextBox__Wrapper-sc-16p8bmv-0 dMMxhd"><h3 class="TextBox__Header-sc-16p8bmv-2 expZhz">Aito satunnaisuus</h3><div class="TextBox__Body-sc-16p8bmv-3 fTqaUE"><p>Jos tarkkoja ollaan, moduulin <code class="language-text">random</code> muodostamat luvut eivät ole aitoja satunnaislukuja, vaan <em>pseudosatunnaislukuja</em>. Tietokoneen avulla on vaikea arpoa täysin satunnaisia lukuja, koska sen toiminta on kaikilta osin ennustettavissa. Monissa käyttötarkoituksissa luvut ovat kuitenkin tarpeeksi satunnaisia. Aitoja satunnaislukuja muodostettaessa lähteenä käytetään yleensä jotain tietokoneen ulkopuolista satunnaista ilmiötä, esimerkiksi radioaktiivista taustasäteilyä tai äänentasoa.</p><div>Lisätietoa löydät esimerkiksi sivulta <a href="https://www.random.org/randomness/">random.org</a>.</div></div></aside><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-1a7d3d96-42a9-55a7-b3b5-fba27e14751e"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM169.8 165.3c7.9-22.3 29.1-37.3 52.8-37.3h58.3c34.9 0 63.1 28.3 63.1 63.1c0 22.6-12.1 43.5-31.7 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 <li><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://docs.python.org/3/library/</a></li>
 </ul><p>Standardikirjaston lisäksi verkosta löytyy lukuisia vapaasti käytettäviä kirjastoja eri tarpeisiin. Joitakin yleisesti käytettyjä moduuleja on täällä:</p><ul>
 <li><a href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/UsefulModules" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://wiki.python.org/moin/UsefulModules</a></li>
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diff --git a/osa-7/6-lisaa-pythonista/index.html b/osa-7/6-lisaa-pythonista/index.html
index b032ecb5c..42430b7e7 100644
--- a/osa-7/6-lisaa-pythonista/index.html
+++ b/osa-7/6-lisaa-pythonista/index.html
@@ -232,4 +232,4 @@
     <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Niiden summa on&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token builtin">sum</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>lista<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 
 testi<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>Annoit 5 parametria
-Niiden summa on 15</p></div></div><div>Loading</div><p>Vastaa kurssin lopuksi loppukyselyyn. Kyselyn tuloksia käytetään kurssimateriaalin kehittämiseen.</p><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-e5513330-0599-5fa0-bfd0-a2d40a89773e"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM169.8 165.3c7.9-22.3 29.1-37.3 52.8-37.3h58.3c34.9 0 63.1 28.3 63.1 63.1c0 22.6-12.1 43.5-31.7 54.8L280 264.4c-.2 13-10.9 23.6-24 23.6c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V250.5c0-8.6 4.6-16.5 12.1-20.8l44.3-25.4c4.7-2.7 7.6-7.7 7.6-13.1c0-8.4-6.8-15.1-15.1-15.1H222.6c-3.4 0-6.4 2.1-7.5 5.3l-.4 1.2c-4.4 12.5-18.2 19-30.6 14.6s-19-18.2-14.6-30.6l.4-1.2zM288 352c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 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class="MuiButtonBase-root MuiButton-root MuiButton-outlined MuiButton-outlinedPrimary" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="MuiButton-label"><span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="bars" class="svg-inline--fa fa-bars Sidebar__StyledIcon-ufe7yk-0 cypYga" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 96C0 78.3 14.3 64 32 64H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32C14.3 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32zM448 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg>Avaa valikko</span></span></button></div><div class="Sidebar__SidebarContainer-ufe7yk-1 SePEO"><div class="Sidebar__Brand-ufe7yk-4 jkfuJR">Ohjelmoinnin perusteet ja jatkokurssi 2024</div><nav class="Sidebar__TreeViewContainer-ufe7yk-3 dyqBWG"><ul class="TreeView__StyledUl-sc-1xcycfy-0 klCPuJ"><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a aria-current="page" active="t" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 ddReQ" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img 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diff --git a/osa-8/1-oliot-ja-metodit/index.html b/osa-8/1-oliot-ja-metodit/index.html
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@@ -260,4 +260,4 @@
 lista<span class="token punctuation">.</span>pop<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 
 <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>lista<span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>[1, 2, 3, 5, 1]
-[2, 3, 5, 1]</p></div></div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div></div><div> <!-- -->Seuraava osa:<!-- --> <div class="EndOfSubSection__ButtonWrapper-ees48a-2 ihqBwp"><a class="EndOfSubSection__StyledLink-ees48a-0 TDJSC" href="/osa-8/2-luokat-ja-oliot"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right EndOfSubSection__StyledIcon-ees48a-1 jfrrKl" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg>2<!-- -->. <!-- -->Luokat ja oliot</a></div><p></p></div></article></div><footer class="CoursePageFooter__CoursePageFooterWrapper-sc-1wp274x-0 bpGHNs"><div class="CoursePageFooter__CoursePageFooterContent-sc-1wp274x-1 hTiKoY"><div 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diff --git a/osa-8/2-luokat-ja-oliot/index.html b/osa-8/2-luokat-ja-oliot/index.html
index 111694de0..b9a628d05 100644
--- a/osa-8/2-luokat-ja-oliot/index.html
+++ b/osa-8/2-luokat-ja-oliot/index.html
@@ -256,4 +256,4 @@
 Kuukausi: 12</p></div></div><p>Päiväolion viikonpäivä saadaan siis selville kutsumalla <em>metodia</em> isoweekday:</p><div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="python"><pre class="language-python"><code class="language-python">viikonpaiva <span class="token operator">=</span> paiva<span class="token punctuation">.</span>isoweekday<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Koska on kyse metodikutsusta, niin metodin nimen perään laitetaan sulut. Jos sulut unohtuvat, on lopputulos outo:</p><div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="python"><pre class="language-python"><code class="language-python">viikonpaiva <span class="token operator">=</span>  paiva<span class="token punctuation">.</span>isoweekday
 <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Viikonpäivä:&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> viikonpaiva<span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>Viikonpäivä: &lt;built-in method isoweekday of datetime.date object at 0x10ed66450&gt;</p></div></div><p>Päiväolioon liittyvä kuukausi taas on olion muuttuja, ja sen arvo selviää <em>viittaamalla</em> muuttujaan</p><div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="python"><pre class="language-python"><code class="language-python">kuukausi <span class="token operator">=</span> paiva<span class="token punctuation">.</span>month</code></pre></div><p>Nyt siis käytössä <em>ei ole sulkuja</em>. Jos tässä tilanteessa yritettäisiin käyttää sulkuja, ohjelma aiheuttaisi virheen:</p><div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="python"><pre class="language-python"><code class="language-python">kuukausi <span class="token operator">=</span> paiva<span class="token punctuation">.</span>month<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><div>Traceback (most recent call last):
 File &quot;<stdin>&quot;, line 1, in <module>
-TypeError: &#x27;int&#x27; object is not callable</module></stdin></div></div></div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div></div><div> <!-- -->Seuraava osa:<!-- --> <div class="EndOfSubSection__ButtonWrapper-ees48a-2 ihqBwp"><a class="EndOfSubSection__StyledLink-ees48a-0 TDJSC" href="/osa-8/3-omat-luokat"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right EndOfSubSection__StyledIcon-ees48a-1 jfrrKl" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg>3<!-- -->. <!-- -->Omat luokat</a></div><p></p></div></article></div><footer class="CoursePageFooter__CoursePageFooterWrapper-sc-1wp274x-0 bpGHNs"><div 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diff --git a/osa-8/3-omat-luokat/index.html b/osa-8/3-omat-luokat/index.html
index dadd84336..fcde2fb36 100644
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+++ b/osa-8/3-omat-luokat/index.html
@@ -305,4 +305,4 @@
 laita_rahaa_tilille<span class="token punctuation">(</span>pekan_tili<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">500</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 
 <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>pekan_tili<span class="token punctuation">.</span>saldo<span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>0
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diff --git a/osa-8/4-metodit-omissa-luokissa/index.html b/osa-8/4-metodit-omissa-luokissa/index.html
index 7cd9f07a2..a37164ea2 100644
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+++ b/osa-8/4-metodit-omissa-luokissa/index.html
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         self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>saldo <span class="token operator">+=</span> superbonus
 
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-        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string-interpolation"><span class="token string">f&quot;Bonuskortti(nimi=</span><span class="token interpolation"><span class="token punctuation">{</span>self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>nimi<span class="token punctuation">}</span></span><span class="token string">, saldo=</span><span class="token interpolation"><span class="token punctuation">{</span>self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>saldo<span class="token punctuation">}</span></span><span class="token string">)&quot;</span></span></code></pre></div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div></div><div> <!-- -->Seuraava osa:<!-- --> <div class="EndOfSubSection__ButtonWrapper-ees48a-2 ihqBwp"><a class="EndOfSubSection__StyledLink-ees48a-0 TDJSC" href="/osa-8/5-lisaa-esimerkkeja"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right EndOfSubSection__StyledIcon-ees48a-1 jfrrKl" role="img" 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+        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string-interpolation"><span class="token string">f&quot;Bonuskortti(nimi=</span><span class="token interpolation"><span class="token punctuation">{</span>self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>nimi<span class="token punctuation">}</span></span><span class="token string">, saldo=</span><span class="token interpolation"><span class="token punctuation">{</span>self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>saldo<span class="token punctuation">}</span></span><span class="token string">)&quot;</span></span></code></pre></div><div>Loading</div><div>Loading</div></div><div> <!-- -->Seuraava osa:<!-- --> <div class="EndOfSubSection__ButtonWrapper-ees48a-2 ihqBwp"><a class="EndOfSubSection__StyledLink-ees48a-0 TDJSC" href="/osa-8/5-lisaa-esimerkkeja"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right EndOfSubSection__StyledIcon-ees48a-1 jfrrKl" role="img" 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class="MuiButtonBase-root MuiButton-root MuiButton-outlined MuiButton-outlinedPrimary" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="MuiButton-label"><span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="bars" class="svg-inline--fa fa-bars Sidebar__StyledIcon-ufe7yk-0 cypYga" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 96C0 78.3 14.3 64 32 64H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32C14.3 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32zM448 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg>Avaa valikko</span></span></button></div><div class="Sidebar__SidebarContainer-ufe7yk-1 SePEO"><div class="Sidebar__Brand-ufe7yk-4 jkfuJR">Ohjelmoinnin perusteet ja jatkokurssi 2024</div><nav class="Sidebar__TreeViewContainer-ufe7yk-3 dyqBWG"><ul class="TreeView__StyledUl-sc-1xcycfy-0 klCPuJ"><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a aria-current="page" active="t" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 ddReQ" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img 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47oxRJrWD/zPrGMOj6kY8fWmobleVcdr+jtOVj+hrulKk8nHT2qhBJwFm4ULsvEfEMC8Rx1mI5kzaJBhypkIW7St9+yRnljH9a9FVx3qjTrQ6Rl95YvZ/2C75yhe7mxHmrPAv0doL+vSRuqZJT4VeB/9P+pZc5dFpj0Uyg/Up3FouBFHr9UvZAPfX3/i8tKgjTR+6LvLZYVMVLPzjL5xU4poy2G7RU/i0hw1jRnryYNZpGclOvllKMfbpTmeSweq6N8WN406h68cF4ItIY8DQvcbIhQmzgBFyrifTKDg984qwINa7RezA8F13yhoF2O1DnXRfsr1bAmBr4q4L+DTHdq/+WBhvWK6nd4VK9QwxoiweY5QcduL9Cwdgi0/fUjv7PPNNK/MwqZtjRdfo6bAjO8ncvcGxedPl5v7kekxi/BJeFbT6r8Jh3Yrtvj4m66CqOk/XhWko74obd9Q+R3uU1m+jV6kNcnnRFQxBTciFhosvwNeAo3peshaRpLIy2siCbcSOUMVj3R41cj98aN0fELcaN5R0lg31cqlb4A7CtB8SvSBJDv4NJvU2CiTsTFo/1B/sCjdezFvC8lSfJwqVSaKrP8XuASPRs/1Cl/wA0w1DxHUn1hBh2xPdPFNKx4WxppWPG2H9kxQBdK2yjSsMA5yd+keRzWMAmc+Jqv4gJJizQsz/g20LDi7VA+God1LB+dSP+BBBlkjxKSoWEdIOHdFF3rJdyKT3kaljf9nswo761tILQ7jLbOMNAdF328icluNsPNXaxW+gRv/duC/QfpwbtbPpDP5GgsN8o/lTXae7t8mrtJK2rChZ88ruO7ycfzkITfHsB70q48WwCfkgB6OehfY3Cjz016UCfjRtYG4MIRGoB7dN46Eo5zAoviELkV8kb/NsBNrJ8pDd6zayQkPA/hRiq9tuUn8g+V+TiUNPLcl2M9aT9xnT2+7P+UFjZCdRuoF8EdwUsDXGzk2lFdfX33kca/HBdjNjWI5DekepuW5dRuwzCqnHrcyGGtC6wV1HCsi2G0B93a4ZrL5OSrdXrI1PqkNYVhVDd9qWzJrFrY5uPWNKy3bmEYq0Z7et+Oo7r8ODfiQi/KcQTFQXmtpQE33P8yLj1LPS5+qLGD2mMIbqrH+6Tz5QD+D+fA9WlJxmd8dxHOMTwJ57w/FDebIWRdXMT1Tjhn+QxckOQ04Jcyl8/ChaRchXNAH4pzDgOcjhsU+KXKCS7J4+k4p3sP3GjfpUmS3FMqlbYmnYcYsycuAHM/XIzeVriYrsm4+EEfRDmR5vFQi4G/4+b5LcUNRpyOG73rpXv5O1yanJAzcY7wX+Gm+YCLVfsLbvRzLM7p3x8XrPu0ztkRFxbxBHCy2mVT9ZPz1Y5Hkw5ClHAhH31VjuNz6r+v6rl1sO9D3MjsJeoDJdwMhiNVrpm46UV/woW07IOb53gI+aFLPyMN0o25QjIhi2tpnuKow4ThnVWk6VxaYblPXo1l2qoD70+7pZfRvX8s43tzJeDuIZ3Qu01w/OzgGldq30n6vDdpRoO4LOuQhjVkbX1xU2Cyjs0inT3xWs45UxSO8fuMYytxo5khfnWnccG+LUhDElC7J7j4Mh8P+SXtm6TP0/R5Z9xoYkIaSwUuHizRPSuq/yDyp8I9j5udMT7n+D4SnImE63MFv/O1gmNnFhy7oCN9WJ4EF2T3uCmyuezUScp5DS5swG8jypy/uR6md3EJ7PpJGB1P8dSp03OEeB8JgXqVZaC0wPG4uYLzgnOnSQMIt3WloQB8FzfReEMJi6HSHGKNbABp2MfupVJpW9KgzS31kB8njeLZVWjbUbhA6HJMDLQlz376Gybleya6VwN0HzzHat9oCbrNJJSO0vEDcaEqBwGXJElyd0bbDAd+HFguvp19EoIZGWW4JDhvUSBwhwf3pkMFFrh5arupkxkfpbNkJ10mk81vcyt0NayFyy4wX+bfxDLf66m3eTwDYz91+jdwGUPnyKS7gOZTVHxZZ0bb4RJSU/TgrMBN2Pcm1P6kebi8+f6ezDYvjIYG9RojAXFlSx62Av5HQr6IW/WbO+klEAqssF0bo3v1Hs0XeVmofVNl/iMN09dtV5m+twHfzYjZeltt6iPlPwja2bs3VmSUYWFwni/PW/rcUC0Cy/sBjpZaeztuCo2Rvq2GdHAZ1sUFI/ota47ZIbhpNn47vMw1n8MFVNYDt5VKpWf0Zi9apeklaQKjMvxmnw78ayuk4f0x2PaNtLs7gu3rgTCIgzSf0AO3Ro5fZltpIMhvdIX+vxAXYX+GfFmrwqMSEH8q0z5zZNZ1k+k4XKao3+/ZLLpXP8653kakGV5fDeo2TkLkAipfXyHmUxWWocWszjQoD2qrl39khFT9JWqgd4G5SZJ8UCqVeqvhv4Kbyd6ziwqsHno4x3VgGbpTPvSifyTIynXkBNhLWtU35b+5UppM3vy/94Ef4RzsZ8pci/upzwjyCQkiz0zSqT39A80D3ARjLwiWZvzuioyX97TonJukaZ2s650ijetc9dEdiXLat4BxOMf5Z2SuljML95CA7iet6BaaD9ysGfnUHo6ucXP02WdR8ZrZmeoPp6hurXFblCtDq+nWAQ/IMtm4N+NWyblRb5nXgQ+kgi5Wp/meOv6yLqxlfZvK11hsD96TluW3LHPvKtykc7/9rkLN+hRpkCfrHu5b9AAkSTJRD2AdzRMhzg58R0iYjcLlz4qZLo3MbxcF398uOneQHvx48OG1oB0e0IOLTLJf4SZyj9V3NseNrIU0BS+D+FlrytCcvKDapUyb3qIyjMGNqJJhZs+I7tVJ0fE3ZdZ5zWqPQOBNkDIxRtr2YNLcZy3hyTJl6FQCq6Xchxsu7ar0kH9iZAf9fhPOae23rIVmG6UJ+60wFEMjaueqTouSJPk1aWba3AUQ9LI6keZOdORLatIDfaiE4Qw+OsLpBWVojrxDGnZwCG5U0vvZziUd0Qwd01/GhSU0SXD6/GYnAGOSJGmU1uXnI8YLj/hVevYKfEP7B0IiZgL5cxtD5uJCMXrrJTcHl/k3vp/hvVoeHf8+LqRkscxCPw/y4EDwTiZdVWitVvapojJ0aYEFaUbGrsogaZknsfpW424JB+ih9lucZeB2acTTgGmlUumH8u88A0wtlUqPyuRZTPlR43elWROZdZcE5tkjuIm+Z1ZS+CRJ7lcZ6+RbmyI/2zF6mH6Q8bVpuIwNPXHxY9viQmP+XiqVntLvHyMBHyfdu17X3UtCc6rMY+SrytO0F1RQnVsyNK6QTaJ79RgfTUYwW3UCF+e2nsp1DS62bVJQ3tYspbd5RhlGUGOECdi6ShxW1vas3vDtPaW+PdPLbIjLCBrOdpgtrQWy47AeiTS0v9I8DqsbbjStgeaLS1wqv9UuFKdsWROXe2o5zdO07B6ZgkmghQ2VkE1wI7on0DyF8oICk+kg0lgrn17mNNWN4FiYYM8nDsiKw/KsS5pOOUwns3NBnxpFGod1iM7vTbqKzonSXJ+L7vHP1Q/DOCzPidp3RbBvdEEZtgzO8yvBD25pp+1MeSZ+GzVYS1mYYWpksRbVkY3xBflfrsVFJbc1JdwIl89M6emlY0slJOqylBbShIlZfciv8dc9eCDfCPw39Tr2ofatKU1hWWQq10nArIj2jwg0rxWBv6g+4zoxH5Mwnq/vJ5FQ66a6N0X7VqgsJfnleqlOy8uY+yOkpb0Ulcu33ZKgDP6e+Dr4314WaVIf1/73In9Z3vSvpbiRUN/m3qSvUxlXAsu0+O1A+fVmBf3Cnxd+t6eu2Rj0z3JlaCqoe5fjB9TmXMS3ZV7VzOKXhtEVGE1tT6JegBt8WNu6gmFUP90pv3BrLWzvy6/Tw7qEUWt0tlypX+ajSf9rlSdxw9AvrMILYF35Fd4L9veTb2KhPvfFOZ7DOYDrSGC+L1/K2vLlNMmHsYTmy4XVy6RtlL8kyy/2oX4n9B82SbNcnuEbGqk6PB/4hgaoTy9UubNoDIR9g7924L9B/q0PM9rr06rHizRfJqsP2QvQrqR5XFtP1S/e73/3Pfl38q41j3Tprjk5/p81cEGbK9U23sfXX7/foDZaW+0WjkyurXuzQG3fT+01L5AX/vcXqt7ddLyx1h7ANSo873zTspoteTa2le2dN0roR+eOJR0lfD4SMn7Rgx1JF1S4BzeKl+DieEJ+Srqww8ScutxOmn0g3Jbj0rJ4U3g30tGtRA/OuRJCPo7smII2u5909O2coIx+MYz5pHP1PHvhYqvC69wQlOkc8jMhhPgR0eei/d753C9oq6zR4zWCz30y7unBQRt4bXy8BI1f2GIPXJiKX9Q1fEHcqP2Hq50TvRg9PqPDTL3s/EjnpqtLSFRTHNZVZK9vF3M6bgj29SoTuAluVO8/q/E3e+Nifk5q59/ZDLfydjm89ruLHj6PD5oMp4W8SDpd68FIU1yqfY+QZv24DDdqdhMubu1e0nxce0d9eREu3uvxQFN8WZ+fJ82OMA7or1ADL7wuijTOz0mID5OgvlXXHCshG1op76jMfpuxCm0+O2qfp8qcP0CCvT9uzuX9ugd7FHznE7iMDJWUZ7TaaBkuZGMuNc5d6gjjc1TiLJNmb1zg28OBitzRMVTr42Jznso5ZzEuJuZ83IKro3ExNEfR+vxhft299tKwfI76bcpoWOGxI/R5OOmgQX2gYR2RUSavYb0c7AsX/9xa/78ZPGSjSCPRvXYRBkpOJl0yC2/+kS7b9TPSAZ23M/reA6TxRl44baK+mqj+XsO6uEybt0TD+kWOFZKnYe1Jml8r1Br9Sj9ZGlaY86pIwxogAZqQptih1jWsZ3ExMj/HOdcvwE2azWOlHpLv4Va6HY7LubSyA+swUg/CFD1cH5cw+qI61CbygewqTfEGPRBTcVHG+8n8WNDC3y3hVhRur0UvmmRyXU35iehey/ITkL2guJPmcUhDpLn5LS9+xy+VVieB1ASsVyqVJqg9p+PiqSpvLDcF6DRdaxxp1PfZeqGE/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diff --git a/osa-9/1-oliot-ja-viittaukset/index.html b/osa-9/1-oliot-ja-viittaukset/index.html
index d6bf22c1d..67cb4d730 100644
--- a/osa-9/1-oliot-ja-viittaukset/index.html
+++ b/osa-9/1-oliot-ja-viittaukset/index.html
@@ -538,4 +538,4 @@
 
     <span class="token comment"># tämä ei toimi, Henkilo pitaa olla hipsuissa</span>
     <span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">vanhempi_kuin</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>self<span class="token punctuation">,</span> toinen<span class="token punctuation">:</span> Henkilo<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
-        <span class="token keyword">return</span> self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>syntynyt <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> toinen<span class="token punctuation">.</span>syntynyt<span class="token punctuation">:</span></code></pre></div><div>Loading</div></div><div> <!-- -->Seuraava osa:<!-- --> <div class="EndOfSubSection__ButtonWrapper-ees48a-2 ihqBwp"><a class="EndOfSubSection__StyledLink-ees48a-0 TDJSC" href="/osa-9/2-oliot-attribuuttina"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right EndOfSubSection__StyledIcon-ees48a-1 jfrrKl" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg>2<!-- -->. <!-- -->Oliot 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diff --git a/osa-9/2-oliot-attribuuttina/index.html b/osa-9/2-oliot-attribuuttina/index.html
index 89b811700..eb2e95603 100644
--- a/osa-9/2-oliot-attribuuttina/index.html
+++ b/osa-9/2-oliot-attribuuttina/index.html
@@ -310,4 +310,4 @@
 <span class="token keyword">if</span> pelaaja <span class="token keyword">is</span> <span class="token keyword">not</span> <span class="token boolean">None</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
     <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string-interpolation"><span class="token string">f&quot;Jukkiksen maalimäärä </span><span class="token interpolation"><span class="token punctuation">{</span>p<span class="token punctuation">.</span>maalit<span class="token punctuation">}</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 <span class="token keyword">else</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
-    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string-interpolation"><span class="token string">f&quot;Jukkis ei pelaa Kumpulan pallossa :(&quot;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>Jukkis ei pelaa Kumpulan pallossa :(</p></div></div><div>Loading</div></div><div> <!-- -->Seuraava osa:<!-- --> <div class="EndOfSubSection__ButtonWrapper-ees48a-2 ihqBwp"><a class="EndOfSubSection__StyledLink-ees48a-0 TDJSC" href="/osa-9/3-kapselointi"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right EndOfSubSection__StyledIcon-ees48a-1 jfrrKl" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 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src="data:image/png;base64,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+    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string-interpolation"><span class="token string">f&quot;Jukkis ei pelaa Kumpulan pallossa :(&quot;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>Jukkis ei pelaa Kumpulan pallossa :(</p></div></div><div>Loading</div></div><div> <!-- -->Seuraava osa:<!-- --> <div class="EndOfSubSection__ButtonWrapper-ees48a-2 ihqBwp"><a class="EndOfSubSection__StyledLink-ees48a-0 TDJSC" href="/osa-9/3-kapselointi"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right EndOfSubSection__StyledIcon-ees48a-1 jfrrKl" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 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diff --git a/osa-9/3-kapselointi/index.html b/osa-9/3-kapselointi/index.html
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--- a/osa-9/3-kapselointi/index.html
+++ b/osa-9/3-kapselointi/index.html
@@ -344,4 +344,4 @@
 <li>Tänään söin puuroa</li>
 <li>Tänään opettelin olio-ohjelmointia</li>
 <li>Tänään menin ajoissa nukkumaan</li>
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diff --git a/osa-9/4-metodien-nakyvyys/index.html b/osa-9/4-metodien-nakyvyys/index.html
index 56c8d6b0b..4117fdc4a 100644
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 <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>kasi1<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 kasi2 <span class="token operator">=</span> korttipakka<span class="token punctuation">.</span>jaa<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>kasi2<span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma tulostaa esimerkiksi</p><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>[(&#x27;pata&#x27;, 7), (&#x27;pata&#x27;, 11), (&#x27;hertta&#x27;, 7), (&#x27;ruutu&#x27;, 3), (&#x27;pata&#x27;, 4)]
-[(&#x27;risti&#x27;, 8), (&#x27;pata&#x27;, 12), (&#x27;ruutu&#x27;, 13), (&#x27;risti&#x27;, 11), (&#x27;pata&#x27;, 10)]</p></div></div><p>Piilotettuja metodeja tarvitaan yleensä harvemmin kuin piilotettuja attribuutteja. Metodi kannattaa piilottaa, jos asiakas ei tarvitse siihen suoraa pääsyä, ja varsinkin silloin, jos on todennäköistä, että asiakas voisi sotkea olion sisäisen eheyden metodia kutsumalla.</p><div>Loading</div></div><div> <!-- -->Seuraava osa:<!-- --> <div class="EndOfSubSection__ButtonWrapper-ees48a-2 ihqBwp"><a class="EndOfSubSection__StyledLink-ees48a-0 TDJSC" href="/osa-9/5-staattiset-piirteet"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right EndOfSubSection__StyledIcon-ees48a-1 jfrrKl" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg>5<!-- -->. <!-- -->Staattiset piirteet</a></div><p></p></div></article></div><footer 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+[(&#x27;risti&#x27;, 8), (&#x27;pata&#x27;, 12), (&#x27;ruutu&#x27;, 13), (&#x27;risti&#x27;, 11), (&#x27;pata&#x27;, 10)]</p></div></div><p>Piilotettuja metodeja tarvitaan yleensä harvemmin kuin piilotettuja attribuutteja. Metodi kannattaa piilottaa, jos asiakas ei tarvitse siihen suoraa pääsyä, ja varsinkin silloin, jos on todennäköistä, että asiakas voisi sotkea olion sisäisen eheyden metodia kutsumalla.</p><div>Loading</div></div><div> <!-- -->Seuraava osa:<!-- --> <div class="EndOfSubSection__ButtonWrapper-ees48a-2 ihqBwp"><a class="EndOfSubSection__StyledLink-ees48a-0 TDJSC" href="/osa-9/5-staattiset-piirteet"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right EndOfSubSection__StyledIcon-ees48a-1 jfrrKl" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg>5<!-- -->. <!-- -->Staattiset piirteet</a></div><p></p></div></article></div><footer 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diff --git a/osa-9/5-staattiset-piirteet/index.html b/osa-9/5-staattiset-piirteet/index.html
index b7d029cda..3a9c41870 100644
--- a/osa-9/5-staattiset-piirteet/index.html
+++ b/osa-9/5-staattiset-piirteet/index.html
@@ -354,4 +354,4 @@
         <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">True</span></code></pre></div><div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="python"><pre class="language-python"><code class="language-python">ote <span class="token operator">=</span> Rekisteriote<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Arto Autoilija&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;Volvo&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;1992&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;abc-123&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
 
 <span class="token keyword">if</span> Rekisteriote<span class="token punctuation">.</span>rekisteritunnus_kelpaa<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;xyz-789&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
-    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Tämä on validi tunnus!&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>Tämä on validi tunnus!</p></div></div><p>Rekisteriotteen oikeellisuuden voi tarkistaa kutsumalla metodia (esimerkiksi <code class="language-text">Rekisteriote.rekisteritunnus_kelpaa(&quot;xyz-789&quot;))</code>) ilman, että muodostaa luokasta oliota. Samaa metodia kutsutaan myös uutta oliota muodostaessa luokan konstruktorista. Huomaa kuitenkin, että myös tässä kutsussa viitataan metodiin luokan nimen avulla eikä <code class="language-text">self</code>-tunnisteella!</p><div>Loading</div></div><div> <!-- -->Seuraava osa:<!-- --> <div class="EndOfSubSection__ButtonWrapper-ees48a-2 ihqBwp"><a class="EndOfSubSection__StyledLink-ees48a-0 TDJSC" href="/osa-9/6-lisaa-esimerkkeja"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right EndOfSubSection__StyledIcon-ees48a-1 jfrrKl" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg>6<!-- -->. <!-- -->Lisää esimerkkejä</a></div><p></p></div></article></div><footer class="CoursePageFooter__CoursePageFooterWrapper-sc-1wp274x-0 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 <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>opiskelija2<span class="token punctuation">.</span>tehdyt_kurssit<span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div><div class="SampleOutput__Wrapper-sc-8wht92-0 dbDJTf"><div class="SampleOutput__Note-sc-8wht92-2 cuVTIa">Esimerkkitulostus</div><div class="SampleOutput__Body-sc-8wht92-1 gbKbiS"><p>[&#x27;Ohpe&#x27;, &#x27;Tira&#x27;]
-[]</p></div></div><h2 class="material-header" id="loppuhuipennus">Loppuhuipennus<a href="#loppuhuipennus" aria-label="loppuhuipennus permalink" class="anchor after"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Vaikka seuraava tehtävä on tässä luvussa, et tarvitse tehtävän ratkaisemiseen mitään muuta kun luvussa <a href="/osa-9/2-oliot-attribuuttina">Oliot attribuuttina</a> esiteltyjä tekniikoita. Tehtävä on käytännössä hyvin samanlainen kuin tuon luvun  tehtävät <a href="/osa-9/2-oliot-attribuuttina#programming-exercise-lahjapakkaus">lahjapakkaus</a> ja <a href="/osa-9/2-oliot-attribuuttina#programming-exercise-huoneen-lyhin">huoneen lyhin</a>.</p><div>Loading</div><p>Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:</p><div><div class="MuiPaper-root Quiz__StyledPaper-sc-1qwd1x4-0 eFikPW MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded" id="quiz-a85a3eb4-0bdf-5c7e-98f7-bbad2301c344"><div><div class="sc-jTjUTQ ckLhFi"><div class="sc-jRwbcX kPDIen"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="circle-question" class="svg-inline--fa fa-circle-question " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0S0 114.6 0 256S114.6 512 256 512zM169.8 165.3c7.9-22.3 29.1-37.3 52.8-37.3h58.3c34.9 0 63.1 28.3 63.1 63.1c0 22.6-12.1 43.5-31.7 54.8L280 264.4c-.2 13-10.9 23.6-24 23.6c-13.3 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class="MuiButtonBase-root MuiButton-root MuiButton-outlined MuiButton-outlinedPrimary" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="MuiButton-label"><span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="bars" class="svg-inline--fa fa-bars Sidebar__StyledIcon-ufe7yk-0 cypYga" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 96C0 78.3 14.3 64 32 64H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32C14.3 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32zM448 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32z"></path></svg>Avaa valikko</span></span></button></div><div class="Sidebar__SidebarContainer-ufe7yk-1 SePEO"><div class="Sidebar__Brand-ufe7yk-4 jkfuJR">Ohjelmoinnin perusteet ja jatkokurssi 2024</div><nav class="Sidebar__TreeViewContainer-ufe7yk-3 dyqBWG"><ul class="TreeView__StyledUl-sc-1xcycfy-0 klCPuJ"><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a aria-current="page" active="t" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 ddReQ" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img 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Huomaa siis seuraavien komentojen ero:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"+"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"*"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"10"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"2 + 2 * 10\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelman tulostus on:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"22\n2 + 2 * 10"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jälkimmäisessä tapauksessa Python ei laske laskutoimitusta, vaan tulostaa sen ruudulle.\nMerkkijonot siis tulostetaan ruudulle sellaisenaan riippumatta niiden sisällöstä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"kommentit","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kommentit"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#kommentit","ariaLabel":"kommentit permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jos rivin alussa on merkki "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"#"}]},{"type":"text","value":", rivi on kommentti, jolloin rivillä oleva teksti ei vaikuta ohjelman toimintaan."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kommenttien avulla ohjelmoija voi selostaa itselleen ja muille ohjelmoijille, miten ohjelma toimii. Esimerkiksi seuraavassa ohjelmassa kommentit selittävät käytettyä laskukaavaa:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Tuntien määrä vuodessa:\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","comment"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"# vuodessa on 365 päivää ja jokaisessa 24 tuntia"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"365"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"*"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"24"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kun ohjelma suoritetaan, kommenteissa oleva teksti ei näy mitenkään ohjelman käyttäjälle:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tuntien määrä vuodessa:\n8760"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lyhyempi kommentti voi olla myös rivin lopussa:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Tuntien määrä vuodessa:\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"365"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"*"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"24"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","comment"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"# 365 päivää, 24 tuntia päivässä"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Minuutit vuodessa","tmcname":"osa01-04_minuuttien_maara_vuodessa"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka tulostaa minuuttien määrän vuodessa. Käytä edellisen esimerkin tapaan Pythonia tekemään laskutoimitus!"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Ohjelma tulostaa koodia","tmcname":"osa01-05_ohjelma_tulostaa_koodia"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pythonissa voidaan käyttää kaksinkertaisten lainausmerkkien "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\""}]},{"type":"text","value":" lisäksi myös yksinkertaista lainausmerkkiä "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"'"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tämä on kätevää, kun haluat tulostaa lainausmerkkejä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"'\"Heti takaisin!\", poliisi huusi.'"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Heti takaisin!\", poliisi huusi."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, jonka tulostus on seuraava:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print(\"Moi kaikki!\")"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kertauskysely tämän osan asioihin liittyen:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"90b76562-cc2b-5dd4-996b-895d7b5bc69e"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Olet kirjoittanut ja suorittanut ensimmäisen Python-ohjelmasi</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää print-komentoa viestien tulostamiseen</li>\n<li>Osaat laskea laskuja ohjelmoimalla</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Tietokoneohjelmat koostuvat <em>komennoista</em> eli yksinkertaisista toimintaohjeista, joita kone suorittaa yksi kerrallaan. Komennot voivat esimerkiksi suorittaa laskutoimituksia, vertailla koneen muistissa olevia tietoja, aiheuttaa muutoksen ohjelman toimintaan tai viestiä käyttäjän kanssa.</p><p>Aloitetaan ohjelmointiin tutustuminen yksinkertaisesta komennosta <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>, joka <em>tulostaa</em> tekstiä. Tulostaminen tarkoittaa käytännössä sitä, että ohjelma näyttää tekstiä ruudulla.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma tulostaa rivin \"Moi kaikki!\":</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi kaikki!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun suoritamme ohjelman, se tuottaa seuraavan tuloksen:</p><sample-output><p>Moi kaikki!</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että ohjelman koodi tulee kirjoittaa tarkalleen yllä olevalla tavalla, jotta se toimii. Esimerkiksi jos yritämme tulostaa rivin käyttämättä lainausmerkkejä</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Moi kaikki!<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>ohjelma ei toimi, ja seurauksena on seuraava virheilmoitus:</p><sample-output><pre>\nFile \"<stdin>\", line 1\n  print(Moi kaikki!)\n                   ^\nSyntaxError: invalid syntax\n</pre></sample-output><p>Python ei siis osaa tulkita tulostettavaa tekstiä oikein, jos se ei ole lainausmerkeissä.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Hymiö\" tmcname=\"osa01-01_hymio\" height=\"300px\"><p>Kirjoita ohjelma, joka tulostaa ruudulle hymiön: :-)</p></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"ohjelman-eteneminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Ohjelman eteneminen<a href=\"#ohjelman-eteneminen\" aria-label=\"ohjelman eteneminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kun kirjoitamme useita komentoja peräkkäin,\nne suoritetaan järjestyksessä ylhäältä alas.\nEsimerkiksi ohjelma</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tervetuloa opettelemaan ohjelmointia!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aluksi harjoitellaan print-komennon käyttöä.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tämä ohjelma tulostaa ruudulle kolme riviä tekstiä.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>tulostaa ruudulle seuraavat rivit:</p><sample-output><p>Tervetuloa opettelemaan ohjelmointia!\nAluksi harjoitellaan print-komennon käyttöä.\nTämä ohjelma tulostaa ruudulle kolme riviä tekstiä.</p></sample-output><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Korjaa ohjelma: seitsemän veljestä\" tmcname=\"osa01-03_korjaa_ohjelma_7_veljesta\"><p>Ohjelman tarkoitus on tulostaa seitsemän veljestä aakkosjärjestyksessä. Ohjelmassa on kuitenkin yksi tai useampi virhe, jonka takia se ei toimi oikein.\nKorjaa ohjelma niin, että veljekset tulostuvat oikeassa järjestyksessä.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Simeoni\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Juhani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Eero\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lauri\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aapo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tuomas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Timo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Ukko Nooa\" tmcname=\"osa01-02_ukko_nooa\"><p>Kirjoita ohjelma, joka tulostaa ruudulle seuraavat rivit (tarkalleen annetussa muodossa välimerkkeineen):</p><sample-output><p>Ukko Nooa, Ukko Nooa oli kunnon mies.\nKun hän meni saunaan, laittoi laukun naulaan.\nUkko Nooa, Ukko Nooa oli kunnon mies.</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"laskutoimitukset\" style=\"position:relative;\">Laskutoimitukset<a href=\"#laskutoimitukset\" aria-label=\"laskutoimitukset permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos laitamme <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennon sisälle laskutoimituksen, tulostuu ruudulle laskutoimituksen tulos. Esimerkiksi ohjelma</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>tulostaa ruudulle seuraavat rivit:</p><sample-output><p>7\n9\n22</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että laskutoimituksen ympärille ei kirjoiteta lainausmerkkejä. Lainausmerkeillä merkitään <em>merkkijono</em>, joka tulostetaan ruudulle sellaisenaan. Huomaa siis seuraavien komentojen ero:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"2 + 2 * 10\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostus on:</p><sample-output><p>22\n2 + 2 * 10</p></sample-output><p>Jälkimmäisessä tapauksessa Python ei laske laskutoimitusta, vaan tulostaa sen ruudulle.\nMerkkijonot siis tulostetaan ruudulle sellaisenaan riippumatta niiden sisällöstä.</p><h2 id=\"kommentit\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kommentit<a href=\"#kommentit\" aria-label=\"kommentit permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos rivin alussa on merkki <code class=\"language-text\">#</code>, rivi on kommentti, jolloin rivillä oleva teksti ei vaikuta ohjelman toimintaan.</p><p>Kommenttien avulla ohjelmoija voi selostaa itselleen ja muille ohjelmoijille, miten ohjelma toimii. Esimerkiksi seuraavassa ohjelmassa kommentit selittävät käytettyä laskukaavaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tuntien määrä vuodessa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># vuodessa on 365 päivää ja jokaisessa 24 tuntia</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">365</span><span class=\"token operator\">*</span><span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun ohjelma suoritetaan, kommenteissa oleva teksti ei näy mitenkään ohjelman käyttäjälle:</p><sample-output><p>Tuntien määrä vuodessa:\n8760</p></sample-output><p>Lyhyempi kommentti voi olla myös rivin lopussa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tuntien määrä vuodessa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">365</span><span class=\"token operator\">*</span><span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># 365 päivää, 24 tuntia päivässä</span></code></pre></div><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Minuutit vuodessa\" tmcname=\"osa01-04_minuuttien_maara_vuodessa\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka tulostaa minuuttien määrän vuodessa. Käytä edellisen esimerkin tapaan Pythonia tekemään laskutoimitus!</p></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Ohjelma tulostaa koodia\" tmcname=\"osa01-05_ohjelma_tulostaa_koodia\"><p>Pythonissa voidaan käyttää kaksinkertaisten lainausmerkkien <code class=\"language-text\">\"</code> lisäksi myös yksinkertaista lainausmerkkiä <code class=\"language-text\">'</code>.</p><p>Tämä on kätevää, kun haluat tulostaa lainausmerkkejä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">'\"Heti takaisin!\", poliisi huusi.'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>\"Heti takaisin!\", poliisi huusi.</p></sample-output><p>Tee ohjelma, jonka tulostus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>print(\"Moi kaikki!\")</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><p>Kertauskysely tämän osan asioihin liittyen:</p><div><quiz id=\"90b76562-cc2b-5dd4-996b-895d7b5bc69e\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-1/1-ohjelmoinnin-aloittaminen","title":"Ohjelmoinnin aloittaminen"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-1/1-ohjelmoinnin-aloittaminen.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea 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Lainausmerkeillä merkitään "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"merkkijono"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka tulostetaan ruudulle sellaisenaan. 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Esimerkiksi seuraavassa ohjelmassa kommentit selittävät käytettyä laskukaavaa:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Tuntien määrä vuodessa:\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","comment"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"# vuodessa on 365 päivää ja jokaisessa 24 tuntia"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"365"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"*"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"24"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kun ohjelma suoritetaan, kommenteissa oleva teksti ei näy mitenkään ohjelman käyttäjälle:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tuntien määrä vuodessa:\n8760"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lyhyempi kommentti voi olla myös rivin lopussa:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Tuntien määrä vuodessa:\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"365"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"*"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"24"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","comment"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"# 365 päivää, 24 tuntia päivässä"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Minuutit vuodessa","tmcname":"osa01-04_minuuttien_maara_vuodessa"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka tulostaa minuuttien määrän vuodessa. Käytä edellisen esimerkin tapaan Pythonia tekemään laskutoimitus!"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Ohjelma tulostaa koodia","tmcname":"osa01-05_ohjelma_tulostaa_koodia"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pythonissa voidaan käyttää kaksinkertaisten lainausmerkkien "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\""}]},{"type":"text","value":" lisäksi myös yksinkertaista lainausmerkkiä "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"'"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tämä on kätevää, kun haluat tulostaa lainausmerkkejä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"'\"Heti takaisin!\", poliisi huusi.'"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Heti takaisin!\", poliisi huusi."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, jonka tulostus on seuraava:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print(\"Moi kaikki!\")"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kertauskysely tämän osan asioihin liittyen:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"90b76562-cc2b-5dd4-996b-895d7b5bc69e"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Olet kirjoittanut ja suorittanut ensimmäisen Python-ohjelmasi</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää print-komentoa viestien tulostamiseen</li>\n<li>Osaat laskea laskuja ohjelmoimalla</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Tietokoneohjelmat koostuvat <em>komennoista</em> eli yksinkertaisista toimintaohjeista, joita kone suorittaa yksi kerrallaan. Komennot voivat esimerkiksi suorittaa laskutoimituksia, vertailla koneen muistissa olevia tietoja, aiheuttaa muutoksen ohjelman toimintaan tai viestiä käyttäjän kanssa.</p><p>Aloitetaan ohjelmointiin tutustuminen yksinkertaisesta komennosta <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>, joka <em>tulostaa</em> tekstiä. Tulostaminen tarkoittaa käytännössä sitä, että ohjelma näyttää tekstiä ruudulla.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma tulostaa rivin \"Moi kaikki!\":</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi kaikki!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun suoritamme ohjelman, se tuottaa seuraavan tuloksen:</p><sample-output><p>Moi kaikki!</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että ohjelman koodi tulee kirjoittaa tarkalleen yllä olevalla tavalla, jotta se toimii. Esimerkiksi jos yritämme tulostaa rivin käyttämättä lainausmerkkejä</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Moi kaikki!<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>ohjelma ei toimi, ja seurauksena on seuraava virheilmoitus:</p><sample-output><pre>\nFile \"<stdin>\", line 1\n  print(Moi kaikki!)\n                   ^\nSyntaxError: invalid syntax\n</pre></sample-output><p>Python ei siis osaa tulkita tulostettavaa tekstiä oikein, jos se ei ole lainausmerkeissä.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Hymiö\" tmcname=\"osa01-01_hymio\" height=\"300px\"><p>Kirjoita ohjelma, joka tulostaa ruudulle hymiön: :-)</p></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"ohjelman-eteneminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Ohjelman eteneminen<a href=\"#ohjelman-eteneminen\" aria-label=\"ohjelman eteneminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kun kirjoitamme useita komentoja peräkkäin,\nne suoritetaan järjestyksessä ylhäältä alas.\nEsimerkiksi ohjelma</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tervetuloa opettelemaan ohjelmointia!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aluksi harjoitellaan print-komennon käyttöä.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tämä ohjelma tulostaa ruudulle kolme riviä tekstiä.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>tulostaa ruudulle seuraavat rivit:</p><sample-output><p>Tervetuloa opettelemaan ohjelmointia!\nAluksi harjoitellaan print-komennon käyttöä.\nTämä ohjelma tulostaa ruudulle kolme riviä tekstiä.</p></sample-output><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Korjaa ohjelma: seitsemän veljestä\" tmcname=\"osa01-03_korjaa_ohjelma_7_veljesta\"><p>Ohjelman tarkoitus on tulostaa seitsemän veljestä aakkosjärjestyksessä. Ohjelmassa on kuitenkin yksi tai useampi virhe, jonka takia se ei toimi oikein.\nKorjaa ohjelma niin, että veljekset tulostuvat oikeassa järjestyksessä.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Simeoni\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Juhani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Eero\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lauri\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aapo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tuomas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Timo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Ukko Nooa\" tmcname=\"osa01-02_ukko_nooa\"><p>Kirjoita ohjelma, joka tulostaa ruudulle seuraavat rivit (tarkalleen annetussa muodossa välimerkkeineen):</p><sample-output><p>Ukko Nooa, Ukko Nooa oli kunnon mies.\nKun hän meni saunaan, laittoi laukun naulaan.\nUkko Nooa, Ukko Nooa oli kunnon mies.</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"laskutoimitukset\" style=\"position:relative;\">Laskutoimitukset<a href=\"#laskutoimitukset\" aria-label=\"laskutoimitukset permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos laitamme <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennon sisälle laskutoimituksen, tulostuu ruudulle laskutoimituksen tulos. Esimerkiksi ohjelma</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>tulostaa ruudulle seuraavat rivit:</p><sample-output><p>7\n9\n22</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että laskutoimituksen ympärille ei kirjoiteta lainausmerkkejä. Lainausmerkeillä merkitään <em>merkkijono</em>, joka tulostetaan ruudulle sellaisenaan. Huomaa siis seuraavien komentojen ero:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"2 + 2 * 10\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostus on:</p><sample-output><p>22\n2 + 2 * 10</p></sample-output><p>Jälkimmäisessä tapauksessa Python ei laske laskutoimitusta, vaan tulostaa sen ruudulle.\nMerkkijonot siis tulostetaan ruudulle sellaisenaan riippumatta niiden sisällöstä.</p><h2 id=\"kommentit\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kommentit<a href=\"#kommentit\" aria-label=\"kommentit permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos rivin alussa on merkki <code class=\"language-text\">#</code>, rivi on kommentti, jolloin rivillä oleva teksti ei vaikuta ohjelman toimintaan.</p><p>Kommenttien avulla ohjelmoija voi selostaa itselleen ja muille ohjelmoijille, miten ohjelma toimii. Esimerkiksi seuraavassa ohjelmassa kommentit selittävät käytettyä laskukaavaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tuntien määrä vuodessa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># vuodessa on 365 päivää ja jokaisessa 24 tuntia</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">365</span><span class=\"token operator\">*</span><span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun ohjelma suoritetaan, kommenteissa oleva teksti ei näy mitenkään ohjelman käyttäjälle:</p><sample-output><p>Tuntien määrä vuodessa:\n8760</p></sample-output><p>Lyhyempi kommentti voi olla myös rivin lopussa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tuntien määrä vuodessa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">365</span><span class=\"token operator\">*</span><span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># 365 päivää, 24 tuntia päivässä</span></code></pre></div><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Minuutit vuodessa\" tmcname=\"osa01-04_minuuttien_maara_vuodessa\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka tulostaa minuuttien määrän vuodessa. Käytä edellisen esimerkin tapaan Pythonia tekemään laskutoimitus!</p></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Ohjelma tulostaa koodia\" tmcname=\"osa01-05_ohjelma_tulostaa_koodia\"><p>Pythonissa voidaan käyttää kaksinkertaisten lainausmerkkien <code class=\"language-text\">\"</code> lisäksi myös yksinkertaista lainausmerkkiä <code class=\"language-text\">'</code>.</p><p>Tämä on kätevää, kun haluat tulostaa lainausmerkkejä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">'\"Heti takaisin!\", poliisi huusi.'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>\"Heti takaisin!\", poliisi huusi.</p></sample-output><p>Tee ohjelma, jonka tulostus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>print(\"Moi 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diff --git a/page-data/osa-1/2-tietoa-kayttajalta/page-data.json b/page-data/osa-1/2-tietoa-kayttajalta/page-data.json
index 8b8a743a9..85c06e5ab 100644
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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pythonpolku 1 A 10"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAsut siis osoitteessa Pythonpolku 1 A 10\nAnna uusi osoite: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Uusikatu 999"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nOsoite on nyt Uusikatu 999"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jos samaan muuttujaan luetaan kaksi syötettä peräkkäin, ei ensimmäisenä syötettyyn arvoon siis pääse enää käsiksi:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"osoite "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"input"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Mikä on osoitteesi? \""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nosoite "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"input"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Anna uusi osoite: \""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Osoite on nyt \""}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"+"}]},{"type":"text","value":" osoite"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkkisuoritus:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mikä on osoitteesi? "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pythonpolku 10"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna uusi osoite: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelmoijanraitti 230"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nOsoite on nyt Ohjelmoijanraitti 230"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Nimi ja osoite","tmcname":"osa01-08_nimi_ja_osoite"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kirjoita ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjän nimeä ja osoitetta. Ohjelma tulostaa syötetyt tiedot."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Etunimi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sanna"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSukunimi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Seppänen"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nKatuosoite: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mannerheimintie 10"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nPostinumero ja kaupunki: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"00100 Helsinki"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSanna Seppänen\nMannerheimintie 10\n00100 Helsinki"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":" Korjaa ohjelma: Lausahdukset","tmcname":"osa01-09_korjaa_ohjelma_lausahdukset"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tehtäväpohjassa on annettu ohjelma, jonka pitäisi kysyä käyttäjältä kolme lausahdusta ja tulostaa ne esimerkin mukaisesti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna 1. osa: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"entten"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna 2. osa: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tentten"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna 3. osa: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"teelikamentten"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nentten-tentten-teelikamentten!"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelmassa on kuitenkin virhe tai virheitä, joiden takia se ei toimi oikein. Korjaa ohjelma."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Tarina","tmcname":"osa01-10_tarina"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka tulostaa oheisen tarinan, johon on upotettu käyttäjän antama nimi ja vuosi."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna nimi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Maija"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna vuosi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1572"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Maija on urhea ritari, syntynyt vuonna 1572. Eräänä aamuna Maija heräsi kovaan meluun: lohikäärme lähestyi kylää. Vain Maija voisi pelastaa kylän asukkaat."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tarinan tulee muuttua sen mukaan, mitkä tiedot käyttäjä antaa."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kertauskysely tämän osan asioihin liittyen:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"dd4441a3-c2a3-5553-97d6-30482b1f1126"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat kirjoittaa ohjelman, joka lukee tietoa käyttäjältä</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää muuttujaa syötteen lukemisessa ja tulostamisessa</li>\n<li>Osaat yhdistää merkkijonoja toisiinsa</li>\n</ul></text-box><p><em>Syöte</em> tarkoittaa tietoa, jonka ohjelman käyttäjä antaa ohjelmalle. Pythonissa voimme lukea rivin käyttäjän antamaa syötettä <code class=\"language-text\">input</code>-komennolla. Komento näyttää samalla viestin käyttäjälle, jossa voi pyytää syötettä.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma lukee käyttäjän nimen <code class=\"language-text\">input</code>-komennolla ja\ntulostaa ruudulle tervehdyksen <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennolla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna nimesi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi vaan, \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suoritus voisi näyttää esimerkiksi seuraavalta (käyttäjän kirjoittama syöte on merkitty punaisella):</p><sample-output><p>Anna nimesi: <strong>Pekka Python</strong>\nMoi vaan, Pekka Python</p></sample-output><p>Ohjelman tulostama teksti riippuu siis osittain käyttäjän syötteestä. Niinpä ohjelman suoritus voisi näyttää myös tältä:</p><sample-output><p>Anna nimesi: <strong>Outi Ohjelmoija</strong>\nMoi vaan, Outi Ohjelmoija</p></sample-output><p>Ohjelmassa esiintyvä sana <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code> on <em>muuttuja</em>. Muuttujalla tarkoitetaan ohjelmoinnissa paikkaa, johon voidaan tallentaa jokin <em>arvo</em> kuten merkkijono tai lukuarvo. Tämä arvo voidaan myöhemmin lukea tai sitä voidaan muuttaa.</p><text-box variant=\"hint\" name=\"Muuttujan nimen valinta\"><p>Muuttujat voi periaatteessa ohjelmissa nimetä vapaasti, tiettyjä Python-kielen asettamia rajoituksia noudattaen.</p><p>Tällä kurssilla muuttujat ja muut vastaavat ohjelmien osat nimetään suomeksi.\nOhjelmoinnissa käytetään kuitenkin yleisesti kielenä englantia – jos etsit Googlen avulla ohjelmointiesimerkkejä, kielenä on usein englanti.</p></text-box><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Nimi kahdesti\" tmcname=\"osa01-06_nimi_kahdesti\"><p>Kirjoita ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjän nimeä ja tämän jälkeen tulostaa nimen kahteen kertaan peräkkäisille riveille.</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Anna nimesi: <strong>Pekka</strong>\nPekka\nPekka</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"muuttujaan-viittaaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Muuttujaan viittaaminen<a href=\"#muuttujaan-viittaaminen\" aria-label=\"muuttujaan viittaaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Muuttujaan voidaan viitata ohjelmassa useasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna nimesi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi, \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" on aika kiva nimi.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkkitulostus, kun käyttäjä antaa nimen <code class=\"language-text\">Pauli Python</code>:</p><sample-output><p>Anna nimesi: <strong>Pauli Python</strong>\nMoi, Pauli Python!\nPauli Python on aika kiva nimi.</p></sample-output><p>Tarkastellaanpa tulostuskomentoja vähän tarkemmin: <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennolle annetaan merkkijono, johon on yhdistetty valmista tekstiä ja käyttäjän syöte. Nämä on yhdistetty toisiinsa <code class=\"language-text\">+</code>-operaattorilla,\njoka yhdistää kaksi merkkijonoa yhdeksi uudeksi merkkijonoksi.</p><p>Merkkijonoja voidaan yhdistää muuttujien arvoihin vapaasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna nimesi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"! Varmistan vielä: nimesi on siis \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"?\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkkitulostus, kun käyttäjä antaa nimen <code class=\"language-text\">Erkki Esimerkki</code>:</p><sample-output><p>Anna nimesi: <strong>Erkki Esimerkki</strong>\nMoi Erkki Esimerkki! Varmistan vielä: nimesi on siis Erkki Esimerkki?</p></sample-output><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Nimet huutomerkillä\" tmcname=\"osa01-07_nimi_ja_huutomerkit\"><p>Kirjoita ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjän nimeä ja tämän jälkeen tulostaa nimen kaksi kertaa samalle riville siten, että rivin alussa lopussa sekä nimien välissä on huutomerkki.</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Anna nimesi: <strong>Pekka</strong>\n!Pekka!Pekka!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"useampi-kuin-yksi-syote\" style=\"position:relative;\">Useampi kuin yksi syöte<a href=\"#useampi-kuin-yksi-syote\" aria-label=\"useampi kuin yksi syote permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Ohjelmassa voi lukea useamman eri syötteen. Huomaa, että jokainen <code class=\"language-text\">input</code>-komennon kysymä merkkijono tallennetaan eri muuttujaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna nimesi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna sähköpostiosoitteesi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlempinimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna lempinimesi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Varmistetaan vielä, että tiedot menivät oikein\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nimesi: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sähköpostiosoitteesi: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lempinimesi: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> lempinimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkki ohjelman suorituksesta:</p><sample-output><p>Anna nimesi: <strong>Keijo Keksitty</strong>\nAnna sähköpostiosoitteesi: <strong><a href=\"mailto:keijo99@example.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">keijo99@example.com</a></strong>\nAnna lempinimesi: <strong>Keke</strong>\nVarmistetaan vielä, että tiedot menivät oikein\nNimesi: Keijo Keksitty\nSähköpostiosoitteesi: <a href=\"mailto:keijo99@example.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">keijo99@example.com</a>\nLempinimesi: Keke</p></sample-output><p>Jos samaan muuttujaan luetaan syöte useamman kerran, uusi arvo ylikirjoittaa aina edellisen. Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">osoite <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mikä on osoitteesi? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Asut siis osoitteessa \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> osoite<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nosoite <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna uusi osoite: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Osoite on nyt \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> osoite<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkkisuoritus:</p><sample-output><p>Mikä on osoitteesi? <strong>Pythonpolku 1 A 10</strong>\nAsut siis osoitteessa Pythonpolku 1 A 10\nAnna uusi osoite: <strong>Uusikatu 999</strong>\nOsoite on nyt Uusikatu 999</p></sample-output><p>Jos samaan muuttujaan luetaan kaksi syötettä peräkkäin, ei ensimmäisenä syötettyyn arvoon siis pääse enää käsiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">osoite <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mikä on osoitteesi? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nosoite <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna uusi osoite: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Osoite on nyt \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> osoite<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkkisuoritus:</p><sample-output><p>Mikä on osoitteesi? <strong>Pythonpolku 10</strong>\nAnna uusi osoite: <strong>Ohjelmoijanraitti 230</strong>\nOsoite on nyt Ohjelmoijanraitti 230</p></sample-output><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Nimi ja osoite\" tmcname=\"osa01-08_nimi_ja_osoite\"><p>Kirjoita ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjän nimeä ja osoitetta. Ohjelma tulostaa syötetyt tiedot.</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Etunimi: <strong>Sanna</strong>\nSukunimi: <strong>Seppänen</strong>\nKatuosoite: <strong>Mannerheimintie 10</strong>\nPostinumero ja kaupunki: <strong>00100 Helsinki</strong>\nSanna Seppänen\nMannerheimintie 10\n00100 Helsinki</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\" Korjaa ohjelma: Lausahdukset\" tmcname=\"osa01-09_korjaa_ohjelma_lausahdukset\"><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on annettu ohjelma, jonka pitäisi kysyä käyttäjältä kolme lausahdusta ja tulostaa ne esimerkin mukaisesti:</p><sample-output><p>Anna 1. osa: <strong>entten</strong>\nAnna 2. osa: <strong>tentten</strong>\nAnna 3. osa: <strong>teelikamentten</strong>\nentten-tentten-teelikamentten!</p></sample-output><p>Ohjelmassa on kuitenkin virhe tai virheitä, joiden takia se ei toimi oikein. Korjaa ohjelma.</p></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Tarina\" tmcname=\"osa01-10_tarina\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka tulostaa oheisen tarinan, johon on upotettu käyttäjän antama nimi ja vuosi.</p><sample-output><p>Anna nimi: <strong>Maija</strong>\nAnna vuosi: <strong>1572</strong></p><p>Maija on urhea ritari, syntynyt vuonna 1572. Eräänä aamuna Maija heräsi kovaan meluun: lohikäärme lähestyi kylää. 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Esimerkiksi:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"osoite "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"input"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Mikä on osoitteesi? \""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Asut siis osoitteessa \""}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"+"}]},{"type":"text","value":" osoite"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\nosoite "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"input"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Anna uusi osoite: \""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Osoite on nyt \""}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"+"}]},{"type":"text","value":" osoite"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkkisuoritus:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mikä on osoitteesi? "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pythonpolku 1 A 10"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAsut siis osoitteessa Pythonpolku 1 A 10\nAnna uusi osoite: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Uusikatu 999"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nOsoite on nyt Uusikatu 999"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jos samaan muuttujaan luetaan kaksi syötettä peräkkäin, ei ensimmäisenä syötettyyn arvoon siis pääse enää käsiksi:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"osoite "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"input"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Mikä on osoitteesi? \""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nosoite "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"input"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Anna uusi osoite: \""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Osoite on nyt \""}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"+"}]},{"type":"text","value":" osoite"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkkisuoritus:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mikä on osoitteesi? "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pythonpolku 10"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna uusi osoite: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelmoijanraitti 230"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nOsoite on nyt Ohjelmoijanraitti 230"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Nimi ja osoite","tmcname":"osa01-08_nimi_ja_osoite"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kirjoita ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjän nimeä ja osoitetta. Ohjelma tulostaa syötetyt tiedot."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Etunimi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sanna"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSukunimi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Seppänen"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nKatuosoite: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mannerheimintie 10"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nPostinumero ja kaupunki: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"00100 Helsinki"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSanna Seppänen\nMannerheimintie 10\n00100 Helsinki"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":" Korjaa ohjelma: Lausahdukset","tmcname":"osa01-09_korjaa_ohjelma_lausahdukset"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tehtäväpohjassa on annettu ohjelma, jonka pitäisi kysyä käyttäjältä kolme lausahdusta ja tulostaa ne esimerkin mukaisesti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna 1. osa: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"entten"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna 2. osa: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tentten"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna 3. osa: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"teelikamentten"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nentten-tentten-teelikamentten!"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelmassa on kuitenkin virhe tai virheitä, joiden takia se ei toimi oikein. Korjaa ohjelma."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Tarina","tmcname":"osa01-10_tarina"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka tulostaa oheisen tarinan, johon on upotettu käyttäjän antama nimi ja vuosi."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna nimi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Maija"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna vuosi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1572"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Maija on urhea ritari, syntynyt vuonna 1572. Eräänä aamuna Maija heräsi kovaan meluun: lohikäärme lähestyi kylää. Vain Maija voisi pelastaa kylän asukkaat."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tarinan tulee muuttua sen mukaan, mitkä tiedot käyttäjä antaa."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kertauskysely tämän osan asioihin liittyen:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"dd4441a3-c2a3-5553-97d6-30482b1f1126"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat kirjoittaa ohjelman, joka lukee tietoa käyttäjältä</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää muuttujaa syötteen lukemisessa ja tulostamisessa</li>\n<li>Osaat yhdistää merkkijonoja toisiinsa</li>\n</ul></text-box><p><em>Syöte</em> tarkoittaa tietoa, jonka ohjelman käyttäjä antaa ohjelmalle. Pythonissa voimme lukea rivin käyttäjän antamaa syötettä <code class=\"language-text\">input</code>-komennolla. Komento näyttää samalla viestin käyttäjälle, jossa voi pyytää syötettä.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma lukee käyttäjän nimen <code class=\"language-text\">input</code>-komennolla ja\ntulostaa ruudulle tervehdyksen <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennolla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna nimesi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi vaan, \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suoritus voisi näyttää esimerkiksi seuraavalta (käyttäjän kirjoittama syöte on merkitty punaisella):</p><sample-output><p>Anna nimesi: <strong>Pekka Python</strong>\nMoi vaan, Pekka Python</p></sample-output><p>Ohjelman tulostama teksti riippuu siis osittain käyttäjän syötteestä. Niinpä ohjelman suoritus voisi näyttää myös tältä:</p><sample-output><p>Anna nimesi: <strong>Outi Ohjelmoija</strong>\nMoi vaan, Outi Ohjelmoija</p></sample-output><p>Ohjelmassa esiintyvä sana <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code> on <em>muuttuja</em>. Muuttujalla tarkoitetaan ohjelmoinnissa paikkaa, johon voidaan tallentaa jokin <em>arvo</em> kuten merkkijono tai lukuarvo. Tämä arvo voidaan myöhemmin lukea tai sitä voidaan muuttaa.</p><text-box variant=\"hint\" name=\"Muuttujan nimen valinta\"><p>Muuttujat voi periaatteessa ohjelmissa nimetä vapaasti, tiettyjä Python-kielen asettamia rajoituksia noudattaen.</p><p>Tällä kurssilla muuttujat ja muut vastaavat ohjelmien osat nimetään suomeksi.\nOhjelmoinnissa käytetään kuitenkin yleisesti kielenä englantia – jos etsit Googlen avulla ohjelmointiesimerkkejä, kielenä on usein englanti.</p></text-box><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Nimi kahdesti\" tmcname=\"osa01-06_nimi_kahdesti\"><p>Kirjoita ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjän nimeä ja tämän jälkeen tulostaa nimen kahteen kertaan peräkkäisille riveille.</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Anna nimesi: <strong>Pekka</strong>\nPekka\nPekka</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"muuttujaan-viittaaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Muuttujaan viittaaminen<a href=\"#muuttujaan-viittaaminen\" aria-label=\"muuttujaan viittaaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Muuttujaan voidaan viitata ohjelmassa useasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna nimesi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi, \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" on aika kiva nimi.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkkitulostus, kun käyttäjä antaa nimen <code class=\"language-text\">Pauli Python</code>:</p><sample-output><p>Anna nimesi: <strong>Pauli Python</strong>\nMoi, Pauli Python!\nPauli Python on aika kiva nimi.</p></sample-output><p>Tarkastellaanpa tulostuskomentoja vähän tarkemmin: <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennolle annetaan merkkijono, johon on yhdistetty valmista tekstiä ja käyttäjän syöte. Nämä on yhdistetty toisiinsa <code class=\"language-text\">+</code>-operaattorilla,\njoka yhdistää kaksi merkkijonoa yhdeksi uudeksi merkkijonoksi.</p><p>Merkkijonoja voidaan yhdistää muuttujien arvoihin vapaasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna nimesi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"! Varmistan vielä: nimesi on siis \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"?\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkkitulostus, kun käyttäjä antaa nimen <code class=\"language-text\">Erkki Esimerkki</code>:</p><sample-output><p>Anna nimesi: <strong>Erkki Esimerkki</strong>\nMoi Erkki Esimerkki! Varmistan vielä: nimesi on siis Erkki Esimerkki?</p></sample-output><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Nimet huutomerkillä\" tmcname=\"osa01-07_nimi_ja_huutomerkit\"><p>Kirjoita ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjän nimeä ja tämän jälkeen tulostaa nimen kaksi kertaa samalle riville siten, että rivin alussa lopussa sekä nimien välissä on huutomerkki.</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Anna nimesi: <strong>Pekka</strong>\n!Pekka!Pekka!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"useampi-kuin-yksi-syote\" style=\"position:relative;\">Useampi kuin yksi syöte<a href=\"#useampi-kuin-yksi-syote\" aria-label=\"useampi kuin yksi syote permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Ohjelmassa voi lukea useamman eri syötteen. Huomaa, että jokainen <code class=\"language-text\">input</code>-komennon kysymä merkkijono tallennetaan eri muuttujaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna nimesi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna sähköpostiosoitteesi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlempinimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna lempinimesi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Varmistetaan vielä, että tiedot menivät oikein\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nimesi: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sähköpostiosoitteesi: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lempinimesi: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> lempinimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkki ohjelman suorituksesta:</p><sample-output><p>Anna nimesi: <strong>Keijo Keksitty</strong>\nAnna sähköpostiosoitteesi: <strong><a href=\"mailto:keijo99@example.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">keijo99@example.com</a></strong>\nAnna lempinimesi: <strong>Keke</strong>\nVarmistetaan vielä, että tiedot menivät oikein\nNimesi: Keijo Keksitty\nSähköpostiosoitteesi: <a href=\"mailto:keijo99@example.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">keijo99@example.com</a>\nLempinimesi: Keke</p></sample-output><p>Jos samaan muuttujaan luetaan syöte useamman kerran, uusi arvo ylikirjoittaa aina edellisen. Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">osoite <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mikä on osoitteesi? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Asut siis osoitteessa \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> osoite<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nosoite <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna uusi osoite: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Osoite on nyt \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> osoite<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkkisuoritus:</p><sample-output><p>Mikä on osoitteesi? <strong>Pythonpolku 1 A 10</strong>\nAsut siis osoitteessa Pythonpolku 1 A 10\nAnna uusi osoite: <strong>Uusikatu 999</strong>\nOsoite on nyt Uusikatu 999</p></sample-output><p>Jos samaan muuttujaan luetaan kaksi syötettä peräkkäin, ei ensimmäisenä syötettyyn arvoon siis pääse enää käsiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">osoite <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mikä on osoitteesi? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nosoite <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna uusi osoite: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Osoite on nyt \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> osoite<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkkisuoritus:</p><sample-output><p>Mikä on osoitteesi? <strong>Pythonpolku 10</strong>\nAnna uusi osoite: <strong>Ohjelmoijanraitti 230</strong>\nOsoite on nyt Ohjelmoijanraitti 230</p></sample-output><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Nimi ja osoite\" tmcname=\"osa01-08_nimi_ja_osoite\"><p>Kirjoita ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjän nimeä ja osoitetta. Ohjelma tulostaa syötetyt tiedot.</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Etunimi: <strong>Sanna</strong>\nSukunimi: <strong>Seppänen</strong>\nKatuosoite: <strong>Mannerheimintie 10</strong>\nPostinumero ja kaupunki: <strong>00100 Helsinki</strong>\nSanna Seppänen\nMannerheimintie 10\n00100 Helsinki</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\" Korjaa ohjelma: Lausahdukset\" tmcname=\"osa01-09_korjaa_ohjelma_lausahdukset\"><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on annettu ohjelma, jonka pitäisi kysyä käyttäjältä kolme lausahdusta ja tulostaa ne esimerkin mukaisesti:</p><sample-output><p>Anna 1. osa: <strong>entten</strong>\nAnna 2. osa: <strong>tentten</strong>\nAnna 3. osa: <strong>teelikamentten</strong>\nentten-tentten-teelikamentten!</p></sample-output><p>Ohjelmassa on kuitenkin virhe tai virheitä, joiden takia se ei toimi oikein. Korjaa ohjelma.</p></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Tarina\" tmcname=\"osa01-10_tarina\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka tulostaa oheisen tarinan, johon on upotettu käyttäjän antama nimi ja vuosi.</p><sample-output><p>Anna nimi: <strong>Maija</strong>\nAnna vuosi: <strong>1572</strong></p><p>Maija on urhea ritari, syntynyt vuonna 1572. Eräänä aamuna Maija heräsi kovaan meluun: lohikäärme lähestyi kylää. Vain Maija voisi pelastaa kylän asukkaat.</p></sample-output><p>Tarinan tulee muuttua sen mukaan, mitkä tiedot käyttäjä antaa.</p></in-browser-programming-exercise><p>Kertauskysely tämän osan asioihin liittyen:</p><div><quiz id=\"dd4441a3-c2a3-5553-97d6-30482b1f1126\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-1/2-tietoa-kayttajalta","title":"Tietoa käyttäjältä"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-1/2-tietoa-kayttajalta.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea 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\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\" 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liukulukujen eron</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Vastaa seuraavaan kyselyyn ennen osion aloittamista. Saat vastaamisesta yhden tehtäväpisteen.</p><div><quiz id=\"696ae8ca-e032-58a1-9f55-76f59a01b3a7\"></quiz></div><p>Muuttujia tarvitaan ohjelmissa moniin tarkoituksiin. Voimme tallentaa muuttujiin mitä tahansa sellaista tietoa, jota tarvitaan ohjelmassa myöhemmin.</p><p>Muuttuja luodaan Pythonissa seuraavasti:</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">muuttujan_nimi = ...</code></p><p>Tässä <code class=\"language-text\">...</code> tarkoittaa arvoa, joka tallennetaan muuttujaan.</p><p>Esimerkiksi kun luemme <code class=\"language-text\">input</code>-komennolla merkkijonon käyttäjältä, sijoitamme merkkijonon muuttujaan, jotta voimme käyttää sitä myöhemmin ohjelmassa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna nimesi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi, \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna nimesi: <strong>Kummitus</strong>\nMoi, Kummitus</p></sample-output><p>Muuttujille voidaan antaa arvoja myös esimerkiksi näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">etunimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span>\nsukunimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pythonen\"</span>\n\nnimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> etunimi <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> sukunimi\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pekka Pythonen</p></sample-output><p>Tässä tapauksessa muuttujan arvo ei tule käyttäjältä vaan se on sama ohjelman jokaisella suorituskerralla.</p><h2 id=\"muuttujan-arvon-muuttaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Muuttujan arvon muuttaminen<a href=\"#muuttujan-arvon-muuttaminen\" aria-label=\"muuttujan arvon muuttaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Muuttujan arvo voi nimensä mukaisesti muuttua. Niin kuin edellisessä osassa todettiin, uusi arvo ylikirjoittaa vanhan arvon.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraavassa ohjelmassa muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">sana</code> saa kolme eri arvoa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna sana: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna toinen sana: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kolmas\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna sana: <strong>eka</strong>\neka\nAnna toinen sana: <strong>toka</strong>\ntoka\nkolmas</p></sample-output><p>Muuttujan sisältö siis vaihtuu jokaisen sijoituksen yhteydessä.</p><p>Muuttujan uusi arvo voi myös perustua sen vanhaan arvoon. Esimerkiksi seuraavassa muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">sana</code> saa ensin arvoksi käyttäjän syötteen. Tämän jälkeen muuttuja saa arvoksi vanhan arvonsa, jonka perään on lisätty kolme huutomerkkiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna sana: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sana <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"!!!\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna sana: <strong>testi</strong>\ntesti\ntesti!!!</p></sample-output><text-box variant=\"hint\" name=\"Lisää muuttujan nimen valinnasta\"><ul>\n<li>\n<p>Muuttujat kannattaa nimetä niiden käyttötarkoituksen mukaan.\nEsimerkiksi jos muuttujassa on sana, nimi <code class=\"language-text\">sana</code> on parempi kuin <code class=\"language-text\">a</code>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Python ei rajoita muuttujien nimien pituutta, mutta eräitä muita sääntöjä muuttujien nimiin liittyy. Nimen täytyy alkaa kirjaimella ja se saa sisältää vain kirjaimia, numeroita ja alaviivoja _.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Huomaa myös, että pienet ja isot kirjaimet ovat eri merkkejä. Muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code> on siis eri muuttuja kuin <code class=\"language-text\">Nimi</code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">NIMI</code>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Pythonissa muuttujien nimet on tapana kirjoittaa pienillä kirjaimilla. Jos nimessä on useita sanoja, niiden välissä on alaviiva.</p>\n</li>\n</ul></text-box><h2 id=\"kokonaisluvut\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kokonaisluvut<a href=\"#kokonaisluvut\" aria-label=\"kokonaisluvut permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tähän mennessä olemme tallentaneet muuttujiin vain merkkijonoja. Usein ohjelmissa halutaan kuitenkin tallentaa myös muun tyyppistä tietoa. Tarkastellaan aluksi kokonaislukuja.</p><p>Seuraava ohjelma luo muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">ika</code>, jonka sisältönä on kokonaisluku.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">24</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>24</p></sample-output><p>Kokonaisluvun ympärille ei kirjoiteta lainausmerkkejä. Itse asiassa luvun ympärille kirjoitettavat lainausmerkit tarkoittavat, että kyseessä ei ole luku vaan merkkijono (joka tosin saattaa sisältää numeroita).</p><p>Mitä eroa muuttujan tyypeillä siis on, kun seuraava ohjelma tulostaa samat arvot?</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span>\nluku2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"100\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>100\n100</p></sample-output><p>Tyypeillä on merkitystä, koska\nerilaiset operaatiot vaikuttavat eri tavalla erityyppisiin muuttujiin. Tarkastellaan seuraavaa esimerkkiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span>\nluku2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"100\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku1 <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> luku1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku2 <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> luku2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>200\n100100</p></sample-output><p>Kahdelle lukuarvolle <code class=\"language-text\">+</code>-operaattori siis merkitsee yhteenlaskua, merkkijonoille taas yhdistämistä peräkkäin.</p><h2 id=\"arvojen-yhdistaminen-tulostettaessa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Arvojen yhdistäminen tulostettaessa<a href=\"#arvojen-yhdistaminen-tulostettaessa\" aria-label=\"arvojen yhdistaminen tulostettaessa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraava ohjelma ei toimi, koska <code class=\"language-text\">\"Tulos on \"</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">tulos</code> ovat erityypisiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">25</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># seuraava rivi tuottaa virheen</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tulos on \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma ei tulosta mitään, vaan antaa virheen</p><sample-output><p>TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'str' and 'int'</p></sample-output><p>Python kertoo, ettei kahden erityyppisen arvon yhdistäminen toimi. Tässä tapauksessa arvon <code class=\"language-text\">\"Tulos on\"</code> tyyppi on merkkijono ja arvon <code class=\"language-text\">tulos</code> tyyppi on kokonaisluku.</p><p>Jos haluamme tulostaa yhdellä komennolla merkkijonon ja luvun, yhdistäminen onnistuu kuitenkin muuttamalla luku merkkijonoksi <code class=\"language-text\">str</code>-funktiolla. Esimerkiksi</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">25</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tulos on \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Tulos on 250</p></sample-output><p>Toinen mahdollisuus on käyttää pilkkua <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennossa. Tällöin komento tulostaa kaikki pilkuilla erotetut arvot riippumatta niiden tyypistä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">25</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tulos on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Tulos on 250</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että tässä tapauksessa arvojen väliin ilmestyy automaattisesti yksi välilyönti tulostuksessa.</p><h2 id=\"tulostaminen-f-merkkijonojen-avulla\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tulostaminen f-merkkijonojen avulla<a href=\"#tulostaminen-f-merkkijonojen-avulla\" aria-label=\"tulostaminen f merkkijonojen avulla permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Niin sanotut <em>f-merkkijonot</em> tarjoavat kolmannen edellisiä joustavamman ja jopa helppokäyttöisemmän tavan tulostuksen muotoiluun.</p><p>Aiempi tekstin ja kokonaisluvun tulostava esimerkki tehtäisiin f-merkkijonojen avulla seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">25</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Tulos on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tulostettavan merkkijonon alussa on kirjain <em>f</em>, joka tarkoittaa, että kyseessä on f-merkkijono. Merkkijonon sisälle on sijoitettu aaltosuluissa muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">tulos</code>, jonka arvo tulee tulostuvan merkkijonon osaksi. Tulostus on täsmälleen sama kuin aiemmissa esimerkeissä eli</p><sample-output><p>Tulos on 250</p></sample-output><p>Yksittäisen f-merkkijonon sisälle on mahdollista laittaa useampiakin muuttujia. Esimerkiksi koodi</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span>\nika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">39</span>\nkaupunki <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Espoo\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Hei </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, olet </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">-vuotias. Asuinpaikkasi on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>kaupunki<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">.\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>tuottaa seuraavan tuloksen:</p><sample-output><p>Hei Arto, olet 39-vuotias. Asuinpaikkasi on Espoo.</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että täsmälleen tämän esimerkin kaltaista tulostusta on mahdotonta saada aikaan käyttämällä <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennossa pilkkua:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span>\nika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">39</span>\nkaupunki <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Espoo\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hei\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\", olet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"-vuotias. Asuinpaikkasi on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kaupunki<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\".\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tulostus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>Hei Arto , olet 39 -vuotias. Asuinpaikkasi on Espoo .</p></sample-output><p>Tulostuksessa on nyt välilyönti jokaisen erillisen osan välissä ja muutamassa kohdassa se aiheuttaa ongelman.</p><p>Vaikka pilkullinen muoto <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennosta on joskus kätevä, se aiheuttaa välillä harmaita hiuksia ja silloin on parempi käyttää f-merkkijonoja. Osassa 4 opimme lisää f-merkkijonojen käteviä ominaisuuksia tulosteen muotoilussa.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Välilyönnillä vai ilman\" tmcname=\"osa01-10b_valilyonnilla_vai_ilman\" height=400px><p>Saat seuraavan koodinpätkän työnhakijoille suunnatun sovelluksen parissa työskentelevältä tuttavaltasi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Teppo Testaaja\"</span>\nika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span>\ntaito1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"python\"</span>\ntaso1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"aloittelija\"</span>\ntaito2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"java\"</span>\ntaso2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"veteraani\"</span>\ntaito3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ohjelmointi\"</span>\ntaso3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"puoliammattilainen\"</span>\nala <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2000</span>\nyla <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3000</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimeni on \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" , olen \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"-vuotias\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"taitoihini kuuluvat\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"- \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> taito1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" (\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> taso1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\")\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"- \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> taito2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" (\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> taso2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\")\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"- \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> taito3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" (\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> taso3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" )\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"haen työtä, josta maksetaan palkkaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> ala<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"-\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> yla<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"euroa kuussa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Koodin pitäisi tuottaa <em>täsmälleen</em> seuraavanlainen tulostus:</p><sample-output><pre>\nnimeni on Teppo Testaaja, olen 20-vuotias\n\ntaitoihini kuuluvat\n - python (aloittelija)\n - java (veteraani)\n - ohjelmointi (puoliammattilainen)\n\nhaen työtä, josta maksetaan palkkaa 2000-3000 euroa kuussa\n</pre></sample-output><p>Koodi toimii melkein oikein, mutta ei kuitenkaan ihan. Tässä tehtävässä on todella tarkat testit, jotka vaativat, että tulostus on välilyönnilleen oikein.</p><p>Korjaa siis koodi siten, että tulostus näyttää oikealta. Huomaa, että erityisesti <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennon muoto, jossa tulostettavat osat eritellään pilkulla, voi tuottaa yllätyksiä, sillä se lisää osien väliin välilyönnin.</p><p>Helpoiten saat muutettua koodin toimivaksi käyttämällä tulostukseen f-merkkijonoja.</p><p>Vihje: saat tulostettua tyhjän rivin komennolla <code class=\"language-text\">print</code> tai lisäämällä tulostettavaan merkkijonoon merkinnän <code class=\"language-text\">\\n</code>.</p><p>Muista olla tarkkana tulostusten muodon suhteen jatkossakin kurssin tehtävissä. Osassa tehtävissä testit vaativat täsmälleen esimerkkitulostusten mukaisen muotoilun.</p></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"liukuluvut\" style=\"position:relative;\">Liukuluvut<a href=\"#liukuluvut\" aria-label=\"liukuluvut permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p><code class=\"language-text\">Liukuluku</code> on ohjelmoinnissa esiintyvä termi, joka tarkoittaa käytännössä desimaalilukua. Liukulukuja voidaan käyttää melko samalla tavalla kuin kokonaislukuja. Huomaa, että desimaalierottimena käytetään pistettä kuten englannissa yleensä.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma laskee kolmen liukuluvun keskiarvon:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2.5</span>\nluku2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1.25</span>\nluku3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.62</span>\n\nkeskiarvo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku1 <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> luku2 <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> luku3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Keskiarvo: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>keskiarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Keskiarvo: 1.6233333333333333</p></sample-output><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Laskutoimitukset\" tmcname=\"osa01-11_laskutoimitukset\"><p>Ohjelman tehtäväpohjassa on määritelty kaksi kokonaislukumuuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">x</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">y</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">27</span>\ny <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">15</span></code></pre></div><p>Täydennä ohjelma siten, että sen tulostus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>27 + 15 = 42\n27 - 15 = 12\n27 * 15 = 405\n27 / 15 = 1.8</p></sample-output><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia siinäkin tapauksessa, että muuttujien arvoa vaihdetaan. Eli jos ensimmäiset rivit muuttuvat muotoon</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span>\ny <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span></code></pre></div><p>niin tulostus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>4 + 9 = 13\n4 - 9 = -5\n4 * 9 = 36\n4 / 9 = 0.4444444444444444</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Korjaa ohjelma: Tulostukset samalle riville\" tmcname=\"osa01-12_korjaa_ohjelma_tulostukset_samalle_riville\"><p>Jos <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennolle annetaan lisäparametri <code class=\"language-text\">end = \"\"</code>, komento ei tulosta rivinvaihtoa merkkijonon jälkeen.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> end<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"kaikki!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Moi kaikki!</p></sample-output><p>Korjaa ohjelma niin, että koko lasku tuloksineen tulostetaan yhdelle riville muuttamatta kuitenkaan <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komentojen määrää:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" + \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" - \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" = \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div></in-browser-programming-exercise><p>Kertauskysely tämän osan asioihin liittyen:</p><div><quiz id=\"664b560c-e4cd-585f-beba-401fe45ee11b\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-1/3-lisaa-muuttujista","title":"Lisää muuttujista"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-1/3-lisaa-muuttujista.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki 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Voimme tallentaa muuttujiin mitä tahansa sellaista tietoa, jota tarvitaan ohjelmassa myöhemmin."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Muuttuja luodaan Pythonissa seuraavasti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"muuttujan_nimi = ..."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tässä "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"..."}]},{"type":"text","value":" tarkoittaa arvoa, joka tallennetaan muuttujaan."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkiksi kun luemme "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"input"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-komennolla 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liukulukujen eron</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Vastaa seuraavaan kyselyyn ennen osion aloittamista. Saat vastaamisesta yhden tehtäväpisteen.</p><div><quiz id=\"696ae8ca-e032-58a1-9f55-76f59a01b3a7\"></quiz></div><p>Muuttujia tarvitaan ohjelmissa moniin tarkoituksiin. Voimme tallentaa muuttujiin mitä tahansa sellaista tietoa, jota tarvitaan ohjelmassa myöhemmin.</p><p>Muuttuja luodaan Pythonissa seuraavasti:</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">muuttujan_nimi = ...</code></p><p>Tässä <code class=\"language-text\">...</code> tarkoittaa arvoa, joka tallennetaan muuttujaan.</p><p>Esimerkiksi kun luemme <code class=\"language-text\">input</code>-komennolla merkkijonon käyttäjältä, sijoitamme merkkijonon muuttujaan, jotta voimme käyttää sitä myöhemmin ohjelmassa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna nimesi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi, \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna nimesi: <strong>Kummitus</strong>\nMoi, Kummitus</p></sample-output><p>Muuttujille voidaan antaa arvoja myös esimerkiksi näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">etunimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span>\nsukunimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pythonen\"</span>\n\nnimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> etunimi <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> sukunimi\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pekka Pythonen</p></sample-output><p>Tässä tapauksessa muuttujan arvo ei tule käyttäjältä vaan se on sama ohjelman jokaisella suorituskerralla.</p><h2 id=\"muuttujan-arvon-muuttaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Muuttujan arvon muuttaminen<a href=\"#muuttujan-arvon-muuttaminen\" aria-label=\"muuttujan arvon muuttaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Muuttujan arvo voi nimensä mukaisesti muuttua. Niin kuin edellisessä osassa todettiin, uusi arvo ylikirjoittaa vanhan arvon.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraavassa ohjelmassa muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">sana</code> saa kolme eri arvoa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna sana: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna toinen sana: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kolmas\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna sana: <strong>eka</strong>\neka\nAnna toinen sana: <strong>toka</strong>\ntoka\nkolmas</p></sample-output><p>Muuttujan sisältö siis vaihtuu jokaisen sijoituksen yhteydessä.</p><p>Muuttujan uusi arvo voi myös perustua sen vanhaan arvoon. Esimerkiksi seuraavassa muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">sana</code> saa ensin arvoksi käyttäjän syötteen. Tämän jälkeen muuttuja saa arvoksi vanhan arvonsa, jonka perään on lisätty kolme huutomerkkiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna sana: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sana <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"!!!\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna sana: <strong>testi</strong>\ntesti\ntesti!!!</p></sample-output><text-box variant=\"hint\" name=\"Lisää muuttujan nimen valinnasta\"><ul>\n<li>\n<p>Muuttujat kannattaa nimetä niiden käyttötarkoituksen mukaan.\nEsimerkiksi jos muuttujassa on sana, nimi <code class=\"language-text\">sana</code> on parempi kuin <code class=\"language-text\">a</code>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Python ei rajoita muuttujien nimien pituutta, mutta eräitä muita sääntöjä muuttujien nimiin liittyy. Nimen täytyy alkaa kirjaimella ja se saa sisältää vain kirjaimia, numeroita ja alaviivoja _.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Huomaa myös, että pienet ja isot kirjaimet ovat eri merkkejä. Muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code> on siis eri muuttuja kuin <code class=\"language-text\">Nimi</code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">NIMI</code>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Pythonissa muuttujien nimet on tapana kirjoittaa pienillä kirjaimilla. Jos nimessä on useita sanoja, niiden välissä on alaviiva.</p>\n</li>\n</ul></text-box><h2 id=\"kokonaisluvut\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kokonaisluvut<a href=\"#kokonaisluvut\" aria-label=\"kokonaisluvut permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tähän mennessä olemme tallentaneet muuttujiin vain merkkijonoja. Usein ohjelmissa halutaan kuitenkin tallentaa myös muun tyyppistä tietoa. Tarkastellaan aluksi kokonaislukuja.</p><p>Seuraava ohjelma luo muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">ika</code>, jonka sisältönä on kokonaisluku.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">24</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>24</p></sample-output><p>Kokonaisluvun ympärille ei kirjoiteta lainausmerkkejä. Itse asiassa luvun ympärille kirjoitettavat lainausmerkit tarkoittavat, että kyseessä ei ole luku vaan merkkijono (joka tosin saattaa sisältää numeroita).</p><p>Mitä eroa muuttujan tyypeillä siis on, kun seuraava ohjelma tulostaa samat arvot?</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span>\nluku2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"100\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>100\n100</p></sample-output><p>Tyypeillä on merkitystä, koska\nerilaiset operaatiot vaikuttavat eri tavalla erityyppisiin muuttujiin. Tarkastellaan seuraavaa esimerkkiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span>\nluku2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"100\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku1 <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> luku1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku2 <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> luku2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>200\n100100</p></sample-output><p>Kahdelle lukuarvolle <code class=\"language-text\">+</code>-operaattori siis merkitsee yhteenlaskua, merkkijonoille taas yhdistämistä peräkkäin.</p><h2 id=\"arvojen-yhdistaminen-tulostettaessa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Arvojen yhdistäminen tulostettaessa<a href=\"#arvojen-yhdistaminen-tulostettaessa\" aria-label=\"arvojen yhdistaminen tulostettaessa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraava ohjelma ei toimi, koska <code class=\"language-text\">\"Tulos on \"</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">tulos</code> ovat erityypisiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">25</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># seuraava rivi tuottaa virheen</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tulos on \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma ei tulosta mitään, vaan antaa virheen</p><sample-output><p>TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'str' and 'int'</p></sample-output><p>Python kertoo, ettei kahden erityyppisen arvon yhdistäminen toimi. Tässä tapauksessa arvon <code class=\"language-text\">\"Tulos on\"</code> tyyppi on merkkijono ja arvon <code class=\"language-text\">tulos</code> tyyppi on kokonaisluku.</p><p>Jos haluamme tulostaa yhdellä komennolla merkkijonon ja luvun, yhdistäminen onnistuu kuitenkin muuttamalla luku merkkijonoksi <code class=\"language-text\">str</code>-funktiolla. Esimerkiksi</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">25</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tulos on \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Tulos on 250</p></sample-output><p>Toinen mahdollisuus on käyttää pilkkua <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennossa. Tällöin komento tulostaa kaikki pilkuilla erotetut arvot riippumatta niiden tyypistä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">25</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tulos on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Tulos on 250</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että tässä tapauksessa arvojen väliin ilmestyy automaattisesti yksi välilyönti tulostuksessa.</p><h2 id=\"tulostaminen-f-merkkijonojen-avulla\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tulostaminen f-merkkijonojen avulla<a href=\"#tulostaminen-f-merkkijonojen-avulla\" aria-label=\"tulostaminen f merkkijonojen avulla permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Niin sanotut <em>f-merkkijonot</em> tarjoavat kolmannen edellisiä joustavamman ja jopa helppokäyttöisemmän tavan tulostuksen muotoiluun.</p><p>Aiempi tekstin ja kokonaisluvun tulostava esimerkki tehtäisiin f-merkkijonojen avulla seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">25</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Tulos on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tulostettavan merkkijonon alussa on kirjain <em>f</em>, joka tarkoittaa, että kyseessä on f-merkkijono. Merkkijonon sisälle on sijoitettu aaltosuluissa muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">tulos</code>, jonka arvo tulee tulostuvan merkkijonon osaksi. Tulostus on täsmälleen sama kuin aiemmissa esimerkeissä eli</p><sample-output><p>Tulos on 250</p></sample-output><p>Yksittäisen f-merkkijonon sisälle on mahdollista laittaa useampiakin muuttujia. Esimerkiksi koodi</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span>\nika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">39</span>\nkaupunki <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Espoo\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Hei </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, olet </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">-vuotias. Asuinpaikkasi on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>kaupunki<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">.\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>tuottaa seuraavan tuloksen:</p><sample-output><p>Hei Arto, olet 39-vuotias. Asuinpaikkasi on Espoo.</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että täsmälleen tämän esimerkin kaltaista tulostusta on mahdotonta saada aikaan käyttämällä <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennossa pilkkua:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span>\nika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">39</span>\nkaupunki <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Espoo\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hei\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\", olet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"-vuotias. Asuinpaikkasi on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kaupunki<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\".\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tulostus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>Hei Arto , olet 39 -vuotias. Asuinpaikkasi on Espoo .</p></sample-output><p>Tulostuksessa on nyt välilyönti jokaisen erillisen osan välissä ja muutamassa kohdassa se aiheuttaa ongelman.</p><p>Vaikka pilkullinen muoto <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennosta on joskus kätevä, se aiheuttaa välillä harmaita hiuksia ja silloin on parempi käyttää f-merkkijonoja. Osassa 4 opimme lisää f-merkkijonojen käteviä ominaisuuksia tulosteen muotoilussa.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Välilyönnillä vai ilman\" tmcname=\"osa01-10b_valilyonnilla_vai_ilman\" height=400px><p>Saat seuraavan koodinpätkän työnhakijoille suunnatun sovelluksen parissa työskentelevältä tuttavaltasi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Teppo Testaaja\"</span>\nika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span>\ntaito1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"python\"</span>\ntaso1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"aloittelija\"</span>\ntaito2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"java\"</span>\ntaso2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"veteraani\"</span>\ntaito3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ohjelmointi\"</span>\ntaso3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"puoliammattilainen\"</span>\nala <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2000</span>\nyla <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3000</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimeni on \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" , olen \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"-vuotias\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"taitoihini kuuluvat\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"- \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> taito1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" (\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> taso1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\")\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"- \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> taito2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" (\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> taso2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\")\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"- \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> taito3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" (\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> taso3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" )\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"haen työtä, josta maksetaan palkkaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> ala<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"-\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> yla<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"euroa kuussa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Koodin pitäisi tuottaa <em>täsmälleen</em> seuraavanlainen tulostus:</p><sample-output><pre>\nnimeni on Teppo Testaaja, olen 20-vuotias\n\ntaitoihini kuuluvat\n - python (aloittelija)\n - java (veteraani)\n - ohjelmointi (puoliammattilainen)\n\nhaen työtä, josta maksetaan palkkaa 2000-3000 euroa kuussa\n</pre></sample-output><p>Koodi toimii melkein oikein, mutta ei kuitenkaan ihan. Tässä tehtävässä on todella tarkat testit, jotka vaativat, että tulostus on välilyönnilleen oikein.</p><p>Korjaa siis koodi siten, että tulostus näyttää oikealta. Huomaa, että erityisesti <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennon muoto, jossa tulostettavat osat eritellään pilkulla, voi tuottaa yllätyksiä, sillä se lisää osien väliin välilyönnin.</p><p>Helpoiten saat muutettua koodin toimivaksi käyttämällä tulostukseen f-merkkijonoja.</p><p>Vihje: saat tulostettua tyhjän rivin komennolla <code class=\"language-text\">print</code> tai lisäämällä tulostettavaan merkkijonoon merkinnän <code class=\"language-text\">\\n</code>.</p><p>Muista olla tarkkana tulostusten muodon suhteen jatkossakin kurssin tehtävissä. Osassa tehtävissä testit vaativat täsmälleen esimerkkitulostusten mukaisen muotoilun.</p></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"liukuluvut\" style=\"position:relative;\">Liukuluvut<a href=\"#liukuluvut\" aria-label=\"liukuluvut permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p><code class=\"language-text\">Liukuluku</code> on ohjelmoinnissa esiintyvä termi, joka tarkoittaa käytännössä desimaalilukua. Liukulukuja voidaan käyttää melko samalla tavalla kuin kokonaislukuja. Huomaa, että desimaalierottimena käytetään pistettä kuten englannissa yleensä.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma laskee kolmen liukuluvun keskiarvon:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2.5</span>\nluku2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1.25</span>\nluku3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.62</span>\n\nkeskiarvo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku1 <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> luku2 <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> luku3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Keskiarvo: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>keskiarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Keskiarvo: 1.6233333333333333</p></sample-output><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Laskutoimitukset\" tmcname=\"osa01-11_laskutoimitukset\"><p>Ohjelman tehtäväpohjassa on määritelty kaksi kokonaislukumuuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">x</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">y</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">27</span>\ny <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">15</span></code></pre></div><p>Täydennä ohjelma siten, että sen tulostus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>27 + 15 = 42\n27 - 15 = 12\n27 * 15 = 405\n27 / 15 = 1.8</p></sample-output><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia siinäkin tapauksessa, että muuttujien arvoa vaihdetaan. Eli jos ensimmäiset rivit muuttuvat muotoon</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span>\ny <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span></code></pre></div><p>niin tulostus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>4 + 9 = 13\n4 - 9 = -5\n4 * 9 = 36\n4 / 9 = 0.4444444444444444</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Korjaa ohjelma: Tulostukset samalle riville\" tmcname=\"osa01-12_korjaa_ohjelma_tulostukset_samalle_riville\"><p>Jos <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennolle annetaan lisäparametri <code class=\"language-text\">end = \"\"</code>, komento ei tulosta rivinvaihtoa merkkijonon jälkeen.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> end<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"kaikki!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Moi kaikki!</p></sample-output><p>Korjaa ohjelma niin, että koko lasku tuloksineen tulostetaan yhdelle riville muuttamatta kuitenkaan <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komentojen määrää:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" + \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" - \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" = \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div></in-browser-programming-exercise><p>Kertauskysely tämän osan asioihin liittyen:</p><div><quiz id=\"664b560c-e4cd-585f-beba-401fe45ee11b\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-1/3-lisaa-muuttujista","title":"Lisää muuttujista"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-1/3-lisaa-muuttujista.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt kysymykset"}}},{"node":{"id":"5f1658c8-6212-5b41-8330-eeaf14eacf73","frontmatter":{"path":"/verkkotentti","title":"Verkkotentti 4.6."}}},{"node":{"id":"c23ca82a-970a-5af7-86c1-bbeb2d548f14","frontmatter":{"path":"/verkkotentti-ohja","title":"Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssin verkkotentti 16.12."}}},{"node":{"id":"a12ab9a7-05c8-59cc-a93c-91b7e7c40ce7","frontmatter":{"path":"/verkkotentti-ohpe","title":"Ohjelmoinnin perusteiden verkkotentti 25.11."}}},{"node":{"id":"ed42fd48-9e8e-5d88-829c-6a7ab641ccc3","frontmatter":{"path":"/virheilmoitukset","title":"Yleiset virheilmoitukset"}}},{"node":{"id":"3b5f2eed-daae-5a87-8e9d-ad5f60b4b346","frontmatter":{"path":"/sanasto","title":"Sanasto"}}},{"node":{"id":"8b87eac3-1f6e-54fc-ab34-174da47722e1","frontmatter":{"path":"/frontmatter-guide","title":"Frontmatter-guide"}}},{"node":{"id":"c0b14bec-95fa-535e-b2e5-e0b2280a892d","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-1/1-ohjelmoinnin-aloittaminen","title":"Ohjelmoinnin aloittaminen"}}},{"node":{"id":"dc8bd87b-43b4-5490-b994-af77f3815781","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-1/2-tietoa-kayttajalta","title":"Tietoa käyttäjältä"}}},{"node":{"id":"621cb437-56cf-5d76-8630-9f733231a57b","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-1/3-lisaa-muuttujista","title":"Lisää muuttujista"}}},{"node":{"id":"c4f672ae-ce83-5adc-883b-471003ccfab9","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-1/4-laskentaa-luvuilla","title":"Laskentaa luvuilla"}}},{"node":{"id":"d6cfc9e1-ecc5-51d7-b8f1-ee799d255a6b","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-1/5-ehtorakenne","title":"Ehtorakenne"}}},{"node":{"id":"38d225b6-ebee-54fe-a5d3-3a5b39cc3499","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-1","title":"Osa 1"}}},{"node":{"id":"5f1ab3d8-ca3b-5b95-aa33-197950c81b8e","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-10/2-nakyvyysmaareet","title":"Näkyvyysmääreet"}}},{"node":{"id":"988a4191-3151-5b7e-8208-7d49d4ee745d","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-10/1-luokkahierarkiat","title":"Luokkahierarkiat"}}},{"node":{"id":"3c9cfee9-02ca-5084-b1e0-aab942f9fced","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-10/3-olio-ohjelmoinnin-tekniikoita","title":"Olio-ohjelmoinnin tekniikoita"}}},{"node":{"id":"4ca34311-49cc-55eb-80fe-a029500c4fad","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-10","title":"Osa 10"}}},{"node":{"id":"9f71ecba-acc0-5bd3-93c1-641582538f2e","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-11/1-koosteet","title":"Koosteet"}}},{"node":{"id":"b434b2d5-6845-541e-8e23-cc7a5c33199d","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-10/4-lisaa-esimerkkeja","title":"Laajemman sovelluksen kehittäminen"}}},{"node":{"id":"5d268342-1856-5377-aa62-f0989ef36ea2","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-11/3-rekursio","title":"Rekursio"}}},{"node":{"id":"ba907596-1bd8-58c3-81a4-82687bf7072f","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-11/2-lisaa-koosteesta","title":"Lisää koosteesta"}}},{"node":{"id":"176dd84b-3dc5-5545-b286-8e6de8122514","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-11","title":"Osa 11"}}},{"node":{"id":"9f34d171-4fee-5c21-82c7-2ac7ec3490a3","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-11/4-lisaa-esimerkkeja","title":"Lisää esimerkkejä"}}},{"node":{"id":"7f062d43-3a29-56b5-9204-8bc91cf8419d","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-12/2-generaattorit","title":"Generaattorit"}}},{"node":{"id":"a46d6b99-c47a-56e0-b78d-6c63dd0f2eae","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-12/1-funktio-parametrina","title":"Funktio parametrina"}}},{"node":{"id":"62c5b7f2-6c3b-59b5-aa28-3118a640ae40","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-12/4-saannolliset-lausekkeet","title":"Säännölliset lausekkeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"a6fe52d5-4dbd-5636-beed-734560b50866","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-12","title":"Osa 12"}}},{"node":{"id":"0618d909-c9b1-56a1-a684-7e4d4626bd17","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-12/3-funktionaalista-ohjelmointia","title":"Funktionaalista ohjelmointia"}}},{"node":{"id":"201828de-5526-5115-9cc1-351fdde3afcd","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-13/1-pygame-kayttoon","title":"Pygame 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peli"}}},{"node":{"id":"c61574be-2fce-54d6-9547-a2077da5b567","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-14/3-pelin-viimeistely","title":"Pelin viimeistely"}}},{"node":{"id":"506f96e3-1a53-5029-9aba-cd9b2e692aa4","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-2/1-ohjelmoinnin-termeja","title":"Ohjelmoinnin termejä"}}},{"node":{"id":"1d12b0df-551a-5d9d-9d84-30ce80dd5c99","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-2/2-else-elif","title":"Lisää ehtolauseita"}}},{"node":{"id":"9c4926ed-e0d9-5f96-b070-951fa3fc21ad","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-2/3-ehtojen-yhdistäminen","title":"Ehtojen yhdistäminen"}}},{"node":{"id":"f1ebface-d734-54b8-9264-f1cb2a6083b5","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-2","title":"Osa 2"}}},{"node":{"id":"f0b37ebc-c507-5ce7-a2cf-399eeb3e1bb4","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-2/4-yksinkertainen-silmukka","title":"Yksinkertainen silmukka"}}},{"node":{"id":"21f43493-958e-5158-a77e-d0c0170cff8f","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-3/1-ehdot-silmukoissa","title":"Ehdot 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Ehtorakenteen avulla tehtävä on huomattavasti helpompi ratkaista."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kertauskysely tämän osan asioihin liittyen:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"3fd3df29-665e-5280-9fcf-f0e002316918"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat käyttää muuttujia laskutoimitusten kanssa</li>\n<li>Osaat käsitellä käyttäjän antamia lukuarvoja</li>\n<li>Osaat muuntaa arvoja eri perustyyppien välillä</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Aiemmissa osissa nähtiin esimerkkejä peruslaskutoimituksista. Seuraavaan taulukkoon on koottu Pythonin yleisimmät laskuoperaattorit esimerkkeineen:</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"center\">Operaattori</th>\n<th>Merkitys</th>\n<th>Esimerkki</th>\n<th>Tulos</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">+</code></td>\n<td>Yhteenlasku</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">2 + 4</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">6</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">-</code></td>\n<td>Vähennyslasku</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">10 - 2.5</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">7.5</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">*</code></td>\n<td>Kertolasku</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">-2 * 123</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">-246</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">/</code></td>\n<td>Jakolasku (liukuluku)</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">9 / 2</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">4.5</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">//</code></td>\n<td>Jakolasku (kokonaisluku)</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">9 // 2</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">4</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">%</code></td>\n<td>Jakojäännös</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">9 % 2</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">1</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">**</code></td>\n<td>Potenssi</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">2 ** 3</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">8</code></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Laskujärjestys noudattaa matematiikasta tuttuja sääntöjä: aluksi lasketaan potenssilaskut, sitten kerto- ja jakolaskut ja lopuksi yhteen- ja vähennyslaskut. Järjestystä voidaan muuttaa sulkujen avulla.</p><p>Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma tulostaa</p><sample-output><p>11\n15</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"operandit-operaattorit-ja-tyypit\" style=\"position:relative;\">Operandit, operaattorit ja tyypit<a href=\"#operandit-operaattorit-ja-tyypit\" aria-label=\"operandit operaattorit ja tyypit permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Laskutoimituksen osana on yleensä <em>operandeja</em> ja <em>operaattoreita</em>:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 324px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/8589df3fea236cb343ba84562f88bba2/67580/1_5.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 62.60869565217391%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8589df3fea236cb343ba84562f88bba2/a0b58/1_5.webp 230w,\n/static/8589df3fea236cb343ba84562f88bba2/4e123/1_5.webp 324w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 324px) 100vw, 324px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8589df3fea236cb343ba84562f88bba2/81c8e/1_5.png 230w,\n/static/8589df3fea236cb343ba84562f88bba2/67580/1_5.png 324w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 324px) 100vw, 324px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/8589df3fea236cb343ba84562f88bba2/67580/1_5.png\" alt=\"1 5\" title=\"1 5\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Yleensä operandien tyyppi ratkaisee lopputuloksen tyypin: jos lasketaan yhteen kaksi kokonaislukua, myös tulos on kokonaisluku. Jos taas vähennetään liukuluku toisesta liukuluvusta, myös tulos on liukuluku. Itse asiassa tulos on liukuluku, jos edes yksi operandeista lausekkeessa on liukuluku.</p><p>Jakolasku <code class=\"language-text\">/</code> muodostaa Pythonissa poikkeuksen sääntöön: sen tulos on liukuluku, vaikka operandit olisivatkin kokonaislukuja (esim. <code class=\"language-text\">1 / 5</code> tuottaa liukuluvun <code class=\"language-text\">0.2</code>).</p><p>Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">pituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">172.5</span>\npaino <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">68.55</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># painoindeksi lasketaan jakamalla paino pituuden neliöllä</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># pituus ilmoitetaan kaavassa metreinä</span>\nbmi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> paino <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pituus <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">**</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Painoindeksi on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>bmi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>Painoindeksi on 23.037177063642087</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että Pythonissa on myös kokonaislukujakolaskuoperaattori <code class=\"language-text\">//</code>, joka tuottaa kokonaisluvun, jos sen operandit ovat kokonaislukuja. Vastaus pyöristetään alaspäin kokonaisluvuksi, eli esim.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\ny <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"/-operaattori </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>x<span class=\"token operator\">/</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"//-operaattori </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>x<span class=\"token operator\">//</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>tulostaa</p><sample-output><p>/-operaattori 1.5\n//-operaattori 1</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"lukuarvojen-lukeminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lukuarvojen lukeminen<a href=\"#lukuarvojen-lukeminen\" aria-label=\"lukuarvojen lukeminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Aikaisemmin käytettiin <code class=\"language-text\">input</code>-komentoa lukemaan käyttäjältä merkkijonoja. Samaa funktiota voidaan käyttää myös lukuarvojen lukemiseen. Tällaisessa tapauksessa muunnos merkkijonosta lukutyyppiin on kuitenkin tehtävä itse. Logiikka on samanlainen kuin edellisessä osassa opitussa <code class=\"language-text\">str</code>-funktiossa, vain funktion nimi vaihtuu.</p><p>Esimerkiksi voimme muuttaa merkkijonon kokonaisluvuksi funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">int</code>. Seuraava ohjelma lukee käyttäjältä syntymävuoden muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">syote</code> ja luo sitten toisen muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">vuosi</code>, jossa on vuosi kokonaisluvuksi muutettuna. Tämän jälkeen voimme suorittaa laskun <code class=\"language-text\">2020-vuosi</code>, jossa on mukana käyttäjän antama vuosi.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">syote <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Minä vuonna olet syntynyt? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nvuosi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Ikäsi vuoden 2020 lopussa: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Minä vuonna olet syntynyt? <strong>1995</strong>\nIkäsi vuoden 2020 lopussa: 25</p></sample-output><p>Yleensä ei kannata luoda kahta muuttujaa (tässä <code class=\"language-text\">syote</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">vuosi</code>) lukuarvon lukemista varten, vaan voimme samalla kertaa lukea merkkijonon <code class=\"language-text\">input</code>-funktiolla ja muuttaa sen kokonaisluvuksi <code class=\"language-text\">int</code>-funktiolla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">vuosi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Minä vuonna olet syntynyt? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Ikäsi vuoden 2020 lopussa: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Vastaavasti voimme muuttaa merkkijonon liukuluvuksi funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">float</code>. Seuraava ohjelma kysyy käyttäjän painon ja pituuden ja laskee näiden tietojen avulla painoindeksin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">pituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna pituus: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npaino <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna paino: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pituus <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span>\nbmi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> paino <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> pituus <span class=\"token operator\">**</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Painoindeksi on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>bmi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostus voisi näyttää vaikka seuraavalta:</p><sample-output><p>Anna pituus: <strong>163</strong>\nAnna paino: <strong>74.45</strong>\nPainoindeksi on 28.02137829801649</p></sample-output><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Luku kertaa viisi\" tmcname=\"osa01-13_kerrottuna_viidella\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä lukua. Ohjelma tulostaa luvun kerrottuna viidellä.</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>3</strong>\nKun kerrotaan 3 luvulla 5, saadaan 15</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Nimi ja ikä\" tmcname=\"osa01-14_nimi_ja_ika\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä tämän nimen ja syntymävuoden. Ohjelma tulostaa sitten viestin seuraavan esimerkin mukaisesti:</p><sample-output><p>Anna nimi: <strong>Keijo Keksitty</strong>\nAnna syntymävuosi: <strong>1990</strong>\nMoi Keijo Keksitty, olet 30 vuotta vanha vuoden 2020 lopussa</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"muuttujien-kayttoa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Muuttujien käyttöä<a href=\"#muuttujien-kayttoa\" aria-label=\"muuttujien kayttoa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tarkastellaan ohjelmaa, joka laskee kolmen käyttäjän syöttämän luvun summan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ensimmäinen luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluku2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Toinen luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluku3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kolmas luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> luku1 <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> luku2 <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> luku3\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Lukujen summa: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman esimerkkisuoritus:</p><sample-output><p>Ensimmäinen luku: <strong>5</strong>\nToinen luku: <strong>21</strong>\nKolmas luku: <strong>7</strong>\nLukujen summa: 33</p></sample-output><p>Ohjelma käyttää nyt neljää muuttujaa. Tässä tilanteessa tultaisiin toimeen myös vähemmällä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ensimmäinen luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> summa <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> luku\n\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Toinen luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> summa <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> luku\n\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"kolmas luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> summa <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> luku\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Lukujen summa: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt kaikki käyttäjän syötteet luetaan muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">luku</code>, jonka arvolla <em>kasvatetaan</em> muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">summa</code> arvoa joka kerta sen jälkeen kun käyttäjältä on saatu uusi syöte.</p><p>Seuraava komento siis <em>kasvattaa</em> muuttujassa <code class=\"language-text\">summa</code> olevaa arvoa muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">luku</code> arvolla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> summa <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> luku</code></pre></div><p>Eli esimerkiksi jos ennen komentoa <code class=\"language-text\">summa</code> on 3 ja <code class=\"language-text\">luku</code> on 2, niin komennon suorittamisen jälkeen muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">summa</code> arvona on 5.</p><p>Koska muuttujan arvon kasvattaminen on usein tarvittava toiminto, voimme kirjoittaa sen myös lyhyemmin näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">summa <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> luku</code></pre></div><p>Tämän avulla saamme kirjoitettua ohjelman koodin tiiviimmin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ensimmäinen luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> luku\n\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Toinen luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> luku\n\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"kolmas luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> luku\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Lukujen summa: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Itse asiassa apumuuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">luku</code> ei välttämättä tarvita ollenkaan. Käyttäjän antamat syötteet voitaisiin lisätä yksi kerrallaan muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">summa</code> myös seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ensimmäinen luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Toinen luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kolmas luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Lukujen summa: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Riippuu toki tilanteesta, montako muuttujaa ohjelmassa tarvitaan. Jos käyttäjän kaikkien syötteiden arvo tulee muistaa, ei ole mahdollista \"uusiokäyttää\" samaa apumuuttujaa kaikkien syötteiden lukemiseen. Näin on seuraavassa esimerkissä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ensimmäinen luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluku2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Toinen luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>luku1<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> + </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>luku2<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> = </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>luku1<span class=\"token operator\">+</span>luku2<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Ensimmäinen luku: <strong>2</strong>\nToinen luku: <strong>3</strong>\n2 + 3 = 5</p></sample-output><p>Toisaalta tässä ohjelmassa ei ole omaa muuttujaa summan arvon tallettamiseen.</p><p>Kannattaa kuitenkin huomata, että yhtä muuttujaa ei kannata \"uusiokäyttää\" kuin samankaltaisiin asioihin, esim. summattavien lukujen tilapäiseen tallentamiseen.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraavassa on uusiokäytetty muuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">tieto</code> nimen ja iän tallentamiseen ja tämä ei ole missään nimessä järkevää:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tieto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mikä on nimesi? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hei \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> tieto <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntieto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mikä on ikäsi? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># ohjelma jatkuu...</span></code></pre></div><p>On parempi käyttää näitä kahta eri tarkoitusta varten omia <em>kuvaavasti nimettyjä</em> muuttujia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mikä on nimesi? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hei \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mikä on ikäsi? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># ohjelma jatkuu...</span></code></pre></div><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Vuorokaudet sekunteina\" tmcname=\"osa01-15_sekunteja_vuorokaudessa\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä vuorokausien lukumäärän. Tämän jälkeen ohjelma tulostaa sekuntien määrän annetuissa vuorokausissa.</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Kuinka monen vuorokauden sekunnit tulostetaan? <strong>1</strong>\n86400</p></sample-output><p>Toinen esimerkki:</p><sample-output><p>Kuinka monen vuorokauden sekunnit tulostetaan? <strong>7</strong>\n604800</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Korjaa ohjelma: Lukujen tulo\" tmcname=\"osa01-20_korjaa_ohjelma_lukujen_tulo\"><p>Oheinen ohjelma kysyy käyttäjältä kolme lukua ja tulostaa näiden tulon (eli luvut kerrottuna toisillaan).\nOhjelmassa on kuitenkin virhe tai virheitä, joiden takia se ei toimi. Korjaa ohjelma sellaiseksi, että se toimii oikein.</p><p>Ohjelman siis pitäisi toimia esimerkiksi näin:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku 1: <strong>2</strong>\nAnna luku 2: <strong>3</strong>\nAnna luku 3: <strong>5</strong>\nTulo on 30</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Lukujen summa ja tulo\" tmcname=\"osa01-16_lukujen_summa_ja_tulo\"><p>Tee ohjelma joka kysyy käyttäjältä kaksi lukua. Ohjelma tulostaa lukujen summan ja tulon.</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Luku 1: <strong>3</strong>\nLuku 2: <strong>7</strong>\nLukujen summa 10\nLukujen tulo 21</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Lukujen summa ja keskiarvo\" tmcname=\"osa01-17_lukujen_summa_ja_keskiarvo\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka lukee käyttäjältä neljä lukua ja tulostaa niiden summan ja keskiarvon</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Luku 1: <strong>2</strong>\nLuku 2: <strong>1</strong>\nLuku 3: <strong>6</strong>\nLuku 4: <strong>7</strong>\nLukujen summa on 16 ja keskiarvo 4.0</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Ruokailukustannukset\" tmcname=\"osa01-19_ruokailukustannukset\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka arvioi käyttäjän keskimääräisiä ruokailukustannuksia.</p><p>Ohjelma kysyy, kuinka monta kertaa viikossa käyttäjä käy Unicafessa ja Unicafe-lounaan hinnan sekä viikon muiden ruokaostosten hinnan.</p><p>Näiden tietojen perusteella ohjelma laskee käyttäjän keskimääräiset ruokamenot sekä viikossa että yhtenä päivänä.</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Montako kertaa viikossa syöt Unicafessa? <strong>4</strong>\nUnicafe-lounaan hinta? <strong>2.5</strong>\nPaljonko käytät viikossa ruokaostoksiin? <strong>28.5</strong></p><p>Kustannukset keskimäärin:\nPäivässä 5.5 euroa\nViikossa 38.5 euroa</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Opiskelijat ryhmiin\" tmcname=\"osa01-18_opiskelijat_ryhmiin\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy kurssin opiskelijoiden määrän ja ryhmän koon ja ilmoittaa, montako ryhmää opiskelijoista muodostuu. Jos jako ei mene tasan, yhdessä ryhmässä voi olla vähemmän opiskelijoita, mutta kaikissa muissa on oltava haluttu määrä.</p><sample-output><p>Montako opiskelijaa? <strong>8</strong>\nMikä on ryhmän koko? <strong>4</strong>\nRyhmien määrä: 2</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Montako opiskelijaa? <strong>11</strong>\nMikä on ryhmän koko? <strong>3</strong>\nRyhmien määrä: 4</p></sample-output><p>Vihje: tehtävän tekeminen onnistuu kokonaislukujakolaskuoperaattorilla <code class=\"language-text\">//</code></p><div>Vihje2: jos et keksi miten tehtävä ratkeaa, älä huolestu suotta vaan tutustu <a href=\"/osa-1/5-ehtorakenne\">seuraavassa luvussa</a> esiteltävään <i>ehtorakenteeseen</i>. Ehtorakenteen avulla tehtävä on huomattavasti helpompi ratkaista.</div></in-browser-programming-exercise><p>Kertauskysely tämän osan asioihin liittyen:</p><div><quiz id=\"3fd3df29-665e-5280-9fcf-f0e002316918\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-1/4-laskentaa-luvuilla","title":"Laskentaa luvuilla"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-1/4-laskentaa-luvuilla.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea 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\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Hei \""}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"+"}]},{"type":"text","value":" nimi "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"+"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"!\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\nika "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"int"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"input"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Mikä on ikäsi? \""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","comment"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"# ohjelma jatkuu..."}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Vuorokaudet sekunteina","tmcname":"osa01-15_sekunteja_vuorokaudessa"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä vuorokausien lukumäärän. Tämän jälkeen ohjelma tulostaa sekuntien määrän annetuissa vuorokausissa."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kuinka monen vuorokauden sekunnit tulostetaan? "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n86400"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Toinen esimerkki:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kuinka monen vuorokauden sekunnit tulostetaan? "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"7"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n604800"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Korjaa ohjelma: Lukujen tulo","tmcname":"osa01-20_korjaa_ohjelma_lukujen_tulo"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Oheinen ohjelma kysyy käyttäjältä kolme lukua ja tulostaa näiden tulon (eli luvut kerrottuna toisillaan).\nOhjelmassa on kuitenkin virhe tai virheitä, joiden takia se ei toimi. Korjaa ohjelma sellaiseksi, että se toimii oikein."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelman siis pitäisi toimia esimerkiksi näin:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna luku 1: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna luku 2: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna luku 3: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nTulo on 30"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Lukujen summa ja tulo","tmcname":"osa01-16_lukujen_summa_ja_tulo"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma joka kysyy käyttäjältä kaksi lukua. Ohjelma tulostaa lukujen summan ja tulon."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Luku 1: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nLuku 2: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"7"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nLukujen summa 10\nLukujen tulo 21"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Lukujen summa ja keskiarvo","tmcname":"osa01-17_lukujen_summa_ja_keskiarvo"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka lukee käyttäjältä neljä lukua ja tulostaa niiden summan ja keskiarvon"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Luku 1: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nLuku 2: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nLuku 3: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nLuku 4: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"7"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nLukujen summa on 16 ja keskiarvo 4.0"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Ruokailukustannukset","tmcname":"osa01-19_ruokailukustannukset"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka arvioi käyttäjän keskimääräisiä ruokailukustannuksia."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelma kysyy, kuinka monta kertaa viikossa käyttäjä käy Unicafessa ja Unicafe-lounaan hinnan sekä viikon muiden ruokaostosten hinnan."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Näiden tietojen perusteella ohjelma laskee käyttäjän keskimääräiset ruokamenot sekä viikossa että yhtenä päivänä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Montako kertaa viikossa syöt Unicafessa? "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nUnicafe-lounaan hinta? "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2.5"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nPaljonko käytät viikossa ruokaostoksiin? "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"28.5"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kustannukset keskimäärin:\nPäivässä 5.5 euroa\nViikossa 38.5 euroa"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Opiskelijat ryhmiin","tmcname":"osa01-18_opiskelijat_ryhmiin"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy kurssin opiskelijoiden määrän ja ryhmän koon ja ilmoittaa, montako ryhmää opiskelijoista muodostuu. Jos jako ei mene tasan, yhdessä ryhmässä voi olla vähemmän opiskelijoita, mutta kaikissa muissa on oltava haluttu määrä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Montako opiskelijaa? "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"8"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nMikä on ryhmän koko? "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nRyhmien määrä: 2"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Montako opiskelijaa? "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"11"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nMikä on ryhmän koko? "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nRyhmien määrä: 4"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vihje: tehtävän tekeminen onnistuu kokonaislukujakolaskuoperaattorilla "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"//"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vihje2: jos et keksi miten tehtävä ratkeaa, älä huolestu suotta vaan tutustu "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"/osa-1/5-ehtorakenne"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"seuraavassa luvussa"}]},{"type":"text","value":" esiteltävään "},{"type":"element","tagName":"i","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ehtorakenteeseen"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Ehtorakenteen avulla tehtävä on huomattavasti helpompi ratkaista."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kertauskysely tämän osan asioihin liittyen:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"3fd3df29-665e-5280-9fcf-f0e002316918"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat käyttää muuttujia laskutoimitusten kanssa</li>\n<li>Osaat käsitellä käyttäjän antamia lukuarvoja</li>\n<li>Osaat muuntaa arvoja eri perustyyppien välillä</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Aiemmissa osissa nähtiin esimerkkejä peruslaskutoimituksista. Seuraavaan taulukkoon on koottu Pythonin yleisimmät laskuoperaattorit esimerkkeineen:</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"center\">Operaattori</th>\n<th>Merkitys</th>\n<th>Esimerkki</th>\n<th>Tulos</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">+</code></td>\n<td>Yhteenlasku</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">2 + 4</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">6</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">-</code></td>\n<td>Vähennyslasku</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">10 - 2.5</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">7.5</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">*</code></td>\n<td>Kertolasku</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">-2 * 123</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">-246</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">/</code></td>\n<td>Jakolasku (liukuluku)</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">9 / 2</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">4.5</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">//</code></td>\n<td>Jakolasku (kokonaisluku)</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">9 // 2</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">4</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">%</code></td>\n<td>Jakojäännös</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">9 % 2</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">1</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">**</code></td>\n<td>Potenssi</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">2 ** 3</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">8</code></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Laskujärjestys noudattaa matematiikasta tuttuja sääntöjä: aluksi lasketaan potenssilaskut, sitten kerto- ja jakolaskut ja lopuksi yhteen- ja vähennyslaskut. Järjestystä voidaan muuttaa sulkujen avulla.</p><p>Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma tulostaa</p><sample-output><p>11\n15</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"operandit-operaattorit-ja-tyypit\" style=\"position:relative;\">Operandit, operaattorit ja tyypit<a href=\"#operandit-operaattorit-ja-tyypit\" aria-label=\"operandit operaattorit ja tyypit permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Laskutoimituksen osana on yleensä <em>operandeja</em> ja <em>operaattoreita</em>:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 324px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/8589df3fea236cb343ba84562f88bba2/67580/1_5.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 62.60869565217391%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8589df3fea236cb343ba84562f88bba2/a0b58/1_5.webp 230w,\n/static/8589df3fea236cb343ba84562f88bba2/4e123/1_5.webp 324w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 324px) 100vw, 324px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8589df3fea236cb343ba84562f88bba2/81c8e/1_5.png 230w,\n/static/8589df3fea236cb343ba84562f88bba2/67580/1_5.png 324w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 324px) 100vw, 324px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/8589df3fea236cb343ba84562f88bba2/67580/1_5.png\" alt=\"1 5\" title=\"1 5\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Yleensä operandien tyyppi ratkaisee lopputuloksen tyypin: jos lasketaan yhteen kaksi kokonaislukua, myös tulos on kokonaisluku. Jos taas vähennetään liukuluku toisesta liukuluvusta, myös tulos on liukuluku. Itse asiassa tulos on liukuluku, jos edes yksi operandeista lausekkeessa on liukuluku.</p><p>Jakolasku <code class=\"language-text\">/</code> muodostaa Pythonissa poikkeuksen sääntöön: sen tulos on liukuluku, vaikka operandit olisivatkin kokonaislukuja (esim. <code class=\"language-text\">1 / 5</code> tuottaa liukuluvun <code class=\"language-text\">0.2</code>).</p><p>Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">pituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">172.5</span>\npaino <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">68.55</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># painoindeksi lasketaan jakamalla paino pituuden neliöllä</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># pituus ilmoitetaan kaavassa metreinä</span>\nbmi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> paino <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pituus <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">**</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Painoindeksi on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>bmi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>Painoindeksi on 23.037177063642087</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että Pythonissa on myös kokonaislukujakolaskuoperaattori <code class=\"language-text\">//</code>, joka tuottaa kokonaisluvun, jos sen operandit ovat kokonaislukuja. Vastaus pyöristetään alaspäin kokonaisluvuksi, eli esim.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\ny <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"/-operaattori </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>x<span class=\"token operator\">/</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"//-operaattori </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>x<span class=\"token operator\">//</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>tulostaa</p><sample-output><p>/-operaattori 1.5\n//-operaattori 1</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"lukuarvojen-lukeminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lukuarvojen lukeminen<a href=\"#lukuarvojen-lukeminen\" aria-label=\"lukuarvojen lukeminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Aikaisemmin käytettiin <code class=\"language-text\">input</code>-komentoa lukemaan käyttäjältä merkkijonoja. Samaa funktiota voidaan käyttää myös lukuarvojen lukemiseen. Tällaisessa tapauksessa muunnos merkkijonosta lukutyyppiin on kuitenkin tehtävä itse. Logiikka on samanlainen kuin edellisessä osassa opitussa <code class=\"language-text\">str</code>-funktiossa, vain funktion nimi vaihtuu.</p><p>Esimerkiksi voimme muuttaa merkkijonon kokonaisluvuksi funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">int</code>. Seuraava ohjelma lukee käyttäjältä syntymävuoden muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">syote</code> ja luo sitten toisen muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">vuosi</code>, jossa on vuosi kokonaisluvuksi muutettuna. Tämän jälkeen voimme suorittaa laskun <code class=\"language-text\">2020-vuosi</code>, jossa on mukana käyttäjän antama vuosi.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">syote <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Minä vuonna olet syntynyt? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nvuosi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Ikäsi vuoden 2020 lopussa: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Minä vuonna olet syntynyt? <strong>1995</strong>\nIkäsi vuoden 2020 lopussa: 25</p></sample-output><p>Yleensä ei kannata luoda kahta muuttujaa (tässä <code class=\"language-text\">syote</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">vuosi</code>) lukuarvon lukemista varten, vaan voimme samalla kertaa lukea merkkijonon <code class=\"language-text\">input</code>-funktiolla ja muuttaa sen kokonaisluvuksi <code class=\"language-text\">int</code>-funktiolla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">vuosi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Minä vuonna olet syntynyt? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Ikäsi vuoden 2020 lopussa: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Vastaavasti voimme muuttaa merkkijonon liukuluvuksi funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">float</code>. Seuraava ohjelma kysyy käyttäjän painon ja pituuden ja laskee näiden tietojen avulla painoindeksin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">pituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna pituus: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npaino <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna paino: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pituus <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span>\nbmi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> paino <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> pituus <span class=\"token operator\">**</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Painoindeksi on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>bmi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostus voisi näyttää vaikka seuraavalta:</p><sample-output><p>Anna pituus: <strong>163</strong>\nAnna paino: <strong>74.45</strong>\nPainoindeksi on 28.02137829801649</p></sample-output><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Luku kertaa viisi\" tmcname=\"osa01-13_kerrottuna_viidella\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä lukua. Ohjelma tulostaa luvun kerrottuna viidellä.</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>3</strong>\nKun kerrotaan 3 luvulla 5, saadaan 15</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Nimi ja ikä\" tmcname=\"osa01-14_nimi_ja_ika\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä tämän nimen ja syntymävuoden. Ohjelma tulostaa sitten viestin seuraavan esimerkin mukaisesti:</p><sample-output><p>Anna nimi: <strong>Keijo Keksitty</strong>\nAnna syntymävuosi: <strong>1990</strong>\nMoi Keijo Keksitty, olet 30 vuotta vanha vuoden 2020 lopussa</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"muuttujien-kayttoa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Muuttujien käyttöä<a href=\"#muuttujien-kayttoa\" aria-label=\"muuttujien kayttoa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tarkastellaan ohjelmaa, joka laskee kolmen käyttäjän syöttämän luvun summan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ensimmäinen luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluku2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Toinen luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluku3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kolmas luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> luku1 <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> luku2 <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> luku3\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Lukujen summa: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman esimerkkisuoritus:</p><sample-output><p>Ensimmäinen luku: <strong>5</strong>\nToinen luku: <strong>21</strong>\nKolmas luku: <strong>7</strong>\nLukujen summa: 33</p></sample-output><p>Ohjelma käyttää nyt neljää muuttujaa. Tässä tilanteessa tultaisiin toimeen myös vähemmällä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ensimmäinen luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> summa <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> luku\n\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Toinen luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> summa <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> luku\n\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"kolmas luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> summa <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> luku\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Lukujen summa: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt kaikki käyttäjän syötteet luetaan muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">luku</code>, jonka arvolla <em>kasvatetaan</em> muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">summa</code> arvoa joka kerta sen jälkeen kun käyttäjältä on saatu uusi syöte.</p><p>Seuraava komento siis <em>kasvattaa</em> muuttujassa <code class=\"language-text\">summa</code> olevaa arvoa muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">luku</code> arvolla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> summa <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> luku</code></pre></div><p>Eli esimerkiksi jos ennen komentoa <code class=\"language-text\">summa</code> on 3 ja <code class=\"language-text\">luku</code> on 2, niin komennon suorittamisen jälkeen muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">summa</code> arvona on 5.</p><p>Koska muuttujan arvon kasvattaminen on usein tarvittava toiminto, voimme kirjoittaa sen myös lyhyemmin näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">summa <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> luku</code></pre></div><p>Tämän avulla saamme kirjoitettua ohjelman koodin tiiviimmin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ensimmäinen luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> luku\n\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Toinen luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> luku\n\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"kolmas luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> luku\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Lukujen summa: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Itse asiassa apumuuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">luku</code> ei välttämättä tarvita ollenkaan. Käyttäjän antamat syötteet voitaisiin lisätä yksi kerrallaan muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">summa</code> myös seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ensimmäinen luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Toinen luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kolmas luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Lukujen summa: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Riippuu toki tilanteesta, montako muuttujaa ohjelmassa tarvitaan. Jos käyttäjän kaikkien syötteiden arvo tulee muistaa, ei ole mahdollista \"uusiokäyttää\" samaa apumuuttujaa kaikkien syötteiden lukemiseen. Näin on seuraavassa esimerkissä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ensimmäinen luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluku2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Toinen luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>luku1<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> + </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>luku2<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> = </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>luku1<span class=\"token operator\">+</span>luku2<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Ensimmäinen luku: <strong>2</strong>\nToinen luku: <strong>3</strong>\n2 + 3 = 5</p></sample-output><p>Toisaalta tässä ohjelmassa ei ole omaa muuttujaa summan arvon tallettamiseen.</p><p>Kannattaa kuitenkin huomata, että yhtä muuttujaa ei kannata \"uusiokäyttää\" kuin samankaltaisiin asioihin, esim. summattavien lukujen tilapäiseen tallentamiseen.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraavassa on uusiokäytetty muuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">tieto</code> nimen ja iän tallentamiseen ja tämä ei ole missään nimessä järkevää:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tieto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mikä on nimesi? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hei \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> tieto <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntieto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mikä on ikäsi? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># ohjelma jatkuu...</span></code></pre></div><p>On parempi käyttää näitä kahta eri tarkoitusta varten omia <em>kuvaavasti nimettyjä</em> muuttujia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mikä on nimesi? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hei \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mikä on ikäsi? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># ohjelma jatkuu...</span></code></pre></div><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Vuorokaudet sekunteina\" tmcname=\"osa01-15_sekunteja_vuorokaudessa\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä vuorokausien lukumäärän. Tämän jälkeen ohjelma tulostaa sekuntien määrän annetuissa vuorokausissa.</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Kuinka monen vuorokauden sekunnit tulostetaan? <strong>1</strong>\n86400</p></sample-output><p>Toinen esimerkki:</p><sample-output><p>Kuinka monen vuorokauden sekunnit tulostetaan? <strong>7</strong>\n604800</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Korjaa ohjelma: Lukujen tulo\" tmcname=\"osa01-20_korjaa_ohjelma_lukujen_tulo\"><p>Oheinen ohjelma kysyy käyttäjältä kolme lukua ja tulostaa näiden tulon (eli luvut kerrottuna toisillaan).\nOhjelmassa on kuitenkin virhe tai virheitä, joiden takia se ei toimi. Korjaa ohjelma sellaiseksi, että se toimii oikein.</p><p>Ohjelman siis pitäisi toimia esimerkiksi näin:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku 1: <strong>2</strong>\nAnna luku 2: <strong>3</strong>\nAnna luku 3: <strong>5</strong>\nTulo on 30</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Lukujen summa ja tulo\" tmcname=\"osa01-16_lukujen_summa_ja_tulo\"><p>Tee ohjelma joka kysyy käyttäjältä kaksi lukua. Ohjelma tulostaa lukujen summan ja tulon.</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Luku 1: <strong>3</strong>\nLuku 2: <strong>7</strong>\nLukujen summa 10\nLukujen tulo 21</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Lukujen summa ja keskiarvo\" tmcname=\"osa01-17_lukujen_summa_ja_keskiarvo\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka lukee käyttäjältä neljä lukua ja tulostaa niiden summan ja keskiarvon</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Luku 1: <strong>2</strong>\nLuku 2: <strong>1</strong>\nLuku 3: <strong>6</strong>\nLuku 4: <strong>7</strong>\nLukujen summa on 16 ja keskiarvo 4.0</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Ruokailukustannukset\" tmcname=\"osa01-19_ruokailukustannukset\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka arvioi käyttäjän keskimääräisiä ruokailukustannuksia.</p><p>Ohjelma kysyy, kuinka monta kertaa viikossa käyttäjä käy Unicafessa ja Unicafe-lounaan hinnan sekä viikon muiden ruokaostosten hinnan.</p><p>Näiden tietojen perusteella ohjelma laskee käyttäjän keskimääräiset ruokamenot sekä viikossa että yhtenä päivänä.</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Montako kertaa viikossa syöt Unicafessa? <strong>4</strong>\nUnicafe-lounaan hinta? <strong>2.5</strong>\nPaljonko käytät viikossa ruokaostoksiin? <strong>28.5</strong></p><p>Kustannukset keskimäärin:\nPäivässä 5.5 euroa\nViikossa 38.5 euroa</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Opiskelijat ryhmiin\" tmcname=\"osa01-18_opiskelijat_ryhmiin\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy kurssin opiskelijoiden määrän ja ryhmän koon ja ilmoittaa, montako ryhmää opiskelijoista muodostuu. Jos jako ei mene tasan, yhdessä ryhmässä voi olla vähemmän opiskelijoita, mutta kaikissa muissa on oltava haluttu määrä.</p><sample-output><p>Montako opiskelijaa? <strong>8</strong>\nMikä on ryhmän koko? <strong>4</strong>\nRyhmien määrä: 2</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Montako opiskelijaa? <strong>11</strong>\nMikä on ryhmän koko? <strong>3</strong>\nRyhmien määrä: 4</p></sample-output><p>Vihje: tehtävän tekeminen onnistuu kokonaislukujakolaskuoperaattorilla <code class=\"language-text\">//</code></p><div>Vihje2: jos et keksi miten tehtävä ratkeaa, älä huolestu suotta vaan tutustu <a href=\"/osa-1/5-ehtorakenne\">seuraavassa luvussa</a> esiteltävään <i>ehtorakenteeseen</i>. Ehtorakenteen avulla tehtävä on huomattavasti helpompi ratkaista.</div></in-browser-programming-exercise><p>Kertauskysely tämän osan asioihin liittyen:</p><div><quiz id=\"3fd3df29-665e-5280-9fcf-f0e002316918\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-1/4-laskentaa-luvuilla","title":"Laskentaa luvuilla"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-1/4-laskentaa-luvuilla.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea 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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"95"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSait 10 % bonusta\nSait 15 % bonusta\nPisteitä on nyt 120.175"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Korjaa ohjelma niin, että bonusta tulee joko 10 % tai 15 %, ei koskaan molempia."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Huomiset vaatteet","tmcname":"osa01-29_huomisen_vaatteet"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy huomisen sääennusteen ja suosittelee sen mukaista pukeutumista."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Suositus vaihtelee sen mukaan, onko lämpötila yli 20 astetta, yli 10 astetta vai yli 5 astetta. Myös sade vaikuttaa suositukseen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelma toimii seuraavasti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kerro huominen sääennuste:\nLämpötila: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"21"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSataako (kyllä/ei): "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ei"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nPue housut ja t-paita"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kerro huominen sääennuste:\nLämpötila: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"11"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSataako (kyllä/ei): "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ei"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nPue housut ja t-paita\nOta myös pitkähihainen paita"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kerro huominen sääennuste:\nLämpötila: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"7"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSataako (kyllä/ei): "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ei"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nPue housut ja t-paita\nOta myös pitkähihainen paita\nPue päälle takki"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kerro huominen sääennuste:\nLämpötila: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSataako (kyllä/ei): "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"kyllä"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nPue housut ja t-paita\nOta myös pitkähihainen paita\nPue päälle takki\nSuosittelen lämmintä takkia\nKannattaa ottaa myös hanskat\nMuista sateenvarjo!"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Toisen asteen yhtälön ratkaiseminen","tmcname":"osa01-30_toisen_asteen_yhtalo"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pythonin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"math"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-moduulissa on funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"sqrt"}]},{"type":"text","value":", jolla voi laskea luvun neliöjuuren. Voit käyttää sitä ohjelmassa seuraavasti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"from"}]},{"type":"text","value":" math "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"import"}]},{"type":"text","value":" sqrt\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"sqrt"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"9"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelma tulostaa:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3.0"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kirjoita ohjelma, joka ratkaisee toisen asteen yhtälön ax²+bx+c. Ohjelmalle annetaan arvot a, b ja c, ja sen tulee laskea juuret (eli ratkaisut) kaavalla"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"x = (-b ± sqrt(b²-4ac))/(2a)."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Voit olettaa, että yhtälöllä on kaksi juurta, jolloin yllä oleva kaava toimii."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkkituloste:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna a: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna b: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna c: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"-8"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Juuret ovat 2.0 ja -4.0"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kertauskysely tämän osan asioihin liittyen:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"6a20ae0e-38b3-5fb3-93c4-ebd70162fbb6"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa lopuksi kyselyyn tämän viikon materiaaleista. Saat kyselyyn vastaamisesta yhden pisteen:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"63e241aa-f451-5dd6-b06e-a363703cdc6c"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat käyttää yksinkertaista ehtorakennetta ohjelmoinnissa</li>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä tarkoitetaan totuusarvoilla</li>\n<li>Osaat muodostaa ehtoja vertailuoperaattoreiden avulla</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Tähän mennessä kaikissa ohjelmissamme on suoritettu samat rivit samassa järjestyksessä.\nUsein on kuitenkin tarpeen määritellä ohjelmaan osia, jotka suoritetaan vain tietyissä tilanteissa.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi tarkastaa, onko henkilö täysi-ikäinen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kuinka vanha olet? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> ika <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">17</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olet täysi-ikäinen!\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tässä siis sinulle ikiomaksi GTA6.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Seuraava asiakas, kiitos!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suoritus näyttää tältä, kun ikä on suurempi kuin 17:</p><sample-output><p>Kuinka vanha olet? <strong>18</strong>\nOlet täysi-ikäinen!\nTässä siis sinulle ikiomaksi GTA6.\nSeuraava asiakas, kiitos!</p></sample-output><p>Jos kuitenkaan ikä ei ole suurempi kuin 17, käy näin:</p><sample-output><p>Kuinka vanha olet? <strong>16</strong>\nSeuraava asiakas, kiitos!</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkkejä tarkastelemalla huomataan, että syötteenä annettu arvo vaikuttaa nyt siihen, mitkä osat ohjelmasta suoritetaan. Ohjelmassa on käytössä <em>ehtorakenne</em>, jonka sisällä oleva koodi suoritetaan vain, kun annettu ehto on tosi.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 363px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 126.52173913043478%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/94986ed527f8f4c5b0dc6a9053d071b7/a0b58/1_6.webp 230w,\n/static/94986ed527f8f4c5b0dc6a9053d071b7/2ed29/1_6.webp 363w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/94986ed527f8f4c5b0dc6a9053d071b7/81c8e/1_6.png 230w,\n/static/94986ed527f8f4c5b0dc6a9053d071b7/4e786/1_6.png 363w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/94986ed527f8f4c5b0dc6a9053d071b7/4e786/1_6.png\" alt=\"1 6\" title=\"1 6\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n    </span><p>Ehtorakenteessa avainsanaa <code class=\"language-text\">if</code> seuraa jokin <em>ehto</em>, kuten kahden arvon vertailu. Tämän jälkeen tuleva koodi suoritetaan vain, jos ehto pitää paikkansa.</p><p>Huomaa, että ehtorakenteen ensimmäisen rivin lopussa on kaksoispiste. Seuraavassa koodissa kaksoispiste on unohtunut:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># kaksoispiste unohtui seuraavan rivin lopusta</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> ika <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">17</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olet täysi-ikäinen.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämän seurauksena koodi antaa virheen:</p><sample-output>\n<pre>\nFile \"ohjelma.py\", line 3\n  if ika > 17\n            ^\nSyntaxError: invalid syntax\n</pre>\n</sample-output><h2 id=\"vertailuoperaattorit\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vertailuoperaattorit<a href=\"#vertailuoperaattorit\" aria-label=\"vertailuoperaattorit permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tyypillinen ehto on kahden arvon vertailu. Pythonin vertailuoperaattorit ovat:</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"center\">Operaattori</th>\n<th>Merkitys</th>\n<th>Esimerkki</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">==</code></td>\n<td>Yhtä suuri</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">a == b</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">!=</code></td>\n<td>Eri suuri</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">a != b</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">></code></td>\n<td>Suurempi</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">a > b</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">>=</code></td>\n<td>Suurempi tai yhtä suuri</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">a >= b</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">&lt;</code></td>\n<td>Pienempi</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">a &lt; b</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">&lt;=</code></td>\n<td>Pienempi tai yhtä suuri</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">a &lt;= b</code></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä ohjelmaa, joka tulostaa tiedon siitä, onko käyttäjän syöttämä luku negatiivinen, positiivinen vai nolla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on negatiivinen.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on positiivinen.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on nolla.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma suoritettuna kolme kertaa eri syötteillä:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>15</strong>\nLuku on positiivinen.</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>-18</strong>\nLuku on negatiivinen.</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>0</strong>\nLuku on nolla.</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"sisentaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Sisentäminen<a href=\"#sisentaminen\" aria-label=\"sisentaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Python tunnistaa ehtorakenteen sisällä olevan koodin siitä, että jokainen rivi on <em>sisennetty</em> samalla tavalla. Tämä tarkoittaa, että ehtorakenteen sisällä olevan koodin alussa on tyhjää tilaa. Jokaisella rivillä tulee olla yhtä paljon tyhjää tilaa.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">salasana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna salasana: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> salasana <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kissa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tiesit salasanan!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olet siis joko oikea käyttäjä...\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"...tai melkoinen hakkerivelho.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelman suoritus päättyi. Kiitos ja hei!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tyhjä tila saadaan aikaan <em>tabulaattorilla</em>, jonka saat Tab-näppäimestä.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 537px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 67.82608695652173%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/43a34a2e4b0bc023009954d6f7809f7c/a0b58/1_6_keyboard.webp 230w,\n/static/43a34a2e4b0bc023009954d6f7809f7c/bc10c/1_6_keyboard.webp 460w,\n/static/43a34a2e4b0bc023009954d6f7809f7c/27c24/1_6_keyboard.webp 537w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 537px) 100vw, 537px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/43a34a2e4b0bc023009954d6f7809f7c/81c8e/1_6_keyboard.png 230w,\n/static/43a34a2e4b0bc023009954d6f7809f7c/08a84/1_6_keyboard.png 460w,\n/static/43a34a2e4b0bc023009954d6f7809f7c/b1cde/1_6_keyboard.png 537w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 537px) 100vw, 537px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/43a34a2e4b0bc023009954d6f7809f7c/b1cde/1_6_keyboard.png\" alt=\"1 6 keyboard\" title=\"1 6 keyboard\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n    </span><p>Suurin osa editoreista osaa automaattisesti sisentää rivin, kun edellinen rivi päättyy kaksoispisteeseen. Voit lopettaa sisentämisen editorissa painamalla rivin alussa <code class=\"language-text\">Backspace</code>-näppäintä.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 293px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 96.08695652173913%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/7f8b7a68350e9455732bc0462f21ccff/a0b58/1_6_keyboard2.webp 230w,\n/static/7f8b7a68350e9455732bc0462f21ccff/2b735/1_6_keyboard2.webp 293w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 293px) 100vw, 293px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/7f8b7a68350e9455732bc0462f21ccff/81c8e/1_6_keyboard2.png 230w,\n/static/7f8b7a68350e9455732bc0462f21ccff/3cf3e/1_6_keyboard2.png 293w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 293px) 100vw, 293px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/7f8b7a68350e9455732bc0462f21ccff/3cf3e/1_6_keyboard2.png\" alt=\"1 6 keyboard2\" title=\"1 6 keyboard2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n    </span>\n<small><center>\nNäppäimistökuvien alkuperä:\n <a href=\"https://pixabay.com/users/Clker-Free-Vector-Images-3736/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=311803\">Clker-Free-Vector-Images</a> from <a href=\"https://pixabay.com/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=311803\">Pixabay</a>\n</center></small><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Orwell\" tmcname=\"osa01-21_orwel\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä kokonaisluvun ja tulostaa merkkijonon \"Orwell\" jos luku on täsmälleen 1984. Muussa tapauksessa ohjelma ei tulosta mitään.</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>2020</strong></p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>1984</strong>\nOrwell</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Itseisarvo\" tmcname=\"osa01-22_itseisarvo\"><p>Kirjoita ohjelma, joka lukee käyttäjältä kokonaisluvun. Mikäli luku on pienempi kuin 0, ohjelma tulostaa luvun kerrottuna luvulla -1. Muulloin ohjelma tulostaa käyttäjän syöttämän luvun. Alla on muutamia esimerkkejä ohjelman odotetusta toiminnasta.</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>-7</strong>\nLuvun itseisarvo on 7</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>1</strong>\nLuvun itseisarvo on 1</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>-99</strong>\nLuvun itseisarvo on 99</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Keittoa vai ei\" tmcname=\"osa01-23_keittoa_vai_ei\"><p>Kirjoita ohjelma, joka kysyy ensin käyttäjän nimen. Jos nimi on mikä tahansa muu kuin \"Jerry\", ohjelma kysyy keittoannosten lukumäärän ja kertoo sitten kokonaishinnan. Yksi annos maksaa 5,90.</p><p>Kaksi esimerkkisuoritusta:</p><sample-output><p>Mikä on nimesi: <strong>Kramer</strong>\nKuinka monta annosta keittoa: <strong>2</strong>\nKokonaishinta on 11.8\nSeuraava!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Mikä on nimesi: <strong>Jerry</strong>\nSeuraava!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Luvun suuruusluokka\" tmcname=\"osa01-24_luvun_suuruusluokka\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka lukee käyttäjältä kokonaisluvun ja kertoo sitten sen suuruusluokan oheisten esimerkkisuoritusten mukaisesti:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>950</strong>\nLuku on pienempi kuin 1000\nKiitos!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>59</strong>\nLuku on pienempi kuin 1000\nLuku on pienempi kuin 100\nKiitos!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>2</strong>\nLuku on pienempi kuin 1000\nLuku on pienempi kuin 100\nLuku on pienempi kuin 10\nKiitos!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>1123</strong>\nKiitos!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"totuusarvot\" style=\"position:relative;\">Totuusarvot<a href=\"#totuusarvot\" aria-label=\"totuusarvot permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Ehtorakenteessa käytettävä ehto saa totuusarvon <code class=\"language-text\">True</code> (tosi) tai <code class=\"language-text\">False</code> (epätosi). Esimerkiksi ehto <code class=\"language-text\">a &lt; 5</code> on tosi jos <code class=\"language-text\">a</code> on alle 5 ja epätosi jos <code class=\"language-text\">a</code> on 5 tai suurempi.</p><p>Ohjelmoinnissa totuusarvoja kutsutaan usein boolean-arvoiksi matemaatikko George Boolen kehittämän algebrallisen rakenteen mukaan. Pythonissa totuusarvoja käsitellään <code class=\"language-text\">bool</code>-tietotyypin avulla, ja <code class=\"language-text\">bool</code>-tyyppisillä muuttujilla voi olla vain kaksi eri arvoa: <code class=\"language-text\">True</code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">False</code>.</p><p>Voimme asettaa ehdon tuloksen muuttujan arvoksi samaan tapaan kuin laskutoimituksen tuloksen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">a <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\nehto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ehto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> ehto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"a on pienempi kuin 5\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>True\na on pienempi kuin 5</p></sample-output><p>Voimme käyttää koodissa myös sanoja <code class=\"language-text\">True</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">False</code>. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi suorittaa <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennon aina, koska ehdon arvona on <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ehto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> ehto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tänne tullaan aina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Tänne tullaan aina</p></sample-output><p>Tällainen ohjelma ei ole sinänsä kovin hyödyllinen, mutta myöhemmin kurssilla näemme, mitä hyötyä on totuusarvoista muuttujissa.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Laskin\" tmcname=\"osa01-25_laskin\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä ensin kaksi lukua ja sen jälkeen komennon. Jos komento on joko <em>summa</em>, <em>tulo</em> tai <em>erotus</em>, ohjelma laskee syötteille kyseisen operaation tuloksen. Muussa tapauksessa ohjelma ei tulosta mitään.</p><p>Esimerkkitulostuksia:</p><sample-output><p>Luku 1: <strong>10</strong>\nLuku 2: <strong>17</strong>\nKomento: <strong>summa</strong></p><p>10 + 17 = 27</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Luku 1: <strong>4</strong>\nLuku 2: <strong>6</strong>\nKomento: <strong>tulo</strong></p><p>4 * 6 = 24</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Luku 1: <strong>4</strong>\nLuku 2: <strong>6</strong>\nKomento: <strong>erotus</strong></p><p>4 - 6 = -2</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Lämpötilat\" tmcname=\"osa01-26_lampotilat\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä lämpötilan fahrenheit-asteina, ja tulostaa sitten lämpötilan celsius-asteina. Jos lämpötila celsius-asteina on pienempi kuin 0, ohjelma tulostaa lisäksi viestin \"Paleltaa!\".</p><p>Kaavan fahrenheit-asteiden muuntamiseksi celsius-asteiksi voit etsiä esimerkiksi googlaamalla.</p><p>Kaksi esimerkkisuoritusta:</p><sample-output><p>Anna lämpötila (F): <strong>101</strong>\n101 fahrenheit-astetta on 38.333333333333336 celsius-astetta</p><p>Anna lämpötila (F): <strong>21</strong>\n21 fahrenheit-astetta on -6.111111111111111 celsius-astetta\nPaleltaa!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Palkka\" tmcname=\"osa01-27_palkka\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy tuntipalkkaa, työskenneltyjen tuntien määrää ja viikonpäivää. Ohjelma tulostaa palkan, joka on tuntipalkka kertaa tuntien määrä muina päivinä paitsi sunnuntaisin, jolloin tuntipalkka on kaksinkertainen.</p><sample-output><p>Tuntipalkka: <strong>8.5</strong>\nTyötunnit: <strong>3</strong>\nViikonpäivä: <strong>maanantai</strong>\nPalkka 25.5 euroa</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Tuntipalkka: <strong>12.5</strong>\nTyötunnit: <strong>10</strong>\nViikonpäivä: <strong>sunnuntai</strong>\nPalkka 250.0 euroa</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Korjaa ohjelma: Korkoa kortille\" tmcname=\"osa01-28_korjaaa_ohjelma_korkoa_kortille\"><p>Ohjelmassa lasketaan bonuskortin saldoon vuoden lopussa lisättävä bonuspistemäärä seuraavan kaavan mukaisesti:</p><ul>\n<li>Jos bonuspisteitä on alle sata, korkona saa 10 % lisää pisteitä</li>\n<li>Muussa tapauksessa korkona saa 15 % lisää pisteitä</li>\n</ul><p>Ohjelma siis toimii esim. näin:</p><sample-output><p>Kuinka paljon pisteitä? <strong>55</strong>\nSait 10 % bonusta\nPisteitä on nyt 60.5</p></sample-output><p>Ohjelma toimii kuitenkin jollain syötteillä oudosti:</p><sample-output><p>Kuinka paljon pisteitä? <strong>95</strong>\nSait 10 % bonusta\nSait 15 % bonusta\nPisteitä on nyt 120.175</p></sample-output><p>Korjaa ohjelma niin, että bonusta tulee joko 10 % tai 15 %, ei koskaan molempia.</p></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Huomiset vaatteet\" tmcname=\"osa01-29_huomisen_vaatteet\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy huomisen sääennusteen ja suosittelee sen mukaista pukeutumista.</p><p>Suositus vaihtelee sen mukaan, onko lämpötila yli 20 astetta, yli 10 astetta vai yli 5 astetta. Myös sade vaikuttaa suositukseen.</p><p>Ohjelma toimii seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Kerro huominen sääennuste:\nLämpötila: <strong>21</strong>\nSataako (kyllä/ei): <strong>ei</strong>\nPue housut ja t-paita</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Kerro huominen sääennuste:\nLämpötila: <strong>11</strong>\nSataako (kyllä/ei): <strong>ei</strong>\nPue housut ja t-paita\nOta myös pitkähihainen paita</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Kerro huominen sääennuste:\nLämpötila: <strong>7</strong>\nSataako (kyllä/ei): <strong>ei</strong>\nPue housut ja t-paita\nOta myös pitkähihainen paita\nPue päälle takki</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Kerro huominen sääennuste:\nLämpötila: <strong>3</strong>\nSataako (kyllä/ei): <strong>kyllä</strong>\nPue housut ja t-paita\nOta myös pitkähihainen paita\nPue päälle takki\nSuosittelen lämmintä takkia\nKannattaa ottaa myös hanskat\nMuista sateenvarjo!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Toisen asteen yhtälön ratkaiseminen\" tmcname=\"osa01-30_toisen_asteen_yhtalo\"><p>Pythonin <code class=\"language-text\">math</code>-moduulissa on funktio <code class=\"language-text\">sqrt</code>, jolla voi laskea luvun neliöjuuren. Voit käyttää sitä ohjelmassa seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> math <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> sqrt\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sqrt<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma tulostaa:</p><sample-output><p>3.0</p></sample-output><p>Kirjoita ohjelma, joka ratkaisee toisen asteen yhtälön ax²+bx+c. Ohjelmalle annetaan arvot a, b ja c, ja sen tulee laskea juuret (eli ratkaisut) kaavalla</p><p>x = (-b ± sqrt(b²-4ac))/(2a).</p><p>Voit olettaa, että yhtälöllä on kaksi juurta, jolloin yllä oleva kaava toimii.</p><p>Esimerkkituloste:</p><sample-output><p>Anna a: <strong>1</strong>\nAnna b: <strong>2</strong>\nAnna c: <strong>-8</strong></p><p>Juuret ovat 2.0 ja -4.0</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><p>Kertauskysely tämän osan asioihin liittyen:</p><div><quiz id=\"6a20ae0e-38b3-5fb3-93c4-ebd70162fbb6\"></quiz></div><p>Vastaa lopuksi kyselyyn tämän viikon materiaaleista. Saat kyselyyn vastaamisesta yhden pisteen:</p><div><quiz id=\"63e241aa-f451-5dd6-b06e-a363703cdc6c\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-1/5-ehtorakenne","title":"Ehtorakenne"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-1/5-ehtorakenne.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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Myös sade vaikuttaa suositukseen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelma toimii seuraavasti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kerro huominen sääennuste:\nLämpötila: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"21"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSataako (kyllä/ei): "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ei"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nPue housut ja t-paita"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kerro huominen sääennuste:\nLämpötila: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"11"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSataako (kyllä/ei): "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ei"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nPue housut ja t-paita\nOta myös pitkähihainen paita"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kerro huominen sääennuste:\nLämpötila: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"7"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSataako (kyllä/ei): "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ei"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nPue housut ja t-paita\nOta myös pitkähihainen paita\nPue päälle takki"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kerro huominen sääennuste:\nLämpötila: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSataako (kyllä/ei): "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"kyllä"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nPue housut ja t-paita\nOta myös pitkähihainen paita\nPue päälle takki\nSuosittelen lämmintä takkia\nKannattaa ottaa myös hanskat\nMuista sateenvarjo!"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Toisen asteen yhtälön ratkaiseminen","tmcname":"osa01-30_toisen_asteen_yhtalo"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pythonin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"math"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-moduulissa on funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"sqrt"}]},{"type":"text","value":", jolla voi laskea luvun neliöjuuren. Voit käyttää sitä ohjelmassa seuraavasti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"from"}]},{"type":"text","value":" math "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"import"}]},{"type":"text","value":" sqrt\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"sqrt"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"9"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelma tulostaa:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3.0"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kirjoita ohjelma, joka ratkaisee toisen asteen yhtälön ax²+bx+c. Ohjelmalle annetaan arvot a, b ja c, ja sen tulee laskea juuret (eli ratkaisut) kaavalla"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"x = (-b ± sqrt(b²-4ac))/(2a)."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Voit olettaa, että yhtälöllä on kaksi juurta, jolloin yllä oleva kaava toimii."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkkituloste:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna a: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna b: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna c: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"-8"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Juuret ovat 2.0 ja -4.0"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kertauskysely tämän osan asioihin liittyen:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"6a20ae0e-38b3-5fb3-93c4-ebd70162fbb6"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa lopuksi kyselyyn tämän viikon materiaaleista. Saat kyselyyn vastaamisesta yhden pisteen:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"63e241aa-f451-5dd6-b06e-a363703cdc6c"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat käyttää yksinkertaista ehtorakennetta ohjelmoinnissa</li>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä tarkoitetaan totuusarvoilla</li>\n<li>Osaat muodostaa ehtoja vertailuoperaattoreiden avulla</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Tähän mennessä kaikissa ohjelmissamme on suoritettu samat rivit samassa järjestyksessä.\nUsein on kuitenkin tarpeen määritellä ohjelmaan osia, jotka suoritetaan vain tietyissä tilanteissa.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi tarkastaa, onko henkilö täysi-ikäinen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kuinka vanha olet? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> ika <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">17</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olet täysi-ikäinen!\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tässä siis sinulle ikiomaksi GTA6.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Seuraava asiakas, kiitos!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suoritus näyttää tältä, kun ikä on suurempi kuin 17:</p><sample-output><p>Kuinka vanha olet? <strong>18</strong>\nOlet täysi-ikäinen!\nTässä siis sinulle ikiomaksi GTA6.\nSeuraava asiakas, kiitos!</p></sample-output><p>Jos kuitenkaan ikä ei ole suurempi kuin 17, käy näin:</p><sample-output><p>Kuinka vanha olet? <strong>16</strong>\nSeuraava asiakas, kiitos!</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkkejä tarkastelemalla huomataan, että syötteenä annettu arvo vaikuttaa nyt siihen, mitkä osat ohjelmasta suoritetaan. Ohjelmassa on käytössä <em>ehtorakenne</em>, jonka sisällä oleva koodi suoritetaan vain, kun annettu ehto on tosi.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 363px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 126.52173913043478%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/94986ed527f8f4c5b0dc6a9053d071b7/a0b58/1_6.webp 230w,\n/static/94986ed527f8f4c5b0dc6a9053d071b7/2ed29/1_6.webp 363w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/94986ed527f8f4c5b0dc6a9053d071b7/81c8e/1_6.png 230w,\n/static/94986ed527f8f4c5b0dc6a9053d071b7/4e786/1_6.png 363w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/94986ed527f8f4c5b0dc6a9053d071b7/4e786/1_6.png\" alt=\"1 6\" title=\"1 6\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n    </span><p>Ehtorakenteessa avainsanaa <code class=\"language-text\">if</code> seuraa jokin <em>ehto</em>, kuten kahden arvon vertailu. Tämän jälkeen tuleva koodi suoritetaan vain, jos ehto pitää paikkansa.</p><p>Huomaa, että ehtorakenteen ensimmäisen rivin lopussa on kaksoispiste. Seuraavassa koodissa kaksoispiste on unohtunut:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># kaksoispiste unohtui seuraavan rivin lopusta</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> ika <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">17</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olet täysi-ikäinen.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämän seurauksena koodi antaa virheen:</p><sample-output>\n<pre>\nFile \"ohjelma.py\", line 3\n  if ika > 17\n            ^\nSyntaxError: invalid syntax\n</pre>\n</sample-output><h2 id=\"vertailuoperaattorit\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vertailuoperaattorit<a href=\"#vertailuoperaattorit\" aria-label=\"vertailuoperaattorit permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tyypillinen ehto on kahden arvon vertailu. Pythonin vertailuoperaattorit ovat:</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"center\">Operaattori</th>\n<th>Merkitys</th>\n<th>Esimerkki</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">==</code></td>\n<td>Yhtä suuri</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">a == b</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">!=</code></td>\n<td>Eri suuri</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">a != b</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">></code></td>\n<td>Suurempi</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">a > b</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">>=</code></td>\n<td>Suurempi tai yhtä suuri</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">a >= b</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">&lt;</code></td>\n<td>Pienempi</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">a &lt; b</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">&lt;=</code></td>\n<td>Pienempi tai yhtä suuri</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">a &lt;= b</code></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä ohjelmaa, joka tulostaa tiedon siitä, onko käyttäjän syöttämä luku negatiivinen, positiivinen vai nolla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on negatiivinen.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on positiivinen.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on nolla.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma suoritettuna kolme kertaa eri syötteillä:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>15</strong>\nLuku on positiivinen.</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>-18</strong>\nLuku on negatiivinen.</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>0</strong>\nLuku on nolla.</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"sisentaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Sisentäminen<a href=\"#sisentaminen\" aria-label=\"sisentaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Python tunnistaa ehtorakenteen sisällä olevan koodin siitä, että jokainen rivi on <em>sisennetty</em> samalla tavalla. Tämä tarkoittaa, että ehtorakenteen sisällä olevan koodin alussa on tyhjää tilaa. Jokaisella rivillä tulee olla yhtä paljon tyhjää tilaa.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">salasana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna salasana: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> salasana <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kissa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tiesit salasanan!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olet siis joko oikea käyttäjä...\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"...tai melkoinen hakkerivelho.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelman suoritus päättyi. Kiitos ja hei!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tyhjä tila saadaan aikaan <em>tabulaattorilla</em>, jonka saat Tab-näppäimestä.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 537px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 67.82608695652173%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/43a34a2e4b0bc023009954d6f7809f7c/a0b58/1_6_keyboard.webp 230w,\n/static/43a34a2e4b0bc023009954d6f7809f7c/bc10c/1_6_keyboard.webp 460w,\n/static/43a34a2e4b0bc023009954d6f7809f7c/27c24/1_6_keyboard.webp 537w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 537px) 100vw, 537px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/43a34a2e4b0bc023009954d6f7809f7c/81c8e/1_6_keyboard.png 230w,\n/static/43a34a2e4b0bc023009954d6f7809f7c/08a84/1_6_keyboard.png 460w,\n/static/43a34a2e4b0bc023009954d6f7809f7c/b1cde/1_6_keyboard.png 537w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 537px) 100vw, 537px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/43a34a2e4b0bc023009954d6f7809f7c/b1cde/1_6_keyboard.png\" alt=\"1 6 keyboard\" title=\"1 6 keyboard\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n    </span><p>Suurin osa editoreista osaa automaattisesti sisentää rivin, kun edellinen rivi päättyy kaksoispisteeseen. Voit lopettaa sisentämisen editorissa painamalla rivin alussa <code class=\"language-text\">Backspace</code>-näppäintä.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 293px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 96.08695652173913%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/7f8b7a68350e9455732bc0462f21ccff/a0b58/1_6_keyboard2.webp 230w,\n/static/7f8b7a68350e9455732bc0462f21ccff/2b735/1_6_keyboard2.webp 293w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 293px) 100vw, 293px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/7f8b7a68350e9455732bc0462f21ccff/81c8e/1_6_keyboard2.png 230w,\n/static/7f8b7a68350e9455732bc0462f21ccff/3cf3e/1_6_keyboard2.png 293w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 293px) 100vw, 293px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/7f8b7a68350e9455732bc0462f21ccff/3cf3e/1_6_keyboard2.png\" alt=\"1 6 keyboard2\" title=\"1 6 keyboard2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n    </span>\n<small><center>\nNäppäimistökuvien alkuperä:\n <a href=\"https://pixabay.com/users/Clker-Free-Vector-Images-3736/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=311803\">Clker-Free-Vector-Images</a> from <a href=\"https://pixabay.com/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=311803\">Pixabay</a>\n</center></small><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Orwell\" tmcname=\"osa01-21_orwel\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä kokonaisluvun ja tulostaa merkkijonon \"Orwell\" jos luku on täsmälleen 1984. Muussa tapauksessa ohjelma ei tulosta mitään.</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>2020</strong></p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>1984</strong>\nOrwell</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Itseisarvo\" tmcname=\"osa01-22_itseisarvo\"><p>Kirjoita ohjelma, joka lukee käyttäjältä kokonaisluvun. Mikäli luku on pienempi kuin 0, ohjelma tulostaa luvun kerrottuna luvulla -1. Muulloin ohjelma tulostaa käyttäjän syöttämän luvun. Alla on muutamia esimerkkejä ohjelman odotetusta toiminnasta.</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>-7</strong>\nLuvun itseisarvo on 7</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>1</strong>\nLuvun itseisarvo on 1</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>-99</strong>\nLuvun itseisarvo on 99</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Keittoa vai ei\" tmcname=\"osa01-23_keittoa_vai_ei\"><p>Kirjoita ohjelma, joka kysyy ensin käyttäjän nimen. Jos nimi on mikä tahansa muu kuin \"Jerry\", ohjelma kysyy keittoannosten lukumäärän ja kertoo sitten kokonaishinnan. Yksi annos maksaa 5,90.</p><p>Kaksi esimerkkisuoritusta:</p><sample-output><p>Mikä on nimesi: <strong>Kramer</strong>\nKuinka monta annosta keittoa: <strong>2</strong>\nKokonaishinta on 11.8\nSeuraava!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Mikä on nimesi: <strong>Jerry</strong>\nSeuraava!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Luvun suuruusluokka\" tmcname=\"osa01-24_luvun_suuruusluokka\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka lukee käyttäjältä kokonaisluvun ja kertoo sitten sen suuruusluokan oheisten esimerkkisuoritusten mukaisesti:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>950</strong>\nLuku on pienempi kuin 1000\nKiitos!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>59</strong>\nLuku on pienempi kuin 1000\nLuku on pienempi kuin 100\nKiitos!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>2</strong>\nLuku on pienempi kuin 1000\nLuku on pienempi kuin 100\nLuku on pienempi kuin 10\nKiitos!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>1123</strong>\nKiitos!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"totuusarvot\" style=\"position:relative;\">Totuusarvot<a href=\"#totuusarvot\" aria-label=\"totuusarvot permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Ehtorakenteessa käytettävä ehto saa totuusarvon <code class=\"language-text\">True</code> (tosi) tai <code class=\"language-text\">False</code> (epätosi). Esimerkiksi ehto <code class=\"language-text\">a &lt; 5</code> on tosi jos <code class=\"language-text\">a</code> on alle 5 ja epätosi jos <code class=\"language-text\">a</code> on 5 tai suurempi.</p><p>Ohjelmoinnissa totuusarvoja kutsutaan usein boolean-arvoiksi matemaatikko George Boolen kehittämän algebrallisen rakenteen mukaan. Pythonissa totuusarvoja käsitellään <code class=\"language-text\">bool</code>-tietotyypin avulla, ja <code class=\"language-text\">bool</code>-tyyppisillä muuttujilla voi olla vain kaksi eri arvoa: <code class=\"language-text\">True</code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">False</code>.</p><p>Voimme asettaa ehdon tuloksen muuttujan arvoksi samaan tapaan kuin laskutoimituksen tuloksen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">a <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\nehto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ehto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> ehto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"a on pienempi kuin 5\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>True\na on pienempi kuin 5</p></sample-output><p>Voimme käyttää koodissa myös sanoja <code class=\"language-text\">True</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">False</code>. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi suorittaa <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennon aina, koska ehdon arvona on <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ehto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> ehto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tänne tullaan aina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Tänne tullaan aina</p></sample-output><p>Tällainen ohjelma ei ole sinänsä kovin hyödyllinen, mutta myöhemmin kurssilla näemme, mitä hyötyä on totuusarvoista muuttujissa.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Laskin\" tmcname=\"osa01-25_laskin\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä ensin kaksi lukua ja sen jälkeen komennon. Jos komento on joko <em>summa</em>, <em>tulo</em> tai <em>erotus</em>, ohjelma laskee syötteille kyseisen operaation tuloksen. Muussa tapauksessa ohjelma ei tulosta mitään.</p><p>Esimerkkitulostuksia:</p><sample-output><p>Luku 1: <strong>10</strong>\nLuku 2: <strong>17</strong>\nKomento: <strong>summa</strong></p><p>10 + 17 = 27</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Luku 1: <strong>4</strong>\nLuku 2: <strong>6</strong>\nKomento: <strong>tulo</strong></p><p>4 * 6 = 24</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Luku 1: <strong>4</strong>\nLuku 2: <strong>6</strong>\nKomento: <strong>erotus</strong></p><p>4 - 6 = -2</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Lämpötilat\" tmcname=\"osa01-26_lampotilat\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä lämpötilan fahrenheit-asteina, ja tulostaa sitten lämpötilan celsius-asteina. Jos lämpötila celsius-asteina on pienempi kuin 0, ohjelma tulostaa lisäksi viestin \"Paleltaa!\".</p><p>Kaavan fahrenheit-asteiden muuntamiseksi celsius-asteiksi voit etsiä esimerkiksi googlaamalla.</p><p>Kaksi esimerkkisuoritusta:</p><sample-output><p>Anna lämpötila (F): <strong>101</strong>\n101 fahrenheit-astetta on 38.333333333333336 celsius-astetta</p><p>Anna lämpötila (F): <strong>21</strong>\n21 fahrenheit-astetta on -6.111111111111111 celsius-astetta\nPaleltaa!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Palkka\" tmcname=\"osa01-27_palkka\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy tuntipalkkaa, työskenneltyjen tuntien määrää ja viikonpäivää. Ohjelma tulostaa palkan, joka on tuntipalkka kertaa tuntien määrä muina päivinä paitsi sunnuntaisin, jolloin tuntipalkka on kaksinkertainen.</p><sample-output><p>Tuntipalkka: <strong>8.5</strong>\nTyötunnit: <strong>3</strong>\nViikonpäivä: <strong>maanantai</strong>\nPalkka 25.5 euroa</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Tuntipalkka: <strong>12.5</strong>\nTyötunnit: <strong>10</strong>\nViikonpäivä: <strong>sunnuntai</strong>\nPalkka 250.0 euroa</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Korjaa ohjelma: Korkoa kortille\" tmcname=\"osa01-28_korjaaa_ohjelma_korkoa_kortille\"><p>Ohjelmassa lasketaan bonuskortin saldoon vuoden lopussa lisättävä bonuspistemäärä seuraavan kaavan mukaisesti:</p><ul>\n<li>Jos bonuspisteitä on alle sata, korkona saa 10 % lisää pisteitä</li>\n<li>Muussa tapauksessa korkona saa 15 % lisää pisteitä</li>\n</ul><p>Ohjelma siis toimii esim. näin:</p><sample-output><p>Kuinka paljon pisteitä? <strong>55</strong>\nSait 10 % bonusta\nPisteitä on nyt 60.5</p></sample-output><p>Ohjelma toimii kuitenkin jollain syötteillä oudosti:</p><sample-output><p>Kuinka paljon pisteitä? <strong>95</strong>\nSait 10 % bonusta\nSait 15 % bonusta\nPisteitä on nyt 120.175</p></sample-output><p>Korjaa ohjelma niin, että bonusta tulee joko 10 % tai 15 %, ei koskaan molempia.</p></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Huomiset vaatteet\" tmcname=\"osa01-29_huomisen_vaatteet\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy huomisen sääennusteen ja suosittelee sen mukaista pukeutumista.</p><p>Suositus vaihtelee sen mukaan, onko lämpötila yli 20 astetta, yli 10 astetta vai yli 5 astetta. Myös sade vaikuttaa suositukseen.</p><p>Ohjelma toimii seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Kerro huominen sääennuste:\nLämpötila: <strong>21</strong>\nSataako (kyllä/ei): <strong>ei</strong>\nPue housut ja t-paita</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Kerro huominen sääennuste:\nLämpötila: <strong>11</strong>\nSataako (kyllä/ei): <strong>ei</strong>\nPue housut ja t-paita\nOta myös pitkähihainen paita</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Kerro huominen sääennuste:\nLämpötila: <strong>7</strong>\nSataako (kyllä/ei): <strong>ei</strong>\nPue housut ja t-paita\nOta myös pitkähihainen paita\nPue päälle takki</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Kerro huominen sääennuste:\nLämpötila: <strong>3</strong>\nSataako (kyllä/ei): <strong>kyllä</strong>\nPue housut ja t-paita\nOta myös pitkähihainen paita\nPue päälle takki\nSuosittelen lämmintä takkia\nKannattaa ottaa myös hanskat\nMuista sateenvarjo!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Toisen asteen yhtälön ratkaiseminen\" tmcname=\"osa01-30_toisen_asteen_yhtalo\"><p>Pythonin <code class=\"language-text\">math</code>-moduulissa on funktio <code class=\"language-text\">sqrt</code>, jolla voi laskea luvun neliöjuuren. 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epäkelpo."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkki toiminnasta:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"p "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" KiviPaperiSakset"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\np"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"pelaa"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sanapeli:\nkierros 1\npelaaja1: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"kivi"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\npelaaja2: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"kivi"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkierros 2\npelaaja1: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"kivi"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\npelaaja2: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"paperi"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\npelaaja 2 voitti\nkierros 3\npelaaja1: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"sakset"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\npelaaja2: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"paperi"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\npelaaja 1 voitti\nkierros 4\npelaaja1: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"paperi"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\npelaaja2: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"dynamiitti"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\npelaaja 1 voitti\npeli päättyi, voitot:\npelaaja 1: 2\npelaaja 2: 1"}]}]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät mitä tarkoitetaan perinnällä</li>\n<li>Osaat kirjoittaa luokkia jotka perivät jonkin toisen luokan</li>\n<li>Tiedät miten eri piirteet periytyvät</li>\n</ul></text-box><h2 id=\"luokkien-erikoistaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Luokkien erikoistaminen<a href=\"#luokkien-erikoistaminen\" aria-label=\"luokkien erikoistaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Joskus tulee vastaan tilanne, jossa luokan toimintaa olisi hyvä pyrkiä erikoistamaan, mutta vain osalle olioista. Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä tilannetta, jossa meillä on kaksi luokkaa - Opiskelija ja Opettaja. Yksinkertaistuksen vuoksi luokista on jätetty pois kaikki asetus- ja havainnointimetodit.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opiskelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opnro<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opnro <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opnro\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sposti\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opintopisteet\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opettaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> huone<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opetusvuosia<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sposti\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>huone <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> huone\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opetusvuosia <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opetusvuosia\n</code></pre></div><p>Yksinkertaistetustakin esimerkistä huomataan, että luokilla on yhteisiä piirteitä - tässä tapauksessa nimi ja sähköpostiosoite. Monessa tilanteessa olisi hyvä, jos yhteisiä piirteitä voitaisin käsitellä yhdellä operaatiolla: oletetaan tilanne, jossa koulun sähköpostitunnus muuttuu. Toki voitaisiin kirjoittaa kaksi käsittelyfunktiota...</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">korjaa_email</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>o<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    o<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> o<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>replace<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\".com\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\".edu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">korjaa_email2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>o<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Opettaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    o<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> o<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>replace<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\".com\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\".edu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>...mutta saman koodin toistaminen kahteen kertaan tuntuu turhalta työltä, ja lisää virheiden mahdollisuutta. Olisi siis hyvä, jos molempien luokkien mukaisia olioita voitaisiin käsitellä samalla metodilla.</p><p>Luokat kuitenkin sisältävät myös piirteitä, joita toisella luokalla ei ole. Sen takia luokkien yhdistäminen ei tunnu järkevältä.</p><h2 id=\"perinta\" style=\"position:relative;\">Perintä<a href=\"#perinta\" aria-label=\"perinta permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Ratkaisu löytyy olio-ohjelmoinnin tekniikasta nimeltä <em>perintä</em>. Perinnällä tarkoitetaan sitä, että luokka <em>perii</em> piirteet joltain toiselta luokalta. Näiden perittyjen piirteiden rinnalle luokka voi sitten toteuttaa uusia piirteitä.</p><p>Opettaja- ja Opiskelija-luokilla voisi olla yhteinen <em>yliluokka</em> <code class=\"language-text\">Henkilo</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Henkilo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sposti\n</code></pre></div><p>Luokassa on toteutettu siis henkilöön liittyvät piirteet. Nyt luokat Opiskelija ja Opettaja voivat <em>periä</em> luokan ja lisätä perittyjen ominaisuuksien rinnalle uusia piirteitä:</p><p>Perintä tapahtuu kirjoittamalla luokan nimen perään perittävän luokan nimi sulkuihin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Henkilo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sposti\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">vaihda_spostitunniste</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> uusi_tunniste<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n       vanha <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"@\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>replace<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vanha<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> uusi_tunniste<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opiskelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opnro<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opnro <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opnro\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sposti\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opintopisteet\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opettaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> huone<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opetusvuosia<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sposti\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>huone <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> huone\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opetusvuosia <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opetusvuosia\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Testi</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n   olli <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olli Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1234\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"olli@example.com\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   olli<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vaihda_spostitunniste<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"example.edu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>olli<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n   outi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opettaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Outi Ope\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"outi@example.fi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"A123\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   outi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vaihda_spostitunniste<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"example.ex\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>outi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>Koska sekä Opiskelija että Opettaja perivät luokan Henkilo, molemmilla on käytössään Henkilo-luokassa määritellyt piirteet, mukaanlukien metodi <code class=\"language-text\">vaihda_spostitunniste</code>.</p><p>Tarkastellaan vielä toista esimerkkiä, jossa luokka Kirjahylly perii luokan Laatikko:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kirja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n   <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Luokka mallintaa yksinkertaista kirjaa \"\"\"</span>\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirjailija<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjailija <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kirjailija\n\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kirjalaatikko</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n   <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Luokka mallintaa laatikkoa, johon voidaan tallentaa kirjoja \"\"\"</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_kirja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">listaa_kirjat</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n       <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> kirja <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n           <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjailija<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kirjahylly</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kirjalaatikko<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n   <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Luokka mallintaa yksinkertaista kirjahyllyä \"\"\"</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n       <span class=\"token builtin\">super</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__init__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_kirja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> paikka<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>insert<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>paikka<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n</code></pre></div><p>Luokassa Kirjahylly on määritelty metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_kirja</code>. Samanniminen metodi on määritelty myös yliluokassa <code class=\"language-text\">Kirjalaatikko</code>. Tällaisessa tapauksessa puhutaan metodin <em>uudelleenmäärittelystä</em> tai ylikirjoituksesta (overwriting): aliluokan samanniminen metodi korvaa yliluokan vastaavan metodin.</p><p>Esimerkissämme idea on, että kirjalaatikossa kirja asetetaan aina laatikossa päällimmäiseksi, mutta kirjahyllyssä voidaan määritellä asetuspaikka. Sen sijaan metodin <code class=\"language-text\">listaa_kirjat</code> uudelleenmäärittelyä ei ole nähty tarpeelliseksi - sama kirjojen listaus toimii niin laatikossa kuin hyllyssäkin (ainakin esimerkissämme).</p><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkiä luokkien käyttämisestä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n   <span class=\"token comment\"># Luodaan pari kirjaa testiksi</span>\n   k1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"7 veljestä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Aleksis Kivi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   k2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sinuhe\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Mika Waltari\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   k3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tuntematon sotilas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Väinö Linna\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token comment\"># Luodaan kirjalaatikko ja lisätään kirjat sinne</span>\n   laatikko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirjalaatikko<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   laatikko<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   laatikko<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   laatikko<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token comment\"># Luodaan kirjahylly ja lisätään kirjat sinne (aina hyllyn alkupäähän)</span>\n   hylly <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirjahylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   hylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   hylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   hylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n\n   <span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan</span>\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Laatikossa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   laatikko<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>listaa_kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hyllyssä:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   hylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>listaa_kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div> <sample-output><p>Laatikossa:\n7 veljestä (Aleksis Kivi)\nSinuhe (Mika Waltari)\nTuntematon sotilas (Väinö Linna)</p><p>Hyllyssä:\nTuntematon sotilas (Väinö Linna)\nSinuhe (Mika Waltari)\n7 veljestä (Aleksis Kivi)</p> </sample-output><p>Myös Kirjahylly-luokasta muodostettujen olioiden kautta voidaan käyttää metodia <code class=\"language-text\">listaa_kirjat</code>, koska perinnän ansiosta se on olemassa myös luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Kirjahylly</code> aliluokissa.</p><h2 id=\"piirteiden-periytyminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Piirteiden periytyminen<a href=\"#piirteiden-periytyminen\" aria-label=\"piirteiden periytyminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Aliluokka perii yliluokalta kaikki piirteet. Aliluokasta voidaan viitata suoraan yliluokan piirteisiin, paitsi jos yliluokassa on määritelty piirteet yksityisiksi (käyttämällä kahta alaviivaa muuttujan nimen edessä).</p><p>Niinpä esimerkiksi Kirjahylly-luokasta voitaisiin viitata yliluokan konstruktoriin sen sijaan että kirjoitettaisiin toiminnallisuus uudestaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kirjahylly</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kirjalaatikko<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n       <span class=\"token builtin\">super</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__init__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>Yliluokan konstuktoriin (tai yliluokkaan muutenkin) viitataan funktion <code class=\"language-text\">super()</code> avulla. Huomaa, että tässäkin tapauksessa parametri <code class=\"language-text\">self</code> lisätään automaattisesti.</p><p>Tarkastellaan toisena esimerkkinä luokkaa Gradu, joka perii luokan Kirja. Aliluokasta kutsutaan yliluokan konstruktoria:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kirja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Luokka mallintaa yksinkertaista kirjaa \"\"\"</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirjailija<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjailija <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kirjailija\n\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Gradu</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Luokka mallintaa gradua eli ylemmän korkeakoulututkinnon lopputyötä \"\"\"</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirjailija<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvosana<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__init__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirjailija<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvosana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> arvosana\n</code></pre></div><p>Nyt Gradu-luokan konstruktorista kutsutaan yliluokan (eli luokan Kirja) konstruktoria, jossa asetetaan attribuuttien <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">kirjailija</code> arvot. Sen jälkeen aliluokan konstruktorissa asetetaan attribuutin <code class=\"language-text\">arvosana</code> arvo - tätä luonnollisesti ei voida tehdä yliluokan konstruktorissa, koska yliluokalla ei tällaista attribuuttia ole.</p><p>Luokkaa voidaan käyttää esimerkiksi näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Testataan</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    gradu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Gradu<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Python ja maailmankaikkeus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan kenttien arvot</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>gradu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>gradu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjailija<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>gradu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvosana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Python ja maailmankaikkeus\nPekka Python\n3</p></sample-output><p>Koska aliluokka <code class=\"language-text\">Gradu</code> perii kaikki yliluokan piirteet, se perii myös attribuutit <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">kirjailija</code>. Arvot osalle attribuuteista annetaan yliluokan sisältä löytyvässä konstruktorissa.</p><p>Aliluokka voi myös viitata yliluokan metodiin, vaikka metodi olisikin määritelty uudestaan aliluokassa. Seuraavassa esimerkissä luokasta <code class=\"language-text\">Platinakortti</code> kutsutaan uudelleenmääritellyssä metodissa <code class=\"language-text\">bonuspisteet</code> yliluokan vastaavaa metodia.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Tuote</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> hinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hinta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> hinta\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Bonuskortti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ostetut_tuotteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_tuote</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ostetut_tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">laske_bonus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        bonus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tuote <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ostetut_tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            bonus <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hinta <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.05</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> bonus\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Platinakortti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Bonuskortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__init__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">laske_bonus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Kutsutaan yliluokan metodia...</span>\n        bonus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">super</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>laske_bonus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># ...ja lisätään vielä viisi prosenttia päälle</span>\n        bonus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> bonus <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">1.05</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> bonus\n\n</code></pre></div><p>Nyt platinakortin bonus lasketaan hyödyntämällä aluksi yliluokan vastaavaa metodia ja lisäämällä sitten ylimääräiset 5 prosenttia tähän bonukseen. Esimerkki luokkien käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Bonuskortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Banaanit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6.50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mandariinit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    bonus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>laske_bonus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    kortti2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Platinakortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    kortti2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Banaanit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6.50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    kortti2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mandariinit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    bonus2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kortti2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>laske_bonus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>bonus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>bonus2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>0.7225\n0.7586250000000001</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Kannettava tietokone' tmcname='osa10-01_kannettava_tietokone'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on määritelty luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Tietokone</code>, jolla on attribuutit <code class=\"language-text\">malli</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">nopeus</code>.</p><p>Kirjoita luokka <code class=\"language-text\">KannettavaTietokone</code>, joka <em>perii luokan Tietokone</em>. Luokka saa konstruktorissa luokan Tietokone attribuuttien lisäksi kolmannen kokonaislukutyyppisen attribuutin <code class=\"language-text\">paino</code>.</p><p>Kirjoita luokkaan lisäksi metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>, jonka avulla voi tulostaa esimerkkisuorituksen mukaisen tulosteen olion tilasta.</p><p>Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ipm <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> KannettavaTietokone<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"IPM MikroMauri\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ipm<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>IPM MikroMauri, 1500 MHz, 2 kg</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Pelimuseo' tmcname='osa10-02_pelimuseo'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on määritelty luokat <code class=\"language-text\">Tietokonepeli</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">Pelivarasto</code>. Pelivarastoon voidaan säilöä tietokonepelejä.</p><p>Tutustu luokkien ohjelmakoodiin ja kirjoita sitten uusi luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Pelimuseo</code>, joka perii luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Pelivarasto</code>.</p><p>Pelimuseo-luokassa <em>uudelleentoteutetaan</em> metodi <code class=\"language-text\">anna_pelit()</code> niin, että se palauttaa listassa ainoastaan ne pelit, jotka on tehty ennen vuotta 1990.</p><p>Lisäksi luokassa tulee olla konstruktori, josta <em>kutsutaan yliluokan Pelivarasto konstruktoria</em>. Konstruktorilla ei ole parametreja.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">museo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pelimuseo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmuseo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_peli<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Tietokonepeli<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pacman\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Namco\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1980</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmuseo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_peli<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Tietokonepeli<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"GTA 2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Rockstar\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1999</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmuseo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_peli<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Tietokonepeli<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Bubble Bobble\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Taito\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1986</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> peli <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> museo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>anna_pelit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>peli<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pacman\nBubble Bobble</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Pinta-alat' tmcname='osa10-03_pinta_alat'><p>Tehtäväpohjan mukana tulee luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Suorakulmio</code> joka nimensä mukaisesti mallintaa <a href=\"https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suorakulmio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">suorakulmiota</a>. Luokkaa käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">suorakulmio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pinta-ala:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pinta_ala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>suorakulmio 2x3\npinta-ala: 6</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"nelio\" style=\"position:relative;\">Neliö<a href=\"#nelio\" aria-label=\"nelio permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toteuta luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Nelio</code> joka perii luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Suorakulmio</code>. Suorakulmiosta poiketen <a href=\"https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neli%C3%B6_(geometria)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">neliön</a> kaikki sivut ovat saman pituisia, eli neliö on eräänlainen yksinkertaisempi erikoistapaus suorakulmiosta. Luokka ei saa määritellä uusia attribuutteja!</p><p>Luokkaa käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nelio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Nelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pinta-ala:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pinta_ala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>neliö 4x4\npinta-ala: 16</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Sanapeli' tmcname='osa10-04_sanapeli'><p>Tehtäväpohja sisältää valmiin luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Sanapeli</code>, joka tarjoaa perustoiminnallisuuden erilaisten sanapelien pelaamiseen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> random\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Sanapeli</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kierrokset<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>voitot1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>voitot2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kierrokset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kierrokset\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kierroksen_voittaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelaaja1_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelaaja2_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># arvotaan voittaja</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> random<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>randint<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pelaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sanapeli:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kierrokset<span class=\"token operator\">+</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"kierros </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            vastaus1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pelaaja1: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            vastaus2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pelaaja2: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kierroksen_voittaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vastaus1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vastaus2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>voitot1 <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pelaaja 1 voitti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kierroksen_voittaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vastaus1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vastaus2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>voitot2 <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pelaaja 2 voitti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># tasapeli</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"peli päättyi, voitot:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"pelaaja 1: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>voitot1<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"pelaaja 2: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>voitot2<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Peliä käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">p <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Sanapeli<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkkitulostus</p><sample-output><p>Sanapeli:\nkierros 1\npelaaja1: <strong>pitkäsana</strong>\npelaaja2: <strong>??</strong>\npelaaja 2 voitti\nkierros 2\npelaaja1: <strong>olen paras</strong>\npelaaja2: <strong>mitä?</strong>\npelaaja 1 voitti\nkierros 3\npelaaja1: <strong>kuka voittaa</strong>\npelaaja2: <strong>minä</strong>\npelaaja 1 voitti\npeli päättyi voitot:\npelaaja 1: 2\npelaaja 2: 1</p></sample-output><p>Tässä pelin \"perusversiossa\" voittaja ratkaistaan arpomalla, pelaajien antamilla syötteillä ei ole tulokseen vaikutusta.</p><h2 id=\"pisin-sana-voittaa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Pisin sana voittaa<a href=\"#pisin-sana-voittaa\" aria-label=\"pisin sana voittaa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee nyt luokka <code class=\"language-text\">PisinSana</code> eli pelin versio, missä kunkin kierroksen voittaja on sen kierroksen aikana pidemmän sanan syöttänyt käyttäjä.</p><p>Uusi versio toteuteaan <em>perimällä</em> luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Sanapeli</code> ja ylikirjoittamalla sen metodi <code class=\"language-text\">kierroksen_voittaja</code> sopivalla tavalla. Uuden luokan runko on siis seuraavanlainen</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PisinSana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Sanapeli<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kierrokset<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__init__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kierrokset<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kierroksen_voittaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelaaja1_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelaaja2_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># tänne voittajan ratkaiseva koodi</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkki toiminnasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">p <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> PisinSana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Sanapeli:\nkierros 1\npelaaja1: <strong>lyhyt</strong>\npelaaja2: <strong>pitkäsana</strong>\npelaaja 2 voitti\nkierros 2\npelaaja1: <strong>sana</strong>\npelaaja2: <strong>vat?</strong>\nkierros 3\npelaaja1: <strong>olen paras</strong>\npelaaja2: <strong>minäpäs</strong>\npelaaja 1 voitti\npeli päättyi, voitot:\npelaaja 1: 1\npelaaja 2: 1</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"eniten-vokaaleja-voittaa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Eniten vokaaleja voittaa<a href=\"#eniten-vokaaleja-voittaa\" aria-label=\"eniten vokaaleja voittaa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee nyt luokka <code class=\"language-text\">EnitenVokaaleja</code> eli pelin versio, missä kunkin kierroksen voittaja on se pelaaja, jonka sanassa oli enemmän vokaaleja.</p><h2 id=\"kivi-paperi-sakset\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kivi, paperi, sakset<a href=\"#kivi-paperi-sakset\" aria-label=\"kivi paperi sakset permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee nyt luokka <code class=\"language-text\">KiviPaperiSakset</code> joka mallintaa nimensä mukaisesti <a href=\"https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivi,_paperi_ja_sakset\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">kivi, paperi ja sakset</a> -peliä.</p><p>Pelin säännöt ovat seuraavat:</p><ul>\n<li>kivi voittaa sakset (kivellä voi rikkoa sakset eikä saksilla voi leikata kiveä)</li>\n<li>paperi voittaa kiven (kiven voi peittää paperilla)</li>\n<li>sakset voittaa paperin (saksilla voi leikata paperia)</li>\n</ul><p>Jos pelaajan syöte on epäkelpo, eli se ei ole mikään sanoista <em>kivi, paperi, sakset</em> pelaaja häviää kierroksen, ellei molempien syöte ole epäkelpo.</p><p>Esimerkki toiminnasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">p <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> KiviPaperiSakset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Sanapeli:\nkierros 1\npelaaja1: <strong>kivi</strong>\npelaaja2: <strong>kivi</strong>\nkierros 2\npelaaja1: <strong>kivi</strong>\npelaaja2: <strong>paperi</strong>\npelaaja 2 voitti\nkierros 3\npelaaja1: <strong>sakset</strong>\npelaaja2: <strong>paperi</strong>\npelaaja 1 voitti\nkierros 4\npelaaja1: <strong>paperi</strong>\npelaaja2: <strong>dynamiitti</strong>\npelaaja 1 voitti\npeli päättyi, voitot:\npelaaja 1: 2\npelaaja 2: 1</p></sample-output></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-10/1-luokkahierarkiat","title":"Luokkahierarkiat"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-10/1-luokkahierarkiat.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt kysymykset"}}},{"node":{"id":"5f1658c8-6212-5b41-8330-eeaf14eacf73","frontmatter":{"path":"/verkkotentti","title":"Verkkotentti 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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"paperi"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\npelaaja2: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"dynamiitti"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\npelaaja 1 voitti\npeli päättyi, voitot:\npelaaja 1: 2\npelaaja 2: 1"}]}]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät mitä tarkoitetaan perinnällä</li>\n<li>Osaat kirjoittaa luokkia jotka perivät jonkin toisen luokan</li>\n<li>Tiedät miten eri piirteet periytyvät</li>\n</ul></text-box><h2 id=\"luokkien-erikoistaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Luokkien erikoistaminen<a href=\"#luokkien-erikoistaminen\" aria-label=\"luokkien erikoistaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Joskus tulee vastaan tilanne, jossa luokan toimintaa olisi hyvä pyrkiä erikoistamaan, mutta vain osalle olioista. Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä tilannetta, jossa meillä on kaksi luokkaa - Opiskelija ja Opettaja. Yksinkertaistuksen vuoksi luokista on jätetty pois kaikki asetus- ja havainnointimetodit.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opiskelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opnro<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opnro <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opnro\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sposti\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opintopisteet\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opettaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> huone<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opetusvuosia<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sposti\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>huone <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> huone\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opetusvuosia <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opetusvuosia\n</code></pre></div><p>Yksinkertaistetustakin esimerkistä huomataan, että luokilla on yhteisiä piirteitä - tässä tapauksessa nimi ja sähköpostiosoite. Monessa tilanteessa olisi hyvä, jos yhteisiä piirteitä voitaisin käsitellä yhdellä operaatiolla: oletetaan tilanne, jossa koulun sähköpostitunnus muuttuu. Toki voitaisiin kirjoittaa kaksi käsittelyfunktiota...</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">korjaa_email</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>o<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    o<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> o<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>replace<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\".com\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\".edu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">korjaa_email2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>o<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Opettaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    o<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> o<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>replace<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\".com\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\".edu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>...mutta saman koodin toistaminen kahteen kertaan tuntuu turhalta työltä, ja lisää virheiden mahdollisuutta. Olisi siis hyvä, jos molempien luokkien mukaisia olioita voitaisiin käsitellä samalla metodilla.</p><p>Luokat kuitenkin sisältävät myös piirteitä, joita toisella luokalla ei ole. Sen takia luokkien yhdistäminen ei tunnu järkevältä.</p><h2 id=\"perinta\" style=\"position:relative;\">Perintä<a href=\"#perinta\" aria-label=\"perinta permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Ratkaisu löytyy olio-ohjelmoinnin tekniikasta nimeltä <em>perintä</em>. Perinnällä tarkoitetaan sitä, että luokka <em>perii</em> piirteet joltain toiselta luokalta. Näiden perittyjen piirteiden rinnalle luokka voi sitten toteuttaa uusia piirteitä.</p><p>Opettaja- ja Opiskelija-luokilla voisi olla yhteinen <em>yliluokka</em> <code class=\"language-text\">Henkilo</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Henkilo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sposti\n</code></pre></div><p>Luokassa on toteutettu siis henkilöön liittyvät piirteet. Nyt luokat Opiskelija ja Opettaja voivat <em>periä</em> luokan ja lisätä perittyjen ominaisuuksien rinnalle uusia piirteitä:</p><p>Perintä tapahtuu kirjoittamalla luokan nimen perään perittävän luokan nimi sulkuihin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Henkilo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sposti\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">vaihda_spostitunniste</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> uusi_tunniste<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n       vanha <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"@\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>replace<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vanha<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> uusi_tunniste<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opiskelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opnro<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opnro <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opnro\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sposti\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opintopisteet\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opettaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> huone<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opetusvuosia<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sposti\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>huone <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> huone\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opetusvuosia <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opetusvuosia\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Testi</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n   olli <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olli Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1234\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"olli@example.com\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   olli<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vaihda_spostitunniste<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"example.edu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>olli<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n   outi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opettaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Outi Ope\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"outi@example.fi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"A123\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   outi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vaihda_spostitunniste<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"example.ex\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>outi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>Koska sekä Opiskelija että Opettaja perivät luokan Henkilo, molemmilla on käytössään Henkilo-luokassa määritellyt piirteet, mukaanlukien metodi <code class=\"language-text\">vaihda_spostitunniste</code>.</p><p>Tarkastellaan vielä toista esimerkkiä, jossa luokka Kirjahylly perii luokan Laatikko:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kirja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n   <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Luokka mallintaa yksinkertaista kirjaa \"\"\"</span>\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirjailija<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjailija <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kirjailija\n\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kirjalaatikko</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n   <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Luokka mallintaa laatikkoa, johon voidaan tallentaa kirjoja \"\"\"</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_kirja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">listaa_kirjat</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n       <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> kirja <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n           <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjailija<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kirjahylly</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kirjalaatikko<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n   <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Luokka mallintaa yksinkertaista kirjahyllyä \"\"\"</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n       <span class=\"token builtin\">super</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__init__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_kirja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> paikka<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n       self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>insert<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>paikka<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n</code></pre></div><p>Luokassa Kirjahylly on määritelty metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_kirja</code>. Samanniminen metodi on määritelty myös yliluokassa <code class=\"language-text\">Kirjalaatikko</code>. Tällaisessa tapauksessa puhutaan metodin <em>uudelleenmäärittelystä</em> tai ylikirjoituksesta (overwriting): aliluokan samanniminen metodi korvaa yliluokan vastaavan metodin.</p><p>Esimerkissämme idea on, että kirjalaatikossa kirja asetetaan aina laatikossa päällimmäiseksi, mutta kirjahyllyssä voidaan määritellä asetuspaikka. Sen sijaan metodin <code class=\"language-text\">listaa_kirjat</code> uudelleenmäärittelyä ei ole nähty tarpeelliseksi - sama kirjojen listaus toimii niin laatikossa kuin hyllyssäkin (ainakin esimerkissämme).</p><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkiä luokkien käyttämisestä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n   <span class=\"token comment\"># Luodaan pari kirjaa testiksi</span>\n   k1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"7 veljestä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Aleksis Kivi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   k2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sinuhe\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Mika Waltari\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   k3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tuntematon sotilas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Väinö Linna\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token comment\"># Luodaan kirjalaatikko ja lisätään kirjat sinne</span>\n   laatikko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirjalaatikko<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   laatikko<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   laatikko<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   laatikko<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token comment\"># Luodaan kirjahylly ja lisätään kirjat sinne (aina hyllyn alkupäähän)</span>\n   hylly <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirjahylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   hylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   hylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   hylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n\n   <span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan</span>\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Laatikossa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   laatikko<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>listaa_kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hyllyssä:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   hylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>listaa_kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div> <sample-output><p>Laatikossa:\n7 veljestä (Aleksis Kivi)\nSinuhe (Mika Waltari)\nTuntematon sotilas (Väinö Linna)</p><p>Hyllyssä:\nTuntematon sotilas (Väinö Linna)\nSinuhe (Mika Waltari)\n7 veljestä (Aleksis Kivi)</p> </sample-output><p>Myös Kirjahylly-luokasta muodostettujen olioiden kautta voidaan käyttää metodia <code class=\"language-text\">listaa_kirjat</code>, koska perinnän ansiosta se on olemassa myös luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Kirjahylly</code> aliluokissa.</p><h2 id=\"piirteiden-periytyminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Piirteiden periytyminen<a href=\"#piirteiden-periytyminen\" aria-label=\"piirteiden periytyminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Aliluokka perii yliluokalta kaikki piirteet. Aliluokasta voidaan viitata suoraan yliluokan piirteisiin, paitsi jos yliluokassa on määritelty piirteet yksityisiksi (käyttämällä kahta alaviivaa muuttujan nimen edessä).</p><p>Niinpä esimerkiksi Kirjahylly-luokasta voitaisiin viitata yliluokan konstruktoriin sen sijaan että kirjoitettaisiin toiminnallisuus uudestaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kirjahylly</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kirjalaatikko<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n   <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n       <span class=\"token builtin\">super</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__init__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>Yliluokan konstuktoriin (tai yliluokkaan muutenkin) viitataan funktion <code class=\"language-text\">super()</code> avulla. Huomaa, että tässäkin tapauksessa parametri <code class=\"language-text\">self</code> lisätään automaattisesti.</p><p>Tarkastellaan toisena esimerkkinä luokkaa Gradu, joka perii luokan Kirja. Aliluokasta kutsutaan yliluokan konstruktoria:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kirja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Luokka mallintaa yksinkertaista kirjaa \"\"\"</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirjailija<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjailija <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kirjailija\n\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Gradu</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Luokka mallintaa gradua eli ylemmän korkeakoulututkinnon lopputyötä \"\"\"</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirjailija<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvosana<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__init__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirjailija<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvosana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> arvosana\n</code></pre></div><p>Nyt Gradu-luokan konstruktorista kutsutaan yliluokan (eli luokan Kirja) konstruktoria, jossa asetetaan attribuuttien <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">kirjailija</code> arvot. Sen jälkeen aliluokan konstruktorissa asetetaan attribuutin <code class=\"language-text\">arvosana</code> arvo - tätä luonnollisesti ei voida tehdä yliluokan konstruktorissa, koska yliluokalla ei tällaista attribuuttia ole.</p><p>Luokkaa voidaan käyttää esimerkiksi näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Testataan</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    gradu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Gradu<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Python ja maailmankaikkeus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan kenttien arvot</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>gradu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>gradu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjailija<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>gradu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvosana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Python ja maailmankaikkeus\nPekka Python\n3</p></sample-output><p>Koska aliluokka <code class=\"language-text\">Gradu</code> perii kaikki yliluokan piirteet, se perii myös attribuutit <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">kirjailija</code>. Arvot osalle attribuuteista annetaan yliluokan sisältä löytyvässä konstruktorissa.</p><p>Aliluokka voi myös viitata yliluokan metodiin, vaikka metodi olisikin määritelty uudestaan aliluokassa. Seuraavassa esimerkissä luokasta <code class=\"language-text\">Platinakortti</code> kutsutaan uudelleenmääritellyssä metodissa <code class=\"language-text\">bonuspisteet</code> yliluokan vastaavaa metodia.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Tuote</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> hinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hinta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> hinta\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Bonuskortti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ostetut_tuotteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_tuote</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ostetut_tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">laske_bonus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        bonus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tuote <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ostetut_tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            bonus <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hinta <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.05</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> bonus\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Platinakortti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Bonuskortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__init__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">laske_bonus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Kutsutaan yliluokan metodia...</span>\n        bonus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">super</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>laske_bonus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># ...ja lisätään vielä viisi prosenttia päälle</span>\n        bonus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> bonus <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">1.05</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> bonus\n\n</code></pre></div><p>Nyt platinakortin bonus lasketaan hyödyntämällä aluksi yliluokan vastaavaa metodia ja lisäämällä sitten ylimääräiset 5 prosenttia tähän bonukseen. Esimerkki luokkien käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Bonuskortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Banaanit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6.50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mandariinit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    bonus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>laske_bonus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    kortti2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Platinakortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    kortti2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Banaanit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6.50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    kortti2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mandariinit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    bonus2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kortti2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>laske_bonus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>bonus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>bonus2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>0.7225\n0.7586250000000001</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Kannettava tietokone' tmcname='osa10-01_kannettava_tietokone'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on määritelty luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Tietokone</code>, jolla on attribuutit <code class=\"language-text\">malli</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">nopeus</code>.</p><p>Kirjoita luokka <code class=\"language-text\">KannettavaTietokone</code>, joka <em>perii luokan Tietokone</em>. Luokka saa konstruktorissa luokan Tietokone attribuuttien lisäksi kolmannen kokonaislukutyyppisen attribuutin <code class=\"language-text\">paino</code>.</p><p>Kirjoita luokkaan lisäksi metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>, jonka avulla voi tulostaa esimerkkisuorituksen mukaisen tulosteen olion tilasta.</p><p>Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ipm <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> KannettavaTietokone<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"IPM MikroMauri\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ipm<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>IPM MikroMauri, 1500 MHz, 2 kg</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Pelimuseo' tmcname='osa10-02_pelimuseo'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on määritelty luokat <code class=\"language-text\">Tietokonepeli</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">Pelivarasto</code>. Pelivarastoon voidaan säilöä tietokonepelejä.</p><p>Tutustu luokkien ohjelmakoodiin ja kirjoita sitten uusi luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Pelimuseo</code>, joka perii luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Pelivarasto</code>.</p><p>Pelimuseo-luokassa <em>uudelleentoteutetaan</em> metodi <code class=\"language-text\">anna_pelit()</code> niin, että se palauttaa listassa ainoastaan ne pelit, jotka on tehty ennen vuotta 1990.</p><p>Lisäksi luokassa tulee olla konstruktori, josta <em>kutsutaan yliluokan Pelivarasto konstruktoria</em>. Konstruktorilla ei ole parametreja.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">museo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pelimuseo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmuseo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_peli<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Tietokonepeli<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pacman\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Namco\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1980</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmuseo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_peli<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Tietokonepeli<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"GTA 2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Rockstar\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1999</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmuseo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_peli<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Tietokonepeli<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Bubble Bobble\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Taito\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1986</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> peli <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> museo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>anna_pelit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>peli<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pacman\nBubble Bobble</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Pinta-alat' tmcname='osa10-03_pinta_alat'><p>Tehtäväpohjan mukana tulee luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Suorakulmio</code> joka nimensä mukaisesti mallintaa <a href=\"https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suorakulmio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">suorakulmiota</a>. Luokkaa käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">suorakulmio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pinta-ala:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pinta_ala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>suorakulmio 2x3\npinta-ala: 6</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"nelio\" style=\"position:relative;\">Neliö<a href=\"#nelio\" aria-label=\"nelio permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toteuta luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Nelio</code> joka perii luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Suorakulmio</code>. Suorakulmiosta poiketen <a href=\"https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neli%C3%B6_(geometria)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">neliön</a> kaikki sivut ovat saman pituisia, eli neliö on eräänlainen yksinkertaisempi erikoistapaus suorakulmiosta. Luokka ei saa määritellä uusia attribuutteja!</p><p>Luokkaa käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nelio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Nelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pinta-ala:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pinta_ala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>neliö 4x4\npinta-ala: 16</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Sanapeli' tmcname='osa10-04_sanapeli'><p>Tehtäväpohja sisältää valmiin luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Sanapeli</code>, joka tarjoaa perustoiminnallisuuden erilaisten sanapelien pelaamiseen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> random\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Sanapeli</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kierrokset<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>voitot1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>voitot2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kierrokset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kierrokset\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kierroksen_voittaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelaaja1_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelaaja2_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># arvotaan voittaja</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> random<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>randint<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pelaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sanapeli:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kierrokset<span class=\"token operator\">+</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"kierros </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            vastaus1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pelaaja1: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            vastaus2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pelaaja2: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kierroksen_voittaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vastaus1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vastaus2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>voitot1 <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pelaaja 1 voitti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kierroksen_voittaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vastaus1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vastaus2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>voitot2 <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pelaaja 2 voitti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># tasapeli</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"peli päättyi, voitot:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"pelaaja 1: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>voitot1<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"pelaaja 2: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>voitot2<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Peliä käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">p <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Sanapeli<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkkitulostus</p><sample-output><p>Sanapeli:\nkierros 1\npelaaja1: <strong>pitkäsana</strong>\npelaaja2: <strong>??</strong>\npelaaja 2 voitti\nkierros 2\npelaaja1: <strong>olen paras</strong>\npelaaja2: <strong>mitä?</strong>\npelaaja 1 voitti\nkierros 3\npelaaja1: <strong>kuka voittaa</strong>\npelaaja2: <strong>minä</strong>\npelaaja 1 voitti\npeli päättyi voitot:\npelaaja 1: 2\npelaaja 2: 1</p></sample-output><p>Tässä pelin \"perusversiossa\" voittaja ratkaistaan arpomalla, pelaajien antamilla syötteillä ei ole tulokseen vaikutusta.</p><h2 id=\"pisin-sana-voittaa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Pisin sana voittaa<a href=\"#pisin-sana-voittaa\" aria-label=\"pisin sana voittaa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee nyt luokka <code class=\"language-text\">PisinSana</code> eli pelin versio, missä kunkin kierroksen voittaja on sen kierroksen aikana pidemmän sanan syöttänyt käyttäjä.</p><p>Uusi versio toteuteaan <em>perimällä</em> luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Sanapeli</code> ja ylikirjoittamalla sen metodi <code class=\"language-text\">kierroksen_voittaja</code> sopivalla tavalla. Uuden luokan runko on siis seuraavanlainen</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PisinSana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Sanapeli<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kierrokset<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__init__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kierrokset<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kierroksen_voittaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelaaja1_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelaaja2_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># tänne voittajan ratkaiseva koodi</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkki toiminnasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">p <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> PisinSana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Sanapeli:\nkierros 1\npelaaja1: <strong>lyhyt</strong>\npelaaja2: <strong>pitkäsana</strong>\npelaaja 2 voitti\nkierros 2\npelaaja1: <strong>sana</strong>\npelaaja2: <strong>vat?</strong>\nkierros 3\npelaaja1: <strong>olen paras</strong>\npelaaja2: <strong>minäpäs</strong>\npelaaja 1 voitti\npeli päättyi, voitot:\npelaaja 1: 1\npelaaja 2: 1</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"eniten-vokaaleja-voittaa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Eniten vokaaleja voittaa<a href=\"#eniten-vokaaleja-voittaa\" aria-label=\"eniten vokaaleja voittaa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee nyt luokka <code class=\"language-text\">EnitenVokaaleja</code> eli pelin versio, missä kunkin kierroksen voittaja on se pelaaja, jonka sanassa oli enemmän vokaaleja.</p><h2 id=\"kivi-paperi-sakset\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kivi, paperi, sakset<a href=\"#kivi-paperi-sakset\" aria-label=\"kivi paperi sakset permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee nyt luokka <code class=\"language-text\">KiviPaperiSakset</code> joka mallintaa nimensä mukaisesti <a href=\"https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivi,_paperi_ja_sakset\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">kivi, paperi ja sakset</a> -peliä.</p><p>Pelin säännöt ovat seuraavat:</p><ul>\n<li>kivi voittaa sakset (kivellä voi rikkoa sakset eikä saksilla voi leikata kiveä)</li>\n<li>paperi voittaa kiven (kiven voi peittää paperilla)</li>\n<li>sakset voittaa paperin (saksilla voi leikata paperia)</li>\n</ul><p>Jos pelaajan syöte on epäkelpo, eli se ei ole mikään sanoista <em>kivi, paperi, sakset</em> pelaaja häviää kierroksen, ellei molempien syöte ole epäkelpo.</p><p>Esimerkki toiminnasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">p <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> KiviPaperiSakset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\np<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Sanapeli:\nkierros 1\npelaaja1: <strong>kivi</strong>\npelaaja2: <strong>kivi</strong>\nkierros 2\npelaaja1: <strong>kivi</strong>\npelaaja2: <strong>paperi</strong>\npelaaja 2 voitti\nkierros 3\npelaaja1: <strong>sakset</strong>\npelaaja2: <strong>paperi</strong>\npelaaja 1 voitti\nkierros 4\npelaaja1: <strong>paperi</strong>\npelaaja2: <strong>dynamiitti</strong>\npelaaja 1 voitti\npeli päättyi, voitot:\npelaaja 1: 2\npelaaja 2: 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Luokalla pitää olla seuraava piirteet:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Suojatut"}]},{"type":"text","value":" attribuutit nimi (merkkijono), kotipaikka (merkkijono) ja jasenet (lista)"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Konstruktori, joka saa parametrikseen tässä järjestyksessä nimen ja kotipaikan"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Havainnointimetodit nimelle ja kotipaikalle"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Metodi 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käytöstä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"supermiekkonen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" SuperSankari"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Supermiekkonen\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" 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Z, Kälviä\nJäsenet:\nSupermiekkonen, superkyvyt: Supernopeus, supervoimakkuus\nNäkymätön Makkonen, superkyvyt: Näkymättömyys"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"/osa-9/3-kapselointi#asetus--ja-havainnointimetodit"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tämän"}]},{"type":"text","value":" luvun kertaaminen voi olla hyödyksi."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Salainen taikajuoma","tmcname":"osa10-06_salainen_taikajuoma"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tehtäväpohjassa on luokka "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Taikajuoma"}]},{"type":"text","value":", johon käyttäjä voi tallentaa reseptin. Luokasta löytyy konstruktorin lisäksi metodit"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_aines(ainesosa: str, maara: float)"}]},{"type":"text","value":" ja"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tulosta_resepti()"}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kirjoita "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Taikajuoma"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-luokan perivä luokka "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"SalainenTaikajuoma"}]},{"type":"text","value":", jolla resepti voidaan suojata salasanalla."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Uusi luokka saa konstruktorissa taikajuoman nimen lisäksi salasanan."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lisäksi luokalla on metodit"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_aines(ainesosa: str, maara: float, salasana: str)"}]},{"type":"text","value":" ja"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tulosta_resepti(salasana: str)"}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jos metodeja kutsutaan väärällä salasanalla, ne antavat "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ValueError"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-poikkeuksen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Uudet metodit kutsuvat perityn luokan metodeja, jos salasana on oikein! Älä siis leikkaa ja liimaa toteutuksia luokasta Taikajuoma."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkki luokan käytöstä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"kutistus "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" SalainenTaikajuoma"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Kutistus maksimus\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"hokkuspokkus\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkutistus"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_aines"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Kärpässieni\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1.5"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"hokkuspokkus\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkutistus"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_aines"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Taikahiekka\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3.0"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"hokkuspokkus\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkutistus"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_aines"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Sammakonkutu\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4.0"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"hokkuspokkus\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkutistus"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"tulosta_resepti"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"hokkuspokkus\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\nkutistus"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"tulosta_resepti"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"pokkushokkus\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","comment"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"# VÄÄRÄ SALASANA!"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kutistus maksimus:\nKärpässieni 1.5 grammaa\nTaikahiekka 3.0 grammaa\nSammakonkutu 4.0 grammaa\nTraceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"salaiset_taikajuomat.py\", line 98, in "},{"type":"element","tagName":"module","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\nraise ValueError(\"Väärä salasana!\")\nValueError: Väärä salasana!"}]}]}]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät mitä eroa on näkyvyysmääreillä yksityinen ja suojattu</li>\n<li>Tiedät, miten piirteiden näkyvyys määritetään Pythonissa</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Aikaisemmin mainittiin, että yliluokassa yksityiseksi määritettyihin piirteisiin ei pääse käsiksi aliluokassa. Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä luokkaa <code class=\"language-text\">Muistikirja</code>, jossa muistiinpanojen säilyttämiseen käytettävä lista-attribuutti on piilotettu asiakkailta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Muistikirja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Muistikirjaan voidaan tallentaa muistiinpanoja merkkijonoina \"\"\"</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># yksityinen attribuutti</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__muistiinpanot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_muistiinpano</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> muistiinpano<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__muistiinpanot<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>muistiinpano<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">palauta_muistiinpano</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> indeksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__muistiinpanot<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>indeksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kaikki_muistiinpanot</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string\">\",\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__muistiinpanot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>Luokan sisäisen eheyden kannalta tietorakenteena toimivan listan piilottaminen asiakkaalta on sinänsä järkevää, koska luokka tarjoaa itse sopivat operaatiot muistiinpanojen lisäämiseksi ja selaamiseksi. Ongelmalliseksi tilanne muodostuu, jos yritetään kirjoittaa <code class=\"language-text\">Muistikirja</code>-luokan perivä luokka <code class=\"language-text\">ProMuistikirja</code>, johon halutaan lisätä muistiinpanojen etsiminen ja järjestäminen. Piilotettu attribuutti ei ole käytettävissä myöskään aliluokissa; metodi <code class=\"language-text\">etsi_muistiinpanot</code> antaa kutsuttaessa virheen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">MuistikirjaPro</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Muistikirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Parempi muistikirja haku- ja järjestystoiminnoilla \"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Tämä on ok, koska luokan Muistikirja konstruktori</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># on julkinen</span>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__init__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Tämä antaa virheen</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">etsi_muistiinpanot</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> hakusana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        loydetty <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Attribuutti __muistiinpanot on yksityinen, eikä näy</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># aliluokalle</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> muistiinpano <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__muistiinpanot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> hakusana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> muistiinpano<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                loydetty<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>muistiinpano<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> loydetty\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>AttributeError: 'MuistikirjaPro' object has no attribute '_MuistikirjaPro__muistiinpanot'</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"suojatut-piirteet\" style=\"position:relative;\">Suojatut piirteet<a href=\"#suojatut-piirteet\" aria-label=\"suojatut piirteet permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toisin kuin joistain muista ohjelmointikielistä, Pythonista ei suoraan löydy ominaisuutta joka piilottaa piirteet asiakkailta mutta samaan aikaan avaa ne mahdollisille aliluokille. Ratkaisuksi Python-yhteisö onkin päätynyt <em>konventioon</em> eli yleisesti ymmärrettyyn merkintätapaan <em>suojatuille</em> (eli <em>protected</em>)  piirteille.</p><p>Koska piirre voidaan piilottaa kirjoittamalla sen tunnisteen (eli nimen) eteen kaksi alaviivaa</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__muistiinpanot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>on yleisesti sovittu että yhdellä alaviivalla alkavat piirteet ovat tarkoitettu ainoastaan luokan ja sen aliluokkien käyttöön, eikä niitä tulisi käyttää suoraan sen ulkopuolelta.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_muistiinpanot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>Alla on esitetty koko muistikirjaesimerkki uudestaan niin, että muistiinpanot on merkitty suojatuiksi yliluokassa yksityisen sijasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Muistikirja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Muistikirjaan voidaan tallentaa muistiinpanoja merkkijonoina \"\"\"</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># suojattu attribuutti</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_muistiinpanot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_muistiinpano</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> muistiinpano<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_muistiinpanot<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>muistiinpano<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">palauta_muistiinpano</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> indeksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_muistiinpanot<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>indeksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kaikki_muistiinpanot</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string\">\",\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_muistiinpanot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">MuistikirjaPro</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Muistikirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Parempi muistikirja haku- ja järjestystoiminnoilla \"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Tämä on ok, koska luokan Muistikirja konstruktori</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># on julkinen</span>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__init__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Nyt metodi toimii, koska suojattu attribuutti näkyy</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># aliluokalle</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">etsi_muistiinpanot</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> hakusana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        loydetty <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> muistiinpano <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_muistiinpanot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> hakusana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> muistiinpano<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                loydetty<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>muistiinpano<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> loydetty\n</code></pre></div><p>Seuraavassa taulukossa on vielä esitetty piirteiden näkyvyys kaikkien eri suojausmääreiden tapauksessa:</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"center\">Näkyvyysmääre</th>\n<th align=\"center\">Esimerkki</th>\n<th align=\"center\">Näkyy asiakkaalle</th>\n<th align=\"center\">Näkyy aliluokalle</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">Julkinen</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">self.nimi</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">kyllä</td>\n<td align=\"center\">kyllä</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">Suojattu</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">self._nimi</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">ei</td>\n<td align=\"center\">kyllä</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">Yksityinen</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">self.__nimi</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">ei</td>\n<td align=\"center\">ei</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Näkyvyysmääreet toimivat vastaavasti kaikkien piirteiden kanssa. Luokassa Henkilo oleva metodi <code class=\"language-text\">isot_alkukirjaimet</code> on suojattu, joten sitä voi käyttää myös aliluokassa Jalkapalloilija:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Henkilo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_isot_alkukirjaimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">_isot_alkukirjaimet</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        nimi_isoilla <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> n <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            nimi_isoilla<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>capitalize<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi_isoilla<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__repr__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Jalkapalloilija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lempinimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelipaikka<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__init__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># metodia voi kutsua, koska se on suojattu yliluokassa</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__lempinimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_isot_alkukirjaimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lempinimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__pelipaikka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pelipaikka\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__repr__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        r <span class=\"token operator\">=</span>  <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Jalkapalloilija - nimi:</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, lempinimi: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__lempinimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span>\n        r <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\", pelipaikka: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__pelipaikka<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> r\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Testataan</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    jp <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Jalkapalloilija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"petri pythonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pyttis\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"hyökkääjä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jp<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Jalkapalloilija - nimi:Petri Pythonen, lempinimi: Pyttis, pelipaikka: hyökkääjä</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Superryhmä' tmcname='osa10-05_superryhma'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on valmiina luokka <code class=\"language-text\">SuperSankari</code>.</p><p>Kirjoita luokka <code class=\"language-text\">SuperRyhma</code>, joka mallintaa supersankareista koostuvaa ryhmää. Luokalla pitää olla seuraava piirteet:</p><ul>\n<li><strong>Suojatut</strong> attribuutit nimi (merkkijono), kotipaikka (merkkijono) ja jasenet (lista)</li>\n<li>Konstruktori, joka saa parametrikseen tässä järjestyksessä nimen ja kotipaikan</li>\n<li>Havainnointimetodit nimelle ja kotipaikalle</li>\n<li>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_jasen(sankari: SuperSankari)</code>, joka lisää uuden jäsenen ryhmään</li>\n<li>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">tulosta_ryhma</code>, joka tulostaa ryhmän ja sen jäsenten tiedot alla olevan esimerkin mukaisesti</li>\n</ul><p>Esimerkki luokan käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">supermiekkonen <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> SuperSankari<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Supermiekkonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Supernopeus, supervoimakkuus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnakymaton <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> SuperSankari<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Näkymätön Makkonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Näkymättömyys\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nryhma_z <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> SuperRyhma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ryhmä Z\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Kälviä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nryhma_z<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_jasen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>supermiekkonen<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nryhma_z<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_jasen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nakymaton<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nryhma_z<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_ryhma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Ryhmä Z, Kälviä\nJäsenet:\nSupermiekkonen, superkyvyt: Supernopeus, supervoimakkuus\nNäkymätön Makkonen, superkyvyt: Näkymättömyys</p></sample-output><p><a href=\"/osa-9/3-kapselointi#asetus--ja-havainnointimetodit\">Tämän</a> luvun kertaaminen voi olla hyödyksi.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Salainen taikajuoma' tmcname='osa10-06_salainen_taikajuoma'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Taikajuoma</code>, johon käyttäjä voi tallentaa reseptin. Luokasta löytyy konstruktorin lisäksi metodit</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_aines(ainesosa: str, maara: float)</code> ja</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">tulosta_resepti()</code></li>\n</ul><p>Kirjoita <code class=\"language-text\">Taikajuoma</code>-luokan perivä luokka <code class=\"language-text\">SalainenTaikajuoma</code>, jolla resepti voidaan suojata salasanalla.</p><p>Uusi luokka saa konstruktorissa taikajuoman nimen lisäksi salasanan.</p><p>Lisäksi luokalla on metodit</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_aines(ainesosa: str, maara: float, salasana: str)</code> ja</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">tulosta_resepti(salasana: str)</code></li>\n</ul><p>Jos metodeja kutsutaan väärällä salasanalla, ne antavat <code class=\"language-text\">ValueError</code>-poikkeuksen.</p><p>Uudet metodit kutsuvat perityn luokan metodeja, jos salasana on oikein! Älä siis leikkaa ja liimaa toteutuksia luokasta Taikajuoma.</p><p>Esimerkki luokan käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kutistus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> SalainenTaikajuoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kutistus maksimus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"hokkuspokkus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkutistus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_aines<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kärpässieni\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1.5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"hokkuspokkus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkutistus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_aines<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Taikahiekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"hokkuspokkus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkutistus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_aines<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sammakonkutu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"hokkuspokkus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkutistus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_resepti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"hokkuspokkus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkutistus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_resepti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pokkushokkus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># VÄÄRÄ SALASANA!</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><div>Kutistus maksimus:\nKärpässieni 1.5 grammaa\nTaikahiekka 3.0 grammaa\nSammakonkutu 4.0 grammaa\nTraceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"salaiset_taikajuomat.py\", line 98, in <module>\nraise ValueError(\"Väärä salasana!\")\nValueError: Väärä salasana!</div></sample-output></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-10/2-nakyvyysmaareet","title":"Näkyvyysmääreet"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-10/2-nakyvyysmaareet.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa 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Luokalla pitää olla seuraava piirteet:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Suojatut"}]},{"type":"text","value":" attribuutit nimi (merkkijono), kotipaikka (merkkijono) ja jasenet (lista)"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Konstruktori, joka saa parametrikseen tässä järjestyksessä nimen ja kotipaikan"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Havainnointimetodit nimelle ja kotipaikalle"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Metodi 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käytöstä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"supermiekkonen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" SuperSankari"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Supermiekkonen\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" 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Z, Kälviä\nJäsenet:\nSupermiekkonen, superkyvyt: Supernopeus, supervoimakkuus\nNäkymätön Makkonen, superkyvyt: Näkymättömyys"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"/osa-9/3-kapselointi#asetus--ja-havainnointimetodit"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tämän"}]},{"type":"text","value":" luvun kertaaminen voi olla hyödyksi."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Salainen taikajuoma","tmcname":"osa10-06_salainen_taikajuoma"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tehtäväpohjassa on luokka "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Taikajuoma"}]},{"type":"text","value":", johon käyttäjä voi tallentaa reseptin. Luokasta löytyy konstruktorin lisäksi metodit"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_aines(ainesosa: str, maara: float)"}]},{"type":"text","value":" ja"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tulosta_resepti()"}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kirjoita "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Taikajuoma"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-luokan perivä luokka "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"SalainenTaikajuoma"}]},{"type":"text","value":", jolla resepti voidaan suojata salasanalla."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Uusi luokka saa konstruktorissa taikajuoman nimen lisäksi salasanan."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lisäksi luokalla on metodit"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_aines(ainesosa: str, maara: float, salasana: str)"}]},{"type":"text","value":" ja"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tulosta_resepti(salasana: str)"}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jos metodeja kutsutaan väärällä salasanalla, ne antavat "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ValueError"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-poikkeuksen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Uudet metodit kutsuvat perityn luokan metodeja, jos salasana on oikein! Älä siis leikkaa ja liimaa toteutuksia luokasta Taikajuoma."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkki luokan käytöstä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"kutistus "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" SalainenTaikajuoma"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Kutistus maksimus\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"hokkuspokkus\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkutistus"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_aines"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Kärpässieni\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1.5"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"hokkuspokkus\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkutistus"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_aines"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Taikahiekka\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3.0"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"hokkuspokkus\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkutistus"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_aines"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Sammakonkutu\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4.0"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"hokkuspokkus\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkutistus"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"tulosta_resepti"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"hokkuspokkus\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\nkutistus"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"tulosta_resepti"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"pokkushokkus\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","comment"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"# VÄÄRÄ SALASANA!"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kutistus maksimus:\nKärpässieni 1.5 grammaa\nTaikahiekka 3.0 grammaa\nSammakonkutu 4.0 grammaa\nTraceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"salaiset_taikajuomat.py\", line 98, in "},{"type":"element","tagName":"module","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\nraise ValueError(\"Väärä salasana!\")\nValueError: Väärä salasana!"}]}]}]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät mitä eroa on näkyvyysmääreillä yksityinen ja suojattu</li>\n<li>Tiedät, miten piirteiden näkyvyys määritetään Pythonissa</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Aikaisemmin mainittiin, että yliluokassa yksityiseksi määritettyihin piirteisiin ei pääse käsiksi aliluokassa. Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä luokkaa <code class=\"language-text\">Muistikirja</code>, jossa muistiinpanojen säilyttämiseen käytettävä lista-attribuutti on piilotettu asiakkailta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Muistikirja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Muistikirjaan voidaan tallentaa muistiinpanoja merkkijonoina \"\"\"</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># yksityinen attribuutti</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__muistiinpanot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_muistiinpano</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> muistiinpano<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__muistiinpanot<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>muistiinpano<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">palauta_muistiinpano</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> indeksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__muistiinpanot<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>indeksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kaikki_muistiinpanot</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string\">\",\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__muistiinpanot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>Luokan sisäisen eheyden kannalta tietorakenteena toimivan listan piilottaminen asiakkaalta on sinänsä järkevää, koska luokka tarjoaa itse sopivat operaatiot muistiinpanojen lisäämiseksi ja selaamiseksi. Ongelmalliseksi tilanne muodostuu, jos yritetään kirjoittaa <code class=\"language-text\">Muistikirja</code>-luokan perivä luokka <code class=\"language-text\">ProMuistikirja</code>, johon halutaan lisätä muistiinpanojen etsiminen ja järjestäminen. Piilotettu attribuutti ei ole käytettävissä myöskään aliluokissa; metodi <code class=\"language-text\">etsi_muistiinpanot</code> antaa kutsuttaessa virheen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">MuistikirjaPro</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Muistikirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Parempi muistikirja haku- ja järjestystoiminnoilla \"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Tämä on ok, koska luokan Muistikirja konstruktori</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># on julkinen</span>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__init__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Tämä antaa virheen</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">etsi_muistiinpanot</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> hakusana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        loydetty <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Attribuutti __muistiinpanot on yksityinen, eikä näy</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># aliluokalle</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> muistiinpano <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__muistiinpanot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> hakusana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> muistiinpano<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                loydetty<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>muistiinpano<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> loydetty\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>AttributeError: 'MuistikirjaPro' object has no attribute '_MuistikirjaPro__muistiinpanot'</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"suojatut-piirteet\" style=\"position:relative;\">Suojatut piirteet<a href=\"#suojatut-piirteet\" aria-label=\"suojatut piirteet permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toisin kuin joistain muista ohjelmointikielistä, Pythonista ei suoraan löydy ominaisuutta joka piilottaa piirteet asiakkailta mutta samaan aikaan avaa ne mahdollisille aliluokille. Ratkaisuksi Python-yhteisö onkin päätynyt <em>konventioon</em> eli yleisesti ymmärrettyyn merkintätapaan <em>suojatuille</em> (eli <em>protected</em>)  piirteille.</p><p>Koska piirre voidaan piilottaa kirjoittamalla sen tunnisteen (eli nimen) eteen kaksi alaviivaa</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__muistiinpanot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>on yleisesti sovittu että yhdellä alaviivalla alkavat piirteet ovat tarkoitettu ainoastaan luokan ja sen aliluokkien käyttöön, eikä niitä tulisi käyttää suoraan sen ulkopuolelta.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_muistiinpanot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>Alla on esitetty koko muistikirjaesimerkki uudestaan niin, että muistiinpanot on merkitty suojatuiksi yliluokassa yksityisen sijasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Muistikirja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Muistikirjaan voidaan tallentaa muistiinpanoja merkkijonoina \"\"\"</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># suojattu attribuutti</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_muistiinpanot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_muistiinpano</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> muistiinpano<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_muistiinpanot<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>muistiinpano<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">palauta_muistiinpano</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> indeksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_muistiinpanot<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>indeksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kaikki_muistiinpanot</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string\">\",\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_muistiinpanot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">MuistikirjaPro</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Muistikirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Parempi muistikirja haku- ja järjestystoiminnoilla \"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Tämä on ok, koska luokan Muistikirja konstruktori</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># on julkinen</span>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__init__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Nyt metodi toimii, koska suojattu attribuutti näkyy</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># aliluokalle</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">etsi_muistiinpanot</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> hakusana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        loydetty <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> muistiinpano <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_muistiinpanot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> hakusana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> muistiinpano<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                loydetty<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>muistiinpano<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> loydetty\n</code></pre></div><p>Seuraavassa taulukossa on vielä esitetty piirteiden näkyvyys kaikkien eri suojausmääreiden tapauksessa:</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"center\">Näkyvyysmääre</th>\n<th align=\"center\">Esimerkki</th>\n<th align=\"center\">Näkyy asiakkaalle</th>\n<th align=\"center\">Näkyy aliluokalle</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">Julkinen</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">self.nimi</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">kyllä</td>\n<td align=\"center\">kyllä</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">Suojattu</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">self._nimi</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">ei</td>\n<td align=\"center\">kyllä</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">Yksityinen</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">self.__nimi</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">ei</td>\n<td align=\"center\">ei</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Näkyvyysmääreet toimivat vastaavasti kaikkien piirteiden kanssa. Luokassa Henkilo oleva metodi <code class=\"language-text\">isot_alkukirjaimet</code> on suojattu, joten sitä voi käyttää myös aliluokassa Jalkapalloilija:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Henkilo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_isot_alkukirjaimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">_isot_alkukirjaimet</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        nimi_isoilla <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> n <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            nimi_isoilla<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>capitalize<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi_isoilla<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__repr__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Jalkapalloilija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lempinimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelipaikka<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token builtin\">super</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__init__<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># metodia voi kutsua, koska se on suojattu yliluokassa</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__lempinimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_isot_alkukirjaimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lempinimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__pelipaikka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pelipaikka\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__repr__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        r <span class=\"token operator\">=</span>  <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Jalkapalloilija - nimi:</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, lempinimi: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__lempinimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span>\n        r <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\", pelipaikka: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__pelipaikka<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> r\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Testataan</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    jp <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Jalkapalloilija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"petri pythonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pyttis\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"hyökkääjä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jp<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Jalkapalloilija - nimi:Petri Pythonen, lempinimi: Pyttis, pelipaikka: hyökkääjä</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Superryhmä' tmcname='osa10-05_superryhma'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on valmiina luokka <code class=\"language-text\">SuperSankari</code>.</p><p>Kirjoita luokka <code class=\"language-text\">SuperRyhma</code>, joka mallintaa supersankareista koostuvaa ryhmää. Luokalla pitää olla seuraava piirteet:</p><ul>\n<li><strong>Suojatut</strong> attribuutit nimi (merkkijono), kotipaikka (merkkijono) ja jasenet (lista)</li>\n<li>Konstruktori, joka saa parametrikseen tässä järjestyksessä nimen ja kotipaikan</li>\n<li>Havainnointimetodit nimelle ja kotipaikalle</li>\n<li>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_jasen(sankari: SuperSankari)</code>, joka lisää uuden jäsenen ryhmään</li>\n<li>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">tulosta_ryhma</code>, joka tulostaa ryhmän ja sen jäsenten tiedot alla olevan esimerkin mukaisesti</li>\n</ul><p>Esimerkki luokan käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">supermiekkonen <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> SuperSankari<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Supermiekkonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Supernopeus, supervoimakkuus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnakymaton <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> SuperSankari<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Näkymätön Makkonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Näkymättömyys\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nryhma_z <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> SuperRyhma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ryhmä Z\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Kälviä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nryhma_z<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_jasen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>supermiekkonen<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nryhma_z<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_jasen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nakymaton<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nryhma_z<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_ryhma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Ryhmä Z, Kälviä\nJäsenet:\nSupermiekkonen, superkyvyt: Supernopeus, supervoimakkuus\nNäkymätön Makkonen, superkyvyt: Näkymättömyys</p></sample-output><p><a href=\"/osa-9/3-kapselointi#asetus--ja-havainnointimetodit\">Tämän</a> luvun kertaaminen voi olla hyödyksi.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Salainen taikajuoma' tmcname='osa10-06_salainen_taikajuoma'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Taikajuoma</code>, johon käyttäjä voi tallentaa reseptin. Luokasta löytyy konstruktorin lisäksi metodit</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_aines(ainesosa: str, maara: float)</code> ja</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">tulosta_resepti()</code></li>\n</ul><p>Kirjoita <code class=\"language-text\">Taikajuoma</code>-luokan perivä luokka <code class=\"language-text\">SalainenTaikajuoma</code>, jolla resepti voidaan suojata salasanalla.</p><p>Uusi luokka saa konstruktorissa taikajuoman nimen lisäksi salasanan.</p><p>Lisäksi luokalla on metodit</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_aines(ainesosa: str, maara: float, salasana: str)</code> ja</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">tulosta_resepti(salasana: str)</code></li>\n</ul><p>Jos metodeja kutsutaan väärällä salasanalla, ne antavat <code class=\"language-text\">ValueError</code>-poikkeuksen.</p><p>Uudet metodit kutsuvat perityn luokan metodeja, jos salasana on oikein! Älä siis leikkaa ja liimaa toteutuksia luokasta Taikajuoma.</p><p>Esimerkki luokan käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kutistus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> SalainenTaikajuoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kutistus maksimus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"hokkuspokkus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkutistus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_aines<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kärpässieni\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1.5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"hokkuspokkus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkutistus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_aines<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Taikahiekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"hokkuspokkus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkutistus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_aines<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sammakonkutu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"hokkuspokkus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkutistus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_resepti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"hokkuspokkus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkutistus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_resepti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pokkushokkus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># VÄÄRÄ SALASANA!</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><div>Kutistus maksimus:\nKärpässieni 1.5 grammaa\nTaikahiekka 3.0 grammaa\nSammakonkutu 4.0 grammaa\nTraceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"salaiset_taikajuomat.py\", line 98, in <module>\nraise ValueError(\"Väärä salasana!\")\nValueError: Väärä salasana!</div></sample-output></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-10/2-nakyvyysmaareet","title":"Näkyvyysmääreet"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-10/2-nakyvyysmaareet.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki 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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nlista"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"ananas\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"for"}]},{"type":"text","value":" tuote "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"in"}]},{"type":"text","value":" lista"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string-interpolation"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"f\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","interpolation"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"{"}]},{"type":"text","value":"tuote"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"0"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"}"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":": "}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","interpolation"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"{"}]},{"type":"text","value":"tuote"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"}"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" kpl\""}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"banaanit: 10 kpl\nomenat: 5 kpl\nananas: 1 kpl"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Iteraattorin metodin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"__next__"}]},{"type":"text","value":" tulee palauttaa tupleja, joiden ensimmäinen alkio on tuotteen nimi ja toisen listalla olevan tuotteen lukumäärä."}]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tunnet muuttujan self eri käyttötarkoituksia</li>\n<li>Osaat ylikuormittaa operaattoreita omissa luokissa</li>\n<li>Tiedät miten muodostaa iteroitavan luokan</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Luokka voi palauttaa metodista myös sen itsensä tyyppisen olion. Luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Tuote</code> metodi <code class=\"language-text\">alennustuote</code> palauttaa uuden tuotteen, jolla on sama nimi kuin nykyisellä tuotteella, mutta 25% halvempi hinta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Tuote</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> hinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> hinta\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (hinta </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">alennustuote</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        alennettu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.75</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> alennettu</code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">omena1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Omena\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2.99</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nomena2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> omena1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>alennustuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>omena1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>omena2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Omena (hinta 2.99)\nOmena (hinta 2.2425)</p></sample-output><p>Kerrataan vielä muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">self</code> merkitys: luokan sisällä se viittaa nykyiseen olioon. Tyypillinen tapa käyttää muuttujaa onkin viitata olion omiin piirteisiin, esimerkiksi attribuuttien arvoihin. Muuttujaa voidaan käyttää myös palauttamaan koko olio (vaikka tälle onkin selvästi harvemmin tarvetta). Esimerkkiluokan <code class=\"language-text\">Tuote</code> metodi <code class=\"language-text\">halvempi</code> osaa palauttaa halvemman tuotteen, kun sille annetaan parametriksi toinen <code class=\"language-text\">Tuote</code>-luokan olio:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Tuote</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> hinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> hinta\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (hinta </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span>\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hinta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">halvempi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> tuote</code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">omena <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Omena\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2.99</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nappelsiini <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Appelsiini\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nbanaani <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5.25</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>appelsiini<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>halvempi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>omena<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>appelsiini<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>halvempi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>banaani<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Omena (2.99)\nAppelsiini (3.95)</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkin vertailun toteutus vaikuttaa kuitenkin melko kömpelöltä - paljon parempi olisi, jos voisimme vertailla <code class=\"language-text\">Tuote</code>-olioita suoraan Pythonin vertailuoperaattoreilla.</p><h2 id=\"operaattorien-ylikuormitus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Operaattorien ylikuormitus<a href=\"#operaattorien-ylikuormitus\" aria-label=\"operaattorien ylikuormitus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Pythonin lasku- ja vertailuoperaattorien käyttö omien olioiden kanssa on onneksi mahdollista. Tähän käytetään tekniikkaa, jonka nimi on <em>operaattorien ylikuormitus</em>. Kun halutaan, että tietty operaattori toimii myös omasta luokasta muodostettujen olioiden kanssa, luokkaan kirjoitetaan vastaava metodi joka palauttaa oikean lopputuloksen. Periaate on vastaava kuin metodin <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code> kanssa: Python osaa käyttää tietyllä tapaa nimettyjä metodeja tietyissä operaatioissa.</p><p>Tarkastellaan ensin esimerkkiä, jossa <code class=\"language-text\">Tuote</code>-luokkaan on toteutettu metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__gt__</code> (lyhenne sanoista <em>g</em>reater <em>t</em>han) joka toteuttaa suurempi kuin -operaattorin. Tarkemmin sanottuna metodi palauttaa arvon <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, jos nykyinen olio on suurempi kuin parametrina annettu olio.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Tuote</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> hinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> hinta\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (hinta </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span>\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hinta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__gt__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> toinen_tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hinta <span class=\"token operator\">></span> toinen_tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hinta</code></pre></div><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__gt__</code> palauttaa arvon <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, jos nykyisen tuotteen hinta on suurempi kuin parametrina annetun tuotteen, ja muuten arvon <code class=\"language-text\">False</code>.</p><p>Nyt luokan olioita voidaan vertailla käyttäen <code class=\"language-text\">></code>-operaattoria samalla tavalla kuin vaikkapa kokonaislukuja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">appelsiini <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Appelsiini\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.90</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nomena <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Omena\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> appelsiini <span class=\"token operator\">></span> omena<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Appelsiini on suurempi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Omena on suurempi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Appelsiini on suurempi</p></sample-output><p>Olioiden suuruusluokan vertailua toteuttaessa täytyy päättää, millä perusteella suuruusjärjestys määritetään. Voisimme myös haluta, että tuotteet järjestetään hinnan sijasta nimen mukaiseen aakkosjärjestykseen. Tällöin omena olisikin appelsiinia \"suurempi\":</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Tuote</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> hinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> hinta\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (hinta </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span>\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hinta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">nimi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__gt__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> toinen_tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">></span> toinen_tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi</code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">appelsiini <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Appelsiini\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.90</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nomena <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Omena\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> appelsiini <span class=\"token operator\">></span> omena<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Appelsiini on suurempi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Omena on suurempi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Omena on suurempi</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"lisaa-operaattoreita\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lisää operaattoreita<a href=\"#lisaa-operaattoreita\" aria-label=\"lisaa operaattoreita permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tavalliset vertailuoperaattorit ja näitä vastaavat metodit on esitetty seuraavassa taulukossa:</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"center\">Operaattori</th>\n<th align=\"center\">Merkitys perinteisesti</th>\n<th align=\"center\">Metodin nimi</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">&lt;</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Pienempi kuin</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">__lt__(self, toinen)</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">></code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Suurempi kuin</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">__gt__(self, toinen)</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">==</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Yhtä suuri kuin</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">__eq__(self, toinen)</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">!=</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Eri suuri kuin</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">__ne__(self, toinen)</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">&lt;=</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Pienempi tai yhtäsuuri kuin</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">__le__(self, toinen)</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">>=</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Suurempi tai yhtäsuuri kuin</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">__ge__(self, toinen)</code></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Lisäksi luokissa voidaan toteuttaa tiettyjä muita operaattoreita, esimerkiksi:</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"center\">Operaattori</th>\n<th align=\"center\">Merkitys perinteisesti</th>\n<th align=\"center\">Metodin nimi</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">+</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Yhdistäminen</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">__add__(self, toinen)</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">-</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Vähentäminen</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">__sub__(self, toinen)</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">*</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Monistaminen</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">__mul__(self, toinen)</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">/</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Jakaminen</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">__truediv__(self, toinen)</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">//</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Kokonaisjakaminen</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">__floordiv__(self, toinen)</code></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Lisää operaattoreita ja metodien nimien vastineita löydät helposti Googlella.</p><p>Huomaa, että vain hyvin harvoin on tarvetta toteuttaa kaikkia operaatioita omassa luokassa. Esimerkiksi jakaminen on operaatio, jolle on hankalaa keksiä luontevaa käyttöä useimmissa luokissa (mitä tulee, kun jaetaan opiskelija kolmella saati toisella opiskelijalla?). Tiettyjen operaattoreiden toteuttamisesta voi kuitenkin olla hyötyä, mikäli vastaavat operaatiot ovat loogisia luokalle.</p><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä luokkaa joka mallintaa yhtä muistiinpanoa. Kahden muistiinpanon yhdistäminen <code class=\"language-text\">+</code>-operaattorilla tuottaa uuden, yhdistetyn muistiinpanon, kun on toteutettu metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__add__</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> datetime\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Muistiinpano</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pvm<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> merkinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pvm <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pvm\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkinta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> merkinta\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pvm<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__add__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> toinen<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Uuden muistiinpanon ajaksi nykyinen aika</span>\n        uusi_muistiinpano <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Muistiinpano<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>now<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        uusi_muistiinpano<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkinta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkinta <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" ja \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> toinen<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkinta\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> uusi_muistiinpano</code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">merkinta1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Muistiinpano<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2016</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">17</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Muista ostaa lahjoja\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmerkinta2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Muistiinpano<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2016</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">23</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Muista hakea kuusi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Nyt voidaan yhdistää plussalla - tämä kutsuu metodia __add__ luokassa Muistiipano</span>\nmolemmat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> merkinta1 <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> merkinta2\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>molemmat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2020-09-09 14:13:02.163170: Muista ostaa lahjoja ja Muista hakea kuusi</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"olion-esitys-merkkijonona\" style=\"position:relative;\">Olion esitys merkkijonona<a href=\"#olion-esitys-merkkijonona\" aria-label=\"olion esitys merkkijonona permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Olemme toteuttaneet luokkiin usein metodin <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>, joka antaa merkkijonoesityksen olion sisällöstä. Toinen melko samanlainen metodi on <code class=\"language-text\">__repr__</code>, joka antaa <em>teknisen</em>  esityksen olion sisällöstä. Usein metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__repr__</code> toteutetaan niin, että se antaa koodin, joka muodostaa olion.</p><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">repr</code> antaa olion teknisen merkkijonoesityksen, ja lisäksi tätä esitystä käytetään, jos oliossa ei ole määritelty <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>-metodia. Seuraava luokka esittelee asiaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Henkilo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> ika\n        \n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__repr__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Henkilo(</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token builtin\">repr</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python3\"><pre class=\"language-python3\"><code class=\"language-python3\">henkilo1 = Henkilo(&quot;Anna&quot;, 25)\nhenkilo2 = Henkilo(&quot;Pekka&quot;, 99)\nprint(henkilo1)\nprint(henkilo2)</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Henkilo('Anna', 25)\nHenkilo('Pekka', 99)</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että metodissa <code class=\"language-text\">__repr__</code> haetaan nimen tekninen esitys metodilla <code class=\"language-text\">repr</code>, jolloin tässä tapauksessa nimen ympärille tulee <code class=\"language-text\">'</code>-merkit.</p><p>Seuraavassa luokassa on toteutettu sekä metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__repr__</code> että <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Henkilo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> ika\n        \n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__repr__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Henkilo(</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token builtin\">repr</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> vuotta)\"</span></span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python3\"><pre class=\"language-python3\"><code class=\"language-python3\">henkilo = Henkilo(&quot;Anna&quot;, 25)\nprint(henkilo)\nprint(repr(henkilo))</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna (25 vuotta)\nHenkilo('Anna', 25)</p></sample-output><p>Kun tietorakenteessa (kuten listassa) on olioita, Python käyttää vähän epäloogisesti metodia <code class=\"language-text\">__repr__</code> olioiden merkkijonoesityksen muodostamiseen, kun lista tulostetaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python3\"><pre class=\"language-python3\"><code class=\"language-python3\">henkilot = []\nhenkilot.append(Henkilo(&quot;Anna&quot;, 25))\nhenkilot.append(Henkilo(&quot;Pekka&quot;, 99))\nhenkilot.append(Henkilo(&quot;Maija&quot;, 55))\nprint(henkilot)</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[Henkilo('Anna', 25), Henkilo('Pekka', 99), Henkilo('Maija', 55)]</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Raha' tmcname='osa10-07_raha'><p>Tehtäväpohjasta löytyy luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Raha</code> runko. Tässä tehtävässä laajennetaan runkoa muutamilla operaattoreilla, ja korjataan pari rungossa olevaa pientä ongelmaa</p><h2 id=\"korjaa-merkkijonoesitys\" style=\"position:relative;\">Korjaa merkkijonoesitys<a href=\"#korjaa-merkkijonoesitys\" aria-label=\"korjaa merkkijonoesitys permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Rahan merkkijonoesityksen muodostava metodi ei ole nyt ihan kunnossa. Seuraavassa esimerkissä muodostetaan kaksi raha-olioa, joista jälkimmäinen ei tulostu oikein:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">e1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Raha<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ne2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Raha<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># kaksi euroa ja viisi senttiä</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>4.10\n2.5</p></sample-output><p>Korjaa luokan metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__str__(self)</code> siten, että tulostus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>4.10 eur\n2.05 eur</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"yhtasuuruus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Yhtäsuuruus<a href=\"#yhtasuuruus\" aria-label=\"yhtasuuruus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Määrittele raha-oliolle metodi  <code class=\"language-text\">__eq__(self, toinen)</code>, jonka avulla rahan yhtäsuuruusvertailu saadaan toimimaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">e1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Raha<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ne2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Raha<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ne3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Raha<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e1 <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> e2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e1 <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> e3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>4.10 eur\n2.05 eur\n4.10 eur\nFalse\nTrue</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"muut-vertailut\" style=\"position:relative;\">Muut vertailut<a href=\"#muut-vertailut\" aria-label=\"muut vertailut permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toteuta rahalle myös seuraavat vertailuoperaattorit <code class=\"language-text\">&lt;</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">></code>, <code class=\"language-text\">!=</code>.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">e1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Raha<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ne2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Raha<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e1 <span class=\"token operator\">!=</span> e2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e1 <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> e2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e1 <span class=\"token operator\">></span> e2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>True\nFalse\nTrue</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"plus-ja-miinus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Plus ja miinus<a href=\"#plus-ja-miinus\" aria-label=\"plus ja miinus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toteuta rahalle yhteen- ja vähennyslaskuoperaatiot. Molempien operaatioiden tulee palauttaa uusi rahaolio, ja ne eivät saa muuttaa olioa itseään tai parametrina olevaa olioa!</p><p>Huomaa, että rahan arvo ei voi olla negatiivinen. Negatiiviseen tulokseen päätyvän vähennyslaskuyrityksen tulee aiheuttaa ValueError-tyyppinen poikkeus.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">e1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Raha<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ne2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Raha<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ne3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> e1 <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> e2\ne4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> e1 <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> e2\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e4<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ne5 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> e2<span class=\"token operator\">-</span>e1</code></pre></div><sample-output><div>7.00 eur\n1.10 eur\nTraceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"tiedosto.py\", line 416, in <module>\ne5 = e2-e1\nFile \"tiedosto.py\", line 404, in <strong>sub</strong>\nraise ValueError(f\"negatiivinen tulos ei sallittu\")\nValueError: negatiivinen tulos ei sallittu</div></sample-output><h2 id=\"arvoa-ei-voi-muuttaa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Arvoa ei voi muuttaa<a href=\"#arvoa-ei-voi-muuttaa\" aria-label=\"arvoa ei voi muuttaa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Luokassa on tällä hetkellä vielä pieni ongelma, koska käyttäjä voi \"huijaamalla\" muuttaa rahan arvoa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ne1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>eurot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>4.05 eur\n1000.05 eur</p></sample-output><p>Muuta luokan toteutus <a href=\"/osa-9/3-kapselointi#kapselointi\">kapseloiduksi</a> siten, että yllä oleva huijaus ei onnistu. Luokalla ei siis saa olla kapseloimattomia attribuutteja eikä asetus- tai havainnointimetodeita euroille tai senteille!</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Päiväys' tmcname='osa10-08_paivays'><p>Tässä tehtävässä toteutetaan luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Paivays</code>, jonka avulla on mahdollista käsitellä päivämääriä. Oletetaan tässä tehtävässä yksinkertaisuuden vuoksi, että <em>jokaisessa kuussa on 30 päivää</em>.</p><p>Huom! Edellisestä johtuen tehtävässä ei poikkeuksellisesti kannata käyttää Pythonin <code class=\"language-text\">datetime</code>-moduulia, vaan toteutetaan luokka itse.</p><h2 id=\"vertailut\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vertailut<a href=\"#vertailut\" aria-label=\"vertailut permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toteuta luokan runko ja sille vertailuoperaattorit &#x3C;, >, == ja !=. Käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">p1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Paivays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\np2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Paivays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">28</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1985</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\np3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Paivays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">28</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1985</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p1 <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> p2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p1 <span class=\"token operator\">!=</span> p2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p1 <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> p3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p1 <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> p2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p1 <span class=\"token operator\">></span> p2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>4.10.2020\n28.12.1985\nFalse\nTrue\nFalse\nFalse\nTrue</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"kasvatus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kasvatus<a href=\"#kasvatus\" aria-label=\"kasvatus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toteuta päiväykselle operaattori +. Operaattori luo uuden päivämäärän joka on lisättävän lukeman päiviä verran suurempi kuin alkuperäinen päivämäärä. Alkuperäinen päivä ei saa muuttua.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">p1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Paivays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\np2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Paivays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">28</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1985</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\np3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> p1 <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\np4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> p2 <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">400</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p4<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>4.10.2020\n28.12.1985\n7.10.2020\n8.2.1987</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"erotus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Erotus<a href=\"#erotus\" aria-label=\"erotus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toteuta päiväykselle operaattori -, joka palauttaa päivämäärien eron päivissä laskettuna. Huomaa, että koska oletamme jokaisessa kuukaudessa olevan 30 päivää, tässä tehtävässä vuosien päivien lukumäärä on 12*30 eli 360.</p><p>Operaattori toimii seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">p1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Paivays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\np2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Paivays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\np3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Paivays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">28</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1985</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p2<span class=\"token operator\">-</span>p1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p1<span class=\"token operator\">-</span>p2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p1<span class=\"token operator\">-</span>p3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>28\n28\n12516</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"iteraattorit\" style=\"position:relative;\">Iteraattorit<a href=\"#iteraattorit\" aria-label=\"iteraattorit permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Olemme aikaisemmin käyttäneet for-lausetta erilaisten tietorakenteiden ja tiedostojen <em>iterointiin</em> eli läpikäyntiin. Tyypillinen tapaus olisi vaikkapa seuraavanlainen funktio:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">laske_positiiviset</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    n <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> alkio <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            n <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> n\n</code></pre></div><p>Funktio käy läpi listan alkio kerrallaan ja laskee positiivisten alkioiden määärän.</p><p>Iterointi on mahdollista toteuttaa myös omiin luokkiin. Hyödyllistä tämä on silloin, kun luokasta muodostetut oliot tallentavat kokoelman alkioita. Esimerkiksi aikaisemmin kirjoitettiin luokka, joka mallintaa kirjahyllyä – olisi näppärä, jos kaikki kirjahyllyn kirjat voisi käydä läpi yhdessä silmukassa. Samalla tavalla opiskelijarekisterin kaikkien opiskelijoiden läpikäynti for-lauseella olisi kätevää.</p><p>Iterointi mahdollistuu toteuttamalla luokkaan iteraattorimetodit <code class=\"language-text\">__iter__</code> ja  <code class=\"language-text\">__next__</code>. Käsitellään metodien toimintaa tarkemmin, kun on ensin tarkasteltu esimerkkinä kirjahyllyluokkaa, joka mahdollistaa kirjojen läpikäynnin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kirja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirjailija<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sivuja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjailija <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kirjailija\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sivuja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sivuja\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kirjahylly</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_kirjat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_kirja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Iteraattorin alustusmetodi</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Tässä tulee alustaa iteroinnissa käytettävä(t) muuttuja(t)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__iter__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>n <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Metodi palauttaa viittauksen olioon itseensä, koska</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># iteraattori on toteutettu samassa luokassa</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Metodi palauttaa seuraavan alkion</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Jos ei ole enempää alkioita, heitetään tapahtuma</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># StopIteration</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__next__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>n <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token comment\"># Poimitaan listasta nykyinen</span>\n            kirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n            <span class=\"token comment\"># Kasvatetaan laskuria yhdellä</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>n <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n            <span class=\"token comment\"># ...ja palautetaan</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> kirja\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token comment\"># Ei enempää kirjoja</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> StopIteration\n</code></pre></div><p>Metodissa <code class=\"language-text\">__iter__</code> siis alustetaan iteroinnissa tarvittava muuttuja tai muuttujat - tässä tapauksessa riittää, että meillä on laskuri joka osoittaa listan nykyiseen alkioon. Lisäksi tarvitaan metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__next__</code>, joka palauttaa seuraavan alkion. Esimerkkitapauksessa palautetaan listasta alkio muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">n</code> kohdalta ja kasvatetaan muuttujan arvoa yhdellä. Jos listassa ei ole enempää alkiota, \"nostetaan\" poikkeus <code class=\"language-text\">StopIteration</code>, joka kertoo iteroijalle (esim. for-silmukalle), että kaikki alkiot on käyty läpi.</p><p>Nyt voidaan käydä kirjahyllyn kirjat läpi esimerkiksi for-silmukassa näppärästi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    k1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Elämäni Pythoniassa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">123</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    k2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Vanhus ja Java\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ernest Hemingjava\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">204</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    k3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"C-itsemän veljestä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Keijo Koodari\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">997</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    hylly <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirjahylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    hylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    hylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    hylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan kaikkien kirjojen nimet</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> kirja <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> hylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Elämäni Pythoniassa\nVanhus ja Java\nC-itsemän veljestä</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Iteroitava kauppalista' tmcname='osa10-09_iteroitava_kauppalista'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on <a href=\"/osa-8/2-luokat-ja-oliot#programming-exercise-kauppalista\">osan 8 tehtävästä </a> tuttu luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Kauppalista</code>. Tee luokasta iteroitava, siten että sitä voi käyttää seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaanit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"omenat\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ananas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tuote <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kpl\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>banaanit: 10 kpl\nomenat: 5 kpl\nananas: 1 kpl</p></sample-output><p>Iteraattorin metodin <code class=\"language-text\">__next__</code> tulee palauttaa tupleja, joiden ensimmäinen alkio on tuotteen nimi ja toisen listalla olevan tuotteen lukumäärä.</p></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-10/3-olio-ohjelmoinnin-tekniikoita","title":"Olio-ohjelmoinnin tekniikoita"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-10/3-olio-ohjelmoinnin-tekniikoita.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa 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kpl\""}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"banaanit: 10 kpl\nomenat: 5 kpl\nananas: 1 kpl"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Iteraattorin metodin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"__next__"}]},{"type":"text","value":" tulee palauttaa tupleja, joiden ensimmäinen alkio on tuotteen nimi ja toisen listalla olevan tuotteen lukumäärä."}]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tunnet muuttujan self eri käyttötarkoituksia</li>\n<li>Osaat ylikuormittaa operaattoreita omissa luokissa</li>\n<li>Tiedät miten muodostaa iteroitavan luokan</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Luokka voi palauttaa metodista myös sen itsensä tyyppisen olion. Luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Tuote</code> metodi <code class=\"language-text\">alennustuote</code> palauttaa uuden tuotteen, jolla on sama nimi kuin nykyisellä tuotteella, mutta 25% halvempi hinta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Tuote</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> hinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> hinta\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (hinta </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">alennustuote</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        alennettu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.75</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> alennettu</code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">omena1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Omena\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2.99</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nomena2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> omena1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>alennustuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>omena1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>omena2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Omena (hinta 2.99)\nOmena (hinta 2.2425)</p></sample-output><p>Kerrataan vielä muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">self</code> merkitys: luokan sisällä se viittaa nykyiseen olioon. Tyypillinen tapa käyttää muuttujaa onkin viitata olion omiin piirteisiin, esimerkiksi attribuuttien arvoihin. Muuttujaa voidaan käyttää myös palauttamaan koko olio (vaikka tälle onkin selvästi harvemmin tarvetta). Esimerkkiluokan <code class=\"language-text\">Tuote</code> metodi <code class=\"language-text\">halvempi</code> osaa palauttaa halvemman tuotteen, kun sille annetaan parametriksi toinen <code class=\"language-text\">Tuote</code>-luokan olio:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Tuote</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> hinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> hinta\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (hinta </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span>\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hinta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">halvempi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> tuote</code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">omena <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Omena\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2.99</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nappelsiini <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Appelsiini\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nbanaani <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5.25</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>appelsiini<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>halvempi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>omena<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>appelsiini<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>halvempi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>banaani<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Omena (2.99)\nAppelsiini (3.95)</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkin vertailun toteutus vaikuttaa kuitenkin melko kömpelöltä - paljon parempi olisi, jos voisimme vertailla <code class=\"language-text\">Tuote</code>-olioita suoraan Pythonin vertailuoperaattoreilla.</p><h2 id=\"operaattorien-ylikuormitus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Operaattorien ylikuormitus<a href=\"#operaattorien-ylikuormitus\" aria-label=\"operaattorien ylikuormitus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Pythonin lasku- ja vertailuoperaattorien käyttö omien olioiden kanssa on onneksi mahdollista. Tähän käytetään tekniikkaa, jonka nimi on <em>operaattorien ylikuormitus</em>. Kun halutaan, että tietty operaattori toimii myös omasta luokasta muodostettujen olioiden kanssa, luokkaan kirjoitetaan vastaava metodi joka palauttaa oikean lopputuloksen. Periaate on vastaava kuin metodin <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code> kanssa: Python osaa käyttää tietyllä tapaa nimettyjä metodeja tietyissä operaatioissa.</p><p>Tarkastellaan ensin esimerkkiä, jossa <code class=\"language-text\">Tuote</code>-luokkaan on toteutettu metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__gt__</code> (lyhenne sanoista <em>g</em>reater <em>t</em>han) joka toteuttaa suurempi kuin -operaattorin. Tarkemmin sanottuna metodi palauttaa arvon <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, jos nykyinen olio on suurempi kuin parametrina annettu olio.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Tuote</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> hinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> hinta\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (hinta </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span>\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hinta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__gt__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> toinen_tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hinta <span class=\"token operator\">></span> toinen_tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hinta</code></pre></div><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__gt__</code> palauttaa arvon <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, jos nykyisen tuotteen hinta on suurempi kuin parametrina annetun tuotteen, ja muuten arvon <code class=\"language-text\">False</code>.</p><p>Nyt luokan olioita voidaan vertailla käyttäen <code class=\"language-text\">></code>-operaattoria samalla tavalla kuin vaikkapa kokonaislukuja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">appelsiini <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Appelsiini\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.90</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nomena <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Omena\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> appelsiini <span class=\"token operator\">></span> omena<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Appelsiini on suurempi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Omena on suurempi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Appelsiini on suurempi</p></sample-output><p>Olioiden suuruusluokan vertailua toteuttaessa täytyy päättää, millä perusteella suuruusjärjestys määritetään. Voisimme myös haluta, että tuotteet järjestetään hinnan sijasta nimen mukaiseen aakkosjärjestykseen. Tällöin omena olisikin appelsiinia \"suurempi\":</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Tuote</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> hinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> hinta\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (hinta </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span>\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hinta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__hinta\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">nimi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__gt__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> toinen_tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">></span> toinen_tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi</code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">appelsiini <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Appelsiini\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.90</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nomena <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Omena\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> appelsiini <span class=\"token operator\">></span> omena<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Appelsiini on suurempi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Omena on suurempi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Omena on suurempi</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"lisaa-operaattoreita\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lisää operaattoreita<a href=\"#lisaa-operaattoreita\" aria-label=\"lisaa operaattoreita permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tavalliset vertailuoperaattorit ja näitä vastaavat metodit on esitetty seuraavassa taulukossa:</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"center\">Operaattori</th>\n<th align=\"center\">Merkitys perinteisesti</th>\n<th align=\"center\">Metodin nimi</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">&lt;</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Pienempi kuin</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">__lt__(self, toinen)</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">></code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Suurempi kuin</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">__gt__(self, toinen)</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">==</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Yhtä suuri kuin</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">__eq__(self, toinen)</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">!=</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Eri suuri kuin</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">__ne__(self, toinen)</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">&lt;=</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Pienempi tai yhtäsuuri kuin</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">__le__(self, toinen)</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">>=</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Suurempi tai yhtäsuuri kuin</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">__ge__(self, toinen)</code></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Lisäksi luokissa voidaan toteuttaa tiettyjä muita operaattoreita, esimerkiksi:</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"center\">Operaattori</th>\n<th align=\"center\">Merkitys perinteisesti</th>\n<th align=\"center\">Metodin nimi</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">+</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Yhdistäminen</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">__add__(self, toinen)</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">-</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Vähentäminen</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">__sub__(self, toinen)</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">*</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Monistaminen</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">__mul__(self, toinen)</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">/</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Jakaminen</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">__truediv__(self, toinen)</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">//</code></td>\n<td align=\"center\">Kokonaisjakaminen</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">__floordiv__(self, toinen)</code></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Lisää operaattoreita ja metodien nimien vastineita löydät helposti Googlella.</p><p>Huomaa, että vain hyvin harvoin on tarvetta toteuttaa kaikkia operaatioita omassa luokassa. Esimerkiksi jakaminen on operaatio, jolle on hankalaa keksiä luontevaa käyttöä useimmissa luokissa (mitä tulee, kun jaetaan opiskelija kolmella saati toisella opiskelijalla?). Tiettyjen operaattoreiden toteuttamisesta voi kuitenkin olla hyötyä, mikäli vastaavat operaatiot ovat loogisia luokalle.</p><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä luokkaa joka mallintaa yhtä muistiinpanoa. Kahden muistiinpanon yhdistäminen <code class=\"language-text\">+</code>-operaattorilla tuottaa uuden, yhdistetyn muistiinpanon, kun on toteutettu metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__add__</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> datetime\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Muistiinpano</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pvm<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> merkinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pvm <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pvm\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkinta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> merkinta\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pvm<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__add__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> toinen<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Uuden muistiinpanon ajaksi nykyinen aika</span>\n        uusi_muistiinpano <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Muistiinpano<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>now<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        uusi_muistiinpano<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkinta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkinta <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" ja \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> toinen<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkinta\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> uusi_muistiinpano</code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">merkinta1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Muistiinpano<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2016</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">17</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Muista ostaa lahjoja\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmerkinta2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Muistiinpano<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2016</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">23</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Muista hakea kuusi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Nyt voidaan yhdistää plussalla - tämä kutsuu metodia __add__ luokassa Muistiipano</span>\nmolemmat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> merkinta1 <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> merkinta2\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>molemmat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2020-09-09 14:13:02.163170: Muista ostaa lahjoja ja Muista hakea kuusi</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"olion-esitys-merkkijonona\" style=\"position:relative;\">Olion esitys merkkijonona<a href=\"#olion-esitys-merkkijonona\" aria-label=\"olion esitys merkkijonona permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Olemme toteuttaneet luokkiin usein metodin <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>, joka antaa merkkijonoesityksen olion sisällöstä. Toinen melko samanlainen metodi on <code class=\"language-text\">__repr__</code>, joka antaa <em>teknisen</em>  esityksen olion sisällöstä. Usein metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__repr__</code> toteutetaan niin, että se antaa koodin, joka muodostaa olion.</p><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">repr</code> antaa olion teknisen merkkijonoesityksen, ja lisäksi tätä esitystä käytetään, jos oliossa ei ole määritelty <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>-metodia. Seuraava luokka esittelee asiaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Henkilo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> ika\n        \n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__repr__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Henkilo(</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token builtin\">repr</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python3\"><pre class=\"language-python3\"><code class=\"language-python3\">henkilo1 = Henkilo(&quot;Anna&quot;, 25)\nhenkilo2 = Henkilo(&quot;Pekka&quot;, 99)\nprint(henkilo1)\nprint(henkilo2)</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Henkilo('Anna', 25)\nHenkilo('Pekka', 99)</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että metodissa <code class=\"language-text\">__repr__</code> haetaan nimen tekninen esitys metodilla <code class=\"language-text\">repr</code>, jolloin tässä tapauksessa nimen ympärille tulee <code class=\"language-text\">'</code>-merkit.</p><p>Seuraavassa luokassa on toteutettu sekä metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__repr__</code> että <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Henkilo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> ika\n        \n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__repr__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Henkilo(</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token builtin\">repr</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> vuotta)\"</span></span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python3\"><pre class=\"language-python3\"><code class=\"language-python3\">henkilo = Henkilo(&quot;Anna&quot;, 25)\nprint(henkilo)\nprint(repr(henkilo))</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna (25 vuotta)\nHenkilo('Anna', 25)</p></sample-output><p>Kun tietorakenteessa (kuten listassa) on olioita, Python käyttää vähän epäloogisesti metodia <code class=\"language-text\">__repr__</code> olioiden merkkijonoesityksen muodostamiseen, kun lista tulostetaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python3\"><pre class=\"language-python3\"><code class=\"language-python3\">henkilot = []\nhenkilot.append(Henkilo(&quot;Anna&quot;, 25))\nhenkilot.append(Henkilo(&quot;Pekka&quot;, 99))\nhenkilot.append(Henkilo(&quot;Maija&quot;, 55))\nprint(henkilot)</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[Henkilo('Anna', 25), Henkilo('Pekka', 99), Henkilo('Maija', 55)]</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Raha' tmcname='osa10-07_raha'><p>Tehtäväpohjasta löytyy luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Raha</code> runko. Tässä tehtävässä laajennetaan runkoa muutamilla operaattoreilla, ja korjataan pari rungossa olevaa pientä ongelmaa</p><h2 id=\"korjaa-merkkijonoesitys\" style=\"position:relative;\">Korjaa merkkijonoesitys<a href=\"#korjaa-merkkijonoesitys\" aria-label=\"korjaa merkkijonoesitys permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Rahan merkkijonoesityksen muodostava metodi ei ole nyt ihan kunnossa. Seuraavassa esimerkissä muodostetaan kaksi raha-olioa, joista jälkimmäinen ei tulostu oikein:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">e1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Raha<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ne2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Raha<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># kaksi euroa ja viisi senttiä</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>4.10\n2.5</p></sample-output><p>Korjaa luokan metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__str__(self)</code> siten, että tulostus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>4.10 eur\n2.05 eur</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"yhtasuuruus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Yhtäsuuruus<a href=\"#yhtasuuruus\" aria-label=\"yhtasuuruus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Määrittele raha-oliolle metodi  <code class=\"language-text\">__eq__(self, toinen)</code>, jonka avulla rahan yhtäsuuruusvertailu saadaan toimimaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">e1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Raha<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ne2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Raha<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ne3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Raha<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e1 <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> e2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e1 <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> e3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>4.10 eur\n2.05 eur\n4.10 eur\nFalse\nTrue</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"muut-vertailut\" style=\"position:relative;\">Muut vertailut<a href=\"#muut-vertailut\" aria-label=\"muut vertailut permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toteuta rahalle myös seuraavat vertailuoperaattorit <code class=\"language-text\">&lt;</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">></code>, <code class=\"language-text\">!=</code>.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">e1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Raha<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ne2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Raha<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e1 <span class=\"token operator\">!=</span> e2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e1 <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> e2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e1 <span class=\"token operator\">></span> e2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>True\nFalse\nTrue</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"plus-ja-miinus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Plus ja miinus<a href=\"#plus-ja-miinus\" aria-label=\"plus ja miinus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toteuta rahalle yhteen- ja vähennyslaskuoperaatiot. Molempien operaatioiden tulee palauttaa uusi rahaolio, ja ne eivät saa muuttaa olioa itseään tai parametrina olevaa olioa!</p><p>Huomaa, että rahan arvo ei voi olla negatiivinen. Negatiiviseen tulokseen päätyvän vähennyslaskuyrityksen tulee aiheuttaa ValueError-tyyppinen poikkeus.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">e1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Raha<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ne2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Raha<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ne3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> e1 <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> e2\ne4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> e1 <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> e2\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e4<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ne5 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> e2<span class=\"token operator\">-</span>e1</code></pre></div><sample-output><div>7.00 eur\n1.10 eur\nTraceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"tiedosto.py\", line 416, in <module>\ne5 = e2-e1\nFile \"tiedosto.py\", line 404, in <strong>sub</strong>\nraise ValueError(f\"negatiivinen tulos ei sallittu\")\nValueError: negatiivinen tulos ei sallittu</div></sample-output><h2 id=\"arvoa-ei-voi-muuttaa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Arvoa ei voi muuttaa<a href=\"#arvoa-ei-voi-muuttaa\" aria-label=\"arvoa ei voi muuttaa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Luokassa on tällä hetkellä vielä pieni ongelma, koska käyttäjä voi \"huijaamalla\" muuttaa rahan arvoa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ne1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>eurot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>4.05 eur\n1000.05 eur</p></sample-output><p>Muuta luokan toteutus <a href=\"/osa-9/3-kapselointi#kapselointi\">kapseloiduksi</a> siten, että yllä oleva huijaus ei onnistu. Luokalla ei siis saa olla kapseloimattomia attribuutteja eikä asetus- tai havainnointimetodeita euroille tai senteille!</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Päiväys' tmcname='osa10-08_paivays'><p>Tässä tehtävässä toteutetaan luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Paivays</code>, jonka avulla on mahdollista käsitellä päivämääriä. Oletetaan tässä tehtävässä yksinkertaisuuden vuoksi, että <em>jokaisessa kuussa on 30 päivää</em>.</p><p>Huom! Edellisestä johtuen tehtävässä ei poikkeuksellisesti kannata käyttää Pythonin <code class=\"language-text\">datetime</code>-moduulia, vaan toteutetaan luokka itse.</p><h2 id=\"vertailut\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vertailut<a href=\"#vertailut\" aria-label=\"vertailut permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toteuta luokan runko ja sille vertailuoperaattorit &#x3C;, >, == ja !=. Käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">p1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Paivays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\np2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Paivays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">28</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1985</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\np3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Paivays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">28</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1985</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p1 <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> p2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p1 <span class=\"token operator\">!=</span> p2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p1 <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> p3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p1 <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> p2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p1 <span class=\"token operator\">></span> p2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>4.10.2020\n28.12.1985\nFalse\nTrue\nFalse\nFalse\nTrue</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"kasvatus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kasvatus<a href=\"#kasvatus\" aria-label=\"kasvatus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toteuta päiväykselle operaattori +. Operaattori luo uuden päivämäärän joka on lisättävän lukeman päiviä verran suurempi kuin alkuperäinen päivämäärä. Alkuperäinen päivä ei saa muuttua.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">p1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Paivays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\np2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Paivays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">28</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1985</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\np3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> p1 <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\np4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> p2 <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">400</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p4<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>4.10.2020\n28.12.1985\n7.10.2020\n8.2.1987</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"erotus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Erotus<a href=\"#erotus\" aria-label=\"erotus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toteuta päiväykselle operaattori -, joka palauttaa päivämäärien eron päivissä laskettuna. Huomaa, että koska oletamme jokaisessa kuukaudessa olevan 30 päivää, tässä tehtävässä vuosien päivien lukumäärä on 12*30 eli 360.</p><p>Operaattori toimii seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">p1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Paivays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\np2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Paivays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\np3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Paivays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">28</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1985</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p2<span class=\"token operator\">-</span>p1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p1<span class=\"token operator\">-</span>p2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p1<span class=\"token operator\">-</span>p3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>28\n28\n12516</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"iteraattorit\" style=\"position:relative;\">Iteraattorit<a href=\"#iteraattorit\" aria-label=\"iteraattorit permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Olemme aikaisemmin käyttäneet for-lausetta erilaisten tietorakenteiden ja tiedostojen <em>iterointiin</em> eli läpikäyntiin. Tyypillinen tapaus olisi vaikkapa seuraavanlainen funktio:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">laske_positiiviset</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    n <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> alkio <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            n <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> n\n</code></pre></div><p>Funktio käy läpi listan alkio kerrallaan ja laskee positiivisten alkioiden määärän.</p><p>Iterointi on mahdollista toteuttaa myös omiin luokkiin. Hyödyllistä tämä on silloin, kun luokasta muodostetut oliot tallentavat kokoelman alkioita. Esimerkiksi aikaisemmin kirjoitettiin luokka, joka mallintaa kirjahyllyä – olisi näppärä, jos kaikki kirjahyllyn kirjat voisi käydä läpi yhdessä silmukassa. Samalla tavalla opiskelijarekisterin kaikkien opiskelijoiden läpikäynti for-lauseella olisi kätevää.</p><p>Iterointi mahdollistuu toteuttamalla luokkaan iteraattorimetodit <code class=\"language-text\">__iter__</code> ja  <code class=\"language-text\">__next__</code>. Käsitellään metodien toimintaa tarkemmin, kun on ensin tarkasteltu esimerkkinä kirjahyllyluokkaa, joka mahdollistaa kirjojen läpikäynnin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kirja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirjailija<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sivuja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjailija <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kirjailija\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sivuja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sivuja\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kirjahylly</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_kirjat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_kirja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Iteraattorin alustusmetodi</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Tässä tulee alustaa iteroinnissa käytettävä(t) muuttuja(t)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__iter__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>n <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Metodi palauttaa viittauksen olioon itseensä, koska</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># iteraattori on toteutettu samassa luokassa</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Metodi palauttaa seuraavan alkion</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Jos ei ole enempää alkioita, heitetään tapahtuma</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># StopIteration</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__next__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>n <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token comment\"># Poimitaan listasta nykyinen</span>\n            kirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n            <span class=\"token comment\"># Kasvatetaan laskuria yhdellä</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>n <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n            <span class=\"token comment\"># ...ja palautetaan</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> kirja\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token comment\"># Ei enempää kirjoja</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> StopIteration\n</code></pre></div><p>Metodissa <code class=\"language-text\">__iter__</code> siis alustetaan iteroinnissa tarvittava muuttuja tai muuttujat - tässä tapauksessa riittää, että meillä on laskuri joka osoittaa listan nykyiseen alkioon. Lisäksi tarvitaan metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__next__</code>, joka palauttaa seuraavan alkion. Esimerkkitapauksessa palautetaan listasta alkio muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">n</code> kohdalta ja kasvatetaan muuttujan arvoa yhdellä. Jos listassa ei ole enempää alkiota, \"nostetaan\" poikkeus <code class=\"language-text\">StopIteration</code>, joka kertoo iteroijalle (esim. for-silmukalle), että kaikki alkiot on käyty läpi.</p><p>Nyt voidaan käydä kirjahyllyn kirjat läpi esimerkiksi for-silmukassa näppärästi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    k1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Elämäni Pythoniassa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">123</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    k2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Vanhus ja Java\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ernest Hemingjava\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">204</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    k3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"C-itsemän veljestä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Keijo Koodari\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">997</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    hylly <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirjahylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    hylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    hylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    hylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan kaikkien kirjojen nimet</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> kirja <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> hylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Elämäni Pythoniassa\nVanhus ja Java\nC-itsemän veljestä</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Iteroitava kauppalista' tmcname='osa10-09_iteroitava_kauppalista'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on <a href=\"/osa-8/2-luokat-ja-oliot#programming-exercise-kauppalista\">osan 8 tehtävästä </a> tuttu luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Kauppalista</code>. Tee luokasta iteroitava, siten että sitä voi käyttää seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaanit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"omenat\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ananas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tuote <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kpl\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>banaanit: 10 kpl\nomenat: 5 kpl\nananas: 1 kpl</p></sample-output><p>Iteraattorin metodin <code class=\"language-text\">__next__</code> tulee palauttaa tupleja, joiden ensimmäinen alkio on tuotteen nimi ja toisen listalla olevan tuotteen lukumäärä.</p></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-10/3-olio-ohjelmoinnin-tekniikoita","title":"Olio-ohjelmoinnin tekniikoita"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-10/3-olio-ohjelmoinnin-tekniikoita.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki 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Milloin ja ylipäätään <em>miksi</em> olioita tulisi käyttää jos kurssin osien 1-7 kalusto on jo ilmaisuvoimaltaan riittävä?</p><h2 id=\"monimutkaisuuden-hallintaa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Monimutkaisuuden hallintaa<a href=\"#monimutkaisuuden-hallintaa\" aria-label=\"monimutkaisuuden hallintaa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Monissa tilanteissa voi ja varmasti kannattaakin olla käyttämättä oliota. Esimerkiksi jos koodataan pieni \"kertakäyttöinen\" apuohjelma, ei ehkä ole mitään tarvetta olioille. Tilanne alkaa muuttua, kun siirrytään hieman suuremman kokoluokan ohjelmiin.</p><p>Kun ohjelma laajenee, alkaa sen sisältämien yksityiskohtien määrä nousta hallitsemattomaksi, ellei ohjelmaa jäsennellä jollain järkevällä tavalla. Itse asiassa jo ohjelmoinnin perusteiden tehtävissä oli havaittavissa varsin monimutkaisia ratkaisuja, joiden ymmärtämisessä jopa alan ammattilaisilla on vaikeuksia.</p><p>Käsite <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_concerns\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Separation of concerns</a> on ollut jo vuosikymmeniä eräs ohjelmoinnin ja koko tietojenkäsittelyn keskeisiä teemoja. Wikipedian mukaan käsitteellä tarkoitetaan seuraavaa</p><p><em>Separation of concerns is a design principle for separating a computer program into distinct sections such that each section addresses a separate concern. A concern is a set of information that affects the code of a computer program</em></p><p>Kyse on ohjelman suunnittelua ohjaavasta periaatteesta, jonka mukaan ohjelmakoodi jäsennellään pienempiin osiin, joista kukin huolehtii vain omasta \"tontistaan\". Kuhunkin osaan tehdyt muutokset vaikuttavat - periaatteen mukaisesti - vain rajattuun alueeseen ohjelmassa, joten ohjelmien väistämätöntä monimutkaisuutta on helpompi hallita.</p><p>Funktiot ovat yksi mekanismi tämän tavoitteen saavuttamiseen. Sen sijaan että ohjelma kirjoitetaan yhtenä isona kokonaisuutena, koostetaan se pienistä funktioista, joista kukin ratkaisee pienen osan ongelmasta.</p><p>Olio-ohjelmointi tarjoaa funktioita jossain määrin ilmaisuvoimaisemman ja joidenkin mielestä \"paremman\" tavan saavuttaa sama tavoite. Kuten olemme nähneet, olioiden avulla on mahdollista koota samaan asiaan liittyvä data ja sitä käsittelevä koodi, eli olion metodit, samaan paikkaan. Oliot tarjoavat myös mekanismin käsittelemänsä datan kapselointiin, joka taas tavallaan on keino piilottaa \"turhia\" yksityiskohtia olion ulkopuoliselta osalta ohjelmaa.</p><h2 id=\"esimerkki-puhelinluettelo\" style=\"position:relative;\">Esimerkki: puhelinluettelo<a href=\"#esimerkki-puhelinluettelo\" aria-label=\"esimerkki puhelinluettelo permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Miten ohjelma sitten tulisi jakaa luokkiin ja olioihin? Kysymys ei ole helppo, ja asiaa on helpompi pohdiskella konkreettisen esimerkin kautta. Toteutetaan esimerkkinä olio-ohjelmointia hyödyntäen hieman samantyylinen puhelinluettelo, joka oli aiheena ohjelmoinnin perusteiden viidennen osan <a href=\"/osa-5/3-dictionary#programming-exercise-puhelinluettelo-versio-2\">tehtävässä</a>.</p><p>Separation of concerns -periaatetta noudatellen koodi tulee jakaa osiin, joista kukin käsittelee omaa asiaansa. Olio-ohjelmoinnin piirissä tätä periaatetta ilmentää niin sanottu <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-responsibility_principle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">yhden vastuun (single responsibility)</a> -periaate. Ei mennä sen tarkemmin periaatteen yksityiskohtiin, mutta maalaisjärjellä ajatellen periaatteen nimi jo kertoo mistä on kyse: <em>yksittäisen luokan olioiden tulisi olla vastuussa yhdestä asiasta</em>.</p><p>Olioita käytettäessä ohjelmointiongelman \"reaalimaailman asioita\" vastaa yleensä oma luokkansa. Puhelinluettelon tapauksessa tälläisiä reaalimaailman asioita olisivat esimerkiksi:</p><ul>\n<li>henkilö</li>\n<li>nimi</li>\n<li>puhelinnumero</li>\n</ul><p>Näistä nimi ja puhelinnumero ovat kenties liian vähäpätöisiä ollakseen omia luokkiaan, mutta <em>henkilö</em> voisi hyvinkin olla oma luokkansa, jonka vastuulla on sitoa yhteen tietty nimi ja siihen liittyvät puhelinnumerot.</p><p>Myös <em>puhelinluettelo</em> itsessään on potentiaalinen luokka, sen vastuulla on hallinnoida eri henkilöiden tietoja.</p><p>Nämä kaksi luokkaa eli <em>puhelinluettelo</em> ja <em>henkilö</em> muodostavat sovelluksen ytimen, eli niin sanotun <em>sovelluslogiikan</em>. Näiden lisäksi ohjelma tarvitsee muutaman muunkin luokan.</p><p>Käyttäjän kanssa tapahtuvasta interaktiosta huolehtivaa luokkaa ei kannata sotkea sovelluslogiikan kanssa samaan luokkaan - sehän on kokonaan oma vastuunsa. Eli sovelluslogiikan luokkien lisäksi ohjelmalle tulee myös luokka, joka huolehtii ohjelman käyttöliittymästä.</p><p>Talletamme puhelinluettelon tiedot tiedostoon. Myös tiedoston käsittely on selkeästi oma vastuunsa, joten tulemme sisällyttämään siihen käytettävän koodin omaan luokkaansa.</p><p>Kun ohjelman luokkarakenne alkaa pikkuhiljaa hahmottua, nousee kysymykseksi se, mistä ohjelmointi kannattaa aloittaa. Usein paras tapa aloittaa on pienellä palalla sovelluslogiikka.</p><h2 id=\"vaihe-1-sovelluslogiikan-runko\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vaihe 1: sovelluslogiikan runko<a href=\"#vaihe-1-sovelluslogiikan-runko\" aria-label=\"vaihe 1 sovelluslogiikan runko permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Aloitetaan luokasta <em>Puhelinluettelo</em>. Runko voisi näyttää seuraavalta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Puhelinluettelo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__henkilot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_numero</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hae_numerot</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>Luokka pitää siis sisällään listan henkilöitä ja tarjoaa metodit tietojen lisäämiseen ja hakemiseen.</p><p>Jokaiseen henkilöön voi liittyä useita numeroita, joten toteutetaan luettelon sisäinen tila sanakirjan avulla, koska sanakirjasta on helppo hakea nimen perusteella. Sanakirjaan on helppo tallettaa suoraan myös nimeen liittyvät numerot, joten ainakaan tässä vaiheessa ei tarvita erillistä luokkaa yksittäisen henkilön tietojen tallettamiseen.</p><p>Luokka laajenee seuraavasti. Mukana on myös pieni toiminnan varmistava koodinpätkä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Puhelinluettelo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__henkilot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_numero</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token comment\"># henkilöön liittyy lista puhelinnumeroja</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hae_numerot</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># testikoodi</span>\nluettelo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Puhelinluettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"02-123456\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_numerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_numerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Testikoodin tulostus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>['02-123456']\nNone</p></sample-output><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">hae_numerot</code> siis palauttaa arvon <code class=\"language-text\">None</code>, jos henkilö ei löydy luettelosta, jos henkilö löytyy, palautetaan lista joka sisältää henkilön puhelinnumerot.</p><p>Ohjelmoidessa mitä tahansa ohjelmaa kannattaa <em>aina</em> kokeilla, että koodi toimii kuten sen olettaa toimivan, ennen kun etenee muuhun koodiin.\nUsein tämä testikoodi on poisheitettävää koodia, ja sikäli voisi ajatella testaamisesta olevan ylimääräistä vaivaa. Lähes 100% tapauksissa ei näin kuitenkaan ole.</p><p>Koodiin tullut bugi kannattaa saada kiinni ja korjata niin pian kuin mahdollista. Jos koodin toimivuuden varmistaa lähes jokaisen uuden koodirivin jälkeen, on debuggaus ja korjaaminen yleensä vaivatonta ja nopeaa, koska tällöin voi olla melko varma siitä, että ongelma johtuu hetki sitten lisätyistä koodiriveistä. Jos taas koodia testataan vasta sen jälkeen kun siihen on lisätty kymmeniä koodirivejä, on virhelähteitä moninkertaisesti.</p><h2 id=\"vaihe-2-kayttoliittyman-runko\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vaihe 2: käyttöliittymän runko<a href=\"#vaihe-2-kayttoliittyman-runko\" aria-label=\"vaihe 2 kayttoliittyman runko permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kun sovelluslogiikan ydintoiminnallisuus on kunnossa, voidaan edetä sovelluksen tekstikäyttöliittymään. Tehdään sitä varten oma luokka <code class=\"language-text\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</code>, jonka runko on seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Puhelinluettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">ohje</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"komennot: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"0 lopetus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">suorita</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ohje<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            komento <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"komento: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> komento <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"0\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\nsovellus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> PuhelinluetteloSovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>suorita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Luokka saattaa vaikuttaa vielä hämmentävältä, mutta tässä luodaan tosiaan vasta runko toiminnalle. Konstruktori luo puhelinluettelon, jonka olio pitää sisällään. Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">suorita(self)</code> käynnistää sovelluksen tekstikäyttöliittymän, jonka ytimen muodostaa <code class=\"language-text\">while</code>-silmukka, joka kyselee käyttäjältä mikä komento halutaan suorittaa. Ennen toistolauseeseen menemistä ohjelma tulostaa käyttöohjeet, kutsumalla metodia <code class=\"language-text\">ohje(self)</code>. Varsinaiset toiminnot toteutetaan seuraavaksi.</p><p>Laajennetaan käyttöliittymää siten, että luetteloon voidaan lisätä uusia tietoja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Puhelinluettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">ohje</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"komennot: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"0 lopetus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"1 lisäys\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">suorita</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ohje<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            komento <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"komento: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> komento <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"0\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> komento <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n                numero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"numero: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsovellus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> PuhelinluetteloSovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>suorita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos valittu komento on tietojen lisäys (eli komento on <em>1</em>), kysyy käyttöliittymä nimen ja numeron käyttäjältä, ja lisää tiedot puhelinluetteloon kutsumalla sopivaa luettelon metodia.</p><p>Käyttöliittymä on siis vastuussa ainoastaan siitä, että se kommunikoi käyttäjän kanssa. Puhelinnumeron säilöminen nimen yhteyteen on jätetty kokonaisuudessan <em>Puhelinluettelo</em>-olion vastuulle.</p><p>Käyttöliittymän rakennetta on mahdollista vielä parannella siten, että tietojen lisäys eriytetään omaan metodiinsa <em>lisays(self)</em>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Puhelinluettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">ohje</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"komennot: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"0 lopetus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"1 lisäys\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># eriytetään uusien tietojen lisääminen omaksi metodiksi</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisays</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        numero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"numero: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">suorita</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ohje<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            komento <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"komento: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> komento <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"0\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> komento <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsovellus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> PuhelinluetteloSovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>suorita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Erillisen metodin käyttämisen taustallakin on sama <em>separation of concerns</em> -periaate. Sen sijaan että koko käyttöliittymän toiminnallisuus sijoitettaisiin ison <code class=\"language-text\">while</code>-silmukan sisälle, tehdään jokaisesta yksittäisestä toiminnosta oma metodinsa. Tämä helpottaa kokonaisuuden hallintaa. Jos halutaan muokata tietojen lisäämisen toiminnallisuutta, tiedetään heti missä päin relevantti koodi sijaitsee.</p><p>Lisätään käyttöliittymään toiminnallisuus numeroiden hakemista varten. Sijoitetaan sen hoitava koodi heti omaan metodiinsa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Puhelinluettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">ohje</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"komennot: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"0 lopetus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"1 lisäys\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"2 haku\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisays</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        numero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"numero: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">haku</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        numerot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_numerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> numerot <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"numero ei tiedossa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> numero <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> numerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">suorita</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ohje<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            komento <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"komento: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> komento <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"0\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> komento <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> komento <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>haku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ohje<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsovellus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> PuhelinluetteloSovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>suorita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Sovelluksen perusversio toimii nyt. Seuraavassa esimerkki sovelluksen käytöstä:</p><sample-output><p>komennot:\n0 lopetus\n1 lisäys\n2 haku</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nnimi: <strong>Erkki</strong>\nnumero: <strong>02-123456</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nnimi: <strong>Erkki</strong>\nnumero: <strong>045-4356713</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>2</strong>\nnimi: <strong>Erkki</strong>\n02-123456\n045-4356713</p><p>komento: <strong>2</strong>\nnimi: Emilia\nnumero ei tiedossa</p><p>komento: <strong>0</strong></p></sample-output><p>Koodia on aika paljon, todennäköisesti enemmän kuin jos kaikki olisi ohjelmoitu yhteen pötköön. Koodin rakenne on kuitenkin siistihkö, ja koodin laajentamisenkaan ei pitäisi olla kovin hankalaa.</p><h2 id=\"vaihe-3-tietojen-haku-tiedostosta\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vaihe 3: tietojen haku tiedostosta<a href=\"#vaihe-3-tietojen-haku-tiedostosta\" aria-label=\"vaihe 3 tietojen haku tiedostosta permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Laajennetaan ohjelmaa siten, että se lataa käynnistäessään puhelinluettelon tiedostosta, joka on seuraavaa muotoa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"csv\"><pre class=\"language-csv\"><code class=\"language-csv\"><span class=\"token value\">Erkki;02-1234567;045-4356713</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">Emilia;040-324344</span></code></pre></div><p>Tiedoston käsittely on selkeästi oma vastuualueensa, eli toteutetaan sitä varten oma luokka:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Tiedostonkasittelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tiedosto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tiedosto\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lataa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        nimet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> f<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> f<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>strip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">';'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n                nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span>numerot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> osat\n                nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> numerot\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> nimet</code></pre></div><p>Konstruktorin parametrina annetaan tiedoston nimi. Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lataa(self)</code> lukee tiedoston, ja pilkkoo sen rivit sanakirjaksi, missä avain on nimi ja arvona ovat nimeen liittyvät numerot.</p><p>Metodi käyttää erästä Pythonin kätevää ominaisuutta: listasta on mahdollista ottaa ensin yksittäisiä alkioita erikseen nimettyinä muuttujina, sekä loput alkiot uutena listana, kuten seuraavasta esimerkistä käy ilmi. <a href=\"osa-6/1-tiedostojen-lukeminen#csv-tiedoston-lukeminen\">Luvusta 6</a> muistamme että merkkijonojen metodi <code class=\"language-text\">split</code> tuottaa nimenomaan listan.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\neka<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> toka<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span>loput <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lista\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eka<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>toka<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>loput<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1\n2\n[3, 4, 5]</p></sample-output><p>Sijoituslauseen viimeisen muuttujan nimen edessä on *, ja se tarkoittaa, että viimeiseen muuttujaan kerätään taulukosta loput, eli kolmas ja sitä seuraavat alkiot.</p><p>Tiedostonkäsittelijääkin kannattaa ehdottomasti testata, ennen kuin se pultataan muuhun koodiin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">t <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tiedostonkasittelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"luettelo.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lataa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>{'Erkki': ['02-1234567', '045-4356713'], 'Emilia': ['040-324344']}</p></sample-output><p>Kun tiedostosta lukemisen todetaan toimivan, liitetään koodi muuhun ohjelmaan. Looginen paikka tiedoston lukemiseen on se hetki kun sovellus käynnistyy, eli luokan <em>PuhelinluetteloSovellus</em> konstruktori:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Puhelinluettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tiedosto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tiedostonkasittelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"luettelo.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># listään tiedostossa olevat nimet luetteloon</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numerot <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lataa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>items<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> numero <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> numerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># muu koodi</span></code></pre></div><p>Tiedoston lukua osana PuhelinLuetteloSovellusta kannattaa myös testata. Kun on varmistettu, että tiedoston sisältö saadaan ladattua luetteloon, voidaan edetä viimeiseen vaiheeseen.</p><h2 id=\"vaihe-4-tietojen-talletus-tiedostoon\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vaihe 4: tietojen talletus tiedostoon<a href=\"#vaihe-4-tietojen-talletus-tiedostoon\" aria-label=\"vaihe 4 tietojen talletus tiedostoon permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Viimeistellään ohjelman alustava versio vielä siten, että se tallentaa lopetettaessa puhelinluettelon takaisin tiedostoon.</p><p>Tätä varten luokkaa <em>Puhelinluettelo</em> tulee laajentaa siten, että sieltä saadaan tallennusta varten kaikki tiedot ulos:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Puhelinluettelo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__henkilot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># palautetaan tiedostoon tallentamista varten kaikki tiedot</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kaikki_tiedot</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__henkilot</code></pre></div><p>Tallennus on luonnollisesti luokan <em>Tiedostonkasittelija</em> vastuulla, eli laajennetaan sitä metodilla <em>talleta</em>, joka saa parametriksi puhelinluetteloa edustavan sanakirjan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Tiedostonkasittelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tiedosto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tiedosto\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lataa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">talleta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">dict</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"w\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> f<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numerot <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>items<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                rivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> numerot\n                f<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\";\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tallennus tapahtuu samalla kun sovelluksen käyttö lopetetaan. Tehdään tätäkin tarkoitusta varten oma metodinsa ja kutsutaan sitä sopivassa kohdassa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># muu koodi</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># metodi, joka suoritetaan lopetettaessa sovelluksen käyttö</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lopetus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>talleta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kaikki_tiedot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">suorita</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ohje<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            komento <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"komento: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> komento <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"0\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lopetus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> komento <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> komento <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>haku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ohje<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Puhelinluettelon laajennus, osa 1' tmcname='osa10-10_puhelinluettelo_osa1'><p>Tässä tehtävässä tehdään pieni laajennus puhelinluettelosovellukseen. Yllä kehitetty koodi löytyy tehtäväpohjasta. Laajenna ratkaisuasi komennolla, joka mahdollistaa nimen etsimisen numeron perusteella. Laajennuksen jälkeen sovelluksen pitäisi toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>komennot:\n0 lopetus\n1 lisäys\n2 haku\n3 haku numeron perusteella</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nnimi: <strong>Erkki</strong>\nnumero: <strong>02-123456</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nnimi: <strong>Erkki</strong>\nnumero: <strong>045-4356713</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>3</strong>\nnumero: <strong>02-123456</strong>\nErkki</p><p>komento: <strong>3</strong>\nnumero: <strong>0100100</strong>\ntuntematon numero</p><p>komento: <strong>0</strong></p></sample-output><p>Tee laajennus sitten, että kunnioitat ohjelman rakennetta. Eli lisää luokkaan <code class=\"language-text\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</code> uutta ominaisuutta varten sopiva apumetodi sekä oma haara while-silmukkaan. Lisää myös sovelluslogiikkaan eli luokkaan <code class=\"language-text\">Puhelinluettelo</code> metodi, joka mahdollistaa nimen hakemisen numeron perusteella.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"olioita-sanakirjassa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Olioita sanakirjassa<a href=\"#olioita-sanakirjassa\" aria-label=\"olioita sanakirjassa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraavassa tehtävässä on tarkoitus muuttaa puhelinluetteloa siten, että sanakirjan arvoksi talletetaan tavallisten listojen sijaan <em>olioita</em>.</p><p>Periaatteessa asiassa ei ole mitään ihmeellistä, mutta kurssilla ei vielä ole näin tehty, joten tutkitaan ennen tehtävää hieman samantapaista, mutta yksinkertaisempaa esimerkkiä.</p><p>Tehdään sovellus, jonka avulla voidaan pitää kirjaa siitä, kuinka monta tehtävää opiskelijat ovat tehneet kurssin aikana. Kunkin opiskelijan tehtävämäärä lasketaan yksinkertaisen olion avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Tehtavalaskuri</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tehtavia <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">merkkaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tehtavia <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tehtyja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tehtavia</code></pre></div><p>Luokkaa käyttävä pääohjelma on seuraavassa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">opiskelijat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"merkataan tehtäviä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"opiskelija: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># luodaan tarvittaessa olio tehtävämäärän laskemista varten</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tehtavalaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># merkataan tehdyksi nimeä vastaavaan olioon</span>\n    opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkkaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tehdyt tehtävät:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tehtavat <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>items<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> tehtäviä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>tehtavat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehtyja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kpl\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Käyttöesimerkki</p><sample-output><p>merkataan tehtäviä\nopiskelija: <strong>pekka</strong>\nopiskelija: <strong>sara</strong>\nopiskelija: <strong>antti</strong>\nopiskelija: <strong>sara</strong>\nopiskelija: <strong>juuso</strong>\nopiskelija: <strong>juuso</strong>\nopiskelija: <strong>antti</strong>\nopiskelija: <strong>sara</strong>\nopiskelija:</p><p>tehdyt tehtävät:\npekka tehtäviä 1 kpl\nantti tehtäviä 2 kpl\nsara tehtäviä 3 kpl\njuuso tehtäviä 2 kpl</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkissä on parikin huomionarvoista seikkaa. Kun opiskelijan nimi syötetään, tarkastetaan aina ensin onko opiskelijaa vastaava olio jo sanakirjassa. Jos olioa ei ole, luodaan se:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tehtavalaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämän jälkeen <em>tiedetään</em> että olio on olemassa. Se on joko luotu juuri äsken tai jo aiemmalla silmukan kierroksella. Haetaan olio sanakirjasta, ja kutsutaan sen metodia <code class=\"language-text\">merkkaa</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkkaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Rivillä tapahtuu oikeastaan kaksi asiaa, ja sama voitaisiin kirjoittaa siten, että sanakirjasta haettu olio sijoitettaisiin apumuuttujaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">opiskelijan_laskuri <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nopiskelijan_laskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkkaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Huomaa, että vaikka olio sijoitettaisiin apumuuttujaan, se <em>ei tarkoita</em> että olio poistuisi sanakirjasta tai oliosta syntyisi kopio. Apumuuttuja on ainoastaan <em>viite</em> sanakirjassa olevaan olioon.</p><p>Esimerkin koodia kannattaa <strong>ehdottomasti</strong> kokeilla <a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">visualisaattorissa</a> jos ei ole aivan 100% varma siitä, miten koodi toimii.</p><programming-exercise name='Puhelinluettelon laajennus, osa 2' tmcname='osa10-11_puhelinluettelo_osa2'><p>Tässä tehtävässä laajennetaan puhelinluettelosovellusta siten, että henkilöihin voi liittyä myös osoite. Yksinkertaisuuden vuoksi koodista on kuitenkin poistettu tiedostoon tallentaminen. Myös muutama metodi on uudelleennimetty vastaamaan paremmin laajennuksen jälkeistä tilannetta.</p><h2 id=\"luokka-henkilon-tietojen-esittamiseen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Luokka henkilön tietojen esittämiseen<a href=\"#luokka-henkilon-tietojen-esittamiseen\" aria-label=\"luokka henkilon tietojen esittamiseen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Siirretään henkilön tietojen (eli puhelinnumerojen sekä osoitteen) esittäminen oman luokkansa <code class=\"language-text\">Henkilo</code> vastuulle. Toteuta luokka siten, että se toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>numerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>osoite<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhenkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"040-123456\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhenkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_osoite<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mannerheimintie 10 Helsinki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>numerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>osoite<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Erkki\n[]\nNone\n['040-123456']\nMannerheimintie 10 Helsinki</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"puhelinluettelo-kayttamaan-luokkaa-henkilo\" style=\"position:relative;\">Puhelinluettelo käyttämään luokkaa Henkilo<a href=\"#puhelinluettelo-kayttamaan-luokkaa-henkilo\" aria-label=\"puhelinluettelo kayttamaan luokkaa henkilo permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Muuta koodiasi siten, että se toimii käyttäjän näkökulmasta täysin samoin kuin aiemmin, mutta luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Puhelinluettelo</code> tallettaakin henkilöt sisäisesti käyttäen luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Henkilo</code> olioita. Käytännössä siis oliomuuttujana <code class=\"language-text\">__henkilot</code> tulee olla sanakirja, johon listojen sijaan talletetaan henkilö-olioita.</p><p><strong>VAROITUS:</strong> kun teet koodiin tämän tehtävän kaltaista rakenteellista muutosta, etene pienin askelin. Älä missään tapauksessa yritä tehdä kaikkea kerrallaan, se on <strong>varma keino ajautua pahoihin ongelmiin</strong>.</p><p>Sopiva pieni askel nyt voi olla se, että tarkastat ensin erikseen luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Puhelinluettelo</code> toimivuuden. Esimerkiksi seuraavan koodin tulee toimia kuten olettaa saattaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luettelo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Puhelinluettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"02-123456\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_tiedot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_tiedot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tehtävässä ei tarkisteta, millainen tulostusasu <code class=\"language-text\">hae_tiedot</code>-metodin palauttamalla tuloksella on, mutta varmista ettei koodi aiheuta virheitä, ja että tulos on järkevä. Kun olet 100% varma, että kaikki toimii luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Puhelinluettelo</code> osalta, voit edetä varmistamaan, että kaikki toimii edelleen entiseen tapaan käyttöliittymää käytettäessä.</p><h2 id=\"osoitteen-lisaaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Osoitteen lisääminen<a href=\"#osoitteen-lisaaminen\" aria-label=\"osoitteen lisaaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Laajenna nyt sovellusta siten, että puhelinluetteloon on mahdollista tallettaa myös henkilöiden osoitteet. Ohjelman tulisi toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>komennot:\n0 lopetus\n1 nimen lisäys\n2 haku\n3 osoitteen lisäys</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nnimi: <strong>Erkki</strong>\nnumero: <strong>02-123456</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>3</strong>\nnimi: <strong>Emilia</strong>\nosoite: <strong>Viherlaaksontie 7, Espoo</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>2</strong>\nnimi: <strong>Erkki</strong>\n02-123456\nosoite ei tiedossa</p><p>komento: <strong>2</strong>\nnimi: <strong>Emilia</strong>\nnumero ei tiedossa\nViherlaaksontie 7, Espoo</p><p>komento: <strong>3</strong>\nnimi: <strong>Erkki</strong>\nosoite: <strong>Linnankatu 75, Turku</strong></p><p>komento: 2\nnimi: <strong>Erkki</strong>\n02-123456\nLinnankatu 75, Turku</p><p>komento: <strong>2</strong>\nnimi: <strong>Wilhelm</strong>\nosoite ei tiedossa\nnumero ei tiedossa</p><p>komento: <strong>0</strong></p></sample-output><p><strong>VAROITUS ja vihje:</strong> kuten tehtävän edellisessä osassa sanottiin, älä missään tapauksessa yritä tehdä kaikkea kerrallaan, se on <strong>varma keino ajautua pahoihin ongelmiin</strong>.</p><p>Varmista ensin että voit lisätä osoitteita luokkaan <code class=\"language-text\">Puhelinluettelo</code> ja kun olet 100% varma, että se toimii, voit laajentaa sovelluksen käyttöliittymää uuden toiminnallisuuden osalta.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"erinaisia-huomioita\" style=\"position:relative;\">Erinäisiä huomioita<a href=\"#erinaisia-huomioita\" aria-label=\"erinaisia huomioita permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Puhelinluetteloesimerkki noudattaa rakenteeltaan melko klassisia hyvän olio-ohjelmoinnin periaatteita. Kantavana ideana on siis ohjelman eri vastuualueiden jaottelu erillisiin luokkiin ja metodeihin. Eräs suurimmista motiiveista tällaiselle jaottelulle on monimutkaisuuden hallinta. Toinen tärkeä syy on se, että oikein tehty koodin jaottelu - tai <em>modularisointi</em> kuten ammattijargon asian ilmaisee - tekee koodista potentiaalisesti helpomman ylläpitää ja laajentaa.</p><p>Oikeissa ohjelmistoissa ylivoimaisesti suurimman kustannuserän aiheuttaa juuri ylläpito (eli bugien korjailu) sekä ohjelman laajentaminen, joten tällä seikalla on taloudellisesti erittäin suuri merkitys.</p><p>Nostetaan esimerkistä esiin vielä pari tärkeää seikkaa. Koodi ilmentää hyvin sitä, miten sovelluslogiikan varsinainen ydin on eriytetty sekä käyttöliittymästä, että datan tallettamisesta. Tämä on tärkeää muutamastakin syystä. Ensinnäkin se mahdollistaa koodin testailun pienemmissä yksiköissä, luokka ja metodi kerrallaan. Toisaalta koska sovelluslogiikka ei nyt riipu käyttöliittymästä tai tiedon talletustavasta, on esim. käyttöliittymää mahdollista muuttaa (ainakin johonkin pisteeseen asti) rikkomatta muuta sovellusta.</p><p>Tiedostojen käsittelyn suhteen kannattaa myös huomata se, että ohjelma lukee tiedostoa ainoastaan kerran, käynnistysvaiheessa. Tämän jälkeen kaikki tieto säilytetään ohjelman muuttujissa. Ohjelma tallettaa tiedot kokonaisuudessaan, eli käytännössä uudelleenkirjoittaa tiedoston joka kerta kokonaan uudestaan. Tiedostojen käsittely kannattaa lähes kaikissa tapauksissa tehdä näin.</p><p>Hyvän koodin kirjoittamisesta kerrotaan lisää esimerkiksi Robert Martinin mainiossa kirjassa <a href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Clean-Code-Handbook-Software-Craftsmanship/dp/0132350882\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Clean Code</a>. Kirjan koodiesimerkit on kuitenkin toteutettu Javalla, eli esimerkkien lukeminen saattaa tässä vaiheessa olla vielä varsin työlästä. Paneudumme ylläpidettävyydeltään ja laajennettavuudeltaan laadukkaan koodin toteuttamiseen tarkemmin kursseilla <a href=\"https://studies.helsinki.fi/opintotarjonta/cu/hy-CU-118024742-2020-08-01\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ohjelmistotekniikka</a> ja <a href=\"https://studies.helsinki.fi/opintotarjonta/cu/hy-CU-118024909-2020-08-01\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ohjelmistotuotanto</a>.</p><p>Hyvän olio-ohjelmoinnin periaatteiden mukaisen koodin kirjoittamisella on myös hintansa. Koodia tulee todennäköisesti enemmän kuin jos sama ongelma ratkaistaisiin yhteen pötköön kirjoitetulla spagettikoodilla. Ohjelmoijan onkin aina ratkaistava se, minkälainen lähestymistapa on paras kuhunkin tilanteeseen. Joskus voi olla vain parasta häkkeröidä kasaan nopeasti jotain joka toimii nyt. Jos taas on odotettavissa, että samaa koodia tullaan jatkossa laajentamaan. joko koodarin itsensä tai jonkun muun toimesta, on todennäköisesti kannattavaa panostaa koodin luettavuuteen ja jäsentämiseen jossain määrin jo alkuvaiheissa.</p><p>Harjoitellaan vielä isomman ohjelmakokonaisuuden toteuttamista yhden ohjelmointitehtävän verran.</p><programming-exercise name='Opintorekisteri' tmcname='osa10-12_opintorekisteri'><p>Tee interaktiivinen ohjelma, jonka avulla voit pitää kirjaa opintomenestyksestäsi. Sovelluksen rakenteen saat päättää itse, mutta nyt on hyvä tilaisuus harjoitella Puhelinluettelo-esimerkin kaltaisen oliorakenteen muodostamista.</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>1 lisää suoritus\n2 hae suoritus\n3 tilastot\n0 lopetus</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkurssi: <strong>Ohpe</strong>\narvosana: <strong>3</strong>\nopintopisteet: <strong>5</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>2</strong>\nkurssi: <strong>Ohpe</strong>\nOhpe (5 op) arvosana 3</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkurssi: <strong>Ohpe</strong>\narvosana: <strong>5</strong>\nopintopisteet: <strong>5</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>2</strong>\nkurssi: <strong>Ohpe</strong>\nOhpe (5 op) arvosana 5</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkurssi: <strong>Ohpe</strong>\narvosana: <strong>1</strong>\nopintopisteet: <strong>5</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>2</strong>\nkurssi: <strong>Ohpe</strong>\nOhpe (5 op) arvosana 5</p><p>komento: <strong>2</strong>\nkurssi: <strong>Java-ohjelmointi</strong>\nei suoritusta</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkurssi: <strong>Tira</strong>\narvosana: <strong>1</strong>\nopintopisteet: <strong>10</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkurssi: <strong>Tilpe</strong>\narvosana: <strong>2</strong>\nopintopisteet: <strong>5</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkurssi: <strong>Lapio</strong>\narvosana: <strong>4</strong>\nopintopisteet: <strong>1</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkurssi: <strong>Lama</strong>\narvosana: <strong>5</strong>\nopintopisteet: <strong>8</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>3</strong>\nsuorituksia 5 kurssilta, yhteensä 29 opintopistettä\nkeskiarvo 3.4\narvosanajakauma\n5: xx\n4: x\n3:\n2: x\n1: x</p><p>komento: <strong>0</strong></p></sample-output><p>Muutama huomio: kultakin kurssilta tallentuu ainoastaan yksi arvosana. Arvosanaa voi korottaa, mutta se ei voi laskea.</p><p>Tehtävästä on tarjolla kaksi tehtäväpistettä. Ensimmäisen pisteen saa jos toiminnot 1 ja 2 sekä lopetus toimivat. Toisen pisteen saa jos myös toiminto 3 on toteutettu.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"epilogi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Epilogi<a href=\"#epilogi\" aria-label=\"epilogi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Palataan vielä hetkeksi tarkastelemaan puhelinluetteloesimerkkiä, ja sen käyttöliittymän toteuttavaa luokkaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Puhelinluettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tiedosto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tiedostonkasittelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"luettelo.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># muu koodi</span>\n\nsovellus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> PuhelinluetteloSovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>suorita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p><code class=\"language-text\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</code>-olio pitää siis sisällään sekä <code class=\"language-text\">Puhelinluettelo</code>-olion että <code class=\"language-text\">Tiedostonkasittelija</code>-olion. Jos olisimme ammattikoodareita, tekisimme sovellukseen pienen muutoksen. Nyt nimittäin se, että sovellus käyttää nimenomaan tiedostoa <em>luettelo.txt</em> tallentamaan luettelon tiedot, on sovelluksen <em>käyttöliittymän</em> kannalta täysin turha deltaji. Jos tiedosto haluttaisiin vaihtaa, edellyttäisi se muutosta luokan <code class=\"language-text\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</code> koodiin. Tämä taas ei ole hyvä <em>separation of concerns</em> -periaatetta ajatellen, sillä puhelinluettelon tallentaminen ei kuulu ollenkaan käyttöliittymästä huolehtivan luokan vastuisiin.</p><p>Parempi vaihtoehto olisikin luoda tiedostokäsittelijä muualla ja antaa se <code class=\"language-text\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</code>-oliolle, esimerkiksi konstruktorin parametrina:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Puhelinluettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tiedosto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tiedosto\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># muu koodi</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># luodaan tallennuksen hoitava olio</span>\ntallennuspalvelu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tiedostonkasittelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"luettelo.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># ja annetaan se PuhelinluetteloSovellus-oliolle konsturuktorin parametrina</span>\nsovellus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> PuhelinluetteloSovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tallennuspalvelu<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>suorita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Näin on saatu poistettua luokalta <code class=\"language-text\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</code> <em>turha riippuvuus</em> käsiteltävän tiedoston nimeen. Jos tiedoston nimi muuttuu, ei luokan koodiin tarvitse koskea ollenkaan. Riittää ainoastaan, että oliolle annetaan hieman erilainen konstruktoriparametri:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Puhelinluettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tiedosto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tiedosto\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># muu koodi</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># vaihdetaan tiedostoa</span>\ntallennuspalvelu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tiedostonkasittelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"uusi_luettelotiedosto.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsovellus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> PuhelinluetteloSovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tallennuspalvelu<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>suorita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämä sama tekniikka mahdollistaa sen, että siirrytäänkin tallentamaan puhelinluettelo tiedoston sijaan esimerkiksi internetissä olevaan pilvipalveluun. On vain kirjoitettava pilvipalvelua käyttävä luokka, joka tarjoaa puhelinluettelosovellukselle samanlaiset metodit kuin <code class=\"language-text\">Tiedostonkasittelija</code>. Tämän luokan olio voidaan antaa sovellukselle, ilman että sovelluksen koodista tulee muuttaa riviäkään:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">InternetTallennin</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># koodi joka tallentaa luettelon tiedot internetissä olevaan pilvipalveluun</span>\n\ntallennuspalvelu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> InternetTallennin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"amazon-cloud\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"mluukkai\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"passwrd\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsovellus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> PuhelinluetteloSovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tallennuspalvelu<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>suorita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kuten aiemmin todettiin, on tämän kaltaisten tekniikoiden käytöllä oma hintansa: koodia tulee enemmän, ja ohjelmoijan tulee harkita milloin se hinta kannattaa maksaa.</p><p>Tässä esitelty tekniikka (joka kulkee ammattijargonissa nimellä <em>dependency injection</em>), missä oliolle annetaan ulkopuolelta käsin sen tarvitsema <em>riippuvuus</em> (eli käytännössä jokin muu olio) on erittäin tyypillinen kikka ammattimaisessa koodauksessa, muun muassa siksi, että se helpottaa ohjelmistojen laajentamista sekä niiden automatisoitua testaamista. Jatkamme teeman käsittelyä kursseilla <a href=\"https://studies.helsinki.fi/opintotarjonta/cu/hy-CU-118024742-2020-08-01\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ohjelmistotekniikka</a> ja <a href=\"https://studies.helsinki.fi/opintotarjonta/cu/hy-CU-118024909-2020-08-01\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ohjelmistotuotanto</a>.</p><p>Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:</p><div><quiz id=\"a5d5c420-b834-5a04-a8e3-a442912adcfa\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-10/4-lisaa-esimerkkeja","title":"Laajemman sovelluksen kehittäminen"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-10/4-laajempi-sovellus.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa 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Tämän luokan olio voidaan antaa sovellukselle, ilman että sovelluksen koodista tulee muuttaa riviäkään:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"class"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","class-name"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"InternetTallennin"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","comment"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"# koodi joka tallentaa luettelon tiedot internetissä olevaan pilvipalveluun"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\ntallennuspalvelu "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" InternetTallennin"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"amazon-cloud\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"mluukkai\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"passwrd\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nsovellus "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" PuhelinluetteloSovellus"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"tallennuspalvelu"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nsovellus"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"suorita"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kuten aiemmin todettiin, on tämän kaltaisten tekniikoiden käytöllä oma hintansa: koodia tulee enemmän, ja ohjelmoijan tulee harkita milloin se hinta kannattaa maksaa."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tässä esitelty tekniikka (joka kulkee ammattijargonissa nimellä "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"dependency injection"}]},{"type":"text","value":"), missä oliolle annetaan ulkopuolelta käsin sen tarvitsema "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"riippuvuus"}]},{"type":"text","value":" (eli käytännössä jokin muu olio) on erittäin tyypillinen kikka ammattimaisessa koodauksessa, muun muassa siksi, että se helpottaa ohjelmistojen laajentamista sekä niiden automatisoitua testaamista. Jatkamme teeman käsittelyä kursseilla "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://studies.helsinki.fi/opintotarjonta/cu/hy-CU-118024742-2020-08-01","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelmistotekniikka"}]},{"type":"text","value":" ja "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://studies.helsinki.fi/opintotarjonta/cu/hy-CU-118024909-2020-08-01","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelmistotuotanto"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"a5d5c420-b834-5a04-a8e3-a442912adcfa"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tässä osiossa</p><ul>\n<li>Käydään läpi hieman laajemman sovelluksen tekemiseen liittyviä seikkoja</li>\n<li>Erityinen fokus on sovelluksen eri osa-alueiden (käyttöliittymä, sovelluslogiikka ja tiedostojen käsittely) eriyttämisessä</li>\n<li>Harjoitellaan laajemman sovelluksen toteuttamista itse</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Ohjelmoinnin perusteiden ja jatkokurssin aikana on esitelty suuri määrä Pythonin tarjoamia ominaisuuksia.</p><p>Ohjelmoinnin perusteissa tutustuttiin kielen kontrollirakenteisiin (while ja for), funktioihin sekä perustietorakenteisiin eli listaan ja sanakirjaan. Näytti jo hetken siltä että muuta ei tarvitakaan. Periaatteessa näin onkin: ohjelmoinnin perusteiden kalustolla pystyy ilmaisemaan kaiken mikä Pythonilla on ylipäätään ilmaistavissa.</p><p>Jatkokurssin alussa, eli kurssin osassa 8 pakkaa ruvettiin kuitenkin hämmentämään tuomalla mukaan luokat ja oliot. Milloin ja ylipäätään <em>miksi</em> olioita tulisi käyttää jos kurssin osien 1-7 kalusto on jo ilmaisuvoimaltaan riittävä?</p><h2 id=\"monimutkaisuuden-hallintaa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Monimutkaisuuden hallintaa<a href=\"#monimutkaisuuden-hallintaa\" aria-label=\"monimutkaisuuden hallintaa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Monissa tilanteissa voi ja varmasti kannattaakin olla käyttämättä oliota. Esimerkiksi jos koodataan pieni \"kertakäyttöinen\" apuohjelma, ei ehkä ole mitään tarvetta olioille. Tilanne alkaa muuttua, kun siirrytään hieman suuremman kokoluokan ohjelmiin.</p><p>Kun ohjelma laajenee, alkaa sen sisältämien yksityiskohtien määrä nousta hallitsemattomaksi, ellei ohjelmaa jäsennellä jollain järkevällä tavalla. Itse asiassa jo ohjelmoinnin perusteiden tehtävissä oli havaittavissa varsin monimutkaisia ratkaisuja, joiden ymmärtämisessä jopa alan ammattilaisilla on vaikeuksia.</p><p>Käsite <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_concerns\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Separation of concerns</a> on ollut jo vuosikymmeniä eräs ohjelmoinnin ja koko tietojenkäsittelyn keskeisiä teemoja. Wikipedian mukaan käsitteellä tarkoitetaan seuraavaa</p><p><em>Separation of concerns is a design principle for separating a computer program into distinct sections such that each section addresses a separate concern. A concern is a set of information that affects the code of a computer program</em></p><p>Kyse on ohjelman suunnittelua ohjaavasta periaatteesta, jonka mukaan ohjelmakoodi jäsennellään pienempiin osiin, joista kukin huolehtii vain omasta \"tontistaan\". Kuhunkin osaan tehdyt muutokset vaikuttavat - periaatteen mukaisesti - vain rajattuun alueeseen ohjelmassa, joten ohjelmien väistämätöntä monimutkaisuutta on helpompi hallita.</p><p>Funktiot ovat yksi mekanismi tämän tavoitteen saavuttamiseen. Sen sijaan että ohjelma kirjoitetaan yhtenä isona kokonaisuutena, koostetaan se pienistä funktioista, joista kukin ratkaisee pienen osan ongelmasta.</p><p>Olio-ohjelmointi tarjoaa funktioita jossain määrin ilmaisuvoimaisemman ja joidenkin mielestä \"paremman\" tavan saavuttaa sama tavoite. Kuten olemme nähneet, olioiden avulla on mahdollista koota samaan asiaan liittyvä data ja sitä käsittelevä koodi, eli olion metodit, samaan paikkaan. Oliot tarjoavat myös mekanismin käsittelemänsä datan kapselointiin, joka taas tavallaan on keino piilottaa \"turhia\" yksityiskohtia olion ulkopuoliselta osalta ohjelmaa.</p><h2 id=\"esimerkki-puhelinluettelo\" style=\"position:relative;\">Esimerkki: puhelinluettelo<a href=\"#esimerkki-puhelinluettelo\" aria-label=\"esimerkki puhelinluettelo permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Miten ohjelma sitten tulisi jakaa luokkiin ja olioihin? Kysymys ei ole helppo, ja asiaa on helpompi pohdiskella konkreettisen esimerkin kautta. Toteutetaan esimerkkinä olio-ohjelmointia hyödyntäen hieman samantyylinen puhelinluettelo, joka oli aiheena ohjelmoinnin perusteiden viidennen osan <a href=\"/osa-5/3-dictionary#programming-exercise-puhelinluettelo-versio-2\">tehtävässä</a>.</p><p>Separation of concerns -periaatetta noudatellen koodi tulee jakaa osiin, joista kukin käsittelee omaa asiaansa. Olio-ohjelmoinnin piirissä tätä periaatetta ilmentää niin sanottu <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-responsibility_principle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">yhden vastuun (single responsibility)</a> -periaate. Ei mennä sen tarkemmin periaatteen yksityiskohtiin, mutta maalaisjärjellä ajatellen periaatteen nimi jo kertoo mistä on kyse: <em>yksittäisen luokan olioiden tulisi olla vastuussa yhdestä asiasta</em>.</p><p>Olioita käytettäessä ohjelmointiongelman \"reaalimaailman asioita\" vastaa yleensä oma luokkansa. Puhelinluettelon tapauksessa tälläisiä reaalimaailman asioita olisivat esimerkiksi:</p><ul>\n<li>henkilö</li>\n<li>nimi</li>\n<li>puhelinnumero</li>\n</ul><p>Näistä nimi ja puhelinnumero ovat kenties liian vähäpätöisiä ollakseen omia luokkiaan, mutta <em>henkilö</em> voisi hyvinkin olla oma luokkansa, jonka vastuulla on sitoa yhteen tietty nimi ja siihen liittyvät puhelinnumerot.</p><p>Myös <em>puhelinluettelo</em> itsessään on potentiaalinen luokka, sen vastuulla on hallinnoida eri henkilöiden tietoja.</p><p>Nämä kaksi luokkaa eli <em>puhelinluettelo</em> ja <em>henkilö</em> muodostavat sovelluksen ytimen, eli niin sanotun <em>sovelluslogiikan</em>. Näiden lisäksi ohjelma tarvitsee muutaman muunkin luokan.</p><p>Käyttäjän kanssa tapahtuvasta interaktiosta huolehtivaa luokkaa ei kannata sotkea sovelluslogiikan kanssa samaan luokkaan - sehän on kokonaan oma vastuunsa. Eli sovelluslogiikan luokkien lisäksi ohjelmalle tulee myös luokka, joka huolehtii ohjelman käyttöliittymästä.</p><p>Talletamme puhelinluettelon tiedot tiedostoon. Myös tiedoston käsittely on selkeästi oma vastuunsa, joten tulemme sisällyttämään siihen käytettävän koodin omaan luokkaansa.</p><p>Kun ohjelman luokkarakenne alkaa pikkuhiljaa hahmottua, nousee kysymykseksi se, mistä ohjelmointi kannattaa aloittaa. Usein paras tapa aloittaa on pienellä palalla sovelluslogiikka.</p><h2 id=\"vaihe-1-sovelluslogiikan-runko\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vaihe 1: sovelluslogiikan runko<a href=\"#vaihe-1-sovelluslogiikan-runko\" aria-label=\"vaihe 1 sovelluslogiikan runko permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Aloitetaan luokasta <em>Puhelinluettelo</em>. Runko voisi näyttää seuraavalta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Puhelinluettelo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__henkilot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_numero</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hae_numerot</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>Luokka pitää siis sisällään listan henkilöitä ja tarjoaa metodit tietojen lisäämiseen ja hakemiseen.</p><p>Jokaiseen henkilöön voi liittyä useita numeroita, joten toteutetaan luettelon sisäinen tila sanakirjan avulla, koska sanakirjasta on helppo hakea nimen perusteella. Sanakirjaan on helppo tallettaa suoraan myös nimeen liittyvät numerot, joten ainakaan tässä vaiheessa ei tarvita erillistä luokkaa yksittäisen henkilön tietojen tallettamiseen.</p><p>Luokka laajenee seuraavasti. Mukana on myös pieni toiminnan varmistava koodinpätkä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Puhelinluettelo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__henkilot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_numero</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token comment\"># henkilöön liittyy lista puhelinnumeroja</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hae_numerot</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># testikoodi</span>\nluettelo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Puhelinluettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"02-123456\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_numerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_numerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Testikoodin tulostus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>['02-123456']\nNone</p></sample-output><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">hae_numerot</code> siis palauttaa arvon <code class=\"language-text\">None</code>, jos henkilö ei löydy luettelosta, jos henkilö löytyy, palautetaan lista joka sisältää henkilön puhelinnumerot.</p><p>Ohjelmoidessa mitä tahansa ohjelmaa kannattaa <em>aina</em> kokeilla, että koodi toimii kuten sen olettaa toimivan, ennen kun etenee muuhun koodiin.\nUsein tämä testikoodi on poisheitettävää koodia, ja sikäli voisi ajatella testaamisesta olevan ylimääräistä vaivaa. Lähes 100% tapauksissa ei näin kuitenkaan ole.</p><p>Koodiin tullut bugi kannattaa saada kiinni ja korjata niin pian kuin mahdollista. Jos koodin toimivuuden varmistaa lähes jokaisen uuden koodirivin jälkeen, on debuggaus ja korjaaminen yleensä vaivatonta ja nopeaa, koska tällöin voi olla melko varma siitä, että ongelma johtuu hetki sitten lisätyistä koodiriveistä. Jos taas koodia testataan vasta sen jälkeen kun siihen on lisätty kymmeniä koodirivejä, on virhelähteitä moninkertaisesti.</p><h2 id=\"vaihe-2-kayttoliittyman-runko\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vaihe 2: käyttöliittymän runko<a href=\"#vaihe-2-kayttoliittyman-runko\" aria-label=\"vaihe 2 kayttoliittyman runko permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kun sovelluslogiikan ydintoiminnallisuus on kunnossa, voidaan edetä sovelluksen tekstikäyttöliittymään. Tehdään sitä varten oma luokka <code class=\"language-text\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</code>, jonka runko on seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Puhelinluettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">ohje</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"komennot: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"0 lopetus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">suorita</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ohje<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            komento <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"komento: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> komento <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"0\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\nsovellus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> PuhelinluetteloSovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>suorita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Luokka saattaa vaikuttaa vielä hämmentävältä, mutta tässä luodaan tosiaan vasta runko toiminnalle. Konstruktori luo puhelinluettelon, jonka olio pitää sisällään. Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">suorita(self)</code> käynnistää sovelluksen tekstikäyttöliittymän, jonka ytimen muodostaa <code class=\"language-text\">while</code>-silmukka, joka kyselee käyttäjältä mikä komento halutaan suorittaa. Ennen toistolauseeseen menemistä ohjelma tulostaa käyttöohjeet, kutsumalla metodia <code class=\"language-text\">ohje(self)</code>. Varsinaiset toiminnot toteutetaan seuraavaksi.</p><p>Laajennetaan käyttöliittymää siten, että luetteloon voidaan lisätä uusia tietoja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Puhelinluettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">ohje</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"komennot: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"0 lopetus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"1 lisäys\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">suorita</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ohje<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            komento <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"komento: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> komento <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"0\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> komento <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n                numero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"numero: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsovellus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> PuhelinluetteloSovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>suorita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos valittu komento on tietojen lisäys (eli komento on <em>1</em>), kysyy käyttöliittymä nimen ja numeron käyttäjältä, ja lisää tiedot puhelinluetteloon kutsumalla sopivaa luettelon metodia.</p><p>Käyttöliittymä on siis vastuussa ainoastaan siitä, että se kommunikoi käyttäjän kanssa. Puhelinnumeron säilöminen nimen yhteyteen on jätetty kokonaisuudessan <em>Puhelinluettelo</em>-olion vastuulle.</p><p>Käyttöliittymän rakennetta on mahdollista vielä parannella siten, että tietojen lisäys eriytetään omaan metodiinsa <em>lisays(self)</em>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Puhelinluettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">ohje</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"komennot: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"0 lopetus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"1 lisäys\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># eriytetään uusien tietojen lisääminen omaksi metodiksi</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisays</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        numero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"numero: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">suorita</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ohje<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            komento <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"komento: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> komento <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"0\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> komento <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsovellus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> PuhelinluetteloSovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>suorita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Erillisen metodin käyttämisen taustallakin on sama <em>separation of concerns</em> -periaate. Sen sijaan että koko käyttöliittymän toiminnallisuus sijoitettaisiin ison <code class=\"language-text\">while</code>-silmukan sisälle, tehdään jokaisesta yksittäisestä toiminnosta oma metodinsa. Tämä helpottaa kokonaisuuden hallintaa. Jos halutaan muokata tietojen lisäämisen toiminnallisuutta, tiedetään heti missä päin relevantti koodi sijaitsee.</p><p>Lisätään käyttöliittymään toiminnallisuus numeroiden hakemista varten. Sijoitetaan sen hoitava koodi heti omaan metodiinsa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Puhelinluettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">ohje</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"komennot: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"0 lopetus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"1 lisäys\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"2 haku\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisays</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        numero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"numero: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">haku</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        numerot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_numerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> numerot <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"numero ei tiedossa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> numero <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> numerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">suorita</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ohje<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            komento <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"komento: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> komento <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"0\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> komento <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> komento <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>haku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ohje<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsovellus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> PuhelinluetteloSovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>suorita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Sovelluksen perusversio toimii nyt. Seuraavassa esimerkki sovelluksen käytöstä:</p><sample-output><p>komennot:\n0 lopetus\n1 lisäys\n2 haku</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nnimi: <strong>Erkki</strong>\nnumero: <strong>02-123456</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nnimi: <strong>Erkki</strong>\nnumero: <strong>045-4356713</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>2</strong>\nnimi: <strong>Erkki</strong>\n02-123456\n045-4356713</p><p>komento: <strong>2</strong>\nnimi: Emilia\nnumero ei tiedossa</p><p>komento: <strong>0</strong></p></sample-output><p>Koodia on aika paljon, todennäköisesti enemmän kuin jos kaikki olisi ohjelmoitu yhteen pötköön. Koodin rakenne on kuitenkin siistihkö, ja koodin laajentamisenkaan ei pitäisi olla kovin hankalaa.</p><h2 id=\"vaihe-3-tietojen-haku-tiedostosta\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vaihe 3: tietojen haku tiedostosta<a href=\"#vaihe-3-tietojen-haku-tiedostosta\" aria-label=\"vaihe 3 tietojen haku tiedostosta permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Laajennetaan ohjelmaa siten, että se lataa käynnistäessään puhelinluettelon tiedostosta, joka on seuraavaa muotoa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"csv\"><pre class=\"language-csv\"><code class=\"language-csv\"><span class=\"token value\">Erkki;02-1234567;045-4356713</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">Emilia;040-324344</span></code></pre></div><p>Tiedoston käsittely on selkeästi oma vastuualueensa, eli toteutetaan sitä varten oma luokka:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Tiedostonkasittelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tiedosto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tiedosto\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lataa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        nimet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> f<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> f<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>strip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">';'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n                nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span>numerot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> osat\n                nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> numerot\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> nimet</code></pre></div><p>Konstruktorin parametrina annetaan tiedoston nimi. Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lataa(self)</code> lukee tiedoston, ja pilkkoo sen rivit sanakirjaksi, missä avain on nimi ja arvona ovat nimeen liittyvät numerot.</p><p>Metodi käyttää erästä Pythonin kätevää ominaisuutta: listasta on mahdollista ottaa ensin yksittäisiä alkioita erikseen nimettyinä muuttujina, sekä loput alkiot uutena listana, kuten seuraavasta esimerkistä käy ilmi. <a href=\"osa-6/1-tiedostojen-lukeminen#csv-tiedoston-lukeminen\">Luvusta 6</a> muistamme että merkkijonojen metodi <code class=\"language-text\">split</code> tuottaa nimenomaan listan.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\neka<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> toka<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span>loput <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lista\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eka<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>toka<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>loput<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1\n2\n[3, 4, 5]</p></sample-output><p>Sijoituslauseen viimeisen muuttujan nimen edessä on *, ja se tarkoittaa, että viimeiseen muuttujaan kerätään taulukosta loput, eli kolmas ja sitä seuraavat alkiot.</p><p>Tiedostonkäsittelijääkin kannattaa ehdottomasti testata, ennen kuin se pultataan muuhun koodiin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">t <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tiedostonkasittelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"luettelo.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lataa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>{'Erkki': ['02-1234567', '045-4356713'], 'Emilia': ['040-324344']}</p></sample-output><p>Kun tiedostosta lukemisen todetaan toimivan, liitetään koodi muuhun ohjelmaan. Looginen paikka tiedoston lukemiseen on se hetki kun sovellus käynnistyy, eli luokan <em>PuhelinluetteloSovellus</em> konstruktori:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Puhelinluettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tiedosto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tiedostonkasittelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"luettelo.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># listään tiedostossa olevat nimet luetteloon</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numerot <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lataa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>items<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> numero <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> numerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># muu koodi</span></code></pre></div><p>Tiedoston lukua osana PuhelinLuetteloSovellusta kannattaa myös testata. Kun on varmistettu, että tiedoston sisältö saadaan ladattua luetteloon, voidaan edetä viimeiseen vaiheeseen.</p><h2 id=\"vaihe-4-tietojen-talletus-tiedostoon\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vaihe 4: tietojen talletus tiedostoon<a href=\"#vaihe-4-tietojen-talletus-tiedostoon\" aria-label=\"vaihe 4 tietojen talletus tiedostoon permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Viimeistellään ohjelman alustava versio vielä siten, että se tallentaa lopetettaessa puhelinluettelon takaisin tiedostoon.</p><p>Tätä varten luokkaa <em>Puhelinluettelo</em> tulee laajentaa siten, että sieltä saadaan tallennusta varten kaikki tiedot ulos:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Puhelinluettelo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__henkilot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># palautetaan tiedostoon tallentamista varten kaikki tiedot</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kaikki_tiedot</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__henkilot</code></pre></div><p>Tallennus on luonnollisesti luokan <em>Tiedostonkasittelija</em> vastuulla, eli laajennetaan sitä metodilla <em>talleta</em>, joka saa parametriksi puhelinluetteloa edustavan sanakirjan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Tiedostonkasittelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tiedosto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tiedosto\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lataa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">talleta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">dict</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"w\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> f<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numerot <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>items<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                rivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> numerot\n                f<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\";\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tallennus tapahtuu samalla kun sovelluksen käyttö lopetetaan. Tehdään tätäkin tarkoitusta varten oma metodinsa ja kutsutaan sitä sopivassa kohdassa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># muu koodi</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># metodi, joka suoritetaan lopetettaessa sovelluksen käyttö</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lopetus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>talleta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kaikki_tiedot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">suorita</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ohje<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            komento <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"komento: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> komento <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"0\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lopetus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> komento <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> komento <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>haku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ohje<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Puhelinluettelon laajennus, osa 1' tmcname='osa10-10_puhelinluettelo_osa1'><p>Tässä tehtävässä tehdään pieni laajennus puhelinluettelosovellukseen. Yllä kehitetty koodi löytyy tehtäväpohjasta. Laajenna ratkaisuasi komennolla, joka mahdollistaa nimen etsimisen numeron perusteella. Laajennuksen jälkeen sovelluksen pitäisi toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>komennot:\n0 lopetus\n1 lisäys\n2 haku\n3 haku numeron perusteella</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nnimi: <strong>Erkki</strong>\nnumero: <strong>02-123456</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nnimi: <strong>Erkki</strong>\nnumero: <strong>045-4356713</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>3</strong>\nnumero: <strong>02-123456</strong>\nErkki</p><p>komento: <strong>3</strong>\nnumero: <strong>0100100</strong>\ntuntematon numero</p><p>komento: <strong>0</strong></p></sample-output><p>Tee laajennus sitten, että kunnioitat ohjelman rakennetta. Eli lisää luokkaan <code class=\"language-text\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</code> uutta ominaisuutta varten sopiva apumetodi sekä oma haara while-silmukkaan. Lisää myös sovelluslogiikkaan eli luokkaan <code class=\"language-text\">Puhelinluettelo</code> metodi, joka mahdollistaa nimen hakemisen numeron perusteella.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"olioita-sanakirjassa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Olioita sanakirjassa<a href=\"#olioita-sanakirjassa\" aria-label=\"olioita sanakirjassa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraavassa tehtävässä on tarkoitus muuttaa puhelinluetteloa siten, että sanakirjan arvoksi talletetaan tavallisten listojen sijaan <em>olioita</em>.</p><p>Periaatteessa asiassa ei ole mitään ihmeellistä, mutta kurssilla ei vielä ole näin tehty, joten tutkitaan ennen tehtävää hieman samantapaista, mutta yksinkertaisempaa esimerkkiä.</p><p>Tehdään sovellus, jonka avulla voidaan pitää kirjaa siitä, kuinka monta tehtävää opiskelijat ovat tehneet kurssin aikana. Kunkin opiskelijan tehtävämäärä lasketaan yksinkertaisen olion avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Tehtavalaskuri</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tehtavia <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">merkkaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tehtavia <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tehtyja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tehtavia</code></pre></div><p>Luokkaa käyttävä pääohjelma on seuraavassa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">opiskelijat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"merkataan tehtäviä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"opiskelija: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># luodaan tarvittaessa olio tehtävämäärän laskemista varten</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tehtavalaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># merkataan tehdyksi nimeä vastaavaan olioon</span>\n    opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkkaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tehdyt tehtävät:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tehtavat <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>items<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> tehtäviä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>tehtavat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehtyja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kpl\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Käyttöesimerkki</p><sample-output><p>merkataan tehtäviä\nopiskelija: <strong>pekka</strong>\nopiskelija: <strong>sara</strong>\nopiskelija: <strong>antti</strong>\nopiskelija: <strong>sara</strong>\nopiskelija: <strong>juuso</strong>\nopiskelija: <strong>juuso</strong>\nopiskelija: <strong>antti</strong>\nopiskelija: <strong>sara</strong>\nopiskelija:</p><p>tehdyt tehtävät:\npekka tehtäviä 1 kpl\nantti tehtäviä 2 kpl\nsara tehtäviä 3 kpl\njuuso tehtäviä 2 kpl</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkissä on parikin huomionarvoista seikkaa. Kun opiskelijan nimi syötetään, tarkastetaan aina ensin onko opiskelijaa vastaava olio jo sanakirjassa. Jos olioa ei ole, luodaan se:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tehtavalaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämän jälkeen <em>tiedetään</em> että olio on olemassa. Se on joko luotu juuri äsken tai jo aiemmalla silmukan kierroksella. Haetaan olio sanakirjasta, ja kutsutaan sen metodia <code class=\"language-text\">merkkaa</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkkaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Rivillä tapahtuu oikeastaan kaksi asiaa, ja sama voitaisiin kirjoittaa siten, että sanakirjasta haettu olio sijoitettaisiin apumuuttujaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">opiskelijan_laskuri <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nopiskelijan_laskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkkaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Huomaa, että vaikka olio sijoitettaisiin apumuuttujaan, se <em>ei tarkoita</em> että olio poistuisi sanakirjasta tai oliosta syntyisi kopio. Apumuuttuja on ainoastaan <em>viite</em> sanakirjassa olevaan olioon.</p><p>Esimerkin koodia kannattaa <strong>ehdottomasti</strong> kokeilla <a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">visualisaattorissa</a> jos ei ole aivan 100% varma siitä, miten koodi toimii.</p><programming-exercise name='Puhelinluettelon laajennus, osa 2' tmcname='osa10-11_puhelinluettelo_osa2'><p>Tässä tehtävässä laajennetaan puhelinluettelosovellusta siten, että henkilöihin voi liittyä myös osoite. Yksinkertaisuuden vuoksi koodista on kuitenkin poistettu tiedostoon tallentaminen. Myös muutama metodi on uudelleennimetty vastaamaan paremmin laajennuksen jälkeistä tilannetta.</p><h2 id=\"luokka-henkilon-tietojen-esittamiseen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Luokka henkilön tietojen esittämiseen<a href=\"#luokka-henkilon-tietojen-esittamiseen\" aria-label=\"luokka henkilon tietojen esittamiseen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Siirretään henkilön tietojen (eli puhelinnumerojen sekä osoitteen) esittäminen oman luokkansa <code class=\"language-text\">Henkilo</code> vastuulle. Toteuta luokka siten, että se toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>numerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>osoite<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhenkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"040-123456\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhenkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_osoite<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mannerheimintie 10 Helsinki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>numerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>osoite<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Erkki\n[]\nNone\n['040-123456']\nMannerheimintie 10 Helsinki</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"puhelinluettelo-kayttamaan-luokkaa-henkilo\" style=\"position:relative;\">Puhelinluettelo käyttämään luokkaa Henkilo<a href=\"#puhelinluettelo-kayttamaan-luokkaa-henkilo\" aria-label=\"puhelinluettelo kayttamaan luokkaa henkilo permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Muuta koodiasi siten, että se toimii käyttäjän näkökulmasta täysin samoin kuin aiemmin, mutta luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Puhelinluettelo</code> tallettaakin henkilöt sisäisesti käyttäen luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Henkilo</code> olioita. Käytännössä siis oliomuuttujana <code class=\"language-text\">__henkilot</code> tulee olla sanakirja, johon listojen sijaan talletetaan henkilö-olioita.</p><p><strong>VAROITUS:</strong> kun teet koodiin tämän tehtävän kaltaista rakenteellista muutosta, etene pienin askelin. Älä missään tapauksessa yritä tehdä kaikkea kerrallaan, se on <strong>varma keino ajautua pahoihin ongelmiin</strong>.</p><p>Sopiva pieni askel nyt voi olla se, että tarkastat ensin erikseen luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Puhelinluettelo</code> toimivuuden. Esimerkiksi seuraavan koodin tulee toimia kuten olettaa saattaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luettelo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Puhelinluettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"02-123456\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_tiedot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_tiedot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tehtävässä ei tarkisteta, millainen tulostusasu <code class=\"language-text\">hae_tiedot</code>-metodin palauttamalla tuloksella on, mutta varmista ettei koodi aiheuta virheitä, ja että tulos on järkevä. Kun olet 100% varma, että kaikki toimii luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Puhelinluettelo</code> osalta, voit edetä varmistamaan, että kaikki toimii edelleen entiseen tapaan käyttöliittymää käytettäessä.</p><h2 id=\"osoitteen-lisaaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Osoitteen lisääminen<a href=\"#osoitteen-lisaaminen\" aria-label=\"osoitteen lisaaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Laajenna nyt sovellusta siten, että puhelinluetteloon on mahdollista tallettaa myös henkilöiden osoitteet. Ohjelman tulisi toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>komennot:\n0 lopetus\n1 nimen lisäys\n2 haku\n3 osoitteen lisäys</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nnimi: <strong>Erkki</strong>\nnumero: <strong>02-123456</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>3</strong>\nnimi: <strong>Emilia</strong>\nosoite: <strong>Viherlaaksontie 7, Espoo</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>2</strong>\nnimi: <strong>Erkki</strong>\n02-123456\nosoite ei tiedossa</p><p>komento: <strong>2</strong>\nnimi: <strong>Emilia</strong>\nnumero ei tiedossa\nViherlaaksontie 7, Espoo</p><p>komento: <strong>3</strong>\nnimi: <strong>Erkki</strong>\nosoite: <strong>Linnankatu 75, Turku</strong></p><p>komento: 2\nnimi: <strong>Erkki</strong>\n02-123456\nLinnankatu 75, Turku</p><p>komento: <strong>2</strong>\nnimi: <strong>Wilhelm</strong>\nosoite ei tiedossa\nnumero ei tiedossa</p><p>komento: <strong>0</strong></p></sample-output><p><strong>VAROITUS ja vihje:</strong> kuten tehtävän edellisessä osassa sanottiin, älä missään tapauksessa yritä tehdä kaikkea kerrallaan, se on <strong>varma keino ajautua pahoihin ongelmiin</strong>.</p><p>Varmista ensin että voit lisätä osoitteita luokkaan <code class=\"language-text\">Puhelinluettelo</code> ja kun olet 100% varma, että se toimii, voit laajentaa sovelluksen käyttöliittymää uuden toiminnallisuuden osalta.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"erinaisia-huomioita\" style=\"position:relative;\">Erinäisiä huomioita<a href=\"#erinaisia-huomioita\" aria-label=\"erinaisia huomioita permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Puhelinluetteloesimerkki noudattaa rakenteeltaan melko klassisia hyvän olio-ohjelmoinnin periaatteita. Kantavana ideana on siis ohjelman eri vastuualueiden jaottelu erillisiin luokkiin ja metodeihin. Eräs suurimmista motiiveista tällaiselle jaottelulle on monimutkaisuuden hallinta. Toinen tärkeä syy on se, että oikein tehty koodin jaottelu - tai <em>modularisointi</em> kuten ammattijargon asian ilmaisee - tekee koodista potentiaalisesti helpomman ylläpitää ja laajentaa.</p><p>Oikeissa ohjelmistoissa ylivoimaisesti suurimman kustannuserän aiheuttaa juuri ylläpito (eli bugien korjailu) sekä ohjelman laajentaminen, joten tällä seikalla on taloudellisesti erittäin suuri merkitys.</p><p>Nostetaan esimerkistä esiin vielä pari tärkeää seikkaa. Koodi ilmentää hyvin sitä, miten sovelluslogiikan varsinainen ydin on eriytetty sekä käyttöliittymästä, että datan tallettamisesta. Tämä on tärkeää muutamastakin syystä. Ensinnäkin se mahdollistaa koodin testailun pienemmissä yksiköissä, luokka ja metodi kerrallaan. Toisaalta koska sovelluslogiikka ei nyt riipu käyttöliittymästä tai tiedon talletustavasta, on esim. käyttöliittymää mahdollista muuttaa (ainakin johonkin pisteeseen asti) rikkomatta muuta sovellusta.</p><p>Tiedostojen käsittelyn suhteen kannattaa myös huomata se, että ohjelma lukee tiedostoa ainoastaan kerran, käynnistysvaiheessa. Tämän jälkeen kaikki tieto säilytetään ohjelman muuttujissa. Ohjelma tallettaa tiedot kokonaisuudessaan, eli käytännössä uudelleenkirjoittaa tiedoston joka kerta kokonaan uudestaan. Tiedostojen käsittely kannattaa lähes kaikissa tapauksissa tehdä näin.</p><p>Hyvän koodin kirjoittamisesta kerrotaan lisää esimerkiksi Robert Martinin mainiossa kirjassa <a href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Clean-Code-Handbook-Software-Craftsmanship/dp/0132350882\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Clean Code</a>. Kirjan koodiesimerkit on kuitenkin toteutettu Javalla, eli esimerkkien lukeminen saattaa tässä vaiheessa olla vielä varsin työlästä. Paneudumme ylläpidettävyydeltään ja laajennettavuudeltaan laadukkaan koodin toteuttamiseen tarkemmin kursseilla <a href=\"https://studies.helsinki.fi/opintotarjonta/cu/hy-CU-118024742-2020-08-01\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ohjelmistotekniikka</a> ja <a href=\"https://studies.helsinki.fi/opintotarjonta/cu/hy-CU-118024909-2020-08-01\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ohjelmistotuotanto</a>.</p><p>Hyvän olio-ohjelmoinnin periaatteiden mukaisen koodin kirjoittamisella on myös hintansa. Koodia tulee todennäköisesti enemmän kuin jos sama ongelma ratkaistaisiin yhteen pötköön kirjoitetulla spagettikoodilla. Ohjelmoijan onkin aina ratkaistava se, minkälainen lähestymistapa on paras kuhunkin tilanteeseen. Joskus voi olla vain parasta häkkeröidä kasaan nopeasti jotain joka toimii nyt. Jos taas on odotettavissa, että samaa koodia tullaan jatkossa laajentamaan. joko koodarin itsensä tai jonkun muun toimesta, on todennäköisesti kannattavaa panostaa koodin luettavuuteen ja jäsentämiseen jossain määrin jo alkuvaiheissa.</p><p>Harjoitellaan vielä isomman ohjelmakokonaisuuden toteuttamista yhden ohjelmointitehtävän verran.</p><programming-exercise name='Opintorekisteri' tmcname='osa10-12_opintorekisteri'><p>Tee interaktiivinen ohjelma, jonka avulla voit pitää kirjaa opintomenestyksestäsi. Sovelluksen rakenteen saat päättää itse, mutta nyt on hyvä tilaisuus harjoitella Puhelinluettelo-esimerkin kaltaisen oliorakenteen muodostamista.</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>1 lisää suoritus\n2 hae suoritus\n3 tilastot\n0 lopetus</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkurssi: <strong>Ohpe</strong>\narvosana: <strong>3</strong>\nopintopisteet: <strong>5</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>2</strong>\nkurssi: <strong>Ohpe</strong>\nOhpe (5 op) arvosana 3</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkurssi: <strong>Ohpe</strong>\narvosana: <strong>5</strong>\nopintopisteet: <strong>5</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>2</strong>\nkurssi: <strong>Ohpe</strong>\nOhpe (5 op) arvosana 5</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkurssi: <strong>Ohpe</strong>\narvosana: <strong>1</strong>\nopintopisteet: <strong>5</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>2</strong>\nkurssi: <strong>Ohpe</strong>\nOhpe (5 op) arvosana 5</p><p>komento: <strong>2</strong>\nkurssi: <strong>Java-ohjelmointi</strong>\nei suoritusta</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkurssi: <strong>Tira</strong>\narvosana: <strong>1</strong>\nopintopisteet: <strong>10</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkurssi: <strong>Tilpe</strong>\narvosana: <strong>2</strong>\nopintopisteet: <strong>5</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkurssi: <strong>Lapio</strong>\narvosana: <strong>4</strong>\nopintopisteet: <strong>1</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkurssi: <strong>Lama</strong>\narvosana: <strong>5</strong>\nopintopisteet: <strong>8</strong></p><p>komento: <strong>3</strong>\nsuorituksia 5 kurssilta, yhteensä 29 opintopistettä\nkeskiarvo 3.4\narvosanajakauma\n5: xx\n4: x\n3:\n2: x\n1: x</p><p>komento: <strong>0</strong></p></sample-output><p>Muutama huomio: kultakin kurssilta tallentuu ainoastaan yksi arvosana. Arvosanaa voi korottaa, mutta se ei voi laskea.</p><p>Tehtävästä on tarjolla kaksi tehtäväpistettä. Ensimmäisen pisteen saa jos toiminnot 1 ja 2 sekä lopetus toimivat. Toisen pisteen saa jos myös toiminto 3 on toteutettu.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"epilogi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Epilogi<a href=\"#epilogi\" aria-label=\"epilogi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Palataan vielä hetkeksi tarkastelemaan puhelinluetteloesimerkkiä, ja sen käyttöliittymän toteuttavaa luokkaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Puhelinluettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tiedosto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tiedostonkasittelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"luettelo.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># muu koodi</span>\n\nsovellus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> PuhelinluetteloSovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>suorita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p><code class=\"language-text\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</code>-olio pitää siis sisällään sekä <code class=\"language-text\">Puhelinluettelo</code>-olion että <code class=\"language-text\">Tiedostonkasittelija</code>-olion. Jos olisimme ammattikoodareita, tekisimme sovellukseen pienen muutoksen. Nyt nimittäin se, että sovellus käyttää nimenomaan tiedostoa <em>luettelo.txt</em> tallentamaan luettelon tiedot, on sovelluksen <em>käyttöliittymän</em> kannalta täysin turha deltaji. Jos tiedosto haluttaisiin vaihtaa, edellyttäisi se muutosta luokan <code class=\"language-text\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</code> koodiin. Tämä taas ei ole hyvä <em>separation of concerns</em> -periaatetta ajatellen, sillä puhelinluettelon tallentaminen ei kuulu ollenkaan käyttöliittymästä huolehtivan luokan vastuisiin.</p><p>Parempi vaihtoehto olisikin luoda tiedostokäsittelijä muualla ja antaa se <code class=\"language-text\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</code>-oliolle, esimerkiksi konstruktorin parametrina:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Puhelinluettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tiedosto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tiedosto\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># muu koodi</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># luodaan tallennuksen hoitava olio</span>\ntallennuspalvelu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tiedostonkasittelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"luettelo.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># ja annetaan se PuhelinluetteloSovellus-oliolle konsturuktorin parametrina</span>\nsovellus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> PuhelinluetteloSovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tallennuspalvelu<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>suorita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Näin on saatu poistettua luokalta <code class=\"language-text\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</code> <em>turha riippuvuus</em> käsiteltävän tiedoston nimeen. Jos tiedoston nimi muuttuu, ei luokan koodiin tarvitse koskea ollenkaan. Riittää ainoastaan, että oliolle annetaan hieman erilainen konstruktoriparametri:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">PuhelinluetteloSovellus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__luettelo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Puhelinluettelo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tiedosto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tiedosto\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># muu koodi</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># vaihdetaan tiedostoa</span>\ntallennuspalvelu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tiedostonkasittelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"uusi_luettelotiedosto.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsovellus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> PuhelinluetteloSovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tallennuspalvelu<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>suorita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämä sama tekniikka mahdollistaa sen, että siirrytäänkin tallentamaan puhelinluettelo tiedoston sijaan esimerkiksi internetissä olevaan pilvipalveluun. On vain kirjoitettava pilvipalvelua käyttävä luokka, joka tarjoaa puhelinluettelosovellukselle samanlaiset metodit kuin <code class=\"language-text\">Tiedostonkasittelija</code>. Tämän luokan olio voidaan antaa sovellukselle, ilman että sovelluksen koodista tulee muuttaa riviäkään:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">InternetTallennin</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># koodi joka tallentaa luettelon tiedot internetissä olevaan pilvipalveluun</span>\n\ntallennuspalvelu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> InternetTallennin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"amazon-cloud\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"mluukkai\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"passwrd\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsovellus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> PuhelinluetteloSovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tallennuspalvelu<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsovellus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>suorita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kuten aiemmin todettiin, on tämän kaltaisten tekniikoiden käytöllä oma hintansa: koodia tulee enemmän, ja ohjelmoijan tulee harkita milloin se hinta kannattaa maksaa.</p><p>Tässä esitelty tekniikka (joka kulkee ammattijargonissa nimellä <em>dependency injection</em>), missä oliolle annetaan ulkopuolelta käsin sen tarvitsema <em>riippuvuus</em> (eli käytännössä jokin muu olio) on erittäin tyypillinen kikka ammattimaisessa koodauksessa, muun muassa siksi, että se helpottaa ohjelmistojen laajentamista sekä niiden automatisoitua testaamista. Jatkamme teeman käsittelyä kursseilla <a href=\"https://studies.helsinki.fi/opintotarjonta/cu/hy-CU-118024742-2020-08-01\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ohjelmistotekniikka</a> ja <a href=\"https://studies.helsinki.fi/opintotarjonta/cu/hy-CU-118024909-2020-08-01\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ohjelmistotuotanto</a>.</p><p>Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:</p><div><quiz id=\"a5d5c420-b834-5a04-a8e3-a442912adcfa\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-10/4-lisaa-esimerkkeja","title":"Laajemman sovelluksen kehittäminen"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-10/4-laajempi-sovellus.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki 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osa 2"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#lottorivi-osa-2","ariaLabel":"lottorivi osa 2 permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kirjoita luokkaan metodi "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"osumat_paikoillaan(pelattu_rivi)"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka palauttaa uuden listan. Uudessa listassa on vanhoilla paikoillaan oikeat numerot (eli ne, jotka löytyvät myös oikeasta rivistä), muiden paikalla on -1."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Metodin tulee käyttää listakoostetta. Metodin pituus kokonaisuudessaan (def-rivi mukaanlukien) saa olla korkeintaan 2 riviä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkki metodin käytöstä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"oikea "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" Lottorivi"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"8"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" 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-1, -1, 10, -1, 20, 30]"}]}]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät mitä tarkoitetaan koosteella (comprehension)</li>\n<li>Osaat hyödyntää koosteita uusien listojen muodostamiseen</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Ohjelmointiin liittyy usein erilaisten sekvenssien (eli sarjojen) käsittely. Aikaisemmissa osissa on käytetty runsaasti aikaa merkkijonojen, listojen ja sanakirjojen käsittelyyn eri tavoilla.</p><p>Oletetaan tilanne, jossa meillä on lista kokonaislukuja. Tämän listan perusteella meidän pitäisi luoda vastaava merkkijonolista.</p><p>Perinteinen tapa toteuttaa operaatio näyttäisi esimerkiksi tältä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nmerkkijonot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    merkkijonot<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"listakooste\" style=\"position:relative;\">Listakooste<a href=\"#listakooste\" aria-label=\"listakooste permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Python tarjoaa kuitenin \"pythonmaisemman\" tavan uuden listan muodostamiseksi vanhan perusteella. Menetelmää voidaan kutsua \"listakoosteeksi\", mutta huomattavasti yleisempää on käyttää englanninkielistä nimeä <em>list comprehension</em>.</p><p>Menetelmässä ideana on kuvata yhden rivin lausekkeella, mikä operaatio listan kaikille alkioille tehdään, ennen kuin ne tallennetaan uuteen listaan.</p><p>Esimerkiksi yllä esitetty ohjelma, joka luo merkkijonolistan kokonaislukulistan perusteella, näyttäisi listakoostetta hyödyntäen tältä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nmerkkijonot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Koosteessa näyttää siis olevan jotakuinkin samat elementit kuin perinteisessäkin toteutuksessa, mutta syntaksi on uudenlainen. Yleisemmin listakoosteen syntaksi voitaisiin esittää esimerkiksi näin:</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">[&lt;lauseke> for &lt;alkio> in &lt;sarja>]</code></p><p>Koosteen ympärillä olevat hakasulkeet kertovat, että lopputuloksena on uusi lista. Koosteessa poimitaan yksi kerrallaan alkio alkuperäisestä sarjasta (esimerkkimme tapauksessa listasta) ja tallennetaan siihen liittyvän lausekkeen arvo uuteen listaan. Lopputuloksena on lista, jossa on yhtä paljon alkioita kuin alkuperäisessä listassa ja kaikki alkiot on käsitelty samalla tavalla.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 301px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/3f079cde22be6cf33b7be317492aa108/fb933/11_1_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 131.7391304347826%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/3f079cde22be6cf33b7be317492aa108/a0b58/11_1_2.webp 230w,\n/static/3f079cde22be6cf33b7be317492aa108/c4c4c/11_1_2.webp 301w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 301px) 100vw, 301px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/3f079cde22be6cf33b7be317492aa108/81c8e/11_1_2.png 230w,\n/static/3f079cde22be6cf33b7be317492aa108/fb933/11_1_2.png 301w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 301px) 100vw, 301px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/3f079cde22be6cf33b7be317492aa108/fb933/11_1_2.png\" alt=\"11 1 2\" title=\"11 1 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Toisessa esimerkissä jokainen alkuperäisen listan alkio kerrotaan kymmenellä ja tallennetaan uuteen listaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nluvut_kerrottuna <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>luku <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut_kerrottuna<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]\n[10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90]</p></sample-output><p>Lauseke voi olla mikä tahansa Pythonin lauseke. Esimerkiksi koosteessa voidaan kutsua itse määriteltyä funktiota:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kertoma</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Funktio laskee positiivisen luvun n kertoman n! \"\"\"</span>\n    k <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        k <span class=\"token operator\">*=</span> n\n        n <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> k\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    kertomat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>kertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kertomat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[120, 2, 24, 6, 1]</p></sample-output><p>Sama ohjelma esitettynä perinteisellä silmukalla näyttäisi tältä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kertoma</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Funktio laskee positiivisen luvun n kertoman n! \"\"\"</span>\n    k <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        k <span class=\"token operator\">*=</span> n\n        n <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> k\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    kertomat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        kertomat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kertomat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>Koosteen avulla on siis mahdollista ilmaista sama toiminnallisuus tiiviimmin ja silti yhä helposti luettavassa muodossa.</p><p>Palauttamalla funktiosta suoraan kooste saadaan aikaiseksi hyvin tiivistä koodia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kertomat</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>kertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Neliojuuret' tmcname='osa11-01_neliojuuret'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">neliojuuret(luvut: list)</code>, joka saa parametriksi listan kokonaislukuja. Funktio palauttaa listan parametrina olevien lukujen neliöjuurista. Neliöjuuren laskemiseen löytyy sopiva funktio moduulista <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">math</a></p><p>Funktion tulee käyttää listakoostetta. Funktion maksimipituus on siis (mukaanlukien <code class=\"language-text\">def</code>-sanalla alkava otsikkorivi) kokonaisuudessaan kaksi riviä!</p><p>Funktio toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">rivit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> neliojuuret<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> rivit<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1.0\n1.4142135623730951\n1.7320508075688772\n2.0</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Tähtirivit' tmcname='osa11-02_tahtirivit'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">tahtirivit(luvut: list)</code>, joka saa parametriksi listan kokonaislukuja. Funktio palauttaa listan, joka koostuu tähtiriveistä, joiden pituus vastaa parametrina olevan listan lukuja. Funktion tulee käyttää listakoostetta.</p><p>Funktion maksimipituus on siis (mukaanlukien <code class=\"language-text\">def</code>-sanalla alkava otsikkorivi) kokonaisuudessaan kaksi riviä!</p><p>Funktio toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">rivit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tahtirivit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> rivit<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nrivit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tahtirivit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> rivit<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\n*\n**\n***\n****\n\n****\n***\n**\n*\n**********\n</pre></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Paras koetulos' tmcname='osa11-03_paras_koetulos'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on valmiina luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Koesuoritus</code>, jolla on seuraavat julkiset attribuutit:</p><ul>\n<li>nimi</li>\n<li>arvosana1</li>\n<li>arvosana2</li>\n<li>arvosana3</li>\n</ul><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">parhaat_tulokset(suoritukset: list)</code>. Funktio saa parametrikseen listan koesuoritusolioita.</p><p>Funktio palauttaa listakoostetta käyttäen uuden listan, johon on tallennettu jokaisen suorituksen paras arvosana.</p><p>Funktion maksimipituus on siis (mukaanlukien def-sanalla alkava otsikkorivi) kokonaisuudessaan kaksi riviä!</p><p>Esimerkki suorituksesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">suoritus1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Koesuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsuoritus2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Koesuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pirjo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsuoritus3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Koesuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Paavo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsuoritukset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>suoritus1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> suoritus2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> suoritus3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>parhaat_tulokset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[5, 4, 3]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Pituudet' tmcname='osa11-04_pituudet'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pituudet(listat: list)</code> joka saa parametriksi listan, joka sisältää listoja, jotka sisältävät kokonaislukuja. Funktio palauttaa listan, joka sisältää parametrina olevien listojen pituudet.</p><p>Funktio tulee toteuttaa listakoosteen avulla. Funktion maksimipituus on siis (mukaanlukien <code class=\"language-text\">def</code>-sanalla alkava otsikkorivi) kokonaisuudessaan kaksi riviä!</p><p>Funktio toimii seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">listat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">324</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">31</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pituudet<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>listat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[5, 4, 0]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"alkioiden-suodatus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Alkioiden suodatus<a href=\"#alkioiden-suodatus\" aria-label=\"alkioiden suodatus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Edellisissä esimerkeissä uusi lista muodostettiin kaikista alkuperäisen listan alkioista. Joskus on kuitenkin näppärää, jos voitaisiin valita alkuperäiseltä listalta vain tietyt alkiot. Koosteessa tämä onnistuu yhdistämällä siihen ehto-osa. Yleinen syntaksi on seuraava:</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">[&lt;lauseke> for &lt;alkio> in &lt;sarja> if &lt;ehtolauseke>]</code></p><p>Erotuksena aiempaan koosteen loppuun kirjoitetaan siis ehtolause. Ainoastaan ne alkiot poimitaan mukaan tuloslistaan, joiden kohdalla ehtolauseke on tosi.</p><p>Esimerkissä poimitaan kaikki parilliset alkiot uuteen listaan. Huomaa, että lausekkeena on esimerkissä ainoastaan listan alkio eli poimittavia alkioita ei käsitellä minkään operaation avulla ennen sijoittamista uuteen listaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nparilliset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> alkio <span class=\"token operator\">%</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>parilliset<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[2, 4, 6, 4, 10, 12]</p></sample-output><p>Jos lausekkeeksi on määritelty jotain muuta kuin pelkkä alkio, mukaan otetuille alkioille toteutetaan tämä operaatio kuten ennenkin. Muokataan edellistä esimerkkiä niin, että uudessa listassa on kaikki alkuperäisen listan parilliset alkiot kerrottuna kymmenellä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nparilliset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>alkio <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> alkio <span class=\"token operator\">%</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>parilliset<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[20, 40, 60, 40, 100, 120]</p></sample-output><p>Seuraavassa esimerkissä lasketaan ainoastaan positiivisten alkioiden kertoma:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kertoma</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Funktio laskee positiivisen luvun n kertoman n! \"\"\"</span>\n    k <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        k <span class=\"token operator\">*=</span> n\n        n <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> k\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    kertomat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>kertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kertomat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[6, 24, 120, 1]</p></sample-output><p>Tarkastellaan vielä edellisestä jatkettua esimerkkiä, jossa kertoma lasketaan vain parillisista positiivista luvuista. Lisäksi listaan tallennetaan tuplessa sekä alkuperäinen alkio että kertoma:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kertoma</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Funktio laskee positiivisen luvun n kertoman n! \"\"\"</span>\n    k <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        k <span class=\"token operator\">*=</span> n\n        n <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> k\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    kertomat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">%</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kertomat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[(2, 2), (4, 24), (6, 720)]</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkissä lauseke on siis <code class=\"language-text\">(luku, kertoma(luku))</code>, joka muodostaa tuplen, jossa ensimmäinen alkio on alkio alkuperäisestä listasta ja toinen alkio kertoma-funktion palauttama arvo. Ehtolauseke on <code class=\"language-text\">luku > 0 and luku % 2 == 0</code>, jossa valikoidaan mukaan vain alkiot, jotka ovat sekä positiivisia että jaollisia kahdella.</p><programming-exercise name='Poista pienemmät' tmcname='osa11-05_poista_pienemmat'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">poista_pienemmat(luvut: list, raja: int)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen listan kokonaislukuja sekä raja-arvon, joka on myös kokonaisluku.</p><p>Funktio muodostaa listakoostetta käyttäen uuden listan, josta on jätetty pois raja-arvoa pienemmät luvut.</p><p>Funktion maksimipituus on siis (mukaanlukien <code class=\"language-text\">def</code>-sanalla alkava otsikkorivi) kokonaisuudessaan kaksi riviä!</p><p>Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lukuja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">65</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">32</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>poista_pienemmat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lukuja<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>poista_pienemmat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[65, 32, 11]\n[7, 8]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Vokaalilla alkavat' tmcname='osa11-06_vokaalilla_alkavat'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">vokaalilla_alkavat(sanat: list)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen listan merkkijonoja.</p><p>Tehtävänäsi on listakoostetta hyödyntäen muodostaa ja palauttaa uusi lista, joka sisältää vain alkuperäisen listan ne sanat, jotka alkavat vokaalilla (a, e, i, o, u, y, ä, ö). Sekä pienien että suurten kirjaimien pitää kelvata.</p><p>Funktion maksimipituus on (mukaanlukien <code class=\"language-text\">def</code>-sanalla alkava otsikkorivi) kokonaisuudessaan kaksi riviä!</p><p>Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">klista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"auto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">\"mopo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Etana\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">\"kissa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Koira\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">\"OMENA\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">\"appelsiini\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> vok <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> vokaalilla_alkavat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>klista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vok<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>auto\nEtana\nOMENA\nappelsiini</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"vaihtoehtoinen-haara-suodatuksessa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vaihtoehtoinen haara suodatuksessa<a href=\"#vaihtoehtoinen-haara-suodatuksessa\" aria-label=\"vaihtoehtoinen haara suodatuksessa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Koosteessa voi käyttää ehtolauseen ohella myös vaihtoehtoista haaraa. Tämä onnistuu käyttämällä jo aiemmin mainittua <em>ehtolauseketta</em>:</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">&lt;lauseke 1> if &lt;ehto> else &lt;lauseke 2></code></p><p>...joka saa arvokseen joko lausekkeen 1 tai 2 arvon riippuen siitä, onko ehto tosi vai epätosi.</p><p>Niinpä esim. ohjelma, joka tulostaa kahdesta luvusta suuremman yhdellä print-lauseella voisi näyttää tältä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku 1:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluku2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku 2:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku1 <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku1 <span class=\"token operator\">></span> luku2 <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span> luku2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun yhdistetään syntaksi listakoosteeseen, saadaan seuraavankaltainen rakenne:</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">[&lt;lauseke 1> if &lt;ehto> else &lt;lauseke 2> for &lt;alkio> in &lt;sarja>]</code></p><p>Lopputuloksena syntyvässä listassa on yksi alkio jokaista alkuperäisen sarjan alkiota kohti. Jokaiselle alkiolle suoritetaan joko lauseke 1 tai lauseke 2 riippuen siitä onko ehtolauseke tosi vai ei.</p><p>Seuraava esimerkki muodostaa uuden listan, jossa alkuperäisen listan negatiiviset alkiot on käännetty vastaluvuikseen - positiiviset alkiot kelpuutetaan sellaisenaan. Käytännössä koostelause siis muodostaa listan alkuperäisen listan itseisarvoista.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\nluvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">45</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">110</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nitseisarvot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>luku <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span>luku <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>itseisarvot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 3, 45, 110, 2, 9, 11]</p></sample-output><p>Suoritettava lauseke on siis <code class=\"language-text\">luku</code> (eli alkio sellaisenaan), jos ehto <code class=\"language-text\">luku >= 0</code> on tosi, muuten suoritetaan lauseke <code class=\"language-text\">-luku</code>.</p><p>Seuraavassa esimerkissä funktio <code class=\"language-text\">merkkijonojen_pituudet</code> saa parametrikseen sekalaisia alkioita sisältävän listan. Funktio laskee merkkijonoista tuloslistaan pituuden, muun tyyppisten alkioiden kohdalle asetetaan -1.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">merkkijonojen_pituudet</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Funktio palauttaa uudessa listassa merkkijonojen pituudet \"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">type</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    testilista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"moi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kaikki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">123.344</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"heipparallaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    pituudet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> merkkijonojen_pituudet<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>testilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pituudet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[3, -1, -1, 6, -1, 12, -1, -1]</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Lottorivi' tmcname='osa11-07_lottorivi'><h2 id=\"lottorivi-osa-1\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lottorivi, osa 1<a href=\"#lottorivi-osa-1\" aria-label=\"lottorivi osa 1 permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kirjoita luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Lottorivi</code>, joka saa konstruktorissaan parametrikseen kierroksen numeron (kokonaisluku) sekä seitsemänalkioisen kokonaislukulistan. Lista kuvaa kierroksen oikeita numeroita (eli oikeaa <em>riviä</em>). Kirjoita lisäksi luokalle metodi</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">osumien_maara(pelattu_rivi: list)</code></p><p>...joka palauttaa kokonaislukuna tiedon siitä, kuinka monta osumaa rivissä oli. Metodin tulee käyttää listakoostetta! Metodin pituus kokonaisuudessaan (def-rivi mukaanlukien) saa olla korkeintaan 2 riviä.</p><p>Esimerkki luokan käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">oikea <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Lottorivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\noma_rivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">13</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">19</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>oikea<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>osumien_maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>oma_rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>3</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"lottorivi-osa-2\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lottorivi, osa 2<a href=\"#lottorivi-osa-2\" aria-label=\"lottorivi osa 2 permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kirjoita luokkaan metodi <code class=\"language-text\">osumat_paikoillaan(pelattu_rivi)</code>, joka palauttaa uuden listan. Uudessa listassa on vanhoilla paikoillaan oikeat numerot (eli ne, jotka löytyvät myös oikeasta rivistä), muiden paikalla on -1.</p><p>Metodin tulee käyttää listakoostetta. Metodin pituus kokonaisuudessaan (def-rivi mukaanlukien) saa olla korkeintaan 2 riviä.</p><p>Esimerkki metodin käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">oikea <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Lottorivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">30</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">33</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\noma_rivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">30</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>oikea<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>osumat_paikoillaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>oma_rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, -1, -1, 10, -1, 20, 30]</p></sample-output></programming-exercises></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-11/1-koosteet","title":"Koosteet"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-11/1-koosteet.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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Aikaisemmissa osissa on käytetty runsaasti aikaa merkkijonojen, listojen ja sanakirjojen käsittelyyn eri tavoilla.</p><p>Oletetaan tilanne, jossa meillä on lista kokonaislukuja. Tämän listan perusteella meidän pitäisi luoda vastaava merkkijonolista.</p><p>Perinteinen tapa toteuttaa operaatio näyttäisi esimerkiksi tältä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nmerkkijonot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    merkkijonot<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"listakooste\" style=\"position:relative;\">Listakooste<a href=\"#listakooste\" aria-label=\"listakooste permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Python tarjoaa kuitenin \"pythonmaisemman\" tavan uuden listan muodostamiseksi vanhan perusteella. Menetelmää voidaan kutsua \"listakoosteeksi\", mutta huomattavasti yleisempää on käyttää englanninkielistä nimeä <em>list comprehension</em>.</p><p>Menetelmässä ideana on kuvata yhden rivin lausekkeella, mikä operaatio listan kaikille alkioille tehdään, ennen kuin ne tallennetaan uuteen listaan.</p><p>Esimerkiksi yllä esitetty ohjelma, joka luo merkkijonolistan kokonaislukulistan perusteella, näyttäisi listakoostetta hyödyntäen tältä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nmerkkijonot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Koosteessa näyttää siis olevan jotakuinkin samat elementit kuin perinteisessäkin toteutuksessa, mutta syntaksi on uudenlainen. Yleisemmin listakoosteen syntaksi voitaisiin esittää esimerkiksi näin:</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">[&lt;lauseke> for &lt;alkio> in &lt;sarja>]</code></p><p>Koosteen ympärillä olevat hakasulkeet kertovat, että lopputuloksena on uusi lista. Koosteessa poimitaan yksi kerrallaan alkio alkuperäisestä sarjasta (esimerkkimme tapauksessa listasta) ja tallennetaan siihen liittyvän lausekkeen arvo uuteen listaan. Lopputuloksena on lista, jossa on yhtä paljon alkioita kuin alkuperäisessä listassa ja kaikki alkiot on käsitelty samalla tavalla.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 301px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/3f079cde22be6cf33b7be317492aa108/fb933/11_1_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 131.7391304347826%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/3f079cde22be6cf33b7be317492aa108/a0b58/11_1_2.webp 230w,\n/static/3f079cde22be6cf33b7be317492aa108/c4c4c/11_1_2.webp 301w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 301px) 100vw, 301px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/3f079cde22be6cf33b7be317492aa108/81c8e/11_1_2.png 230w,\n/static/3f079cde22be6cf33b7be317492aa108/fb933/11_1_2.png 301w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 301px) 100vw, 301px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/3f079cde22be6cf33b7be317492aa108/fb933/11_1_2.png\" alt=\"11 1 2\" title=\"11 1 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Toisessa esimerkissä jokainen alkuperäisen listan alkio kerrotaan kymmenellä ja tallennetaan uuteen listaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nluvut_kerrottuna <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>luku <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut_kerrottuna<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]\n[10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90]</p></sample-output><p>Lauseke voi olla mikä tahansa Pythonin lauseke. Esimerkiksi koosteessa voidaan kutsua itse määriteltyä funktiota:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kertoma</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Funktio laskee positiivisen luvun n kertoman n! \"\"\"</span>\n    k <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        k <span class=\"token operator\">*=</span> n\n        n <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> k\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    kertomat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>kertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kertomat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[120, 2, 24, 6, 1]</p></sample-output><p>Sama ohjelma esitettynä perinteisellä silmukalla näyttäisi tältä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kertoma</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Funktio laskee positiivisen luvun n kertoman n! \"\"\"</span>\n    k <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        k <span class=\"token operator\">*=</span> n\n        n <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> k\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    kertomat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        kertomat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kertomat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>Koosteen avulla on siis mahdollista ilmaista sama toiminnallisuus tiiviimmin ja silti yhä helposti luettavassa muodossa.</p><p>Palauttamalla funktiosta suoraan kooste saadaan aikaiseksi hyvin tiivistä koodia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kertomat</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>kertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Neliojuuret' tmcname='osa11-01_neliojuuret'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">neliojuuret(luvut: list)</code>, joka saa parametriksi listan kokonaislukuja. Funktio palauttaa listan parametrina olevien lukujen neliöjuurista. Neliöjuuren laskemiseen löytyy sopiva funktio moduulista <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">math</a></p><p>Funktion tulee käyttää listakoostetta. Funktion maksimipituus on siis (mukaanlukien <code class=\"language-text\">def</code>-sanalla alkava otsikkorivi) kokonaisuudessaan kaksi riviä!</p><p>Funktio toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">rivit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> neliojuuret<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> rivit<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1.0\n1.4142135623730951\n1.7320508075688772\n2.0</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Tähtirivit' tmcname='osa11-02_tahtirivit'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">tahtirivit(luvut: list)</code>, joka saa parametriksi listan kokonaislukuja. Funktio palauttaa listan, joka koostuu tähtiriveistä, joiden pituus vastaa parametrina olevan listan lukuja. Funktion tulee käyttää listakoostetta.</p><p>Funktion maksimipituus on siis (mukaanlukien <code class=\"language-text\">def</code>-sanalla alkava otsikkorivi) kokonaisuudessaan kaksi riviä!</p><p>Funktio toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">rivit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tahtirivit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> rivit<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nrivit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tahtirivit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> rivit<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\n*\n**\n***\n****\n\n****\n***\n**\n*\n**********\n</pre></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Paras koetulos' tmcname='osa11-03_paras_koetulos'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on valmiina luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Koesuoritus</code>, jolla on seuraavat julkiset attribuutit:</p><ul>\n<li>nimi</li>\n<li>arvosana1</li>\n<li>arvosana2</li>\n<li>arvosana3</li>\n</ul><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">parhaat_tulokset(suoritukset: list)</code>. Funktio saa parametrikseen listan koesuoritusolioita.</p><p>Funktio palauttaa listakoostetta käyttäen uuden listan, johon on tallennettu jokaisen suorituksen paras arvosana.</p><p>Funktion maksimipituus on siis (mukaanlukien def-sanalla alkava otsikkorivi) kokonaisuudessaan kaksi riviä!</p><p>Esimerkki suorituksesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">suoritus1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Koesuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsuoritus2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Koesuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pirjo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsuoritus3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Koesuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Paavo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsuoritukset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>suoritus1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> suoritus2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> suoritus3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>parhaat_tulokset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[5, 4, 3]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Pituudet' tmcname='osa11-04_pituudet'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pituudet(listat: list)</code> joka saa parametriksi listan, joka sisältää listoja, jotka sisältävät kokonaislukuja. Funktio palauttaa listan, joka sisältää parametrina olevien listojen pituudet.</p><p>Funktio tulee toteuttaa listakoosteen avulla. Funktion maksimipituus on siis (mukaanlukien <code class=\"language-text\">def</code>-sanalla alkava otsikkorivi) kokonaisuudessaan kaksi riviä!</p><p>Funktio toimii seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">listat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">324</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">31</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pituudet<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>listat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[5, 4, 0]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"alkioiden-suodatus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Alkioiden suodatus<a href=\"#alkioiden-suodatus\" aria-label=\"alkioiden suodatus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Edellisissä esimerkeissä uusi lista muodostettiin kaikista alkuperäisen listan alkioista. Joskus on kuitenkin näppärää, jos voitaisiin valita alkuperäiseltä listalta vain tietyt alkiot. Koosteessa tämä onnistuu yhdistämällä siihen ehto-osa. Yleinen syntaksi on seuraava:</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">[&lt;lauseke> for &lt;alkio> in &lt;sarja> if &lt;ehtolauseke>]</code></p><p>Erotuksena aiempaan koosteen loppuun kirjoitetaan siis ehtolause. Ainoastaan ne alkiot poimitaan mukaan tuloslistaan, joiden kohdalla ehtolauseke on tosi.</p><p>Esimerkissä poimitaan kaikki parilliset alkiot uuteen listaan. Huomaa, että lausekkeena on esimerkissä ainoastaan listan alkio eli poimittavia alkioita ei käsitellä minkään operaation avulla ennen sijoittamista uuteen listaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nparilliset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> alkio <span class=\"token operator\">%</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>parilliset<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[2, 4, 6, 4, 10, 12]</p></sample-output><p>Jos lausekkeeksi on määritelty jotain muuta kuin pelkkä alkio, mukaan otetuille alkioille toteutetaan tämä operaatio kuten ennenkin. Muokataan edellistä esimerkkiä niin, että uudessa listassa on kaikki alkuperäisen listan parilliset alkiot kerrottuna kymmenellä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nparilliset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>alkio <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> alkio <span class=\"token operator\">%</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>parilliset<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[20, 40, 60, 40, 100, 120]</p></sample-output><p>Seuraavassa esimerkissä lasketaan ainoastaan positiivisten alkioiden kertoma:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kertoma</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Funktio laskee positiivisen luvun n kertoman n! \"\"\"</span>\n    k <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        k <span class=\"token operator\">*=</span> n\n        n <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> k\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    kertomat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>kertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kertomat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[6, 24, 120, 1]</p></sample-output><p>Tarkastellaan vielä edellisestä jatkettua esimerkkiä, jossa kertoma lasketaan vain parillisista positiivista luvuista. Lisäksi listaan tallennetaan tuplessa sekä alkuperäinen alkio että kertoma:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kertoma</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Funktio laskee positiivisen luvun n kertoman n! \"\"\"</span>\n    k <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        k <span class=\"token operator\">*=</span> n\n        n <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> k\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    kertomat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">%</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kertomat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[(2, 2), (4, 24), (6, 720)]</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkissä lauseke on siis <code class=\"language-text\">(luku, kertoma(luku))</code>, joka muodostaa tuplen, jossa ensimmäinen alkio on alkio alkuperäisestä listasta ja toinen alkio kertoma-funktion palauttama arvo. Ehtolauseke on <code class=\"language-text\">luku > 0 and luku % 2 == 0</code>, jossa valikoidaan mukaan vain alkiot, jotka ovat sekä positiivisia että jaollisia kahdella.</p><programming-exercise name='Poista pienemmät' tmcname='osa11-05_poista_pienemmat'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">poista_pienemmat(luvut: list, raja: int)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen listan kokonaislukuja sekä raja-arvon, joka on myös kokonaisluku.</p><p>Funktio muodostaa listakoostetta käyttäen uuden listan, josta on jätetty pois raja-arvoa pienemmät luvut.</p><p>Funktion maksimipituus on siis (mukaanlukien <code class=\"language-text\">def</code>-sanalla alkava otsikkorivi) kokonaisuudessaan kaksi riviä!</p><p>Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lukuja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">65</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">32</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>poista_pienemmat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lukuja<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>poista_pienemmat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[65, 32, 11]\n[7, 8]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Vokaalilla alkavat' tmcname='osa11-06_vokaalilla_alkavat'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">vokaalilla_alkavat(sanat: list)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen listan merkkijonoja.</p><p>Tehtävänäsi on listakoostetta hyödyntäen muodostaa ja palauttaa uusi lista, joka sisältää vain alkuperäisen listan ne sanat, jotka alkavat vokaalilla (a, e, i, o, u, y, ä, ö). Sekä pienien että suurten kirjaimien pitää kelvata.</p><p>Funktion maksimipituus on (mukaanlukien <code class=\"language-text\">def</code>-sanalla alkava otsikkorivi) kokonaisuudessaan kaksi riviä!</p><p>Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">klista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"auto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">\"mopo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Etana\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">\"kissa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Koira\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">\"OMENA\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">\"appelsiini\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> vok <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> vokaalilla_alkavat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>klista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vok<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>auto\nEtana\nOMENA\nappelsiini</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"vaihtoehtoinen-haara-suodatuksessa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vaihtoehtoinen haara suodatuksessa<a href=\"#vaihtoehtoinen-haara-suodatuksessa\" aria-label=\"vaihtoehtoinen haara suodatuksessa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Koosteessa voi käyttää ehtolauseen ohella myös vaihtoehtoista haaraa. Tämä onnistuu käyttämällä jo aiemmin mainittua <em>ehtolauseketta</em>:</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">&lt;lauseke 1> if &lt;ehto> else &lt;lauseke 2></code></p><p>...joka saa arvokseen joko lausekkeen 1 tai 2 arvon riippuen siitä, onko ehto tosi vai epätosi.</p><p>Niinpä esim. ohjelma, joka tulostaa kahdesta luvusta suuremman yhdellä print-lauseella voisi näyttää tältä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku 1:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluku2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku 2:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku1 <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku1 <span class=\"token operator\">></span> luku2 <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span> luku2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun yhdistetään syntaksi listakoosteeseen, saadaan seuraavankaltainen rakenne:</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">[&lt;lauseke 1> if &lt;ehto> else &lt;lauseke 2> for &lt;alkio> in &lt;sarja>]</code></p><p>Lopputuloksena syntyvässä listassa on yksi alkio jokaista alkuperäisen sarjan alkiota kohti. Jokaiselle alkiolle suoritetaan joko lauseke 1 tai lauseke 2 riippuen siitä onko ehtolauseke tosi vai ei.</p><p>Seuraava esimerkki muodostaa uuden listan, jossa alkuperäisen listan negatiiviset alkiot on käännetty vastaluvuikseen - positiiviset alkiot kelpuutetaan sellaisenaan. Käytännössä koostelause siis muodostaa listan alkuperäisen listan itseisarvoista.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\nluvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">45</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">110</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nitseisarvot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>luku <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span>luku <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>itseisarvot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 3, 45, 110, 2, 9, 11]</p></sample-output><p>Suoritettava lauseke on siis <code class=\"language-text\">luku</code> (eli alkio sellaisenaan), jos ehto <code class=\"language-text\">luku >= 0</code> on tosi, muuten suoritetaan lauseke <code class=\"language-text\">-luku</code>.</p><p>Seuraavassa esimerkissä funktio <code class=\"language-text\">merkkijonojen_pituudet</code> saa parametrikseen sekalaisia alkioita sisältävän listan. Funktio laskee merkkijonoista tuloslistaan pituuden, muun tyyppisten alkioiden kohdalle asetetaan -1.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">merkkijonojen_pituudet</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Funktio palauttaa uudessa listassa merkkijonojen pituudet \"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">type</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    testilista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"moi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kaikki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">123.344</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"heipparallaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    pituudet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> merkkijonojen_pituudet<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>testilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pituudet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[3, -1, -1, 6, -1, 12, -1, -1]</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Lottorivi' tmcname='osa11-07_lottorivi'><h2 id=\"lottorivi-osa-1\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lottorivi, osa 1<a href=\"#lottorivi-osa-1\" aria-label=\"lottorivi osa 1 permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kirjoita luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Lottorivi</code>, joka saa konstruktorissaan parametrikseen kierroksen numeron (kokonaisluku) sekä seitsemänalkioisen kokonaislukulistan. Lista kuvaa kierroksen oikeita numeroita (eli oikeaa <em>riviä</em>). Kirjoita lisäksi luokalle metodi</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">osumien_maara(pelattu_rivi: list)</code></p><p>...joka palauttaa kokonaislukuna tiedon siitä, kuinka monta osumaa rivissä oli. Metodin tulee käyttää listakoostetta! Metodin pituus kokonaisuudessaan (def-rivi mukaanlukien) saa olla korkeintaan 2 riviä.</p><p>Esimerkki luokan käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">oikea <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Lottorivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\noma_rivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">13</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">19</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>oikea<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>osumien_maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>oma_rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>3</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"lottorivi-osa-2\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lottorivi, osa 2<a href=\"#lottorivi-osa-2\" aria-label=\"lottorivi osa 2 permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kirjoita luokkaan metodi <code class=\"language-text\">osumat_paikoillaan(pelattu_rivi)</code>, joka palauttaa uuden listan. Uudessa listassa on vanhoilla paikoillaan oikeat numerot (eli ne, jotka löytyvät myös oikeasta rivistä), muiden paikalla on -1.</p><p>Metodin tulee käyttää listakoostetta. Metodin pituus kokonaisuudessaan (def-rivi mukaanlukien) saa olla korkeintaan 2 riviä.</p><p>Esimerkki metodin käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">oikea <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Lottorivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">30</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">33</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\noma_rivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">30</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>oikea<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>osumat_paikoillaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>oma_rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, -1, -1, 10, -1, 20, 30]</p></sample-output></programming-exercises></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-11/1-koosteet","title":"Koosteet"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-11/1-koosteet.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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720}"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Merkkijonojen pituudet","tmcname":"osa11-11_merkkijonojen_pituudet"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"pituudet(merkkijonot: list)"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka saa parametriksi listan merkkijonoja. 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Funktion maksimipituus def-määrittelyrivi mukaanlukien on kaksi riviä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Funktio toimii seuraavasti"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"sanalista "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"suo\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"kuokka\""}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"python\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"ja\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"koodari\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\nsanojen_pituudet "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" pituudet"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"sanalista"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"sanojen_pituudet"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"{'suo': 3, 'kuokka': 6, 'python': 6, 'ja': 2, 'koodari': 7}"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Yleisimmät sanat","tmcname":"osa11-12_yleisimmat_sanat"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"yleisimmat_sanat(tiedoston_nimi: str, raja: int)"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka saa parametrikseen tiedoston nimen. Funktio palauttaa sanakirjan, joka sisältää tiedostossa olevien sanojen esiintymislukumäärän niiden sanojen osalta, joilla on vähintään toisen parametrin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"raja"}]},{"type":"text","value":" verran esiintymiä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esim. jos funktiolla tarkasteltaisiin tiedostoa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"comprehensions.txt"}]},{"type":"text","value":" jonka sisältö on seuraava"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"txt"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-txt"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-txt"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"List comprehension is an elegant way to define and create lists based on existing lists.\nList comprehension is generally more compact and faster than normal functions and loops for creating list.\nHowever, we should avoid writing very long list comprehensions in one line to ensure that code is user-friendly.\nRemember, every list comprehension can be rewritten in for loop, but every for loop can’t be rewritten in the form of list comprehension."}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kutsuttaessa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"yleisimmat_sanat(\"comprehensions.txt\", 3)"}]},{"type":"text","value":" funktion palauttama sanakirja näyttäisi seuraavalta:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"{'comprehension': 4, 'is': 3, 'and': 3, 'for': 3, 'list': 4, 'in': 3}"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huomaa, että kirjainkoko vaikuttaa ja vain kokonaiset sanat lasketaan - sanat 'List' ja 'lists' eivät siis saa kasvattaa sanan 'list' lukumäärää. Lisäksi kaikki sanoissa olevat välimerkit tulee poistaa."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Funktion toteutustapa on vapaa, helpoimmalla pääset hyödyntämällä lista- ja sanakirjakoosteita."}]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, miten koosteita voidaan hyödyntää merkkijonojen kanssa</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää omia olioita koosteissa</li>\n<li>Osaat muodostaa myös sanakirjakoosteita</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Koska koosteen lähteenä voi olla mikä tahansa sarja, voidaan sitä soveltaa myös merkkijonojen käsittelyyn. Merkkijonon läpikäynnissä poimitaan merkit yksitellen jonosta, suoritetaan nille annettu lauseke ja tallennetaan lopputulos uuden listan alkioksi.</p><p>Esimerkiksi</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\nnimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span>\n\nisot_kirjaimet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>merkki<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>upper<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>isot_kirjaimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>['P', 'E', 'K', 'K', 'A', ' ', 'P', 'Y', 'T', 'H', 'O', 'N']</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että lopputuloksena on lista. Jos halutaan muodostaa merkkijonon perusteella uusi merkkijono, voidaan hyödyntää aikaisemmin esiteltyä <code class=\"language-text\">join</code>-metodia. Metodin avulla voidaan yhdistää listan alkiot merkkijonoksi. Metodi kohdistuu välimerkkiin, jolla alkiot yhdistetään.</p><p>Metodi toimii siis esimerkiksi näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\nnimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span>\nlista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\",\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" ja \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>['P', 'e', 'k', 'k', 'a']\nPekka\nP e k k a\nP,e,k,k,a\nP ja e ja k ja k ja a</p></sample-output><p>Kun yhdistetään <code class=\"language-text\">join</code>-metodin koosteeseen, voidaan muodostaa merkkijonosta uusi merkkijono helposti. Tarkastellaan esimerkkiä <code class=\"language-text\">join</code>-metodin ja koosteen yhdistelmästä, joka muodostaa alkuperäisen merkkijonon pohjalta uuden merkkijonon, jossa on ainoastaan vokaalit:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\ntestijono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Heippa vaan kaikki, tämä on testi\"</span>\n\nvokaalit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> testijono <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"aeiouyåäö\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nuusijono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vokaalit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>uusijono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>eiaaaaiiääoei</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkissä on selkeyden vuoksi jaettu kooste ja <code class=\"language-text\">join</code>-metodin kutsu omille riveilleen, mutta toki ne voi kirjoittaa myös yhdeksi lausekkeeksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\ntestijono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Heippa vaan kaikki, tämä on testi\"</span>\n\nvokaalijono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> testijono <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"aeiouyåäö\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vokaalijono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>Hyödyntämällä samassa yhteydessä vielä <code class=\"language-text\">split</code>-metodia, voidaan käsitellä esimerkiksi kokonaisia lauseita tehokkaasti yhdellä lausekkeella. Esimerkissä poistetaan lauseen jokaisesta sanasta ensimmäinen kirjain:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\nlause <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Vesihiisi se kuulkaa vaan sihisi hississä\"</span>\n\nlause_ilman_alkuja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause_ilman_alkuja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>esihiisi e uulkaa aan ihisi ississä</p></sample-output><p>Käydään läpi tarkemmin mitä koko lausekkeessa tapahtuu:</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">sana[1:]</code> ottaa osajonon sanasta alkaen toisesta merkistä (eli indeksistä 1)\n<code class=\"language-text\">lause.split()</code> purkaa merkkijonon listaksi annetun välimerkin kohdalta. Kun välimerkkiä ei ole määritelty, käytetään oletuksena tyhjiä välejä\n<code class=\"language-text\">\" \".join()</code> yhdistää listan palaset uudeksi jonoksi käyttäen välilyöntiä palojen välissä.</p><p>Sama esimerkki perinteisemmällä tavalla näyttäisi esimerkiksi tältä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\nlause <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Vesihiisi se kuulkaa vaan sihisi hississä\"</span>\n\nsanalista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nsanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    sana_ilman_alkua <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    sanalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana_ilman_alkua<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nlause_ilman_alkuja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause_ilman_alkuja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Suodata kielletyt' tmcname='osa11-08_suodata_kielletyt'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">suodata_kielletyt(merkkijono: str, kielletyt: str)</code> joka palauttaa sen parametrina olevasta merkkijonosta version, joka ei sisällä yhtään merkkiä sen toisena parametrina olevasta \"kiellettyjen merkkien\" merkkijonosta.</p><p>Funktion tulee käyttää listakoostetta. Funktio saa sisältää <code class=\"language-text\">def</code>-rivi mukaanlukien maksimissaan 3 riviä.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion käytöstä</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lause <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Suo! kuokka, ja python: hieno yhdistelmä!??!?!\"</span>\nsuodatettu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> suodata_kielletyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"!?:,.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suodatettu<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Suo kuokka ja python hieno yhdistelmä</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"omat-oliot-koosteissa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Omat oliot koosteissa<a href=\"#omat-oliot-koosteissa\" aria-label=\"omat oliot koosteissa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Joskus omia olioita on näppärä käsitellä tai muodostaa koosteiden avulla. Tarkastellaan seuraavaksi muutamaa esimerkkiä tähän liittyen.</p><p>Ensimmäisessä esimerkissä luokka Maa mallintaa yhtä maata asukaslukuineen. Koosteessa poimitaan listalta kaikkien sellaisten maiden nimet, joiden asukasluku on suurempi kuin 5 miljoonaa.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Maa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Luokka mallintaa yhtä maata asukaslukuineen \"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> asukasluku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>asukasluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> asukasluku\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    suomi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Suomi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6000000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    malta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Malta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">500000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    ruotsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ruotsi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10000000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    islanti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Islanti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">350000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    maat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>suomi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> malta<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> ruotsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> islanti<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    isommat_maat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> maa <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> maat <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>asukasluku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">5000000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> maa <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> isommat_maat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Suomi\nRuotsi</p></sample-output><p>Toinen vaihtoehto olisi luoda lista maa-olioista ja tulostaa sen jälkeen nimet. Tämä vaihtoehto olisi järkevämpi, jos maita tarvittaisiin vielä myöhemminkin (tai mikäli haluttaisiin esimerkiksi tarkemmin tarkastella maiden asukaslukuja silmukassa):</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    suomi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Suomi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6000000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    malta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Malta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">500000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    ruotsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ruotsi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10000000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    islanti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Islanti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">350000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    maat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>suomi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> malta<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> ruotsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> islanti<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    isommat_maat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>maa <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> maa <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> maat <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>asukasluku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">5000000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> maa <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> isommat_maat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Toisessa esimerkissä luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Juoksumatka</code> mallintaa yhtä juoksumatkaa nimineen ja pituuksineen. Nyt koosteen avulla luodaan lista <code class=\"language-text\">Juoksumatka</code>-olioita annettujen pituuksien mukaaan.</p><p>Huomaa, että <code class=\"language-text\">Juoksumatka</code>-luokan konstruktorissa parametrilla <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code> on oletusarvo, eikä sitä olioita luodessa esimerkissä erikseen annetakaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Juoksumatka</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Luokka mallintaa yhtä n metrin pituista juoksumatkaa \"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> matka<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token builtin\">str</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ei nimeä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>matka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> matka\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__repr__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>matka<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> m. (</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    pituudet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">200</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">42195</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    matkat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>Juoksumatka<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> pituus <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pituudet<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># tulostetaan kaikki</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matkat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Poimitaan yksi listasta ja nimetään se</span>\n    maraton <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> matkat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># viimeisenä listassa</span>\n    maraton<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Maraton\"</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan vielä uudella nimellä</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matkat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[100 m. (ei nimeä), 200 m. (ei nimeä), 1500 m. (ei nimeä), 3000 m. (ei nimeä), 42195 m. (ei nimeä)]\n[100 m. (ei nimeä), 200 m. (ei nimeä), 1500 m. (ei nimeä), 3000 m. (ei nimeä), 42195 m. (Maraton)]</p></sample-output><p>Jos oma luokka on viime kerran esimerkin mukaisesti iteroitava, voidaan sitä käyttää lähteenä listakoosteessa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kirja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirjailija<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sivuja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjailija <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kirjailija\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sivuja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sivuja\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kirjahylly</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_kirjat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_kirja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Iteraattorin alustusmetodi</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Tässä tulee alustaa iteroinnissa käytettävä(t) muuttuja(t)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__iter__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>n <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Metodi palauttaa viittauksen olioon itseensä, koska</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># iteraattori on toteutettu samassa luokassa</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Metodi palauttaa seuraavan alkion</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Jos ei ole enempää alkioita, heitetään tapahtuma</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># StopIteration</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__next__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>n <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token comment\"># Poimitaan listasta nykyinen</span>\n            kirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n            <span class=\"token comment\"># Kasvatetaan laskuria yhdellä</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>n <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n            <span class=\"token comment\"># ...ja palautetaan</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> kirja\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token comment\"># Ei enempää kirjoja</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> StopIteration\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Testataan</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    k1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Elämäni Pythoniassa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">123</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    k2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Vanhus ja Java\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ernest Hemingjava\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">204</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    k3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"C-itsemän veljestä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Keijo Koodari\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">997</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    hylly <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirjahylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    hylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    hylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    hylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Luodaan lista, jossa kaikkien kirjojen nimet</span>\n    kirjojen_nimet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> kirja <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> hylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirjojen_nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Kauppalistan tuotteet' tmcname='osa11-09_kauppalistan_tuotteet'><p>Osan 10 tehtävässä teimme <a href=\"/osa-10/3-olio-ohjelmoinnin-tekniikoita#programming-exercise-iteroitava-kauppalista\">Kauppalista-luokasta iteroitavan</a>. Iteroitavan luokan oliota voidaan käyttää listakoosteiden yhteydessä. Tehtäväpohjassa on mukana luokasta typistetty versio, jonka toiminnallisuus riittää tähän tehtävään.</p><p>Tee nyt funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kauppalistan_tuotteet(kauppalista, maara: int)</code> joka saa parametriksi kauppalista-olion. Funktio palauttaa kauppalistan ostoksista niiden tuotteiden nimet, joita on listalla vähintään parametrin <code class=\"language-text\">maara</code> verran.</p><p>Funktio tulee toteuttaa listakoosteen avulla, ja sen pituus saa olla <code class=\"language-text\">def</code>-määrittelyriveineen yhteensä korkeintaan kaksi riviä. Luokan Kauppalista koodia ei saa muuttaa!</p><p>Funktio toimii seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaanit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"omenat\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"alkoholiton olut\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ananas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"kauppalistalla vähintään 8 seuraavia tuotteita:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tuote <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> kauppalistan_tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>kauppalistalla vähintään 8 seuraavia tuotteita:\nbanaanit\nalkoholiton olut</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Halvempien hintaero' tmcname='osa11-10_halvempien_hintaero'><p>Osan 9 tehtävässä teimme luokan <a href=\"/osa-9/1-oliot-ja-viittaukset#programming-exercise-asuntovertailu\">Asunto</a>. Tässä tehtävässä on käytössä hieman laajennettu versio luokasta.</p><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">halvemmat(asunnot: list, verrattava: Asunto)</code>, joka saa parametriksi listan asuntoja sekä yksittäisen vertailtavan asunnon. Funktio palauttaa listan, jolla on asunnoista ne, jotka ovat hinnaltaan halvempia kuin vertailtava asunto, sekä näiden hintaeron. Palautettavan listan alkiot ovat tupleja, joiden ensimmäinen jäsen on asunto ja toisena sen hintaero vertailtavaan.</p><p>Funktio tulee toteuttaa listakoosteen avulla. Funktion maksimipituus <code class=\"language-text\">def</code>-määrittelyrivi mukaanluettuna on 2 riviä.</p><p>Luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Asunto</code> koodia ei saa muuttaa!</p><p>Funktio toimii seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">a1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">16</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Eira yksiö\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\na2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">38</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4200</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Kallio kaksio\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\na3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">78</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Jakomäki kolmio\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\na4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">215</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Suomussalmi omakotitalo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\na5 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">105</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1700</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Kerava 4h ja keittiö\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\na6 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">25</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1200</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Haikon kartano\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nasunnot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>a1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> a2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> a3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> a4<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> a5<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> a6<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"asuntoa </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>a3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kuvaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> halvemmat vaihtoehdot:\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> halvemmat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>asunnot<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> a3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kuvaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token format-spec\">30</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> hintaero </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> euroa\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>asuntoa Jakomäki kolmio halvemmat vaihtoehdot:\nEira yksiö                     hintaero 107000 euroa\nKallio kaksio                  hintaero 35400 euroa\nSuomussalmi omakotitalo        hintaero 87500 euroa\nKerava 4h ja keittiö           hintaero 16500 euroa</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"koosteet-sanakirjan-kanssa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Koosteet sanakirjan kanssa<a href=\"#koosteet-sanakirjan-kanssa\" aria-label=\"koosteet sanakirjan kanssa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Koosteet toimivat samalla tavalla myös sanakirjan kanssa: jos vaihdetaan hakasulkeet aaltosulkeiksi, syntyy koosteen seurauksena listan sijasta sanakirja. Koska sanakirjan alkio muodostuu kahdesta komponentista - arvosta ja avaimesta, tulee molemmat komponentit antaa myös koostetta luodessa.</p><p>Lähteenä voidaan edelleen käyttää mitä tahansa sarjaa, eli esimerkiksi listaa, merkkijonoa, tuplea, sanakirjaa tai omaa iteroinnin toteuttavaa luokkaa.</p><p>Esimerkki, joka luo merkkijonon pohjalta sanakirjan, joka sisältää kaikki merkkijonon kirjaimet ja niiden esiintymämäärät:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\nlause <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Hei kaikki\"</span>\n\nmerkkimäärät <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>kirjain <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>count<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirjain<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> kirjain <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>merkkimäärät<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>{'H': 1, 'e': 1, 'i': 3, ' ': 1, 'k': 3, 'a': 1}</p></sample-output><p>Periaate on siis täsmälleen sama, mutta yksittäisen arvon sijasta annetaan erikseen avain ja arvo. Yleisesti merkittynä siis:</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">{&lt;avainlauseke> : &lt;arvolauseke> for &lt;alkio> in &lt;sarja>}</code></p><p>Tarkastellaan vielä toisena esimerkkinä ohjelmaa, joka laskee kaikkien listalla olevien positiivisten lukujen kertomat, mutta tällä kertaa sanakirjaan. Luku toimii avaimena ja kertoma arvona:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kertoma</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Funktio laskee positiivisen luvun n kertoman n! \"\"\"</span>\n    k <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        k <span class=\"token operator\">*=</span> n\n        n <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> k\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    kertomat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>luku <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> kertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kertomat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>{3: 6, 2: 2, 1: 1, 4: 24, 5: 120, 6: 720}</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Merkkijonojen pituudet' tmcname='osa11-11_merkkijonojen_pituudet'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pituudet(merkkijonot: list)</code>, joka saa parametriksi listan merkkijonoja. Funktio palauttaa <em>sanakirjan</em>, jossa avaimina on listan merkkijonot ja arvoina merkkijonojen pituudet.</p><p>Funktio tulee toteuttaa sanakirjakoosteen avulla. Funktion maksimipituus def-määrittelyrivi mukaanlukien on kaksi riviä.</p><p>Funktio toimii seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sanalista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"suo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kuokka\"</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ja\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"koodari\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nsanojen_pituudet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pituudet<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanojen_pituudet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>{'suo': 3, 'kuokka': 6, 'python': 6, 'ja': 2, 'koodari': 7}</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Yleisimmät sanat' tmcname='osa11-12_yleisimmat_sanat'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">yleisimmat_sanat(tiedoston_nimi: str, raja: int)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen tiedoston nimen. Funktio palauttaa sanakirjan, joka sisältää tiedostossa olevien sanojen esiintymislukumäärän niiden sanojen osalta, joilla on vähintään toisen parametrin <code class=\"language-text\">raja</code> verran esiintymiä.</p><p>Esim. jos funktiolla tarkasteltaisiin tiedostoa <em>comprehensions.txt</em> jonka sisältö on seuraava</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"txt\"><pre class=\"language-txt\"><code class=\"language-txt\">List comprehension is an elegant way to define and create lists based on existing lists.\nList comprehension is generally more compact and faster than normal functions and loops for creating list.\nHowever, we should avoid writing very long list comprehensions in one line to ensure that code is user-friendly.\nRemember, every list comprehension can be rewritten in for loop, but every for loop can’t be rewritten in the form of list comprehension.</code></pre></div><p>Kutsuttaessa <code class=\"language-text\">yleisimmat_sanat(\"comprehensions.txt\", 3)</code> funktion palauttama sanakirja näyttäisi seuraavalta:</p><sample-output><p>{'comprehension': 4, 'is': 3, 'and': 3, 'for': 3, 'list': 4, 'in': 3}</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että kirjainkoko vaikuttaa ja vain kokonaiset sanat lasketaan - sanat 'List' ja 'lists' eivät siis saa kasvattaa sanan 'list' lukumäärää. Lisäksi kaikki sanoissa olevat välimerkit tulee poistaa.</p><p>Funktion toteutustapa on vapaa, helpoimmalla pääset hyödyntämällä lista- ja sanakirjakoosteita.</p></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-11/2-lisaa-koosteesta","title":"Lisää koosteesta"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-11/2-lisaa-koosteesta.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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720}"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Merkkijonojen pituudet","tmcname":"osa11-11_merkkijonojen_pituudet"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"pituudet(merkkijonot: list)"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka saa parametriksi listan merkkijonoja. 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Funktio palauttaa sanakirjan, joka sisältää tiedostossa olevien sanojen esiintymislukumäärän niiden sanojen osalta, joilla on vähintään toisen parametrin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"raja"}]},{"type":"text","value":" verran esiintymiä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esim. jos funktiolla tarkasteltaisiin tiedostoa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"comprehensions.txt"}]},{"type":"text","value":" jonka sisältö on seuraava"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"txt"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-txt"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-txt"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"List comprehension is an elegant way to define and create lists based on existing lists.\nList comprehension is generally more compact and faster than normal functions and loops for creating list.\nHowever, we should avoid writing very long list comprehensions in one line to ensure that code is user-friendly.\nRemember, every list comprehension can be rewritten in for loop, but every for loop can’t be rewritten in the form of list comprehension."}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kutsuttaessa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"yleisimmat_sanat(\"comprehensions.txt\", 3)"}]},{"type":"text","value":" funktion palauttama sanakirja näyttäisi seuraavalta:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"{'comprehension': 4, 'is': 3, 'and': 3, 'for': 3, 'list': 4, 'in': 3}"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huomaa, että kirjainkoko vaikuttaa ja vain kokonaiset sanat lasketaan - sanat 'List' ja 'lists' eivät siis saa kasvattaa sanan 'list' lukumäärää. Lisäksi kaikki sanoissa olevat välimerkit tulee poistaa."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Funktion toteutustapa on vapaa, helpoimmalla pääset hyödyntämällä lista- ja sanakirjakoosteita."}]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, miten koosteita voidaan hyödyntää merkkijonojen kanssa</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää omia olioita koosteissa</li>\n<li>Osaat muodostaa myös sanakirjakoosteita</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Koska koosteen lähteenä voi olla mikä tahansa sarja, voidaan sitä soveltaa myös merkkijonojen käsittelyyn. Merkkijonon läpikäynnissä poimitaan merkit yksitellen jonosta, suoritetaan nille annettu lauseke ja tallennetaan lopputulos uuden listan alkioksi.</p><p>Esimerkiksi</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\nnimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span>\n\nisot_kirjaimet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>merkki<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>upper<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>isot_kirjaimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>['P', 'E', 'K', 'K', 'A', ' ', 'P', 'Y', 'T', 'H', 'O', 'N']</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että lopputuloksena on lista. Jos halutaan muodostaa merkkijonon perusteella uusi merkkijono, voidaan hyödyntää aikaisemmin esiteltyä <code class=\"language-text\">join</code>-metodia. Metodin avulla voidaan yhdistää listan alkiot merkkijonoksi. Metodi kohdistuu välimerkkiin, jolla alkiot yhdistetään.</p><p>Metodi toimii siis esimerkiksi näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\nnimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span>\nlista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\",\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" ja \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>['P', 'e', 'k', 'k', 'a']\nPekka\nP e k k a\nP,e,k,k,a\nP ja e ja k ja k ja a</p></sample-output><p>Kun yhdistetään <code class=\"language-text\">join</code>-metodin koosteeseen, voidaan muodostaa merkkijonosta uusi merkkijono helposti. Tarkastellaan esimerkkiä <code class=\"language-text\">join</code>-metodin ja koosteen yhdistelmästä, joka muodostaa alkuperäisen merkkijonon pohjalta uuden merkkijonon, jossa on ainoastaan vokaalit:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\ntestijono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Heippa vaan kaikki, tämä on testi\"</span>\n\nvokaalit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> testijono <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"aeiouyåäö\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nuusijono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vokaalit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>uusijono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>eiaaaaiiääoei</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkissä on selkeyden vuoksi jaettu kooste ja <code class=\"language-text\">join</code>-metodin kutsu omille riveilleen, mutta toki ne voi kirjoittaa myös yhdeksi lausekkeeksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\ntestijono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Heippa vaan kaikki, tämä on testi\"</span>\n\nvokaalijono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> testijono <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"aeiouyåäö\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vokaalijono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>Hyödyntämällä samassa yhteydessä vielä <code class=\"language-text\">split</code>-metodia, voidaan käsitellä esimerkiksi kokonaisia lauseita tehokkaasti yhdellä lausekkeella. Esimerkissä poistetaan lauseen jokaisesta sanasta ensimmäinen kirjain:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\nlause <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Vesihiisi se kuulkaa vaan sihisi hississä\"</span>\n\nlause_ilman_alkuja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause_ilman_alkuja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>esihiisi e uulkaa aan ihisi ississä</p></sample-output><p>Käydään läpi tarkemmin mitä koko lausekkeessa tapahtuu:</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">sana[1:]</code> ottaa osajonon sanasta alkaen toisesta merkistä (eli indeksistä 1)\n<code class=\"language-text\">lause.split()</code> purkaa merkkijonon listaksi annetun välimerkin kohdalta. Kun välimerkkiä ei ole määritelty, käytetään oletuksena tyhjiä välejä\n<code class=\"language-text\">\" \".join()</code> yhdistää listan palaset uudeksi jonoksi käyttäen välilyöntiä palojen välissä.</p><p>Sama esimerkki perinteisemmällä tavalla näyttäisi esimerkiksi tältä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\nlause <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Vesihiisi se kuulkaa vaan sihisi hississä\"</span>\n\nsanalista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nsanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    sana_ilman_alkua <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    sanalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana_ilman_alkua<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nlause_ilman_alkuja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause_ilman_alkuja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Suodata kielletyt' tmcname='osa11-08_suodata_kielletyt'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">suodata_kielletyt(merkkijono: str, kielletyt: str)</code> joka palauttaa sen parametrina olevasta merkkijonosta version, joka ei sisällä yhtään merkkiä sen toisena parametrina olevasta \"kiellettyjen merkkien\" merkkijonosta.</p><p>Funktion tulee käyttää listakoostetta. Funktio saa sisältää <code class=\"language-text\">def</code>-rivi mukaanlukien maksimissaan 3 riviä.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion käytöstä</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lause <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Suo! kuokka, ja python: hieno yhdistelmä!??!?!\"</span>\nsuodatettu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> suodata_kielletyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"!?:,.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suodatettu<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Suo kuokka ja python hieno yhdistelmä</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"omat-oliot-koosteissa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Omat oliot koosteissa<a href=\"#omat-oliot-koosteissa\" aria-label=\"omat oliot koosteissa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Joskus omia olioita on näppärä käsitellä tai muodostaa koosteiden avulla. Tarkastellaan seuraavaksi muutamaa esimerkkiä tähän liittyen.</p><p>Ensimmäisessä esimerkissä luokka Maa mallintaa yhtä maata asukaslukuineen. Koosteessa poimitaan listalta kaikkien sellaisten maiden nimet, joiden asukasluku on suurempi kuin 5 miljoonaa.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Maa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Luokka mallintaa yhtä maata asukaslukuineen \"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> asukasluku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>asukasluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> asukasluku\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    suomi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Suomi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6000000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    malta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Malta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">500000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    ruotsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ruotsi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10000000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    islanti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Islanti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">350000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    maat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>suomi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> malta<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> ruotsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> islanti<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    isommat_maat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> maa <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> maat <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>asukasluku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">5000000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> maa <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> isommat_maat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Suomi\nRuotsi</p></sample-output><p>Toinen vaihtoehto olisi luoda lista maa-olioista ja tulostaa sen jälkeen nimet. Tämä vaihtoehto olisi järkevämpi, jos maita tarvittaisiin vielä myöhemminkin (tai mikäli haluttaisiin esimerkiksi tarkemmin tarkastella maiden asukaslukuja silmukassa):</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    suomi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Suomi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6000000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    malta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Malta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">500000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    ruotsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ruotsi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10000000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    islanti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Islanti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">350000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    maat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>suomi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> malta<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> ruotsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> islanti<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    isommat_maat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>maa <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> maa <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> maat <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>asukasluku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">5000000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> maa <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> isommat_maat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Toisessa esimerkissä luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Juoksumatka</code> mallintaa yhtä juoksumatkaa nimineen ja pituuksineen. Nyt koosteen avulla luodaan lista <code class=\"language-text\">Juoksumatka</code>-olioita annettujen pituuksien mukaaan.</p><p>Huomaa, että <code class=\"language-text\">Juoksumatka</code>-luokan konstruktorissa parametrilla <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code> on oletusarvo, eikä sitä olioita luodessa esimerkissä erikseen annetakaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Juoksumatka</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Luokka mallintaa yhtä n metrin pituista juoksumatkaa \"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> matka<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token builtin\">str</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ei nimeä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>matka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> matka\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__repr__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>matka<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> m. (</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    pituudet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">200</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">42195</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    matkat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>Juoksumatka<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> pituus <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pituudet<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># tulostetaan kaikki</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matkat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Poimitaan yksi listasta ja nimetään se</span>\n    maraton <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> matkat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># viimeisenä listassa</span>\n    maraton<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Maraton\"</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan vielä uudella nimellä</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matkat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[100 m. (ei nimeä), 200 m. (ei nimeä), 1500 m. (ei nimeä), 3000 m. (ei nimeä), 42195 m. (ei nimeä)]\n[100 m. (ei nimeä), 200 m. (ei nimeä), 1500 m. (ei nimeä), 3000 m. (ei nimeä), 42195 m. (Maraton)]</p></sample-output><p>Jos oma luokka on viime kerran esimerkin mukaisesti iteroitava, voidaan sitä käyttää lähteenä listakoosteessa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kirja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirjailija<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sivuja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjailija <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kirjailija\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sivuja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sivuja\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kirjahylly</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_kirjat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_kirja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Iteraattorin alustusmetodi</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Tässä tulee alustaa iteroinnissa käytettävä(t) muuttuja(t)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__iter__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>n <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Metodi palauttaa viittauksen olioon itseensä, koska</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># iteraattori on toteutettu samassa luokassa</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Metodi palauttaa seuraavan alkion</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Jos ei ole enempää alkioita, heitetään tapahtuma</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># StopIteration</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__next__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>n <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token comment\"># Poimitaan listasta nykyinen</span>\n            kirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n            <span class=\"token comment\"># Kasvatetaan laskuria yhdellä</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>n <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n            <span class=\"token comment\"># ...ja palautetaan</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> kirja\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token comment\"># Ei enempää kirjoja</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> StopIteration\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Testataan</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    k1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Elämäni Pythoniassa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">123</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    k2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Vanhus ja Java\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ernest Hemingjava\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">204</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    k3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"C-itsemän veljestä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Keijo Koodari\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">997</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    hylly <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirjahylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    hylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    hylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    hylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Luodaan lista, jossa kaikkien kirjojen nimet</span>\n    kirjojen_nimet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> kirja <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> hylly<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirjojen_nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Kauppalistan tuotteet' tmcname='osa11-09_kauppalistan_tuotteet'><p>Osan 10 tehtävässä teimme <a href=\"/osa-10/3-olio-ohjelmoinnin-tekniikoita#programming-exercise-iteroitava-kauppalista\">Kauppalista-luokasta iteroitavan</a>. Iteroitavan luokan oliota voidaan käyttää listakoosteiden yhteydessä. Tehtäväpohjassa on mukana luokasta typistetty versio, jonka toiminnallisuus riittää tähän tehtävään.</p><p>Tee nyt funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kauppalistan_tuotteet(kauppalista, maara: int)</code> joka saa parametriksi kauppalista-olion. Funktio palauttaa kauppalistan ostoksista niiden tuotteiden nimet, joita on listalla vähintään parametrin <code class=\"language-text\">maara</code> verran.</p><p>Funktio tulee toteuttaa listakoosteen avulla, ja sen pituus saa olla <code class=\"language-text\">def</code>-määrittelyriveineen yhteensä korkeintaan kaksi riviä. Luokan Kauppalista koodia ei saa muuttaa!</p><p>Funktio toimii seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaanit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"omenat\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"alkoholiton olut\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ananas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"kauppalistalla vähintään 8 seuraavia tuotteita:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tuote <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> kauppalistan_tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>kauppalistalla vähintään 8 seuraavia tuotteita:\nbanaanit\nalkoholiton olut</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Halvempien hintaero' tmcname='osa11-10_halvempien_hintaero'><p>Osan 9 tehtävässä teimme luokan <a href=\"/osa-9/1-oliot-ja-viittaukset#programming-exercise-asuntovertailu\">Asunto</a>. Tässä tehtävässä on käytössä hieman laajennettu versio luokasta.</p><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">halvemmat(asunnot: list, verrattava: Asunto)</code>, joka saa parametriksi listan asuntoja sekä yksittäisen vertailtavan asunnon. Funktio palauttaa listan, jolla on asunnoista ne, jotka ovat hinnaltaan halvempia kuin vertailtava asunto, sekä näiden hintaeron. Palautettavan listan alkiot ovat tupleja, joiden ensimmäinen jäsen on asunto ja toisena sen hintaero vertailtavaan.</p><p>Funktio tulee toteuttaa listakoosteen avulla. Funktion maksimipituus <code class=\"language-text\">def</code>-määrittelyrivi mukaanluettuna on 2 riviä.</p><p>Luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Asunto</code> koodia ei saa muuttaa!</p><p>Funktio toimii seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">a1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">16</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Eira yksiö\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\na2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">38</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4200</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Kallio kaksio\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\na3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">78</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Jakomäki kolmio\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\na4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">215</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Suomussalmi omakotitalo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\na5 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">105</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1700</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Kerava 4h ja keittiö\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\na6 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">25</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1200</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Haikon kartano\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nasunnot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>a1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> a2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> a3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> a4<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> a5<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> a6<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"asuntoa </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>a3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kuvaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> halvemmat vaihtoehdot:\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> halvemmat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>asunnot<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> a3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kuvaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token format-spec\">30</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> hintaero </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> euroa\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>asuntoa Jakomäki kolmio halvemmat vaihtoehdot:\nEira yksiö                     hintaero 107000 euroa\nKallio kaksio                  hintaero 35400 euroa\nSuomussalmi omakotitalo        hintaero 87500 euroa\nKerava 4h ja keittiö           hintaero 16500 euroa</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"koosteet-sanakirjan-kanssa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Koosteet sanakirjan kanssa<a href=\"#koosteet-sanakirjan-kanssa\" aria-label=\"koosteet sanakirjan kanssa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Koosteet toimivat samalla tavalla myös sanakirjan kanssa: jos vaihdetaan hakasulkeet aaltosulkeiksi, syntyy koosteen seurauksena listan sijasta sanakirja. Koska sanakirjan alkio muodostuu kahdesta komponentista - arvosta ja avaimesta, tulee molemmat komponentit antaa myös koostetta luodessa.</p><p>Lähteenä voidaan edelleen käyttää mitä tahansa sarjaa, eli esimerkiksi listaa, merkkijonoa, tuplea, sanakirjaa tai omaa iteroinnin toteuttavaa luokkaa.</p><p>Esimerkki, joka luo merkkijonon pohjalta sanakirjan, joka sisältää kaikki merkkijonon kirjaimet ja niiden esiintymämäärät:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\nlause <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Hei kaikki\"</span>\n\nmerkkimäärät <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>kirjain <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>count<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirjain<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> kirjain <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>merkkimäärät<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>{'H': 1, 'e': 1, 'i': 3, ' ': 1, 'k': 3, 'a': 1}</p></sample-output><p>Periaate on siis täsmälleen sama, mutta yksittäisen arvon sijasta annetaan erikseen avain ja arvo. Yleisesti merkittynä siis:</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">{&lt;avainlauseke> : &lt;arvolauseke> for &lt;alkio> in &lt;sarja>}</code></p><p>Tarkastellaan vielä toisena esimerkkinä ohjelmaa, joka laskee kaikkien listalla olevien positiivisten lukujen kertomat, mutta tällä kertaa sanakirjaan. Luku toimii avaimena ja kertoma arvona:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kertoma</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Funktio laskee positiivisen luvun n kertoman n! \"\"\"</span>\n    k <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        k <span class=\"token operator\">*=</span> n\n        n <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> k\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    kertomat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>luku <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> kertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kertomat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>{3: 6, 2: 2, 1: 1, 4: 24, 5: 120, 6: 720}</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Merkkijonojen pituudet' tmcname='osa11-11_merkkijonojen_pituudet'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pituudet(merkkijonot: list)</code>, joka saa parametriksi listan merkkijonoja. Funktio palauttaa <em>sanakirjan</em>, jossa avaimina on listan merkkijonot ja arvoina merkkijonojen pituudet.</p><p>Funktio tulee toteuttaa sanakirjakoosteen avulla. Funktion maksimipituus def-määrittelyrivi mukaanlukien on kaksi riviä.</p><p>Funktio toimii seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sanalista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"suo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kuokka\"</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ja\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"koodari\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nsanojen_pituudet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pituudet<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanojen_pituudet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>{'suo': 3, 'kuokka': 6, 'python': 6, 'ja': 2, 'koodari': 7}</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Yleisimmät sanat' tmcname='osa11-12_yleisimmat_sanat'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">yleisimmat_sanat(tiedoston_nimi: str, raja: int)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen tiedoston nimen. Funktio palauttaa sanakirjan, joka sisältää tiedostossa olevien sanojen esiintymislukumäärän niiden sanojen osalta, joilla on vähintään toisen parametrin <code class=\"language-text\">raja</code> verran esiintymiä.</p><p>Esim. jos funktiolla tarkasteltaisiin tiedostoa <em>comprehensions.txt</em> jonka sisältö on seuraava</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"txt\"><pre class=\"language-txt\"><code class=\"language-txt\">List comprehension is an elegant way to define and create lists based on existing lists.\nList comprehension is generally more compact and faster than normal functions and loops for creating list.\nHowever, we should avoid writing very long list comprehensions in one line to ensure that code is user-friendly.\nRemember, every list comprehension can be rewritten in for loop, but every for loop can’t be rewritten in the form of list comprehension.</code></pre></div><p>Kutsuttaessa <code class=\"language-text\">yleisimmat_sanat(\"comprehensions.txt\", 3)</code> funktion palauttama sanakirja näyttäisi seuraavalta:</p><sample-output><p>{'comprehension': 4, 'is': 3, 'and': 3, 'for': 3, 'list': 4, 'in': 3}</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että kirjainkoko vaikuttaa ja vain kokonaiset sanat lasketaan - sanat 'List' ja 'lists' eivät siis saa kasvattaa sanan 'list' lukumäärää. Lisäksi kaikki sanoissa olevat välimerkit tulee poistaa.</p><p>Funktion toteutustapa on vapaa, helpoimmalla pääset hyödyntämällä lista- ja sanakirjakoosteita.</p></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-11/2-lisaa-koosteesta","title":"Lisää koosteesta"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-11/2-lisaa-koosteesta.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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funktiolle "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"binaarihaku"}]},{"type":"text","value":" annetaan neljä parametria: viite listaan, etsittävä alkio sekä hakualueen vasen ja oikea kohta. Alussa hakualue on koko lista, jolloin vasen kohta on 0 ja oikea kohta on "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"len(lista)-1"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Funktio tarkastaa hakualueen keskellä olevan alkion ja joko ilmoittaa, että haluttu alkio löytyi, tai jatkaa hakua vasemmasta tai oikeasta puoliskosta."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jos verrataan binäärihakua "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"peräkkäishakuun"}]},{"type":"text","value":", algoritmien tehokkuus erottuu selvästi. Peräkkäishaussa alkiota lähdetään etsimään listan alusta ja listaa käydään läpi yksi alkio kerrallaan, kunnes alkio on löytynyt tai on päästy listan loppuun. Jos listan pituus on miljoona alkiota, tarvitaan perättäishaussa koko listan läpikäyntiin miljoona askelta, mutta binäärihaussa askelia tarvitaan vain 20."}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät mitä tarkoitetaan rekursiolla</li>\n<li>Osaat kirjoittaa itse yksinkertaisen rekursiivisen funktion</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Kuten aiemmin on huomattu, funktiot voivat kutsua toisia funktioita. Esimerkiksi näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tervehdi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moikka,\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tervehdi_monesti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kerrat <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kerrat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        tervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Samaan tapaan funktio voi kutsua myös itseään. Jos kuitenkaan funktion parametrit eivät muutu kutsukertojen välissä, tästä syntyy \"ikuinen silmukka\":</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tervehdi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moikka,\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tällöin funktion kutsuminen millä tahansa merkkijonolla antaa virheilmoituksen:</p><sample-output><p>RecursionError: maximum recursion depth exceeded</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"mita-rekursio-tarkoittaa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Mitä rekursio tarkoittaa?<a href=\"#mita-rekursio-tarkoittaa\" aria-label=\"mita rekursio tarkoittaa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Virheilmoituksessakin mainitulla <em>rekursiolla</em> tarkoitetaan sitä, että funktio kutsuu itseään. Rekursiossa funktion parametrien pitää kuitenkin muuttua niin, että jossain vaiheessa kutsuminen lopetetaan. Perusperiaate on sama kuin silmukoissa: jotta silmukka ei jatkuisi ikuisesti, siinä tulee olla päättymisehto, joka toteutuu jossain vaiheessa.</p><p>Tarkastellaan aluksi yksinkertaista funktiota, joka lisää listan loppuun 0-alkioita niin kauan kuin listan pituus on alle 10. Silmukan sijasta funktio kutsuukin itseään uudestaan, jos ehto ei täyty:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tayta_lista</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Lisää listaan alkoita jos sen pituus on alle 10 \"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Kutsutaan uudestaaan</span>\n        tayta_lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    testi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    tayta_lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>testi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>testi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]</p></sample-output><p>Perinteisellä silmukalla ohjelma näyttäisi esimerkiksi tältä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tayta_lista</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Lisää listaan alkoita jos sen pituus on alle 10 \"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    testi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    tayta_lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>testi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>testi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>Esimerkeistä huomataan, että perinteinen (eli <em>iteratiivinen</em>) lähestymistapa tuottaa lyhyemmän ja selkeämmän ohjelman. Rekursiivinen ohjelma kuitenkin toimii ja tuottaa oikean lopputuloksen, koska funktio käsittelee jokaisella kutsukerralla samaa listaa viittauksen kautta.</p><text-box variant=\"hint\" name=\"Iteratiivinen vai rekursiivinen?\"><p>Tietojenkäsittelytieteteessä erotetaan usein <em>iteratiiviset</em> ja <em>rekursiiviset</em> algoritmit. Iteratiivinen tarkoittaa kurssilla tähän asti yleensä käyttämäämme tapaa, jossa ratkaisu perustuu peräkkäisyyteen – yleensä siihen, että käsitellään rakenne silmukassa. Rekursiivinen tarkoittaa vaihtoehtoista tapaa, jossa funktio silmukan sijasta (tai lisäksi) kutsuu itseään muuttuvilla parametrien arvoilla.</p><p>Mikä tahansa algoritmi on periaatteessa mahdollista toteuttaa sekä iteratiivisesti että rekursiivisesti, mutta monessa tapauksessa jompikumpi tapa soveltuu selkeästi paremmin ongelman ratkaisemiseen.</p></text-box><programming-exercise name='Suurempia lukuja' tmcname='osa11-13_listaan_lukuja'><p>Kirjoita <em>rekursiivinen funktio</em> <code class=\"language-text\">listaan_lukuja(luvut: list)</code>, joka lisää listaan lukuja niin kauan, kunnes listan pituus on viidellä jaollinen. Jokainen listaan lisättävä luku on aina yhden suurempi kuin listan viimeinen luku.</p><p>Funktion pitää kutsua itseään rekursiivisesti.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsusta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nlistaan_lukuja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"rekursio-ja-paluuarvot\" style=\"position:relative;\">Rekursio ja paluuarvot<a href=\"#rekursio-ja-paluuarvot\" aria-label=\"rekursio ja paluuarvot permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Rekursiivisella funktiolla voi olla myös palautusarvo. Tarkastellaan tätä tarkoitusta varten esimerkkiä, joka laskee kertoman rekursiivisesti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kertoma</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Funktio laskee positiivisen luvun n kertoman n!, eli n * (n-1) ... * 2 * 1 \"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Lukujen 0 ja 1 kertoma on 1</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Kutsuu funktiota uudestaan</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> kertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Testataan</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Luvun </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kertoma on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>kertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Luvun 1 kertoma on 1\nLuvun 2 kertoma on 2\nLuvun 3 kertoma on 6\nLuvun 4 kertoma on 24\nLuvun 5 kertoma on 120\nLuvun 6 kertoma on 720</p></sample-output><p>Jos funktion parametrin arvo on 0 tai 1, funktio palauttaa 1 (koska kertoman määritelmän mukaan lukujen 0 ja 1 kertoma on 1). Muuten funktio palauttaa lausekkeen <code class=\"language-text\">n * kertoma(n - 1)</code>. Tämä tarkoittaa, että parametri <code class=\"language-text\">n</code> kerrotaan funktion itsensä kutsun palauttamalla arvolla.</p><p>Olennaista funktion toimivuuden kannalta on, että funktiossa on määritelty ehto, jolla se ei kutsu itseään enää uudestaan. Tässä tapauksessa ehto on <code class=\"language-text\">n &lt; 2</code>.</p><p><a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Visualisaattori</a> on oivallinen väline rekursiota käyttävien ohjelmien tutkimiseksi.</p><p>Laajennetaan kertoman laskevaa funktiota niin, että se käyttää apumuuttujia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kertoma</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n    edellisen_luvun_kertoma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    luvun_n_kertoma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> edellisen_luvun_kertoma\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> luvun_n_kertoma\n    \nkertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kokeile, miten <a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#code=def%20kertoma%28n%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20if%20n%20%3C%202%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%201%0A%0A%20%20%20%20edellisen_luvun_kertoma%20%3D%20kertoma%28n%20-%201%29%0A%20%20%20%20luvun_n_kertoma%20%3D%20n%20*%20edellisen_luvun_kertoma%0A%20%20%20%20return%20luvun_n_kertoma%0A%20%20%20%20%0Akertoma%285%29&#x26;cumulative=false&#x26;curInstr=5&#x26;heapPrimitives=nevernest&#x26;mode=display&#x26;origin=opt-frontend.js&#x26;py=3&#x26;rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&#x26;textReferences=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">visualisaattori</a> demonstroi rekursion etenemisen.</p><p>Hieman normaalista poiketen visualisaattorissa kutsupino \"kasvaa\" alaspäin. Suorituksessa oleva funktiokutsu on kutsupinon alimpana oleva sinisellä merkitty \"lohko\", jolla on omat muuttujansa. Hetken kuluttua palautettava tulos on laskettu muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">luvun_n_kertoma</code>.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/6976b/11_1_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 43.913043478260875%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/a0b58/11_1_1.webp 230w,\n/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/bc10c/11_1_1.webp 460w,\n/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/966d8/11_1_1.webp 920w,\n/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/445df/11_1_1.webp 1380w,\n/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/78de1/11_1_1.webp 1840w,\n/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/129b4/11_1_1.webp 2172w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/81c8e/11_1_1.png 230w,\n/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/08a84/11_1_1.png 460w,\n/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/c0255/11_1_1.png 920w,\n/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/b1001/11_1_1.png 1380w,\n/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/161ec/11_1_1.png 1840w,\n/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/6976b/11_1_1.png 2172w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/c0255/11_1_1.png\" alt=\"11 1 1\" title=\"11 1 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Tarkastellaan vielä toista funktiota, joka laskee halutun Fibonaccin luvun rekursiivisesti. Fibonaccin lukujonossa luku on aina kahden edellisen luvun summa. Niinpä jonon alku näyttää tältä: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">fibonacci</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Funktio palauttaa n:nen luvun Fibonaccin sarjasta (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 jne.); n > 0\"\"\"</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Kaksi ekaa lukua ovat ykkösiä</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Muuten luku saadaan laskemalla kaksi edellistä yhteen</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> fibonacci<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> fibonacci<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Testataan, että toimii</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Fibonaccin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">. luku on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>fibonacci<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Fibonaccin 1. luku on 1\nFibonaccin 2. luku on 1\nFibonaccin 3. luku on 2\nFibonaccin 4. luku on 3\nFibonaccin 5. luku on 5\nFibonaccin 6. luku on 8\nFibonaccin 7. luku on 13\nFibonaccin 8. luku on 21\nFibonaccin 9. luku on 34\nFibonaccin 10. luku on 55</p></sample-output><p>Tällä kertaa lopetusehtona on, että luku on pienempi tai yhtä suuri kuin 2, koska Fibonaccin kaksi ensimmäistä lukua ovat molemmat ykkösiä.</p><p>Miten algoritmi käytännössä oikein toimii?</p><p>Luvuille 1 ja 2 algoritmi palauttaa arvon 1 ehdon <code class=\"language-text\">n &lt;= 2</code> mukaisesti.</p><p>Luvulle 3 algoritmi palauttaa arvon lausekkeesta <code class=\"language-text\">fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2)</code>, eli käytännössä lausekkeen <code class=\"language-text\">fibonacci(2) + fibonacci(1)</code>. Koska edellisessä kohdassa huomattiin, että näiden molempien arvo on 1, palauttaa funktio siis arvon 2 (joka onkin kolmas Fibonaccin luku)</p><p>Luvulle 4 algoritmi palauttaa arvon lausekkeesta <code class=\"language-text\">fibonacci(3) + fibonacci(2)</code>, mikä edellisten kohtien perusteella on siis <code class=\"language-text\">2 + 1</code> eli 3.</p><p>Luvulle 5 algoritmi palauttaa arvon lausekkeesta <code class=\"language-text\">fibonacci(4) + fibonacci(3)</code>, mikä edellisten kohtien perusteella on siis <code class=\"language-text\">3 + 2</code> eli 5.</p><p>jne.</p><p>Rekursiivinen algoritmimme siis toimii, koska voimme todistaa jokaisen luvun kohdalla ohjelman toimivuuden aikaisempien lukujen perusteella.</p><programming-exercise name='Rekursiivinen summa' tmcname='osa11-14_rekursiivinen_summa'><p>Tee rekursiivinen funktio <code class=\"language-text\">summa(luku: int)</code> summan <code class=\"language-text\">1 + 2 + ... + luku</code> laskemiseen. Funktion runko on seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># kun luku on 1, ei ole muita summattavia...</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> luku\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># täydennä koodi...</span></code></pre></div><p>Muutama käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>6\n15\n55</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Sulut tasapainossa' tmcname='osa11-15_sulut_tasapainossa'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on valmiina funktio <code class=\"language-text\">sulut_tasapainossa</code>, joka tarkastaa, onko sen parametrina olevassa merkkijonossa sulut tasapainossa, eli onko jokaista \"aukeavaa\" sulkumerkkiä ( kohti on oma \"sulkeutuva\" sulkumerkki ), ja että sulut eivät mene ristiin.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">sulut_tasapainossa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>merkkijono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>merkkijono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>merkkijono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">'('</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> merkkijono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">')'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># poistetaan ensimmäinen ja viimeinen merkki</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> sulut_tasapainossa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>merkkijono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nok <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sulut_tasapainossa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"(((())))\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ok<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># ei kelpaa sillä yksi loppusulku liikaa</span>\nok <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sulut_tasapainossa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"()())\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ok<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># ei kelpaa sillä alussa virheellinen loppusulku</span>\nok <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sulut_tasapainossa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\")()\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ok<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># ei kelpaa, sillä funktio ei osaa käsitellä kuin sisäkkäisiä sulkuja</span>\nok <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sulut_tasapainossa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"()(())\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ok<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>True\nFalse\nFalse\nFalse</p></sample-output><p>Laajenna funktiota siten, että se jättää huomiotta kaikki muut kuin sulkumerkit, ja että se osaa kaarisulkujen lisäksi myös hakasulut. Haka- ja kaarisulut eivät saa mennä ristiin!</p><p>Seuraavassa muutama käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ok <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sulut_tasapainossa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"([([])])\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ok<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nok <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sulut_tasapainossa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"(python versio [3.7]) käytä tätä!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ok<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># ei kelpaa sillä virheellinen loppusulku</span>\nok <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sulut_tasapainossa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"(()]\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ok<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># ei kelpaa sillä erityyppiset sulut menevät ristiin</span>\nok <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sulut_tasapainossa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"([huono)]\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ok<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Huomaa, että funktion ei tarvitse osata kuin yksi sisäkkäinen sulutus - sen ei siis tarvitse ymmärtää esimerkiksi jonoa (x + 1)(y + 1).</p><sample-output><p>True\nTrue\nFalse\nFalse</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"binaarihaku\" style=\"position:relative;\">Binäärihaku<a href=\"#binaarihaku\" aria-label=\"binaarihaku permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Binäärihaussa yritetään löytää järjestyksessä olevasta listasta annettu alkio. Järjestys tarkoittaa tässä yhteydessä esimerkiksi lukujen järjestystä pienimmästä suurimpaan tai merkkijonoja aakkosjärjestyksessä.</p><p>Binäärihaun ideana on, että tarkastellaan aina listan keskimmäistä alkiota. Jos</p><ul>\n<li>keskimmäinen alkio on etsitty alkio, palautetaan tieto siitä, että alkio löytyi</li>\n<li>keskimmäinen alkio on pienempi kuin etsittävä alkio, rajataan haku listan jälkimmäiselle puolikkaalle</li>\n<li>keskimmäinen alkio on suurempi kuin etsittävä alkio, rajataan haku listan ensimmäiselle puolikkaalle</li>\n</ul><p>Jos lista on tyhjä, palautetaan tieto siitä, että alkiota ei löytynyt.</p><p>Seuraava kuva havainnollistaa binäärihaun etenemistä, kun etsitään listasta lukua 24:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 777px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/ca600c1fe96166b67e6fe37b5f5dcc89/108f8/11_3_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 43.47826086956522%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/ca600c1fe96166b67e6fe37b5f5dcc89/a0b58/11_3_1.webp 230w,\n/static/ca600c1fe96166b67e6fe37b5f5dcc89/bc10c/11_3_1.webp 460w,\n/static/ca600c1fe96166b67e6fe37b5f5dcc89/2e4ba/11_3_1.webp 777w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 777px) 100vw, 777px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/ca600c1fe96166b67e6fe37b5f5dcc89/81c8e/11_3_1.png 230w,\n/static/ca600c1fe96166b67e6fe37b5f5dcc89/08a84/11_3_1.png 460w,\n/static/ca600c1fe96166b67e6fe37b5f5dcc89/108f8/11_3_1.png 777w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 777px) 100vw, 777px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/ca600c1fe96166b67e6fe37b5f5dcc89/108f8/11_3_1.png\" alt=\"11 3 1\" title=\"11 3 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Rekursiivinen algoritmi binäärihaulle:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">binaarihaku</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vasen <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> oikea <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Funktio palauttaa True tai False sen mukaan, onko listalla alkiota \"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Jos hakualue on tyhjä, ei löydy</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> vasen <span class=\"token operator\">></span> oikea<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Lasketaan hakualueen keskikohta</span>\n    keski <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vasen<span class=\"token operator\">+</span>oikea<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">//</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Jos keskellä on etsittävä alkio</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>keski<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Jos pienempi, etsi jälkipuoliskolta</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>keski<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> binaarihaku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> keski<span class=\"token operator\">+</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> oikea<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Muuten täytyy olla suurempi, etsitään alkupuoliskolta</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> binaarihaku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vasen<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> keski<span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Testataan</span>\n    lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">13</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">14</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">18</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>binaarihaku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>binaarihaku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">13</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>binaarihaku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>binaarihaku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">15</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>True\nTrue\nFalse\nFalse</p></sample-output><p>Tässä funktiolle <code class=\"language-text\">binaarihaku</code> annetaan neljä parametria: viite listaan, etsittävä alkio sekä hakualueen vasen ja oikea kohta. Alussa hakualue on koko lista, jolloin vasen kohta on 0 ja oikea kohta on <code class=\"language-text\">len(lista)-1</code>. Funktio tarkastaa hakualueen keskellä olevan alkion ja joko ilmoittaa, että haluttu alkio löytyi, tai jatkaa hakua vasemmasta tai oikeasta puoliskosta.</p><p>Jos verrataan binäärihakua <em>peräkkäishakuun</em>, algoritmien tehokkuus erottuu selvästi. Peräkkäishaussa alkiota lähdetään etsimään listan alusta ja listaa käydään läpi yksi alkio kerrallaan, kunnes alkio on löytynyt tai on päästy listan loppuun. Jos listan pituus on miljoona alkiota, tarvitaan perättäishaussa koko listan läpikäyntiin miljoona askelta, mutta binäärihaussa askelia tarvitaan vain 20.</p></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-11/3-rekursio","title":"Rekursio"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-11/3-rekursio.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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funktiolle "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"binaarihaku"}]},{"type":"text","value":" annetaan neljä parametria: viite listaan, etsittävä alkio sekä hakualueen vasen ja oikea kohta. Alussa hakualue on koko lista, jolloin vasen kohta on 0 ja oikea kohta on "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"len(lista)-1"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Funktio tarkastaa hakualueen keskellä olevan alkion ja joko ilmoittaa, että haluttu alkio löytyi, tai jatkaa hakua vasemmasta tai oikeasta puoliskosta."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jos verrataan binäärihakua "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"peräkkäishakuun"}]},{"type":"text","value":", algoritmien tehokkuus erottuu selvästi. Peräkkäishaussa alkiota lähdetään etsimään listan alusta ja listaa käydään läpi yksi alkio kerrallaan, kunnes alkio on löytynyt tai on päästy listan loppuun. Jos listan pituus on miljoona alkiota, tarvitaan perättäishaussa koko listan läpikäyntiin miljoona askelta, mutta binäärihaussa askelia tarvitaan vain 20."}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät mitä tarkoitetaan rekursiolla</li>\n<li>Osaat kirjoittaa itse yksinkertaisen rekursiivisen funktion</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Kuten aiemmin on huomattu, funktiot voivat kutsua toisia funktioita. Esimerkiksi näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tervehdi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moikka,\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tervehdi_monesti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kerrat <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kerrat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        tervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Samaan tapaan funktio voi kutsua myös itseään. Jos kuitenkaan funktion parametrit eivät muutu kutsukertojen välissä, tästä syntyy \"ikuinen silmukka\":</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tervehdi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moikka,\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tällöin funktion kutsuminen millä tahansa merkkijonolla antaa virheilmoituksen:</p><sample-output><p>RecursionError: maximum recursion depth exceeded</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"mita-rekursio-tarkoittaa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Mitä rekursio tarkoittaa?<a href=\"#mita-rekursio-tarkoittaa\" aria-label=\"mita rekursio tarkoittaa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Virheilmoituksessakin mainitulla <em>rekursiolla</em> tarkoitetaan sitä, että funktio kutsuu itseään. Rekursiossa funktion parametrien pitää kuitenkin muuttua niin, että jossain vaiheessa kutsuminen lopetetaan. Perusperiaate on sama kuin silmukoissa: jotta silmukka ei jatkuisi ikuisesti, siinä tulee olla päättymisehto, joka toteutuu jossain vaiheessa.</p><p>Tarkastellaan aluksi yksinkertaista funktiota, joka lisää listan loppuun 0-alkioita niin kauan kuin listan pituus on alle 10. Silmukan sijasta funktio kutsuukin itseään uudestaan, jos ehto ei täyty:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tayta_lista</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Lisää listaan alkoita jos sen pituus on alle 10 \"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Kutsutaan uudestaaan</span>\n        tayta_lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    testi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    tayta_lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>testi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>testi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]</p></sample-output><p>Perinteisellä silmukalla ohjelma näyttäisi esimerkiksi tältä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tayta_lista</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Lisää listaan alkoita jos sen pituus on alle 10 \"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    testi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    tayta_lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>testi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>testi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>Esimerkeistä huomataan, että perinteinen (eli <em>iteratiivinen</em>) lähestymistapa tuottaa lyhyemmän ja selkeämmän ohjelman. Rekursiivinen ohjelma kuitenkin toimii ja tuottaa oikean lopputuloksen, koska funktio käsittelee jokaisella kutsukerralla samaa listaa viittauksen kautta.</p><text-box variant=\"hint\" name=\"Iteratiivinen vai rekursiivinen?\"><p>Tietojenkäsittelytieteteessä erotetaan usein <em>iteratiiviset</em> ja <em>rekursiiviset</em> algoritmit. Iteratiivinen tarkoittaa kurssilla tähän asti yleensä käyttämäämme tapaa, jossa ratkaisu perustuu peräkkäisyyteen – yleensä siihen, että käsitellään rakenne silmukassa. Rekursiivinen tarkoittaa vaihtoehtoista tapaa, jossa funktio silmukan sijasta (tai lisäksi) kutsuu itseään muuttuvilla parametrien arvoilla.</p><p>Mikä tahansa algoritmi on periaatteessa mahdollista toteuttaa sekä iteratiivisesti että rekursiivisesti, mutta monessa tapauksessa jompikumpi tapa soveltuu selkeästi paremmin ongelman ratkaisemiseen.</p></text-box><programming-exercise name='Suurempia lukuja' tmcname='osa11-13_listaan_lukuja'><p>Kirjoita <em>rekursiivinen funktio</em> <code class=\"language-text\">listaan_lukuja(luvut: list)</code>, joka lisää listaan lukuja niin kauan, kunnes listan pituus on viidellä jaollinen. Jokainen listaan lisättävä luku on aina yhden suurempi kuin listan viimeinen luku.</p><p>Funktion pitää kutsua itseään rekursiivisesti.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsusta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nlistaan_lukuja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"rekursio-ja-paluuarvot\" style=\"position:relative;\">Rekursio ja paluuarvot<a href=\"#rekursio-ja-paluuarvot\" aria-label=\"rekursio ja paluuarvot permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Rekursiivisella funktiolla voi olla myös palautusarvo. Tarkastellaan tätä tarkoitusta varten esimerkkiä, joka laskee kertoman rekursiivisesti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kertoma</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Funktio laskee positiivisen luvun n kertoman n!, eli n * (n-1) ... * 2 * 1 \"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Lukujen 0 ja 1 kertoma on 1</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Kutsuu funktiota uudestaan</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> kertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Testataan</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Luvun </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kertoma on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>kertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Luvun 1 kertoma on 1\nLuvun 2 kertoma on 2\nLuvun 3 kertoma on 6\nLuvun 4 kertoma on 24\nLuvun 5 kertoma on 120\nLuvun 6 kertoma on 720</p></sample-output><p>Jos funktion parametrin arvo on 0 tai 1, funktio palauttaa 1 (koska kertoman määritelmän mukaan lukujen 0 ja 1 kertoma on 1). Muuten funktio palauttaa lausekkeen <code class=\"language-text\">n * kertoma(n - 1)</code>. Tämä tarkoittaa, että parametri <code class=\"language-text\">n</code> kerrotaan funktion itsensä kutsun palauttamalla arvolla.</p><p>Olennaista funktion toimivuuden kannalta on, että funktiossa on määritelty ehto, jolla se ei kutsu itseään enää uudestaan. Tässä tapauksessa ehto on <code class=\"language-text\">n &lt; 2</code>.</p><p><a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Visualisaattori</a> on oivallinen väline rekursiota käyttävien ohjelmien tutkimiseksi.</p><p>Laajennetaan kertoman laskevaa funktiota niin, että se käyttää apumuuttujia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kertoma</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n    edellisen_luvun_kertoma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    luvun_n_kertoma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> edellisen_luvun_kertoma\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> luvun_n_kertoma\n    \nkertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kokeile, miten <a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#code=def%20kertoma%28n%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20if%20n%20%3C%202%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%201%0A%0A%20%20%20%20edellisen_luvun_kertoma%20%3D%20kertoma%28n%20-%201%29%0A%20%20%20%20luvun_n_kertoma%20%3D%20n%20*%20edellisen_luvun_kertoma%0A%20%20%20%20return%20luvun_n_kertoma%0A%20%20%20%20%0Akertoma%285%29&#x26;cumulative=false&#x26;curInstr=5&#x26;heapPrimitives=nevernest&#x26;mode=display&#x26;origin=opt-frontend.js&#x26;py=3&#x26;rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&#x26;textReferences=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">visualisaattori</a> demonstroi rekursion etenemisen.</p><p>Hieman normaalista poiketen visualisaattorissa kutsupino \"kasvaa\" alaspäin. Suorituksessa oleva funktiokutsu on kutsupinon alimpana oleva sinisellä merkitty \"lohko\", jolla on omat muuttujansa. Hetken kuluttua palautettava tulos on laskettu muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">luvun_n_kertoma</code>.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/6976b/11_1_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 43.913043478260875%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/a0b58/11_1_1.webp 230w,\n/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/bc10c/11_1_1.webp 460w,\n/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/966d8/11_1_1.webp 920w,\n/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/445df/11_1_1.webp 1380w,\n/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/78de1/11_1_1.webp 1840w,\n/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/129b4/11_1_1.webp 2172w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/81c8e/11_1_1.png 230w,\n/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/08a84/11_1_1.png 460w,\n/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/c0255/11_1_1.png 920w,\n/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/b1001/11_1_1.png 1380w,\n/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/161ec/11_1_1.png 1840w,\n/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/6976b/11_1_1.png 2172w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/9d75a2d6b42864178f98c237765dbc86/c0255/11_1_1.png\" alt=\"11 1 1\" title=\"11 1 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Tarkastellaan vielä toista funktiota, joka laskee halutun Fibonaccin luvun rekursiivisesti. Fibonaccin lukujonossa luku on aina kahden edellisen luvun summa. Niinpä jonon alku näyttää tältä: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">fibonacci</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Funktio palauttaa n:nen luvun Fibonaccin sarjasta (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 jne.); n > 0\"\"\"</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Kaksi ekaa lukua ovat ykkösiä</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Muuten luku saadaan laskemalla kaksi edellistä yhteen</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> fibonacci<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> fibonacci<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Testataan, että toimii</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Fibonaccin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">. luku on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>fibonacci<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Fibonaccin 1. luku on 1\nFibonaccin 2. luku on 1\nFibonaccin 3. luku on 2\nFibonaccin 4. luku on 3\nFibonaccin 5. luku on 5\nFibonaccin 6. luku on 8\nFibonaccin 7. luku on 13\nFibonaccin 8. luku on 21\nFibonaccin 9. luku on 34\nFibonaccin 10. luku on 55</p></sample-output><p>Tällä kertaa lopetusehtona on, että luku on pienempi tai yhtä suuri kuin 2, koska Fibonaccin kaksi ensimmäistä lukua ovat molemmat ykkösiä.</p><p>Miten algoritmi käytännössä oikein toimii?</p><p>Luvuille 1 ja 2 algoritmi palauttaa arvon 1 ehdon <code class=\"language-text\">n &lt;= 2</code> mukaisesti.</p><p>Luvulle 3 algoritmi palauttaa arvon lausekkeesta <code class=\"language-text\">fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2)</code>, eli käytännössä lausekkeen <code class=\"language-text\">fibonacci(2) + fibonacci(1)</code>. Koska edellisessä kohdassa huomattiin, että näiden molempien arvo on 1, palauttaa funktio siis arvon 2 (joka onkin kolmas Fibonaccin luku)</p><p>Luvulle 4 algoritmi palauttaa arvon lausekkeesta <code class=\"language-text\">fibonacci(3) + fibonacci(2)</code>, mikä edellisten kohtien perusteella on siis <code class=\"language-text\">2 + 1</code> eli 3.</p><p>Luvulle 5 algoritmi palauttaa arvon lausekkeesta <code class=\"language-text\">fibonacci(4) + fibonacci(3)</code>, mikä edellisten kohtien perusteella on siis <code class=\"language-text\">3 + 2</code> eli 5.</p><p>jne.</p><p>Rekursiivinen algoritmimme siis toimii, koska voimme todistaa jokaisen luvun kohdalla ohjelman toimivuuden aikaisempien lukujen perusteella.</p><programming-exercise name='Rekursiivinen summa' tmcname='osa11-14_rekursiivinen_summa'><p>Tee rekursiivinen funktio <code class=\"language-text\">summa(luku: int)</code> summan <code class=\"language-text\">1 + 2 + ... + luku</code> laskemiseen. Funktion runko on seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># kun luku on 1, ei ole muita summattavia...</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> luku\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># täydennä koodi...</span></code></pre></div><p>Muutama käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>6\n15\n55</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Sulut tasapainossa' tmcname='osa11-15_sulut_tasapainossa'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on valmiina funktio <code class=\"language-text\">sulut_tasapainossa</code>, joka tarkastaa, onko sen parametrina olevassa merkkijonossa sulut tasapainossa, eli onko jokaista \"aukeavaa\" sulkumerkkiä ( kohti on oma \"sulkeutuva\" sulkumerkki ), ja että sulut eivät mene ristiin.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">sulut_tasapainossa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>merkkijono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>merkkijono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>merkkijono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">'('</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> merkkijono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">')'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># poistetaan ensimmäinen ja viimeinen merkki</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> sulut_tasapainossa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>merkkijono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nok <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sulut_tasapainossa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"(((())))\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ok<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># ei kelpaa sillä yksi loppusulku liikaa</span>\nok <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sulut_tasapainossa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"()())\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ok<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># ei kelpaa sillä alussa virheellinen loppusulku</span>\nok <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sulut_tasapainossa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\")()\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ok<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># ei kelpaa, sillä funktio ei osaa käsitellä kuin sisäkkäisiä sulkuja</span>\nok <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sulut_tasapainossa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"()(())\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ok<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>True\nFalse\nFalse\nFalse</p></sample-output><p>Laajenna funktiota siten, että se jättää huomiotta kaikki muut kuin sulkumerkit, ja että se osaa kaarisulkujen lisäksi myös hakasulut. Haka- ja kaarisulut eivät saa mennä ristiin!</p><p>Seuraavassa muutama käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ok <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sulut_tasapainossa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"([([])])\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ok<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nok <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sulut_tasapainossa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"(python versio [3.7]) käytä tätä!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ok<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># ei kelpaa sillä virheellinen loppusulku</span>\nok <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sulut_tasapainossa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"(()]\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ok<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># ei kelpaa sillä erityyppiset sulut menevät ristiin</span>\nok <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sulut_tasapainossa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"([huono)]\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ok<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Huomaa, että funktion ei tarvitse osata kuin yksi sisäkkäinen sulutus - sen ei siis tarvitse ymmärtää esimerkiksi jonoa (x + 1)(y + 1).</p><sample-output><p>True\nTrue\nFalse\nFalse</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"binaarihaku\" style=\"position:relative;\">Binäärihaku<a href=\"#binaarihaku\" aria-label=\"binaarihaku permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Binäärihaussa yritetään löytää järjestyksessä olevasta listasta annettu alkio. Järjestys tarkoittaa tässä yhteydessä esimerkiksi lukujen järjestystä pienimmästä suurimpaan tai merkkijonoja aakkosjärjestyksessä.</p><p>Binäärihaun ideana on, että tarkastellaan aina listan keskimmäistä alkiota. Jos</p><ul>\n<li>keskimmäinen alkio on etsitty alkio, palautetaan tieto siitä, että alkio löytyi</li>\n<li>keskimmäinen alkio on pienempi kuin etsittävä alkio, rajataan haku listan jälkimmäiselle puolikkaalle</li>\n<li>keskimmäinen alkio on suurempi kuin etsittävä alkio, rajataan haku listan ensimmäiselle puolikkaalle</li>\n</ul><p>Jos lista on tyhjä, palautetaan tieto siitä, että alkiota ei löytynyt.</p><p>Seuraava kuva havainnollistaa binäärihaun etenemistä, kun etsitään listasta lukua 24:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 777px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/ca600c1fe96166b67e6fe37b5f5dcc89/108f8/11_3_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 43.47826086956522%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/ca600c1fe96166b67e6fe37b5f5dcc89/a0b58/11_3_1.webp 230w,\n/static/ca600c1fe96166b67e6fe37b5f5dcc89/bc10c/11_3_1.webp 460w,\n/static/ca600c1fe96166b67e6fe37b5f5dcc89/2e4ba/11_3_1.webp 777w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 777px) 100vw, 777px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/ca600c1fe96166b67e6fe37b5f5dcc89/81c8e/11_3_1.png 230w,\n/static/ca600c1fe96166b67e6fe37b5f5dcc89/08a84/11_3_1.png 460w,\n/static/ca600c1fe96166b67e6fe37b5f5dcc89/108f8/11_3_1.png 777w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 777px) 100vw, 777px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/ca600c1fe96166b67e6fe37b5f5dcc89/108f8/11_3_1.png\" alt=\"11 3 1\" title=\"11 3 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Rekursiivinen algoritmi binäärihaulle:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">binaarihaku</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vasen <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> oikea <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Funktio palauttaa True tai False sen mukaan, onko listalla alkiota \"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Jos hakualue on tyhjä, ei löydy</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> vasen <span class=\"token operator\">></span> oikea<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Lasketaan hakualueen keskikohta</span>\n    keski <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vasen<span class=\"token operator\">+</span>oikea<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">//</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Jos keskellä on etsittävä alkio</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>keski<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Jos pienempi, etsi jälkipuoliskolta</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>keski<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> binaarihaku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> keski<span class=\"token operator\">+</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> oikea<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Muuten täytyy olla suurempi, etsitään alkupuoliskolta</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> binaarihaku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vasen<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> keski<span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Testataan</span>\n    lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">13</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">14</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">18</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>binaarihaku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>binaarihaku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">13</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>binaarihaku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>binaarihaku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">15</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>True\nTrue\nFalse\nFalse</p></sample-output><p>Tässä funktiolle <code class=\"language-text\">binaarihaku</code> annetaan neljä parametria: viite listaan, etsittävä alkio sekä hakualueen vasen ja oikea kohta. 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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkuvaus: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ohjelma musiikin teorian harjoitteluun"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkoodari ja työmääräarvio: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"niina 12"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nlisätty!"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkuvaus: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"koodaa uusi twitter"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkoodari ja työmääräarvio: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"joona 55"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nlisätty!"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nei valmiita"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n1: koodaa uusi facebook (1000 tuntia), koodari joona EI VALMIS\n2: tee sovellus ajanhallintaan (25 tuntia), koodari erkki EI VALMIS\n3: ohjelma musiikin teorian  harjoitteluun (12 tuntia), koodari niina EI VALMIS\n4: koodaa uusi twitter (55 tuntia), koodari joona EI VALMIS"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\ntunniste: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nmerkitty valmiiksi"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\ntunniste: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nmerkitty valmiiksi"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n2: tee sovellus ajanhallintaan (25 tuntia), koodari erkki VALMIS\n4: koodaa uusi twitter (55 tuntia), koodari joona VALMIS"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n1: koodaa uusi facebook (1000 tuntia), koodari joona EI VALMIS\n3: ohjelma musiikin teorian harjoitteluun (12 tuntia), koodari niina EI VALMIS"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\njoona\nerkki\nniina"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkoodari: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"joona"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\ntyöt: valmiina 2 ei valmiina 1, tunteja: tehty 55 tekemättä 1000"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ensimmäiseen tehtäväpisteeseen riittää, että sovellus toimii jos kaikki syötteet ovat virheettömiä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"virheiden-kasittely","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Virheiden käsittely"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#virheiden-kasittely","ariaLabel":"virheiden kasittely permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Toiseen tehtäväpisteeseen edellytetään, että sovellus toipuu käyttäjän syötteessä olevista virheistä. Virheiden käsittelyn tulee toimia siten, että missä tahansa syötteessa annettu virheellinen syöte aiheuttaa virheilmoituksen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"virheellinen syöte"}]},{"type":"text","value":", ja johtaa siihen, että komentoa pyydetään uudelleen:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkuvaus: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tee sovellus ajanhallintaan"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkoodari ja työmääräarvio: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"erkki xxx"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nvirheellinen syöte"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkuvaus: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tee sovellus ajanhallintaan"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkoodari ja työmääräarvio: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"erkki"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nvirheellinen syöte"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\ntunniste: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1000000"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nvirheellinen syöte"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\ntunniste: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"XXXX"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nvirheellinen syöte"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkoodari: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tuntematonkoodari"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nvirheellinen syöte"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"4acb2792-f51e-55f0-b482-addf1977c630"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tässä osiossa</p><ul>\n<li>Käydään läpi muutamia binääripuuhun liittyviä rekursiivisia esimerkkialgoritmeja</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Rekursion todellinen hyöty tulee esiin tilanteissa, joissa iteratiivinen ratkaisu on hankala kirjoittaa. Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä <em>binääripuuta</em>. Binääripuulla tarkoitetaan puurakennetta, jossa jokaisella alkiolla on korkeintaan kaksi \"lasta\". Binääripuu voisi siis näyttää esim. tältä (huomaa, että vaikka tietojenkäsittelijöitä pidetään joissain yhteyksissä luonnontieteilijöinä, käsityksemme puiden kasvusuunnasta on nurinkurinen):</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 307px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/42ada93f7fad74a8205a13a46dc4de57/4651d/11_4_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 78.69565217391303%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAQCAYAAAAWGF8bAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAABsElEQVQ4y3WU54rDQAyE/f5PlUD+JIT03ntvpHcdn0C+9Z5PYFxWO5rRaB2IF9/vV++fz0fa7bZ0u13pdDryer3CdcuJi8AHs+Tr9apgAHHn3c35DzRwF7nDjHg8HpJOp6XX60k2m5XNZhMy53L3uOCBL9WiXq/L7XYL35E9n89j2xMBdCvsdjsZDodSLBb12RhZjEYjLTQYDMJ1n0hgH5CICSQ2m82QnVvwcrlIo9GQ9XqtuX5fI4DP51Oq1arKqlQqcr/f/ySfz2ft6Ww2k1KppCR8o0JAAABarVZSq9UiJrjSDoeDFiWHZz8nMMfoC5IskH08Hv9tvhnnylbJzBjMuKyaycec7XYbC0qP2VMul2W/3/8yHI/HcjqddCwslsulOkrPYOqfIGI6ncpkMtFcJiMEZAPOsWiBjFwup98xIO6EULBQKChL1IRjgzy3d7BCZr/fD110Gb7fbzUFtynMflhikjJ0mwx1zMlkMhHn/PPNyCDZgsngG2uBm9xqtfQZdq7DlgMI7DDEcm0iMAaWkaNHhUQioQlxhx8gfhSpVEpPi8VisZBkMin5fF5+ALPgzivet7o7AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/42ada93f7fad74a8205a13a46dc4de57/a0b58/11_4_1.webp 230w,\n/static/42ada93f7fad74a8205a13a46dc4de57/b1a97/11_4_1.webp 307w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 307px) 100vw, 307px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/42ada93f7fad74a8205a13a46dc4de57/81c8e/11_4_1.png 230w,\n/static/42ada93f7fad74a8205a13a46dc4de57/4651d/11_4_1.png 307w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 307px) 100vw, 307px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/42ada93f7fad74a8205a13a46dc4de57/4651d/11_4_1.png\" alt=\"11 4 1\" title=\"11 4 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Binääripuiden (ja puiden yleensäkin) käsittely rekursiivisesti on ainakin teoriassa helppoa: jos halutaan tehdä jokin operaatio binääripuun kaikille alkioille - esim. etsiä jokin tietty alkio puusta, voidaan kirjoittaa rekursiivinen algoritmi, joka</p><ol>\n<li>Käsittelee nykyisen alkion</li>\n<li>Kutsuu itseään vasemmasta lapsesta alkavalle \"alipuulle\"</li>\n<li>Kutsuu itseään oikeasta lapsesta alkavalle \"alipuulle\"</li>\n</ol><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 362px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/876ad26e1b0c7b303582f9e0f2cb0148/10600/11_4_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 77.82608695652173%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/876ad26e1b0c7b303582f9e0f2cb0148/a0b58/11_4_2.webp 230w,\n/static/876ad26e1b0c7b303582f9e0f2cb0148/c2de8/11_4_2.webp 362w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 362px) 100vw, 362px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/876ad26e1b0c7b303582f9e0f2cb0148/81c8e/11_4_2.png 230w,\n/static/876ad26e1b0c7b303582f9e0f2cb0148/10600/11_4_2.png 362w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 362px) 100vw, 362px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/876ad26e1b0c7b303582f9e0f2cb0148/10600/11_4_2.png\" alt=\"11 4 2\" title=\"11 4 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Kun koko rekursiivinen algoritmi on käsitelty, on vierailtu kerran puun jokaisessa solussa. Iteratiivinen versio algoritmista on yleensä hankalampi kirjoittaa, koska kirjanpito vieralluista alkioista menee äkkiä monimutkaiseksi.</p><p>Binääripuuta voidaan mallintaa helposti kirjoittamalla luokka, joka mallintaa yhtä alkiota puussa. Alkiolla on arvon lisäksi tieto vasemmasta ja oikeasta lapsestaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Alkio</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Luokka mallintaa yhtä alkiota binääripuussa \"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vasen_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token string\">'Alkio'</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> oikea_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token string\">'Alkio'</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> arvo\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> vasen_lapsi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> oikea_lapsi</code></pre></div><p>Nyt jos halutaan mallintaa esimerkiksi oheisen kaltainen puu:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 267px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/2d27ece550ee70e685bb54be04c9ea65/19e8f/11_4_3.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 68.26086956521739%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/2d27ece550ee70e685bb54be04c9ea65/a0b58/11_4_3.webp 230w,\n/static/2d27ece550ee70e685bb54be04c9ea65/9156e/11_4_3.webp 267w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 267px) 100vw, 267px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/2d27ece550ee70e685bb54be04c9ea65/81c8e/11_4_3.png 230w,\n/static/2d27ece550ee70e685bb54be04c9ea65/19e8f/11_4_3.png 267w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 267px) 100vw, 267px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/2d27ece550ee70e685bb54be04c9ea65/19e8f/11_4_3.png\" alt=\"11 4 3\" title=\"11 4 3\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>...se voidaan muodostaa seuraavalla ohjelmalla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    puu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    puu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    puu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    puu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    puu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    puu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><h2 id=\"rekursiiviset-binaaripuualgoritmit\" style=\"position:relative;\">Rekursiiviset binääripuualgoritmit<a href=\"#rekursiiviset-binaaripuualgoritmit\" aria-label=\"rekursiiviset binaaripuualgoritmit permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tarkastellaan ensin algoritmia, joka tulostaa kaikki binääripuun alkiot allekkain. Käytetään esimerkkinä tässä ja tulevissa tehtävissä yllä muodostettua puuta.</p><p>Funktio saa parametrikseen juurialkion (eli kaikkein ylimmäisenä olevan alkion, jonka <em>jälkeläisiä</em> kaikki muut alkiot ovat):</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta_alkiot</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi <span class=\"token keyword\">is</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        tulosta_alkiot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi <span class=\"token keyword\">is</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        tulosta_alkiot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>Funktio tulostaa annetun alkion arvon, ja sen jälkeen kutsuu itseään uudestaan vasemmalle ja oikealla alipuulle (edellyttäen, että vasen ja/tai oikea alkio on määritelty). Algoritmi on melko yksinkertainen, mutta käy tehokkaasti läpi kaikki puun alkiot riippumatta puun koosta. Algoritmi ei myöskään vieraile missään puun alkiossa kahta kertaa.</p><p>Kun funktiolle annetaan parametriksi aikaisemmin luodun binääripuun juurialkio <code class=\"language-text\">puu</code>, se tulostaa</p><sample-output><p>2\n3\n5\n8\n4\n11</p></sample-output><p>Vastaavalla tavalla voidaan kirjoittaa algoritmi, joka laskee kaikkien puun alkioiden summan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">alkioiden_summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvo\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi <span class=\"token keyword\">is</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        summa <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> alkioiden_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi <span class=\"token keyword\">is</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        summa <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> alkioiden_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> summa\n</code></pre></div><p>Muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">summa</code> alustetaan nykyisen alkion arvolla. Tämän jälkeen siihen lisätään rekursiivisesti vasemman ja oikean alipuun summat (tarkastaen taas ensin, että ne ovat olemassa). Lopuksi summa palautetaan.</p><programming-exercise name='Suurin alkio' tmcname='osa11-16_suurin_alkio'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">suurin_alkio(juuri: Alkio)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen binääripuun juurialkion.</p><p>Funktion palauttaa puun suurimman alkion. Puun arvot tulee käydä läpi rekursiivisesti.</p><p>Vinkki: voit hyödyntää ratkaisussasi ylempänä esitettyä <code class=\"language-text\">alkoiden_summa</code> -funktiota.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    puu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    puu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    puu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    puu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    puu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    puu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suurin_alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>puu<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>11</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"jarjestetty-binaaripuu\" style=\"position:relative;\">Järjestetty binääripuu<a href=\"#jarjestetty-binaaripuu\" aria-label=\"jarjestetty binaaripuu permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Binääripuusta on erityisesti hyötyä silloin, kun alkiot on järjestetty tietyllä tavalla. Alkion löytäminen järjestetystä puusta on nopeaa.</p><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä puuta, jossa alkiot on järjestetty seuraavasti: jokaisen alkion vasen lapsi on pienempi kuin alkio itse, ja vastaavasti oikea alkio on suurempi kuin alkio itse.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 307px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/42ada93f7fad74a8205a13a46dc4de57/4651d/11_4_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 78.69565217391303%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/42ada93f7fad74a8205a13a46dc4de57/a0b58/11_4_1.webp 230w,\n/static/42ada93f7fad74a8205a13a46dc4de57/b1a97/11_4_1.webp 307w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 307px) 100vw, 307px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/42ada93f7fad74a8205a13a46dc4de57/81c8e/11_4_1.png 230w,\n/static/42ada93f7fad74a8205a13a46dc4de57/4651d/11_4_1.png 307w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 307px) 100vw, 307px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/42ada93f7fad74a8205a13a46dc4de57/4651d/11_4_1.png\" alt=\"11 4 1\" title=\"11 4 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Nyt alkion etsimiseen voidaan kirjoittaa rekursiivinen algoritmi, joka toimii hyvin samankaltaisesti kuin aiemmin tarkastelemamme binäärihaku: jos juurialkio on tarkasteltava alkio, palautetaan arvo <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>. Muuten jatketaan rekursiivisesti hakua joko vasemmasta tai oikeasta alipuusta. Jos alkio on tyhjä, palautetaan <code class=\"language-text\">False</code>.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">etsi_alkio</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> juuri <span class=\"token keyword\">is</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> arvo <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> arvo <span class=\"token operator\">></span> juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> etsi_alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> etsi_alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Pomot ja alaiset' tmcname='osa11-17_pomot_ja_alaiset'><p>Luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Tyontekija</code> mallintaa yrityksen työntekijää:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Tyontekija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>alaiset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_alainen</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tyontekija<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">'Tyontekija'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>alaiset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tyontekija<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">laske_alaiset(tyontekija: Tyontekija)</code>, joka laskee rekursiivisesti annetun työntekijän alaisten määrän.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion käyttämisestä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    t1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tyontekija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sasu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    t2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tyontekija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    t3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tyontekija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Matti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    t4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tyontekija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    t5 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tyontekija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    t6 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tyontekija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kjell\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_alainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t4<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_alainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t6<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    t4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_alainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    t4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_alainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    t4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_alainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t5<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>laske_alaiset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>laske_alaiset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t4<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>laske_alaiset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t5<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>5\n3\n0</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"paluu-aikaan-ennen-rekursiota\" style=\"position:relative;\">Paluu aikaan ennen rekursiota<a href=\"#paluu-aikaan-ennen-rekursiota\" aria-label=\"paluu aikaan ennen rekursiota permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Harjoitellaan vielä osan lopussa hieman laajemman ohjelman tekemistä olioita hyödyntäen. Tässä tehtäväsarjassa ei rekursiota tarvitse eikä edes kannata käyttää. Listakoosteita sen sijaan pääsee hyödyntämään!</p><programming-exercise name='Tilauskirja' tmcname='osa11-18_tilauskirja'><p>Teemme tässä tehtävässä kaksi luokkaa, joitka toimivat rakennuspalikoina seuraavassa tehtävässä aiheena olevassa sovelluksessa.</p><h2 id=\"tehtava\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tehtava<a href=\"#tehtava\" aria-label=\"tehtava permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toteuta luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Tehtava</code>, joka mallintaa ohjelmistoyritykselle annettavia työtehtäviä. Tehtävillä on</p><ul>\n<li>kuvaus</li>\n<li>arvio sen viemästä työmäärästä</li>\n<li>tieto koodarista, joka toteuttaa tehtävän</li>\n<li>tieto siitä, onko tehtävä valmis vai ei</li>\n<li>yksikäsitteinen tunniste eli id</li>\n</ul><p>Luokka toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">t1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tehtava<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"koodaa hello world\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">id</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kuvaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>koodari<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tyomaara<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>on_valmis<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nt1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkkaa_valmiiksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>on_valmis<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nt2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tehtava<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"koodaa webbikauppa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nt3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tehtava<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tee mobiilisovellus työaikakirjanpitoon\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">25</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1 koodaa hello world Erkki 3\n1: koodaa hello world (3 tuntia), koodari Erkki EI VALMIS\nFalse\n1: koodaa hello world (3 tuntia), koodari Erkki VALMIS\nTrue\n2: koodaa webbikauppa (10 tuntia), koodari Antti EI VALMIS\n3: tee mobiilisovellus työaikakirjanpitoon (25 tuntia), koodari Erkki EI VALMIS</p></sample-output><p>Täsmennyksiä:</p><ul>\n<li>tehtävän tilan (valmis vai ei vielä valmis) voi tarkistaa metodilla <code class=\"language-text\">on_valmis(self)</code> joka palauttaa totuusarvon</li>\n<li>tehtävä ei ole siinä vaiheessa valmis kun se luodaan</li>\n<li>tehtävä merkataan valmiiksi kutsumalla metodia <code class=\"language-text\">merkkaa_valmiiksi(self)</code></li>\n<li>tehtävien id on juokseva numero, joka alkaa arvosta 1 (ensimmäisenä luotava tehtävä saa id:n 1, seuraava id:n 2 jne.)</li>\n</ul><p><strong>Vihje</strong>: id kannattaa toteuttaa <a href=\"/osa-9/5-staattiset-piirteet#luokkamuuttujat\">luokkamuuttujana</a>.</p><h2 id=\"tilauskirja\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tilauskirja<a href=\"#tilauskirja\" aria-label=\"tilauskirja permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tehdään nyt luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Tilauskirja</code>, joka kokoaa kaikki ohjelmistoyritykseltä tilatut työtehtävät, joita siis mallinnetaan luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Tehtava</code> olioilla.</p><p>Tilauskirjan perusversiota käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tilaukset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tilauskirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tilaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"koodaa webbikauppa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tilaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tee mobiilisovellus työaikakirjanpitoon\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">25</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tilaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tee ohjelma matematiikan harjoitteluun\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tilaus <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kaikki_tilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tilaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> koodari <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>koodarit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>koodari<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1: koodaa webbikauppa (10 tuntia), koodari Antti EI VALMIS\n2: tee mobiilisovellus työaikakirjanpitoon (25 tuntia), koodari Erkki EI VALMIS\n3: tee ohjelma matematiikan harjoitteluun (100 tuntia), koodari Antti EI VALMIS</p><p>Antti\nErkki</p></sample-output><p>Tässä vaiheessa <code class=\"language-text\">Tilauskirja</code> tarjoaa kolme metodia:</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_tilaus(self, kuvaus, koodari, tyomaara)</code> lisää uuden tilauksen tilauskirjaan. Tilauskirja tallettaa tilaukset sisäisesti <code class=\"language-text\">Tehtava</code>-olioina. Huomaa, että metodilla täytyy olla juuri nämä parametrit, muuten testit eivät hyväksy metodia!</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">kaikki_tilaukset(self)</code> palauttaa listana kaikki tilauskirjalla olevat tehtävät</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">koodarit(self)</code> palauttaa listana kaikki koodarit, joille on tehtävä tilauskirjassa, metodin palauttama lista ei saa sisältää yhtä koodia useampaan kertaan</li>\n</ul><p><strong>Vihje</strong> Listalta on helppo poistaa duplikaatit siten että muutetaan ensin lista <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3.8/library/stdtypes.html#set\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">set</a>-tyyppiseksi. Set siis tarkoittaa joukkoa, ja joukossa kutakin alkiota voi olla vain yksi kappale. Tämän jälkeen <code class=\"language-text\">set</code> voidaan muuttaa takaisin listaksi, ja duplikaatit ovat kadonneet:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nlista2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">set</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 1, 3, 6, 4, 1, 3]\n[1, 3, 4, 6]</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"tilauskirjan-viimeistely\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tilauskirjan viimeistely<a href=\"#tilauskirjan-viimeistely\" aria-label=\"tilauskirjan viimeistely permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tehdään luokalle <code class=\"language-text\">Tilauskirja</code> vielä kolme uutta metodia.</p><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">merkkaa_valmiiksi(self, id: int)</code> saa parametriksi tehtävän id:n ja merkkaa kyseisen tehtävän valmiiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tilaukset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tilauskirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tilaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"koodaa webbikauppa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tilaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tee mobiilisovellus työaikakirjanpitoon\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">25</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tilaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tee ohjelma matematiikan harjoitteluun\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkkaa_valmiiksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkkaa_valmiiksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tilaus <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kaikki_tilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tilaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1: koodaa webbikauppa (10 tuntia), koodari Antti VALMIS\n2: tee mobiilisovellus työaikakirjanpitoon (25 tuntia), koodari Erkki VALMIS\n3: tee ohjelma matematiikan harjoitteluun (100 tuntia), koodari Antti EI VALMIS</p></sample-output><p>Jos parametria vastaavaa tilausta ei löydy, tuottaa metodi poikkeuksen <code class=\"language-text\">ValueError</code>. Kertaa tarvittaessa <a href=\"/osa-6/3-virheet#poikkeusten-tuottaminen\">täältä</a>, miten poikkeus tuotetaan.</p><p>Metodit <code class=\"language-text\">valmiit_tilaukset(self)</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">ei_valmiit_tilaukset(self)</code> toimivat kuten olettaa saattaa, ne palauttavat nimensä mukaisen osajoukon tilauskirjan tehtävistä listana.</p><h2 id=\"tilauskirjan-loppusilaus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tilauskirjan loppusilaus<a href=\"#tilauskirjan-loppusilaus\" aria-label=\"tilauskirjan loppusilaus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tehdään luokalle <code class=\"language-text\">Tilauskirja</code> vielä metodi <code class=\"language-text\">koodarin_status(self, koodari: str)</code>, joka palauttaa <em>tuplen</em>, joka kertoo koodarin valmistuneiden ja vielä valmistumattomien töiden määrän sekä näihin kuluneiden työtuntien summan.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tilaukset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tilauskirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tilaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"koodaa webbikauppa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tilaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tee mobiilisovellus työaikakirjanpitoon\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">25</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tilaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tee ohjelma matematiikan harjoitteluun\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tilaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tee uusi facebook\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkkaa_valmiiksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkkaa_valmiiksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nstatus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>koodarin_status<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>status<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>(2, 1, 35, 100)</p></sample-output><p>Tuplen ensimmäinen alkio siis kertoo valmiiden töiden määrän ja toinen valmistumattomien töiden määrän. Kolmas alkio on valmiiden töiden työaika-arvioiden summa ja neljäs alkio vielä valmistumattomien töiden työmääräarvioiden summan.</p><p>Jos parametria vastaavaa koodaria ei löydy, tuottaa metodi poikkeuksen <code class=\"language-text\">ValueError</code>.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Tilauskirjasovellus' tmcname='osa11-19_tilauskirjasovellus'><p>Tässä tehtävässä tehdään interaktiivinen sovellus softafirmalta tilattujen tehtävien hallintaan. Tyyli on täysin vapaa, mutta voit hyödyntää sovelluksessa edellisen tehtävän aikana koodattuja rakennuspalikoita. Myös <a href=\"/osa-10/4-lisaa-esimerkkeja\">edellisen osan viimeisen luvun</a> materiaalin kertaaminen saattaa olla hyödyksi.</p><h2 id=\"ei-virheiden-kasittelya\" style=\"position:relative;\">Ei virheiden käsittelyä<a href=\"#ei-virheiden-kasittelya\" aria-label=\"ei virheiden kasittelya permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Sovelluksen tulee toimia <em>täsmälleen</em> seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>komennot:\n0 lopetus\n1 lisää tilaus\n2 listaa valmiit\n3 listaa ei valmiit\n4 merkitse tehtävä valmiiksi\n5 koodarit\n6 koodarin status</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkuvaus: <strong>koodaa uusi facebook</strong>\nkoodari ja työmääräarvio: <strong>joona 1000</strong>\nlisätty!</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkuvaus: <strong>tee sovellus ajanhallintaan</strong>\nkoodari ja työmääräarvio: <strong>erkki 25</strong>\nlisätty!</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkuvaus: <strong>ohjelma musiikin teorian harjoitteluun</strong>\nkoodari ja työmääräarvio: <strong>niina 12</strong>\nlisätty!</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkuvaus: <strong>koodaa uusi twitter</strong>\nkoodari ja työmääräarvio: <strong>joona 55</strong>\nlisätty!</p><p>komento: <strong>2</strong>\nei valmiita</p><p>komento: <strong>3</strong>\n1: koodaa uusi facebook (1000 tuntia), koodari joona EI VALMIS\n2: tee sovellus ajanhallintaan (25 tuntia), koodari erkki EI VALMIS\n3: ohjelma musiikin teorian  harjoitteluun (12 tuntia), koodari niina EI VALMIS\n4: koodaa uusi twitter (55 tuntia), koodari joona EI VALMIS</p><p>komento: <strong>4</strong>\ntunniste: <strong>2</strong>\nmerkitty valmiiksi</p><p>komento: <strong>4</strong>\ntunniste: <strong>4</strong>\nmerkitty valmiiksi</p><p>komento: <strong>2</strong>\n2: tee sovellus ajanhallintaan (25 tuntia), koodari erkki VALMIS\n4: koodaa uusi twitter (55 tuntia), koodari joona VALMIS</p><p>komento: <strong>3</strong>\n1: koodaa uusi facebook (1000 tuntia), koodari joona EI VALMIS\n3: ohjelma musiikin teorian harjoitteluun (12 tuntia), koodari niina EI VALMIS</p><p>komento: <strong>5</strong>\njoona\nerkki\nniina</p><p>komento: <strong>6</strong>\nkoodari: <strong>joona</strong>\ntyöt: valmiina 2 ei valmiina 1, tunteja: tehty 55 tekemättä 1000</p></sample-output><p>Ensimmäiseen tehtäväpisteeseen riittää, että sovellus toimii jos kaikki syötteet ovat virheettömiä.</p><h2 id=\"virheiden-kasittely\" style=\"position:relative;\">Virheiden käsittely<a href=\"#virheiden-kasittely\" aria-label=\"virheiden kasittely permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toiseen tehtäväpisteeseen edellytetään, että sovellus toipuu käyttäjän syötteessä olevista virheistä. Virheiden käsittelyn tulee toimia siten, että missä tahansa syötteessa annettu virheellinen syöte aiheuttaa virheilmoituksen <em>virheellinen syöte</em>, ja johtaa siihen, että komentoa pyydetään uudelleen:</p><sample-output><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkuvaus: <strong>tee sovellus ajanhallintaan</strong>\nkoodari ja työmääräarvio: <strong>erkki xxx</strong>\nvirheellinen syöte</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkuvaus: <strong>tee sovellus ajanhallintaan</strong>\nkoodari ja työmääräarvio: <strong>erkki</strong>\nvirheellinen syöte</p><p>komento: <strong>4</strong>\ntunniste: <strong>1000000</strong>\nvirheellinen syöte</p><p>komento: <strong>4</strong>\ntunniste: <strong>XXXX</strong>\nvirheellinen syöte</p><p>komento: <strong>6</strong>\nkoodari: <strong>tuntematonkoodari</strong>\nvirheellinen syöte</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><p>Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:</p><div><quiz id=\"4acb2792-f51e-55f0-b482-addf1977c630\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-11/4-lisaa-esimerkkeja","title":"Lisää esimerkkejä"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-11/4-lisaa-esimerkkeja.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt kysymykset"}}},{"node":{"id":"5f1658c8-6212-5b41-8330-eeaf14eacf73","frontmatter":{"path":"/verkkotentti","title":"Verkkotentti 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Virheiden käsittelyn tulee toimia siten, että missä tahansa syötteessa annettu virheellinen syöte aiheuttaa virheilmoituksen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"virheellinen syöte"}]},{"type":"text","value":", ja johtaa siihen, että komentoa pyydetään uudelleen:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkuvaus: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tee sovellus ajanhallintaan"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkoodari ja työmääräarvio: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"erkki xxx"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nvirheellinen syöte"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkuvaus: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tee sovellus ajanhallintaan"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkoodari ja työmääräarvio: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"erkki"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nvirheellinen syöte"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\ntunniste: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1000000"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nvirheellinen syöte"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\ntunniste: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"XXXX"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nvirheellinen syöte"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkoodari: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tuntematonkoodari"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nvirheellinen syöte"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"4acb2792-f51e-55f0-b482-addf1977c630"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tässä osiossa</p><ul>\n<li>Käydään läpi muutamia binääripuuhun liittyviä rekursiivisia esimerkkialgoritmeja</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Rekursion todellinen hyöty tulee esiin tilanteissa, joissa iteratiivinen ratkaisu on hankala kirjoittaa. Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä <em>binääripuuta</em>. Binääripuulla tarkoitetaan puurakennetta, jossa jokaisella alkiolla on korkeintaan kaksi \"lasta\". Binääripuu voisi siis näyttää esim. tältä (huomaa, että vaikka tietojenkäsittelijöitä pidetään joissain yhteyksissä luonnontieteilijöinä, käsityksemme puiden kasvusuunnasta on nurinkurinen):</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 307px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/42ada93f7fad74a8205a13a46dc4de57/4651d/11_4_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 78.69565217391303%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/42ada93f7fad74a8205a13a46dc4de57/a0b58/11_4_1.webp 230w,\n/static/42ada93f7fad74a8205a13a46dc4de57/b1a97/11_4_1.webp 307w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 307px) 100vw, 307px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/42ada93f7fad74a8205a13a46dc4de57/81c8e/11_4_1.png 230w,\n/static/42ada93f7fad74a8205a13a46dc4de57/4651d/11_4_1.png 307w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 307px) 100vw, 307px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/42ada93f7fad74a8205a13a46dc4de57/4651d/11_4_1.png\" alt=\"11 4 1\" title=\"11 4 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Binääripuiden (ja puiden yleensäkin) käsittely rekursiivisesti on ainakin teoriassa helppoa: jos halutaan tehdä jokin operaatio binääripuun kaikille alkioille - esim. etsiä jokin tietty alkio puusta, voidaan kirjoittaa rekursiivinen algoritmi, joka</p><ol>\n<li>Käsittelee nykyisen alkion</li>\n<li>Kutsuu itseään vasemmasta lapsesta alkavalle \"alipuulle\"</li>\n<li>Kutsuu itseään oikeasta lapsesta alkavalle \"alipuulle\"</li>\n</ol><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 362px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/876ad26e1b0c7b303582f9e0f2cb0148/10600/11_4_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 77.82608695652173%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/876ad26e1b0c7b303582f9e0f2cb0148/a0b58/11_4_2.webp 230w,\n/static/876ad26e1b0c7b303582f9e0f2cb0148/c2de8/11_4_2.webp 362w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 362px) 100vw, 362px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/876ad26e1b0c7b303582f9e0f2cb0148/81c8e/11_4_2.png 230w,\n/static/876ad26e1b0c7b303582f9e0f2cb0148/10600/11_4_2.png 362w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 362px) 100vw, 362px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/876ad26e1b0c7b303582f9e0f2cb0148/10600/11_4_2.png\" alt=\"11 4 2\" title=\"11 4 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Kun koko rekursiivinen algoritmi on käsitelty, on vierailtu kerran puun jokaisessa solussa. Iteratiivinen versio algoritmista on yleensä hankalampi kirjoittaa, koska kirjanpito vieralluista alkioista menee äkkiä monimutkaiseksi.</p><p>Binääripuuta voidaan mallintaa helposti kirjoittamalla luokka, joka mallintaa yhtä alkiota puussa. Alkiolla on arvon lisäksi tieto vasemmasta ja oikeasta lapsestaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Alkio</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Luokka mallintaa yhtä alkiota binääripuussa \"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vasen_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token string\">'Alkio'</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> oikea_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token string\">'Alkio'</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> arvo\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> vasen_lapsi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> oikea_lapsi</code></pre></div><p>Nyt jos halutaan mallintaa esimerkiksi oheisen kaltainen puu:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 267px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/2d27ece550ee70e685bb54be04c9ea65/19e8f/11_4_3.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 68.26086956521739%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/2d27ece550ee70e685bb54be04c9ea65/a0b58/11_4_3.webp 230w,\n/static/2d27ece550ee70e685bb54be04c9ea65/9156e/11_4_3.webp 267w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 267px) 100vw, 267px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/2d27ece550ee70e685bb54be04c9ea65/81c8e/11_4_3.png 230w,\n/static/2d27ece550ee70e685bb54be04c9ea65/19e8f/11_4_3.png 267w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 267px) 100vw, 267px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/2d27ece550ee70e685bb54be04c9ea65/19e8f/11_4_3.png\" alt=\"11 4 3\" title=\"11 4 3\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>...se voidaan muodostaa seuraavalla ohjelmalla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    puu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    puu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    puu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    puu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    puu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    puu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><h2 id=\"rekursiiviset-binaaripuualgoritmit\" style=\"position:relative;\">Rekursiiviset binääripuualgoritmit<a href=\"#rekursiiviset-binaaripuualgoritmit\" aria-label=\"rekursiiviset binaaripuualgoritmit permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tarkastellaan ensin algoritmia, joka tulostaa kaikki binääripuun alkiot allekkain. Käytetään esimerkkinä tässä ja tulevissa tehtävissä yllä muodostettua puuta.</p><p>Funktio saa parametrikseen juurialkion (eli kaikkein ylimmäisenä olevan alkion, jonka <em>jälkeläisiä</em> kaikki muut alkiot ovat):</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta_alkiot</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi <span class=\"token keyword\">is</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        tulosta_alkiot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi <span class=\"token keyword\">is</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        tulosta_alkiot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>Funktio tulostaa annetun alkion arvon, ja sen jälkeen kutsuu itseään uudestaan vasemmalle ja oikealla alipuulle (edellyttäen, että vasen ja/tai oikea alkio on määritelty). Algoritmi on melko yksinkertainen, mutta käy tehokkaasti läpi kaikki puun alkiot riippumatta puun koosta. Algoritmi ei myöskään vieraile missään puun alkiossa kahta kertaa.</p><p>Kun funktiolle annetaan parametriksi aikaisemmin luodun binääripuun juurialkio <code class=\"language-text\">puu</code>, se tulostaa</p><sample-output><p>2\n3\n5\n8\n4\n11</p></sample-output><p>Vastaavalla tavalla voidaan kirjoittaa algoritmi, joka laskee kaikkien puun alkioiden summan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">alkioiden_summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvo\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi <span class=\"token keyword\">is</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        summa <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> alkioiden_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi <span class=\"token keyword\">is</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        summa <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> alkioiden_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> summa\n</code></pre></div><p>Muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">summa</code> alustetaan nykyisen alkion arvolla. Tämän jälkeen siihen lisätään rekursiivisesti vasemman ja oikean alipuun summat (tarkastaen taas ensin, että ne ovat olemassa). Lopuksi summa palautetaan.</p><programming-exercise name='Suurin alkio' tmcname='osa11-16_suurin_alkio'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">suurin_alkio(juuri: Alkio)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen binääripuun juurialkion.</p><p>Funktion palauttaa puun suurimman alkion. Puun arvot tulee käydä läpi rekursiivisesti.</p><p>Vinkki: voit hyödyntää ratkaisussasi ylempänä esitettyä <code class=\"language-text\">alkoiden_summa</code> -funktiota.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    puu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    puu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    puu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    puu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    puu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    puu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suurin_alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>puu<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>11</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"jarjestetty-binaaripuu\" style=\"position:relative;\">Järjestetty binääripuu<a href=\"#jarjestetty-binaaripuu\" aria-label=\"jarjestetty binaaripuu permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Binääripuusta on erityisesti hyötyä silloin, kun alkiot on järjestetty tietyllä tavalla. Alkion löytäminen järjestetystä puusta on nopeaa.</p><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä puuta, jossa alkiot on järjestetty seuraavasti: jokaisen alkion vasen lapsi on pienempi kuin alkio itse, ja vastaavasti oikea alkio on suurempi kuin alkio itse.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 307px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/42ada93f7fad74a8205a13a46dc4de57/4651d/11_4_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 78.69565217391303%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/42ada93f7fad74a8205a13a46dc4de57/a0b58/11_4_1.webp 230w,\n/static/42ada93f7fad74a8205a13a46dc4de57/b1a97/11_4_1.webp 307w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 307px) 100vw, 307px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/42ada93f7fad74a8205a13a46dc4de57/81c8e/11_4_1.png 230w,\n/static/42ada93f7fad74a8205a13a46dc4de57/4651d/11_4_1.png 307w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 307px) 100vw, 307px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/42ada93f7fad74a8205a13a46dc4de57/4651d/11_4_1.png\" alt=\"11 4 1\" title=\"11 4 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Nyt alkion etsimiseen voidaan kirjoittaa rekursiivinen algoritmi, joka toimii hyvin samankaltaisesti kuin aiemmin tarkastelemamme binäärihaku: jos juurialkio on tarkasteltava alkio, palautetaan arvo <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>. Muuten jatketaan rekursiivisesti hakua joko vasemmasta tai oikeasta alipuusta. Jos alkio on tyhjä, palautetaan <code class=\"language-text\">False</code>.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">etsi_alkio</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> juuri <span class=\"token keyword\">is</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> arvo <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> arvo <span class=\"token operator\">></span> juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> etsi_alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> etsi_alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>juuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_lapsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Pomot ja alaiset' tmcname='osa11-17_pomot_ja_alaiset'><p>Luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Tyontekija</code> mallintaa yrityksen työntekijää:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Tyontekija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>alaiset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_alainen</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tyontekija<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">'Tyontekija'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>alaiset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tyontekija<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">laske_alaiset(tyontekija: Tyontekija)</code>, joka laskee rekursiivisesti annetun työntekijän alaisten määrän.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion käyttämisestä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    t1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tyontekija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sasu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    t2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tyontekija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    t3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tyontekija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Matti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    t4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tyontekija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    t5 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tyontekija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    t6 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tyontekija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kjell\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_alainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t4<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_alainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t6<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    t4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_alainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    t4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_alainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    t4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_alainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t5<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>laske_alaiset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>laske_alaiset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t4<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>laske_alaiset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t5<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>5\n3\n0</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"paluu-aikaan-ennen-rekursiota\" style=\"position:relative;\">Paluu aikaan ennen rekursiota<a href=\"#paluu-aikaan-ennen-rekursiota\" aria-label=\"paluu aikaan ennen rekursiota permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Harjoitellaan vielä osan lopussa hieman laajemman ohjelman tekemistä olioita hyödyntäen. Tässä tehtäväsarjassa ei rekursiota tarvitse eikä edes kannata käyttää. Listakoosteita sen sijaan pääsee hyödyntämään!</p><programming-exercise name='Tilauskirja' tmcname='osa11-18_tilauskirja'><p>Teemme tässä tehtävässä kaksi luokkaa, joitka toimivat rakennuspalikoina seuraavassa tehtävässä aiheena olevassa sovelluksessa.</p><h2 id=\"tehtava\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tehtava<a href=\"#tehtava\" aria-label=\"tehtava permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toteuta luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Tehtava</code>, joka mallintaa ohjelmistoyritykselle annettavia työtehtäviä. Tehtävillä on</p><ul>\n<li>kuvaus</li>\n<li>arvio sen viemästä työmäärästä</li>\n<li>tieto koodarista, joka toteuttaa tehtävän</li>\n<li>tieto siitä, onko tehtävä valmis vai ei</li>\n<li>yksikäsitteinen tunniste eli id</li>\n</ul><p>Luokka toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">t1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tehtava<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"koodaa hello world\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">id</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kuvaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>koodari<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tyomaara<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>on_valmis<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nt1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkkaa_valmiiksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>on_valmis<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nt2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tehtava<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"koodaa webbikauppa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nt3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tehtava<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tee mobiilisovellus työaikakirjanpitoon\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">25</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>t3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1 koodaa hello world Erkki 3\n1: koodaa hello world (3 tuntia), koodari Erkki EI VALMIS\nFalse\n1: koodaa hello world (3 tuntia), koodari Erkki VALMIS\nTrue\n2: koodaa webbikauppa (10 tuntia), koodari Antti EI VALMIS\n3: tee mobiilisovellus työaikakirjanpitoon (25 tuntia), koodari Erkki EI VALMIS</p></sample-output><p>Täsmennyksiä:</p><ul>\n<li>tehtävän tilan (valmis vai ei vielä valmis) voi tarkistaa metodilla <code class=\"language-text\">on_valmis(self)</code> joka palauttaa totuusarvon</li>\n<li>tehtävä ei ole siinä vaiheessa valmis kun se luodaan</li>\n<li>tehtävä merkataan valmiiksi kutsumalla metodia <code class=\"language-text\">merkkaa_valmiiksi(self)</code></li>\n<li>tehtävien id on juokseva numero, joka alkaa arvosta 1 (ensimmäisenä luotava tehtävä saa id:n 1, seuraava id:n 2 jne.)</li>\n</ul><p><strong>Vihje</strong>: id kannattaa toteuttaa <a href=\"/osa-9/5-staattiset-piirteet#luokkamuuttujat\">luokkamuuttujana</a>.</p><h2 id=\"tilauskirja\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tilauskirja<a href=\"#tilauskirja\" aria-label=\"tilauskirja permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tehdään nyt luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Tilauskirja</code>, joka kokoaa kaikki ohjelmistoyritykseltä tilatut työtehtävät, joita siis mallinnetaan luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Tehtava</code> olioilla.</p><p>Tilauskirjan perusversiota käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tilaukset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tilauskirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tilaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"koodaa webbikauppa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tilaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tee mobiilisovellus työaikakirjanpitoon\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">25</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tilaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tee ohjelma matematiikan harjoitteluun\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tilaus <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kaikki_tilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tilaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> koodari <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>koodarit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>koodari<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1: koodaa webbikauppa (10 tuntia), koodari Antti EI VALMIS\n2: tee mobiilisovellus työaikakirjanpitoon (25 tuntia), koodari Erkki EI VALMIS\n3: tee ohjelma matematiikan harjoitteluun (100 tuntia), koodari Antti EI VALMIS</p><p>Antti\nErkki</p></sample-output><p>Tässä vaiheessa <code class=\"language-text\">Tilauskirja</code> tarjoaa kolme metodia:</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_tilaus(self, kuvaus, koodari, tyomaara)</code> lisää uuden tilauksen tilauskirjaan. Tilauskirja tallettaa tilaukset sisäisesti <code class=\"language-text\">Tehtava</code>-olioina. Huomaa, että metodilla täytyy olla juuri nämä parametrit, muuten testit eivät hyväksy metodia!</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">kaikki_tilaukset(self)</code> palauttaa listana kaikki tilauskirjalla olevat tehtävät</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">koodarit(self)</code> palauttaa listana kaikki koodarit, joille on tehtävä tilauskirjassa, metodin palauttama lista ei saa sisältää yhtä koodia useampaan kertaan</li>\n</ul><p><strong>Vihje</strong> Listalta on helppo poistaa duplikaatit siten että muutetaan ensin lista <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3.8/library/stdtypes.html#set\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">set</a>-tyyppiseksi. Set siis tarkoittaa joukkoa, ja joukossa kutakin alkiota voi olla vain yksi kappale. Tämän jälkeen <code class=\"language-text\">set</code> voidaan muuttaa takaisin listaksi, ja duplikaatit ovat kadonneet:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nlista2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">set</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 1, 3, 6, 4, 1, 3]\n[1, 3, 4, 6]</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"tilauskirjan-viimeistely\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tilauskirjan viimeistely<a href=\"#tilauskirjan-viimeistely\" aria-label=\"tilauskirjan viimeistely permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tehdään luokalle <code class=\"language-text\">Tilauskirja</code> vielä kolme uutta metodia.</p><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">merkkaa_valmiiksi(self, id: int)</code> saa parametriksi tehtävän id:n ja merkkaa kyseisen tehtävän valmiiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tilaukset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tilauskirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tilaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"koodaa webbikauppa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tilaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tee mobiilisovellus työaikakirjanpitoon\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">25</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tilaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tee ohjelma matematiikan harjoitteluun\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkkaa_valmiiksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkkaa_valmiiksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tilaus <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kaikki_tilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tilaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1: koodaa webbikauppa (10 tuntia), koodari Antti VALMIS\n2: tee mobiilisovellus työaikakirjanpitoon (25 tuntia), koodari Erkki VALMIS\n3: tee ohjelma matematiikan harjoitteluun (100 tuntia), koodari Antti EI VALMIS</p></sample-output><p>Jos parametria vastaavaa tilausta ei löydy, tuottaa metodi poikkeuksen <code class=\"language-text\">ValueError</code>. Kertaa tarvittaessa <a href=\"/osa-6/3-virheet#poikkeusten-tuottaminen\">täältä</a>, miten poikkeus tuotetaan.</p><p>Metodit <code class=\"language-text\">valmiit_tilaukset(self)</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">ei_valmiit_tilaukset(self)</code> toimivat kuten olettaa saattaa, ne palauttavat nimensä mukaisen osajoukon tilauskirjan tehtävistä listana.</p><h2 id=\"tilauskirjan-loppusilaus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tilauskirjan loppusilaus<a href=\"#tilauskirjan-loppusilaus\" aria-label=\"tilauskirjan loppusilaus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tehdään luokalle <code class=\"language-text\">Tilauskirja</code> vielä metodi <code class=\"language-text\">koodarin_status(self, koodari: str)</code>, joka palauttaa <em>tuplen</em>, joka kertoo koodarin valmistuneiden ja vielä valmistumattomien töiden määrän sekä näihin kuluneiden työtuntien summan.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tilaukset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tilauskirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tilaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"koodaa webbikauppa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tilaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tee mobiilisovellus työaikakirjanpitoon\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">25</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tilaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tee ohjelma matematiikan harjoitteluun\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tilaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tee uusi facebook\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkkaa_valmiiksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>merkkaa_valmiiksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nstatus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tilaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>koodarin_status<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>status<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>(2, 1, 35, 100)</p></sample-output><p>Tuplen ensimmäinen alkio siis kertoo valmiiden töiden määrän ja toinen valmistumattomien töiden määrän. Kolmas alkio on valmiiden töiden työaika-arvioiden summa ja neljäs alkio vielä valmistumattomien töiden työmääräarvioiden summan.</p><p>Jos parametria vastaavaa koodaria ei löydy, tuottaa metodi poikkeuksen <code class=\"language-text\">ValueError</code>.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Tilauskirjasovellus' tmcname='osa11-19_tilauskirjasovellus'><p>Tässä tehtävässä tehdään interaktiivinen sovellus softafirmalta tilattujen tehtävien hallintaan. Tyyli on täysin vapaa, mutta voit hyödyntää sovelluksessa edellisen tehtävän aikana koodattuja rakennuspalikoita. Myös <a href=\"/osa-10/4-lisaa-esimerkkeja\">edellisen osan viimeisen luvun</a> materiaalin kertaaminen saattaa olla hyödyksi.</p><h2 id=\"ei-virheiden-kasittelya\" style=\"position:relative;\">Ei virheiden käsittelyä<a href=\"#ei-virheiden-kasittelya\" aria-label=\"ei virheiden kasittelya permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Sovelluksen tulee toimia <em>täsmälleen</em> seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>komennot:\n0 lopetus\n1 lisää tilaus\n2 listaa valmiit\n3 listaa ei valmiit\n4 merkitse tehtävä valmiiksi\n5 koodarit\n6 koodarin status</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkuvaus: <strong>koodaa uusi facebook</strong>\nkoodari ja työmääräarvio: <strong>joona 1000</strong>\nlisätty!</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkuvaus: <strong>tee sovellus ajanhallintaan</strong>\nkoodari ja työmääräarvio: <strong>erkki 25</strong>\nlisätty!</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkuvaus: <strong>ohjelma musiikin teorian harjoitteluun</strong>\nkoodari ja työmääräarvio: <strong>niina 12</strong>\nlisätty!</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkuvaus: <strong>koodaa uusi twitter</strong>\nkoodari ja työmääräarvio: <strong>joona 55</strong>\nlisätty!</p><p>komento: <strong>2</strong>\nei valmiita</p><p>komento: <strong>3</strong>\n1: koodaa uusi facebook (1000 tuntia), koodari joona EI VALMIS\n2: tee sovellus ajanhallintaan (25 tuntia), koodari erkki EI VALMIS\n3: ohjelma musiikin teorian  harjoitteluun (12 tuntia), koodari niina EI VALMIS\n4: koodaa uusi twitter (55 tuntia), koodari joona EI VALMIS</p><p>komento: <strong>4</strong>\ntunniste: <strong>2</strong>\nmerkitty valmiiksi</p><p>komento: <strong>4</strong>\ntunniste: <strong>4</strong>\nmerkitty valmiiksi</p><p>komento: <strong>2</strong>\n2: tee sovellus ajanhallintaan (25 tuntia), koodari erkki VALMIS\n4: koodaa uusi twitter (55 tuntia), koodari joona VALMIS</p><p>komento: <strong>3</strong>\n1: koodaa uusi facebook (1000 tuntia), koodari joona EI VALMIS\n3: ohjelma musiikin teorian harjoitteluun (12 tuntia), koodari niina EI VALMIS</p><p>komento: <strong>5</strong>\njoona\nerkki\nniina</p><p>komento: <strong>6</strong>\nkoodari: <strong>joona</strong>\ntyöt: valmiina 2 ei valmiina 1, tunteja: tehty 55 tekemättä 1000</p></sample-output><p>Ensimmäiseen tehtäväpisteeseen riittää, että sovellus toimii jos kaikki syötteet ovat virheettömiä.</p><h2 id=\"virheiden-kasittely\" style=\"position:relative;\">Virheiden käsittely<a href=\"#virheiden-kasittely\" aria-label=\"virheiden kasittely permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toiseen tehtäväpisteeseen edellytetään, että sovellus toipuu käyttäjän syötteessä olevista virheistä. Virheiden käsittelyn tulee toimia siten, että missä tahansa syötteessa annettu virheellinen syöte aiheuttaa virheilmoituksen <em>virheellinen syöte</em>, ja johtaa siihen, että komentoa pyydetään uudelleen:</p><sample-output><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkuvaus: <strong>tee sovellus ajanhallintaan</strong>\nkoodari ja työmääräarvio: <strong>erkki xxx</strong>\nvirheellinen syöte</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nkuvaus: <strong>tee sovellus ajanhallintaan</strong>\nkoodari ja työmääräarvio: <strong>erkki</strong>\nvirheellinen syöte</p><p>komento: <strong>4</strong>\ntunniste: <strong>1000000</strong>\nvirheellinen syöte</p><p>komento: <strong>4</strong>\ntunniste: <strong>XXXX</strong>\nvirheellinen syöte</p><p>komento: <strong>6</strong>\nkoodari: <strong>tuntematonkoodari</strong>\nvirheellinen syöte</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><p>Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:</p><div><quiz 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Funktio palauttaa listassa parametrina annetuista tuotteista ne, jotka toteuttavat kriteerin."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sopiva kriteeri voisi olla esimerkiksi seuraavanlainen"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"def"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","function"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"hinta_alle_4_euroa"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"tuote"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"return"}]},{"type":"text","value":" tuote"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"<"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Funktio siis palauttaa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"True"}]},{"type":"text","value":" jos tuotteen hinta on alle 4 euroa."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"haku"}]},{"type":"text","value":" toimii seuraavasti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"for"}]},{"type":"text","value":" tuote "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"in"}]},{"type":"text","value":" hae"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"tuotteet"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" hinta_alle_4_euroa"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"tuote"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"('omena', 3.95, 3)\n('kaali', 0.99, 1)"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kriteerifunktion voi myös määritellä lambda-funktiona. Seuraava käyttää funktiota "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"haku"}]},{"type":"text","value":" etsimään tuotteet, joita on vähintään 11 kappaletta:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"for"}]},{"type":"text","value":" tuote "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"in"}]},{"type":"text","value":" hae"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"tuotteet"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"lambda"}]},{"type":"text","value":" t"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":" t"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":">"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"10"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"tuote"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"('banaani', 5.95, 12)\n('vesimeloni', 4.95, 22)"}]}]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat järjestää listoja eri kriteerien mukaan</li>\n<li>Tiedät mitä tarkoitetaan lambda-lausekkeella</li>\n<li>Osaat hyödyntää lambda-lauseketta myös muiden Pythonin funktioiden kanssa</li>\n<li>Osaat välittää funktion parametrina funktiolle</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Olemme jo aikaisemmin käyttäneet metodia <code class=\"language-text\">sort</code> ja funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">sorted</code> järjestämään listoja luonnolliseen järjestykseen. Metodit toimivat sellaisenaan hyvin luvuista ja merkkijonoista koostuvien listojen kanssa, mutta jos lista sisältää monimutkaisempia alkioita, Python ei välttämättä järjestä listaa niin kuin ohjelmoija toivoisi.</p><p>Esimerkiksi lista tupleja järjestetään oletuksena jokaisen tuplen ensimmäisen alkion perusteella:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tuotteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"omena\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"appelsiini\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vesimeloni\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sort<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tuote <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>('appelsiini', 4.5)\n('banaani', 5.95)\n('omena', 3.95)\n('vesimeloni', 4.95)</p></sample-output><p>Mitä jos haluaisimme järjestää tuotelistan hinnan perusteella?</p><h2 id=\"funktiot-parametrina\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktiot parametrina<a href=\"#funktiot-parametrina\" aria-label=\"funktiot parametrina permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Järjestysmetodille tai -funktiolle voidaan antaa toisena parametrina järjestyksen määräävä avain. Avaimeksi annetaan funktio, joka kertoo, miten yksittäisen alkion arvo määritetään. Python kutsuu tätä funktiota järjestämisen aikana alkioiden vertailemiseen.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hintajarjestys</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">tuple</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Palautetaan tuplen toinen alkio eli hinta</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tuotteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"omena\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"appelsiini\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vesimeloni\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Hyödynnetään funktiota hintajarjestys</span>\n    tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sort<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span>hintajarjestys<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tuote <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>('omena', 3.95)\n('appelsiini', 4.5)\n('vesimeloni', 4.95)\n('banaani', 5.95)</p></sample-output><p>Nyt ohjelma järjestää listan hinnan mukaiseen järjestykseen. Mutta mitä ohjelmassa oikeastaan tapahtuu?</p><p>Funktion <code class=\"language-text\">hintajarjestys</code> määrittely on melko yksinkertainen: se saa parametrikseen yhden alkion ja palauttaa alkiolle arvon - tässä tapauksessa tuplen toisen alkion (joka esimerkissämme esittää tuotteen hintaa). Tarkastellaan kuitenkin lähemmin järjestysmetodia kutsuvaa riviä:</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">tuotteet.sort(key=hintajarjestys)</code></p><p>Rivillä annetaan metodille <code class=\"language-text\">sort</code> parametriksi funktio. Ei siis funktion paluuarvoa, vaan <em>viittaus funktioon</em>. Järjestysmetodi kutsuu tätä funktiota jokaiselle alkiolle.</p><p>Kutsut nähdään selkeästi lisäämällä vertailufunktioomme ylimääräinen tulostuslause:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hintajarjestys</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">tuple</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan alkio</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Kutsuttiin hintajarjestys(</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Palautetaan tuplen toinen alkio eli hinta</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n\ntuotteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"omena\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"appelsiini\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vesimeloni\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Hyödynnetään funktiota hintajarjestys</span>\ntuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sort<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span>hintajarjestys<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tuote <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Kutsuttiin hintajarjestys(('banaani', 5.95))\nKutsuttiin hintajarjestys(('omena', 3.95))\nKutsuttiin hintajarjestys(('appelsiini', 4.5))\nKutsuttiin hintajarjestys(('vesimeloni', 4.95))\n('omena', 3.95)\n('appelsiini', 4.5)\n('vesimeloni', 4.95)\n('banaani', 5.95)</p></sample-output><p>Järjestys saadaan käännettyä <em>päinvastaiseksi</em> hyödyntämällä sekä metodista <code class=\"language-text\">sort</code> että funktiosta <code class=\"language-text\">sorted</code> löytyvää toista parametria <code class=\"language-text\">reverse</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sort<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span>hintajarjestys<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> reverse<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nt2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span>hintajarjestys<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> reverse<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"funktion-sisalla-maaritelty-funktio\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktion sisällä määritelty funktio<a href=\"#funktion-sisalla-maaritelty-funktio\" aria-label=\"funktion sisalla maaritelty funktio permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos haluaisimme siirtää edellisessä esimerkissä tehdyn järjestämisen omaan funktioonsa <code class=\"language-text\">jarjesta_hinnan_mukaan</code>, voisimme toteuttaa sen seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hintajarjestys</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">tuple</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">jarjesta_hinnan_mukaan</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkiot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># käytetään täällä funktiota hintajarjestys</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkiot<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span>hintajarjestys<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntuotteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"omena\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"appelsiini\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vesimeloni\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tuote <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> jarjesta_hinnan_mukaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos järjestämisen käyttämää apufunktiota <code class=\"language-text\">hintajarjestys</code> ei käytetä missään muussa kohtaa ohjelmaa kuin funktiossa <code class=\"language-text\">jarjesta_hinnan_mukaan</code>, sen määrittely voitaisiin siirtää funktion sisälle:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">jarjesta_hinnan_mukaan</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkiot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># määritellään apufunktio tällä kertaa funktion sisällä</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hintajarjestys</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">tuple</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkiot<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span>hintajarjestys<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Järjestys varastosaldon mukaan' tmcname='osa12-01_varastosaldo'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">jarjesta_varastosaldon_mukaan(alkiot: list)</code>. Funktio saa parametrina listan tupleja, joissa kolmantena alkiona on tuotteiden varastosaldo. Funktio järjestää parametrinaan saamat tuotteet varastosaldojen  mukaiseen kasvavaan järjestykseen.  Funktio ei muuta parametrina olevaa listaa, vaan palauttaa uuden listan.</p><p>Funktio toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tuotteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"omena\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"appelsiini\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vesimeloni\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">22</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tuote <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> jarjesta_varastosaldon_mukaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kpl\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output>\nappelsiini 2 kpl\nomena 3 kpl\nbanaani 12 kpl\nvesimeloni 22 kpl\n</sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Järjestys tuotantokausien mukaan' tmcname='osa12-02_tuotantokaudet'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">jarjesta_tuotantokausien_mukaan(alkiot: list)</code>. Funktio saa parametrina listan sanakirjoja, jotka edustavat yksittäisiä TV-sarjoja, ja järjestää ne tuotantokausien lukumäärän mukaiseen kasvavaan järjestykseen. Funktio ei muuta parametrina olevaa listaa, vaan palauttaa uuden listan.</p><p>Funktio toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sarjat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Dexter\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pisteet\"</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">8.6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kausia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Friends\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pisteet\"</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">8.9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kausia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>  <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Simpsons\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pisteet\"</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">8.7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kausia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">32</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>  <span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sarja <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> jarjesta_tuotantokausien_mukaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sarjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>sarja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">'nimi'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">  </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>sarja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">'kausia'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> tuotantokautta\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output>\nDexter 9 tuotantokautta\nFriends 10 tuotantokautta\nSimpsons 32 tuotantokautta\n</sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Järjestys pisteiden mukaan' tmcname='osa12-03_pisteiden_mukaan'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">jarjesta_pisteiden_mukaan(alkiot: list)</code>. Funktio saa parametrina listan sanakirjoja, jotka edustavat yksittäisiä TV-sarjoja, ja järjestää ne <em>pisteiden mukaiseen laskevaan järjestykseen</em>.  Funktio ei muuta parametrina olevaa listaa, vaan palauttaa uuden listan.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sarjat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Dexter\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pisteet\"</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">8.6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kausia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Friends\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pisteet\"</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">8.9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kausia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>  <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Simpsons\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pisteet\"</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">8.7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kausia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">32</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>  <span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"IMDB:n mukainen pistemäärä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sarja <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> jarjesta_pisteiden_mukaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sarjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>sarja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">'nimi'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">  </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>sarja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">'pisteet'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output>\nIMDB:n mukainen pistemäärä\nFriends 8.9\nSimpsons 8.7\nDexter 8.6\n</sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"omien-olioiden-alkioiden-jarjestaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Omien olioiden alkioiden järjestäminen<a href=\"#omien-olioiden-alkioiden-jarjestaminen\" aria-label=\"omien olioiden alkioiden jarjestaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kirjoitetaan samaa periaatetta hyödyntäen ohjelma, joka järjestää listan omasta <code class=\"language-text\">Opiskelija</code>-luokasta luotuja olioita kahden eri kriteerin avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opiskelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Luokka mallintaa yhtä opiskelijaa \"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tunnus<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tunnus\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pisteet\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tunnus<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">), </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> op.\"</span></span>\n\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tunnuksen_mukaan</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tunnus\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pisteiden_mukaan</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisteet\n\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    o1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aapeli\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"a123\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">220</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    o2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Maija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"m321\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">210</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    o3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"a999\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">131</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    opiskelijat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>o1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> o2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> o3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tunnuksen mukaan:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> opiskelija <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span>tunnuksen_mukaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pisteiden mukaan:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> opiskelija <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span>pisteiden_mukaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Aapeli (a123), 220 op.\nAnna (a999), 131 op.\nMaija (m321), 210 op.</p><p>Pisteiden mukaan:\nAnna (a999), 131 op.\nMaija (m321), 210 op.\nAapeli (a123), 220 op.</p></sample-output><p>Järjestäminen toimii niinkuin pitää. Jos olioille arvon antavia funktioita <code class=\"language-text\">tunnuksen_mukaan</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">pisteiden_mukaan</code> ei tarvita muuten, voimme kuitenkin vielä yksinkertaistaa ohjelmaa.</p><programming-exercise name='Kiipeilyreitti' tmcname='osa12-04_kiipeilyreitti'><p>Tehtäväpohjan mukana tulee valmis luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Kiipeilyreitti</code>, jota käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">reitti1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kantti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">38</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"6A+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nreitti2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Smooth operator\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"7A\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nreitti3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Syncro\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">14</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"8C+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>reitti1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>reitti2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>reitti3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> reitti3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> reitti3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>grade<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Kantti, pituus 38 metriä, grade 6A+\nSmooth operator, pituus 11 metriä, grade 7A\nSyncro 14 8C+</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"pituuden-mukainen-jarjestys\" style=\"position:relative;\">Pituuden mukainen järjestys<a href=\"#pituuden-mukainen-jarjestys\" aria-label=\"pituuden mukainen jarjestys permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pituuden_mukaan(reitit: list)</code> joka palauttaa kiipeilyreitit pituuden mukaan käänteisessä järjestyksessä.</p><p>Funktio toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">r1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kantti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">38</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"6A+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nr2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Smooth operator\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"7A\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nr3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Syncro\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">14</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"8C+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nr4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pieniä askelia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"6A+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nreitit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>r1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> r2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> r3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> r4<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> reitti <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pituuden_mukaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>reitit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>reitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Kantti, pituus 38 metriä, grade 6A+\nSyncro, pituus 14 metriä, grade 8C+\nPieniä askelia, pituus 12 metriä, grade 6A+\nSmooth operator, pituus 11 metriä, grade 7A</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"vaikeuden-mukainen-jarjestys\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vaikeuden mukainen järjestys<a href=\"#vaikeuden-mukainen-jarjestys\" aria-label=\"vaikeuden mukainen jarjestys permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">vaikeuden_mukaan(reitit: list)</code> joka palauttaa kiipeilyreitit vaikeuden (eli graden) mukaan laskevassa järjestyksessä. Jos reittien vaikeus on sama, ratkaisee pituus vaikeuden. Pidempi on vaikeampi. Kiipeilyreittien vaikeusasteikko on <em>4, 4+, 5, 5+, 6A, 6A+, ...</em> eli käytännössä se seuraa aakkosjärjestystä.</p><p>Funktio toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">r1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kantti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">38</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"6A+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nr2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Smooth operator\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"7A\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nr3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Syncro\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">14</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"8C+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nr4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pieniä askelia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"6A+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nreitit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>r1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> r2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> r3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> r4<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> reitti <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> vaikeuden_mukaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>reitit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>reitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Syncro, pituus 14 metriä, grade 8C+\nSmooth operator, pituus 11 metriä, grade 7A\nKantti, pituus 38 metriä, grade 6A+\nPieniä askelia, pituus 12 metriä, grade 6A+</p></sample-output><p><em>Vihje</em> jos järjestysperusteena on lista tai tuple, järjestetään ensisijaiseti ensimmäisen alkion mukaan, toissijaisesti toisen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"a\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"a\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"b\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">30</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"b\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[('a', 2), ('a', 4), ('b', 0), ('b', 30)]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kiipeilykalliot' tmcname='osa12-05_kiipeilykalliot/'><p>Tehtäväpohjasta löytyy luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Kiipeilyreitti</code> lisäksi luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Kiipeilykallio</code>.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">k1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilykallio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olhava\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nk1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_reitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kantti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">38</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"6A+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nk1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_reitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Suuri leikkaus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">36</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"6B\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nk1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_reitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ruotsalaisten reitti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">42</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"5+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nk2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilykallio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nummi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nk2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_reitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Syncro\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">14</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"8C+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nk3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilykallio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nalkkilan släbi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nk3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_reitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pieniä askelia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"6A+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nk3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_reitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Smooth operator\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"7A\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nk3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_reitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Possu ei pidä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"6B+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nk3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_reitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hedelmätarha\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"6A\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>reitteja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vaikein_reitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Olhava, 3 reittiä, vaikein 6B\nNalkkilan slabi 4\nSmooth operator, pituus 9 metriä, grade 7A</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"reittien-maaran-mukaan\" style=\"position:relative;\">Reittien määrän mukaan<a href=\"#reittien-maaran-mukaan\" aria-label=\"reittien maaran mukaan permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">reittien_maaran_mukaan</code>, joka järjestää kiipeilykalliot reittien määrän mukaiseen kasvavaan suuruusjärjestykseen.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># k1, k2 ja k3 määritelty kuten edellä</span>\nkalliot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>k1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> kallio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> reittien_maaran_mukaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kalliot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kallio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Nummi, 1 reittiä, vaikein 8C+\nOlhava, 3 reittiä, vaikein 6B\nNalkkilan slabi, 4 reittiä, vaikein 7A</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"vaikeimman-reitin-mukaan\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vaikeimman reitin mukaan<a href=\"#vaikeimman-reitin-mukaan\" aria-label=\"vaikeimman reitin mukaan permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">vaikeimman_reitin_mukaan</code>, joka järjestää kiipeilykalliot kalliolta löytyvän vaikeimman reitin mukaiseen <em>laskevaan</em> suuruusjärjestykseen.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># k1, k2 ja k3 määritelty kuten edellä</span>\nkalliot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>k1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> kallio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> vaikeimman_reitin_mukaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kalliot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kallio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Nummi, 1 reittiä, vaikein 8C+\nNalkkilan slabi, 4 reittiä, vaikein 7A\nOlhava, 3 reittiä, vaikein 6B</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"lambda-lauseke\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lambda-lauseke<a href=\"#lambda-lauseke\" aria-label=\"lambda lauseke permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Lambda-lausekkeen avulla voidaan luoda anonyymi funktio eli funktio, joka muodostetaan sillä hetkellä, kun sitä tarvitaan. Lausekkeen yleinen syntaksi on seuraava:</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">lambda &lt;parametrit> : &lt;lauseke></code></p><p>Esimerkiksi tuplelistan järjestys onnistuisi näin käyttämällä lambda-lauseketta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tuotteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"omena\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"appelsiini\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vesimeloni\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Funktio luodaan \"lennosta\" lambda-lausekkeella:</span>\ntuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sort<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tuote <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>('omena', 3.95)\n('appelsiini', 4.5)\n('vesimeloni', 4.95)\n('banaani', 5.95)</p></sample-output><p>Lauseke</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">lambda alkio: alkio[1]</code></p><p>vastaa funktiomäärittelyä</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hinta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>paitsi että lambda-lauseketta käytettäessä funktiolle ei anneta nimeä. Tämän takia muodostettavaa funktiota kutsutaan anonyymiksi funktioksi.</p><p>Muuten lambdan avulla muodostettava funktio on kuin mikä tahansa muukin funktio. Esimerkiksi seuraava esimerkki järjestää merkkijonot niiden viimeisten merkkien mukaiseen aakkosjärjestykseen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjonot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mikko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Makke\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Maija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Markku\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Mikki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> jono <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjonot<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> jono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> jono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Maija\nMakke\nMikki\nMikko\nMarkku</p></sample-output><p>Mennään vielä pidemmälle: yhdistämällä listakooste ja <code class=\"language-text\">join</code>-metodi lambda-lausekkeeseen voidaan esimerkiksi järjestää merkkijonot niistä löytyvien vokaalien mukaiseen järjestykseen välittämättä muista merkeistä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjonot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mikko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Makke\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Maija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Markku\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Mikki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> jono <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjonot<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> jono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>m <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> m <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> jono <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> m <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"aeiouyäö\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Makke\nMaija\nMarkku\nMikki\nMikko</p></sample-output><p>Anonyymejä funktioita voi hyödyntää Pythonissa monien muidenkin valmiiden funktioiden yhteydessä. Esimerkiksi funktioille <code class=\"language-text\">min</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">max</code> voidaan määritellä samalla tavalla parametri <code class=\"language-text\">key</code>, jonka perusteella minimi- tai maksimiarvo valitaan.</p><p>Esimerkissä poimitaan levyistä aluksi vanhin ja sitten pisin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Levy</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\"Luokka mallintaa yhtä äänilevyä\"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> esittaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kesto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>esittaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> esittaja\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vuosi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> vuosi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kesto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kesto\n\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>esittaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">), </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">. </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kesto<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> min.\"</span></span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    l1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Levy<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nevermind\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Nirvana\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1991</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">43</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    l2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Levy<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Let It Be\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Beatles\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1969</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">35</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    l3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Levy<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Joshua Tree\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"U2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1986</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    levyt <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>l1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> l2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> l3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Vanhin levy:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">min</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>levyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> levy<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> levy<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pisin levy: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">max</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>levyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> levy<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> levy<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kesto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Vanhin levy:\nLet It Be (Beatles), 1969. 35 min.\nPisin levy:\nU2 (Joshua Tree), 1986. 50 min.</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Palloilijat' tmcname='osa12-06_palloilijat'><p>Tehtäväpohjasta löytyy luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Palloilija</code>, jolla on seuraavat julkiset piirteet:</p><ul>\n<li>nimi</li>\n<li>pelinumero</li>\n<li>tehtyjen maalien määrä <code class=\"language-text\">maalit</code></li>\n<li>annettujen syöttöjen määrä <code class=\"language-text\">syotot</code></li>\n<li>peliminuuttien määrä <code class=\"language-text\">minuutit</code></li>\n</ul><p>Kirjoita seuraavien tehtävänantojen mukaiset funktiot. Huomaa, että jokaisessa funktiossa palautetaan erityyppiset tiedot.</p><h2 id=\"eniten-maaleja\" style=\"position:relative;\">Eniten maaleja<a href=\"#eniten-maaleja\" aria-label=\"eniten maaleja permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">eniten_maaleja</code>, joka saa parametrikseen listan palloilijoita.</p><p>Funktio palauttaa merkkijonona sen pelaajan nimen, joka on tehnyt eniten maaleja.</p><h2 id=\"eniten-pisteita\" style=\"position:relative;\">Eniten pisteitä<a href=\"#eniten-pisteita\" aria-label=\"eniten pisteita permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">eniten_pisteita</code>, joka saa parametrikseen listan palloilijoita.</p><p>Funktio palauttaa tuplena sen pelaajan nimen ja pelinumeron, joka on tehnyt yhteensä eniten pisteitä. Pisteisiin lasketaan siis sekä maalit että syötöt.</p><h2 id=\"vahiten-peliminuutteja\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vähiten peliminuutteja<a href=\"#vahiten-peliminuutteja\" aria-label=\"vahiten peliminuutteja permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">vahiten_minuutteja</code>, joka saa parametrikseen listan palloilijoita.</p><p>Funktio palauttaa sen <code class=\"language-text\">Palloilija</code>-olion, jolla on vähiten peliminuutteja kaikista pelaajista.</p><h2 id=\"testiohjelma\" style=\"position:relative;\">Testiohjelma<a href=\"#testiohjelma\" aria-label=\"testiohjelma permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Voit testata koodisi toimintaa seuraavalla ohjelmalla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    pelaaja1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Palloilija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kelju Kojootti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">13</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">46</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    pelaaja2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Palloilija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Maantiekiitäjä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">26</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">55</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    pelaaja3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Palloilija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Uka Naakka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">32</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">26</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    pelaaja4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Palloilija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pelle Peloton\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">41</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    pelaaja5 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Palloilija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hessu Hopo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    joukkue <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>pelaaja1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelaaja2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelaaja3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelaaja4<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelaaja5<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eniten_maaleja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>joukkue<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eniten_pisteita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>joukkue<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vahiten_minuutteja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>joukkue<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tulostuksen tulisi olla:</p><sample-output><p>Kelju Kojootti\n('Uka Naakka', 9)\nPalloilija(nimi=Hessu Hopo, pelinumero=4, maalit=3, syotot=9, minuutit=12)</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"funktiot-parametreina-omissa-funktioissa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktiot parametreina omissa funktioissa<a href=\"#funktiot-parametreina-omissa-funktioissa\" aria-label=\"funktiot parametreina omissa funktioissa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Pythonissa on siis mahdollista välittää viittaus johonkin funktioon toiselle funktiolle. Tarkastellaan vielä esimerkkinä omaa funktiota, joka saa parametrikseen toisen funktion:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># tyyppivihje callable viittaa funktioon</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">suorita_operaatio</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>operaatio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">callable</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Kutsutaan välitettyä funktiota</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> operaatio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> b\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> b\n\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorita_operaatio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorita_operaatio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorita_operaatio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> x <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>15\n50\n5</p></sample-output><p>Funktion <code class=\"language-text\">suorita_operaatio</code> lopputulos siis riippuu siitä, mikä funktio sille on välitetty parametrina. Funktioksi kelpaa mikä tahansa funktio (niin <code class=\"language-text\">def</code>-lauseella määritelty kuin anonyymikin) jolla on kaksi parametria.</p><p>Vaikkei funktioiden välittäminen parametrina olekaan kaikkein yleisimmin tarvittava operaatio, on se joka tapauksessa hyödyllinen mekanismi. Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma kirjoittaa tiedostosta 1 halutut rivit tiedostoon 2. Rivien valintakriteeri annetaan funktiona, joka palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, jos rivi tulee kirjoittaa toiseen tiedostoon:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kopioi_rivit</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lahde_nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kohde_nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kriteeri<span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lahde_nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> lahde<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kohde_nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"w\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> kohde<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lahde<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token comment\"># Poistetaan ensin tyhjät merkit alusta ja lopusta</span>\n            rivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>strip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> kriteeri<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                kohde<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Esimerkkejä</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Jos kolmatta parametria ei ole määritelty, kopioidaan kaikki</span>\n    kopioi_rivit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"eka.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toka.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Kopioidaan kaikki ei-tyhjät rivit</span>\n    kopioi_rivit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"eka.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toka.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Kopioidaan kaikki rivit, joilla on sana \"Python\"</span>\n    kopioi_rivit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"eka.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toka.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Python\"</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Kopioidaan kaikki rivit, jotka eivät pääty pisteeseen</span>\n    kopioi_rivit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"eka.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toka.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">!=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\".\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktiossa parametrille <code class=\"language-text\">kriteeri</code> on määritelty oletusarvoksi lambda-lauseke <code class=\"language-text\">lambda x: True</code>, jonka tuottama anonyymi funktio palauttaa arvon <code class=\"language-text\">True</code> kaikille syötteille. Niinpä oletuksena kopioidaan kaikki rivit tiedostosta toiseen. Jos käyttäjä antaa kolmannelle parametrille arvon, tämä korvaa oletusarvon.</p><programming-exercise name='Tuotteiden haku' tmcname='osa12-07_tuotteiden_haku'><p>Tässä tehtävässä käsitellään tupleina esitettäviä tuotteita, jotka on esimerkeissä alustettu muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">tuotteet</code> seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tuotteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"omena\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"appelsiini\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vesimeloni\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">22</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kaali\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.99</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Jokaisessa tuplessa ensimmäinen alkio siis edustaa nimeä, seuraava hintaa ja kolmas määrää.</p><p>Toteuta funktio <code class=\"language-text\">hae(tuotteet: list, kriteeri: callable)</code>, missä toisena parametrina on funktio, joka saa parametriksi yhden tuotetta edustavan tuplen ja palauttaa totuusarvon. Funktio palauttaa listassa parametrina annetuista tuotteista ne, jotka toteuttavat kriteerin.</p><p>Sopiva kriteeri voisi olla esimerkiksi seuraavanlainen</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hinta_alle_4_euroa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktio siis palauttaa <em>True</em> jos tuotteen hinta on alle 4 euroa.</p><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">haku</code> toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tuote <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> hae<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> hinta_alle_4_euroa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>('omena', 3.95, 3)\n('kaali', 0.99, 1)</p></sample-output><p>Kriteerifunktion voi myös määritellä lambda-funktiona. Seuraava käyttää funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">haku</code> etsimään tuotteet, joita on vähintään 11 kappaletta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tuote <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> hae<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token operator\">></span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>('banaani', 5.95, 12)\n('vesimeloni', 4.95, 22)</p></sample-output></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-12/1-funktio-parametrina","title":"Funktio parametrina"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-12/1-funktio-parametrina.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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Funktio palauttaa listassa parametrina annetuista tuotteista ne, jotka toteuttavat kriteerin."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sopiva kriteeri voisi olla esimerkiksi seuraavanlainen"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"def"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","function"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"hinta_alle_4_euroa"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"tuote"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"return"}]},{"type":"text","value":" tuote"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"<"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Funktio siis palauttaa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"True"}]},{"type":"text","value":" jos tuotteen hinta on alle 4 euroa."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"haku"}]},{"type":"text","value":" toimii seuraavasti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"for"}]},{"type":"text","value":" tuote "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"in"}]},{"type":"text","value":" hae"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"tuotteet"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" hinta_alle_4_euroa"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"tuote"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"('omena', 3.95, 3)\n('kaali', 0.99, 1)"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kriteerifunktion voi myös määritellä lambda-funktiona. Seuraava käyttää funktiota "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"haku"}]},{"type":"text","value":" etsimään tuotteet, joita on vähintään 11 kappaletta:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"for"}]},{"type":"text","value":" tuote "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"in"}]},{"type":"text","value":" hae"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"tuotteet"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"lambda"}]},{"type":"text","value":" t"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":" t"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":">"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"10"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"tuote"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"('banaani', 5.95, 12)\n('vesimeloni', 4.95, 22)"}]}]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat järjestää listoja eri kriteerien mukaan</li>\n<li>Tiedät mitä tarkoitetaan lambda-lausekkeella</li>\n<li>Osaat hyödyntää lambda-lauseketta myös muiden Pythonin funktioiden kanssa</li>\n<li>Osaat välittää funktion parametrina funktiolle</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Olemme jo aikaisemmin käyttäneet metodia <code class=\"language-text\">sort</code> ja funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">sorted</code> järjestämään listoja luonnolliseen järjestykseen. Metodit toimivat sellaisenaan hyvin luvuista ja merkkijonoista koostuvien listojen kanssa, mutta jos lista sisältää monimutkaisempia alkioita, Python ei välttämättä järjestä listaa niin kuin ohjelmoija toivoisi.</p><p>Esimerkiksi lista tupleja järjestetään oletuksena jokaisen tuplen ensimmäisen alkion perusteella:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tuotteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"omena\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"appelsiini\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vesimeloni\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sort<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tuote <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>('appelsiini', 4.5)\n('banaani', 5.95)\n('omena', 3.95)\n('vesimeloni', 4.95)</p></sample-output><p>Mitä jos haluaisimme järjestää tuotelistan hinnan perusteella?</p><h2 id=\"funktiot-parametrina\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktiot parametrina<a href=\"#funktiot-parametrina\" aria-label=\"funktiot parametrina permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Järjestysmetodille tai -funktiolle voidaan antaa toisena parametrina järjestyksen määräävä avain. Avaimeksi annetaan funktio, joka kertoo, miten yksittäisen alkion arvo määritetään. Python kutsuu tätä funktiota järjestämisen aikana alkioiden vertailemiseen.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hintajarjestys</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">tuple</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Palautetaan tuplen toinen alkio eli hinta</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tuotteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"omena\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"appelsiini\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vesimeloni\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Hyödynnetään funktiota hintajarjestys</span>\n    tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sort<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span>hintajarjestys<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tuote <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>('omena', 3.95)\n('appelsiini', 4.5)\n('vesimeloni', 4.95)\n('banaani', 5.95)</p></sample-output><p>Nyt ohjelma järjestää listan hinnan mukaiseen järjestykseen. Mutta mitä ohjelmassa oikeastaan tapahtuu?</p><p>Funktion <code class=\"language-text\">hintajarjestys</code> määrittely on melko yksinkertainen: se saa parametrikseen yhden alkion ja palauttaa alkiolle arvon - tässä tapauksessa tuplen toisen alkion (joka esimerkissämme esittää tuotteen hintaa). Tarkastellaan kuitenkin lähemmin järjestysmetodia kutsuvaa riviä:</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">tuotteet.sort(key=hintajarjestys)</code></p><p>Rivillä annetaan metodille <code class=\"language-text\">sort</code> parametriksi funktio. Ei siis funktion paluuarvoa, vaan <em>viittaus funktioon</em>. Järjestysmetodi kutsuu tätä funktiota jokaiselle alkiolle.</p><p>Kutsut nähdään selkeästi lisäämällä vertailufunktioomme ylimääräinen tulostuslause:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hintajarjestys</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">tuple</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan alkio</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Kutsuttiin hintajarjestys(</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Palautetaan tuplen toinen alkio eli hinta</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n\ntuotteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"omena\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"appelsiini\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vesimeloni\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Hyödynnetään funktiota hintajarjestys</span>\ntuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sort<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span>hintajarjestys<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tuote <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Kutsuttiin hintajarjestys(('banaani', 5.95))\nKutsuttiin hintajarjestys(('omena', 3.95))\nKutsuttiin hintajarjestys(('appelsiini', 4.5))\nKutsuttiin hintajarjestys(('vesimeloni', 4.95))\n('omena', 3.95)\n('appelsiini', 4.5)\n('vesimeloni', 4.95)\n('banaani', 5.95)</p></sample-output><p>Järjestys saadaan käännettyä <em>päinvastaiseksi</em> hyödyntämällä sekä metodista <code class=\"language-text\">sort</code> että funktiosta <code class=\"language-text\">sorted</code> löytyvää toista parametria <code class=\"language-text\">reverse</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sort<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span>hintajarjestys<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> reverse<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nt2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span>hintajarjestys<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> reverse<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"funktion-sisalla-maaritelty-funktio\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktion sisällä määritelty funktio<a href=\"#funktion-sisalla-maaritelty-funktio\" aria-label=\"funktion sisalla maaritelty funktio permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos haluaisimme siirtää edellisessä esimerkissä tehdyn järjestämisen omaan funktioonsa <code class=\"language-text\">jarjesta_hinnan_mukaan</code>, voisimme toteuttaa sen seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hintajarjestys</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">tuple</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">jarjesta_hinnan_mukaan</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkiot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># käytetään täällä funktiota hintajarjestys</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkiot<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span>hintajarjestys<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntuotteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"omena\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"appelsiini\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vesimeloni\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tuote <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> jarjesta_hinnan_mukaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos järjestämisen käyttämää apufunktiota <code class=\"language-text\">hintajarjestys</code> ei käytetä missään muussa kohtaa ohjelmaa kuin funktiossa <code class=\"language-text\">jarjesta_hinnan_mukaan</code>, sen määrittely voitaisiin siirtää funktion sisälle:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">jarjesta_hinnan_mukaan</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkiot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># määritellään apufunktio tällä kertaa funktion sisällä</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hintajarjestys</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">tuple</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkiot<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span>hintajarjestys<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Järjestys varastosaldon mukaan' tmcname='osa12-01_varastosaldo'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">jarjesta_varastosaldon_mukaan(alkiot: list)</code>. Funktio saa parametrina listan tupleja, joissa kolmantena alkiona on tuotteiden varastosaldo. Funktio järjestää parametrinaan saamat tuotteet varastosaldojen  mukaiseen kasvavaan järjestykseen.  Funktio ei muuta parametrina olevaa listaa, vaan palauttaa uuden listan.</p><p>Funktio toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tuotteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"omena\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"appelsiini\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vesimeloni\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">22</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tuote <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> jarjesta_varastosaldon_mukaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kpl\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output>\nappelsiini 2 kpl\nomena 3 kpl\nbanaani 12 kpl\nvesimeloni 22 kpl\n</sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Järjestys tuotantokausien mukaan' tmcname='osa12-02_tuotantokaudet'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">jarjesta_tuotantokausien_mukaan(alkiot: list)</code>. Funktio saa parametrina listan sanakirjoja, jotka edustavat yksittäisiä TV-sarjoja, ja järjestää ne tuotantokausien lukumäärän mukaiseen kasvavaan järjestykseen. Funktio ei muuta parametrina olevaa listaa, vaan palauttaa uuden listan.</p><p>Funktio toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sarjat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Dexter\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pisteet\"</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">8.6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kausia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Friends\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pisteet\"</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">8.9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kausia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>  <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Simpsons\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pisteet\"</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">8.7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kausia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">32</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>  <span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sarja <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> jarjesta_tuotantokausien_mukaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sarjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>sarja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">'nimi'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">  </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>sarja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">'kausia'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> tuotantokautta\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output>\nDexter 9 tuotantokautta\nFriends 10 tuotantokautta\nSimpsons 32 tuotantokautta\n</sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Järjestys pisteiden mukaan' tmcname='osa12-03_pisteiden_mukaan'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">jarjesta_pisteiden_mukaan(alkiot: list)</code>. Funktio saa parametrina listan sanakirjoja, jotka edustavat yksittäisiä TV-sarjoja, ja järjestää ne <em>pisteiden mukaiseen laskevaan järjestykseen</em>.  Funktio ei muuta parametrina olevaa listaa, vaan palauttaa uuden listan.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sarjat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Dexter\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pisteet\"</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">8.6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kausia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Friends\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pisteet\"</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">8.9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kausia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>  <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Simpsons\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pisteet\"</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">8.7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kausia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">32</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>  <span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"IMDB:n mukainen pistemäärä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sarja <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> jarjesta_pisteiden_mukaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sarjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>sarja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">'nimi'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">  </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>sarja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">'pisteet'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output>\nIMDB:n mukainen pistemäärä\nFriends 8.9\nSimpsons 8.7\nDexter 8.6\n</sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"omien-olioiden-alkioiden-jarjestaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Omien olioiden alkioiden järjestäminen<a href=\"#omien-olioiden-alkioiden-jarjestaminen\" aria-label=\"omien olioiden alkioiden jarjestaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kirjoitetaan samaa periaatetta hyödyntäen ohjelma, joka järjestää listan omasta <code class=\"language-text\">Opiskelija</code>-luokasta luotuja olioita kahden eri kriteerin avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opiskelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Luokka mallintaa yhtä opiskelijaa \"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tunnus<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tunnus\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pisteet\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tunnus<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">), </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> op.\"</span></span>\n\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tunnuksen_mukaan</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tunnus\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pisteiden_mukaan</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisteet\n\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    o1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aapeli\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"a123\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">220</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    o2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Maija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"m321\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">210</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    o3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"a999\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">131</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    opiskelijat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>o1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> o2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> o3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tunnuksen mukaan:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> opiskelija <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span>tunnuksen_mukaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pisteiden mukaan:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> opiskelija <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span>pisteiden_mukaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Aapeli (a123), 220 op.\nAnna (a999), 131 op.\nMaija (m321), 210 op.</p><p>Pisteiden mukaan:\nAnna (a999), 131 op.\nMaija (m321), 210 op.\nAapeli (a123), 220 op.</p></sample-output><p>Järjestäminen toimii niinkuin pitää. Jos olioille arvon antavia funktioita <code class=\"language-text\">tunnuksen_mukaan</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">pisteiden_mukaan</code> ei tarvita muuten, voimme kuitenkin vielä yksinkertaistaa ohjelmaa.</p><programming-exercise name='Kiipeilyreitti' tmcname='osa12-04_kiipeilyreitti'><p>Tehtäväpohjan mukana tulee valmis luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Kiipeilyreitti</code>, jota käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">reitti1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kantti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">38</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"6A+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nreitti2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Smooth operator\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"7A\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nreitti3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Syncro\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">14</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"8C+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>reitti1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>reitti2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>reitti3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> reitti3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> reitti3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>grade<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Kantti, pituus 38 metriä, grade 6A+\nSmooth operator, pituus 11 metriä, grade 7A\nSyncro 14 8C+</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"pituuden-mukainen-jarjestys\" style=\"position:relative;\">Pituuden mukainen järjestys<a href=\"#pituuden-mukainen-jarjestys\" aria-label=\"pituuden mukainen jarjestys permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pituuden_mukaan(reitit: list)</code> joka palauttaa kiipeilyreitit pituuden mukaan käänteisessä järjestyksessä.</p><p>Funktio toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">r1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kantti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">38</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"6A+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nr2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Smooth operator\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"7A\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nr3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Syncro\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">14</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"8C+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nr4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pieniä askelia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"6A+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nreitit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>r1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> r2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> r3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> r4<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> reitti <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pituuden_mukaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>reitit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>reitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Kantti, pituus 38 metriä, grade 6A+\nSyncro, pituus 14 metriä, grade 8C+\nPieniä askelia, pituus 12 metriä, grade 6A+\nSmooth operator, pituus 11 metriä, grade 7A</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"vaikeuden-mukainen-jarjestys\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vaikeuden mukainen järjestys<a href=\"#vaikeuden-mukainen-jarjestys\" aria-label=\"vaikeuden mukainen jarjestys permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">vaikeuden_mukaan(reitit: list)</code> joka palauttaa kiipeilyreitit vaikeuden (eli graden) mukaan laskevassa järjestyksessä. Jos reittien vaikeus on sama, ratkaisee pituus vaikeuden. Pidempi on vaikeampi. Kiipeilyreittien vaikeusasteikko on <em>4, 4+, 5, 5+, 6A, 6A+, ...</em> eli käytännössä se seuraa aakkosjärjestystä.</p><p>Funktio toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">r1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kantti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">38</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"6A+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nr2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Smooth operator\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"7A\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nr3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Syncro\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">14</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"8C+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nr4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pieniä askelia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"6A+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nreitit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>r1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> r2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> r3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> r4<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> reitti <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> vaikeuden_mukaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>reitit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>reitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Syncro, pituus 14 metriä, grade 8C+\nSmooth operator, pituus 11 metriä, grade 7A\nKantti, pituus 38 metriä, grade 6A+\nPieniä askelia, pituus 12 metriä, grade 6A+</p></sample-output><p><em>Vihje</em> jos järjestysperusteena on lista tai tuple, järjestetään ensisijaiseti ensimmäisen alkion mukaan, toissijaisesti toisen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"a\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"a\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"b\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">30</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"b\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[('a', 2), ('a', 4), ('b', 0), ('b', 30)]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kiipeilykalliot' tmcname='osa12-05_kiipeilykalliot/'><p>Tehtäväpohjasta löytyy luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Kiipeilyreitti</code> lisäksi luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Kiipeilykallio</code>.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">k1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilykallio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olhava\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nk1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_reitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kantti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">38</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"6A+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nk1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_reitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Suuri leikkaus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">36</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"6B\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nk1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_reitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ruotsalaisten reitti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">42</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"5+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nk2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilykallio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nummi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nk2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_reitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Syncro\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">14</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"8C+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nk3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kiipeilykallio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nalkkilan släbi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nk3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_reitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pieniä askelia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"6A+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nk3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_reitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Smooth operator\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"7A\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nk3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_reitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Possu ei pidä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"6B+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nk3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_reitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kiipeilyreitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hedelmätarha\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"6A\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>reitteja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vaikein_reitti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Olhava, 3 reittiä, vaikein 6B\nNalkkilan slabi 4\nSmooth operator, pituus 9 metriä, grade 7A</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"reittien-maaran-mukaan\" style=\"position:relative;\">Reittien määrän mukaan<a href=\"#reittien-maaran-mukaan\" aria-label=\"reittien maaran mukaan permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">reittien_maaran_mukaan</code>, joka järjestää kiipeilykalliot reittien määrän mukaiseen kasvavaan suuruusjärjestykseen.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># k1, k2 ja k3 määritelty kuten edellä</span>\nkalliot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>k1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> kallio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> reittien_maaran_mukaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kalliot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kallio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Nummi, 1 reittiä, vaikein 8C+\nOlhava, 3 reittiä, vaikein 6B\nNalkkilan slabi, 4 reittiä, vaikein 7A</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"vaikeimman-reitin-mukaan\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vaikeimman reitin mukaan<a href=\"#vaikeimman-reitin-mukaan\" aria-label=\"vaikeimman reitin mukaan permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">vaikeimman_reitin_mukaan</code>, joka järjestää kiipeilykalliot kalliolta löytyvän vaikeimman reitin mukaiseen <em>laskevaan</em> suuruusjärjestykseen.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># k1, k2 ja k3 määritelty kuten edellä</span>\nkalliot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>k1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> kallio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> vaikeimman_reitin_mukaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kalliot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kallio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Nummi, 1 reittiä, vaikein 8C+\nNalkkilan slabi, 4 reittiä, vaikein 7A\nOlhava, 3 reittiä, vaikein 6B</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"lambda-lauseke\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lambda-lauseke<a href=\"#lambda-lauseke\" aria-label=\"lambda lauseke permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Lambda-lausekkeen avulla voidaan luoda anonyymi funktio eli funktio, joka muodostetaan sillä hetkellä, kun sitä tarvitaan. Lausekkeen yleinen syntaksi on seuraava:</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">lambda &lt;parametrit> : &lt;lauseke></code></p><p>Esimerkiksi tuplelistan järjestys onnistuisi näin käyttämällä lambda-lauseketta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tuotteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"omena\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"appelsiini\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vesimeloni\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Funktio luodaan \"lennosta\" lambda-lausekkeella:</span>\ntuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sort<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tuote <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>('omena', 3.95)\n('appelsiini', 4.5)\n('vesimeloni', 4.95)\n('banaani', 5.95)</p></sample-output><p>Lauseke</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">lambda alkio: alkio[1]</code></p><p>vastaa funktiomäärittelyä</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hinta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>paitsi että lambda-lauseketta käytettäessä funktiolle ei anneta nimeä. Tämän takia muodostettavaa funktiota kutsutaan anonyymiksi funktioksi.</p><p>Muuten lambdan avulla muodostettava funktio on kuin mikä tahansa muukin funktio. Esimerkiksi seuraava esimerkki järjestää merkkijonot niiden viimeisten merkkien mukaiseen aakkosjärjestykseen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjonot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mikko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Makke\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Maija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Markku\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Mikki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> jono <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjonot<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> jono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> jono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Maija\nMakke\nMikki\nMikko\nMarkku</p></sample-output><p>Mennään vielä pidemmälle: yhdistämällä listakooste ja <code class=\"language-text\">join</code>-metodi lambda-lausekkeeseen voidaan esimerkiksi järjestää merkkijonot niistä löytyvien vokaalien mukaiseen järjestykseen välittämättä muista merkeistä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjonot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mikko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Makke\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Maija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Markku\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Mikki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> jono <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjonot<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> jono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>m <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> m <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> jono <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> m <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"aeiouyäö\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Makke\nMaija\nMarkku\nMikki\nMikko</p></sample-output><p>Anonyymejä funktioita voi hyödyntää Pythonissa monien muidenkin valmiiden funktioiden yhteydessä. Esimerkiksi funktioille <code class=\"language-text\">min</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">max</code> voidaan määritellä samalla tavalla parametri <code class=\"language-text\">key</code>, jonka perusteella minimi- tai maksimiarvo valitaan.</p><p>Esimerkissä poimitaan levyistä aluksi vanhin ja sitten pisin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Levy</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\"Luokka mallintaa yhtä äänilevyä\"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> esittaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kesto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>esittaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> esittaja\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vuosi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> vuosi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kesto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kesto\n\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>esittaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">), </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">. </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kesto<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> min.\"</span></span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    l1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Levy<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nevermind\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Nirvana\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1991</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">43</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    l2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Levy<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Let It Be\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Beatles\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1969</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">35</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    l3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Levy<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Joshua Tree\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"U2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1986</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    levyt <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>l1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> l2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> l3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Vanhin levy:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">min</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>levyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> levy<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> levy<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pisin levy: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">max</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>levyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> key<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> levy<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> levy<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kesto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Vanhin levy:\nLet It Be (Beatles), 1969. 35 min.\nPisin levy:\nU2 (Joshua Tree), 1986. 50 min.</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Palloilijat' tmcname='osa12-06_palloilijat'><p>Tehtäväpohjasta löytyy luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Palloilija</code>, jolla on seuraavat julkiset piirteet:</p><ul>\n<li>nimi</li>\n<li>pelinumero</li>\n<li>tehtyjen maalien määrä <code class=\"language-text\">maalit</code></li>\n<li>annettujen syöttöjen määrä <code class=\"language-text\">syotot</code></li>\n<li>peliminuuttien määrä <code class=\"language-text\">minuutit</code></li>\n</ul><p>Kirjoita seuraavien tehtävänantojen mukaiset funktiot. Huomaa, että jokaisessa funktiossa palautetaan erityyppiset tiedot.</p><h2 id=\"eniten-maaleja\" style=\"position:relative;\">Eniten maaleja<a href=\"#eniten-maaleja\" aria-label=\"eniten maaleja permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">eniten_maaleja</code>, joka saa parametrikseen listan palloilijoita.</p><p>Funktio palauttaa merkkijonona sen pelaajan nimen, joka on tehnyt eniten maaleja.</p><h2 id=\"eniten-pisteita\" style=\"position:relative;\">Eniten pisteitä<a href=\"#eniten-pisteita\" aria-label=\"eniten pisteita permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">eniten_pisteita</code>, joka saa parametrikseen listan palloilijoita.</p><p>Funktio palauttaa tuplena sen pelaajan nimen ja pelinumeron, joka on tehnyt yhteensä eniten pisteitä. Pisteisiin lasketaan siis sekä maalit että syötöt.</p><h2 id=\"vahiten-peliminuutteja\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vähiten peliminuutteja<a href=\"#vahiten-peliminuutteja\" aria-label=\"vahiten peliminuutteja permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">vahiten_minuutteja</code>, joka saa parametrikseen listan palloilijoita.</p><p>Funktio palauttaa sen <code class=\"language-text\">Palloilija</code>-olion, jolla on vähiten peliminuutteja kaikista pelaajista.</p><h2 id=\"testiohjelma\" style=\"position:relative;\">Testiohjelma<a href=\"#testiohjelma\" aria-label=\"testiohjelma permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Voit testata koodisi toimintaa seuraavalla ohjelmalla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    pelaaja1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Palloilija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kelju Kojootti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">13</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">46</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    pelaaja2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Palloilija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Maantiekiitäjä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">26</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">55</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    pelaaja3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Palloilija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Uka Naakka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">32</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">26</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    pelaaja4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Palloilija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pelle Peloton\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">41</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    pelaaja5 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Palloilija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hessu Hopo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    joukkue <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>pelaaja1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelaaja2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelaaja3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelaaja4<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelaaja5<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eniten_maaleja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>joukkue<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eniten_pisteita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>joukkue<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vahiten_minuutteja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>joukkue<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tulostuksen tulisi olla:</p><sample-output><p>Kelju Kojootti\n('Uka Naakka', 9)\nPalloilija(nimi=Hessu Hopo, pelinumero=4, maalit=3, syotot=9, minuutit=12)</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"funktiot-parametreina-omissa-funktioissa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktiot parametreina omissa funktioissa<a href=\"#funktiot-parametreina-omissa-funktioissa\" aria-label=\"funktiot parametreina omissa funktioissa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Pythonissa on siis mahdollista välittää viittaus johonkin funktioon toiselle funktiolle. Tarkastellaan vielä esimerkkinä omaa funktiota, joka saa parametrikseen toisen funktion:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># tyyppivihje callable viittaa funktioon</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">suorita_operaatio</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>operaatio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">callable</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Kutsutaan välitettyä funktiota</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> operaatio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> b\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> b\n\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorita_operaatio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorita_operaatio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorita_operaatio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> x <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>15\n50\n5</p></sample-output><p>Funktion <code class=\"language-text\">suorita_operaatio</code> lopputulos siis riippuu siitä, mikä funktio sille on välitetty parametrina. Funktioksi kelpaa mikä tahansa funktio (niin <code class=\"language-text\">def</code>-lauseella määritelty kuin anonyymikin) jolla on kaksi parametria.</p><p>Vaikkei funktioiden välittäminen parametrina olekaan kaikkein yleisimmin tarvittava operaatio, on se joka tapauksessa hyödyllinen mekanismi. Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma kirjoittaa tiedostosta 1 halutut rivit tiedostoon 2. Rivien valintakriteeri annetaan funktiona, joka palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, jos rivi tulee kirjoittaa toiseen tiedostoon:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kopioi_rivit</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lahde_nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kohde_nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kriteeri<span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lahde_nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> lahde<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kohde_nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"w\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> kohde<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lahde<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token comment\"># Poistetaan ensin tyhjät merkit alusta ja lopusta</span>\n            rivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>strip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> kriteeri<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                kohde<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Esimerkkejä</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Jos kolmatta parametria ei ole määritelty, kopioidaan kaikki</span>\n    kopioi_rivit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"eka.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toka.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Kopioidaan kaikki ei-tyhjät rivit</span>\n    kopioi_rivit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"eka.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toka.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Kopioidaan kaikki rivit, joilla on sana \"Python\"</span>\n    kopioi_rivit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"eka.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toka.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Python\"</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Kopioidaan kaikki rivit, jotka eivät pääty pisteeseen</span>\n    kopioi_rivit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"eka.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toka.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">!=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\".\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktiossa parametrille <code class=\"language-text\">kriteeri</code> on määritelty oletusarvoksi lambda-lauseke <code class=\"language-text\">lambda x: True</code>, jonka tuottama anonyymi funktio palauttaa arvon <code class=\"language-text\">True</code> kaikille syötteille. Niinpä oletuksena kopioidaan kaikki rivit tiedostosta toiseen. Jos käyttäjä antaa kolmannelle parametrille arvon, tämä korvaa oletusarvon.</p><programming-exercise name='Tuotteiden haku' tmcname='osa12-07_tuotteiden_haku'><p>Tässä tehtävässä käsitellään tupleina esitettäviä tuotteita, jotka on esimerkeissä alustettu muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">tuotteet</code> seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tuotteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"omena\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"appelsiini\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vesimeloni\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4.95</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">22</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kaali\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.99</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Jokaisessa tuplessa ensimmäinen alkio siis edustaa nimeä, seuraava hintaa ja kolmas määrää.</p><p>Toteuta funktio <code class=\"language-text\">hae(tuotteet: list, kriteeri: callable)</code>, missä toisena parametrina on funktio, joka saa parametriksi yhden tuotetta edustavan tuplen ja palauttaa totuusarvon. Funktio palauttaa listassa parametrina annetuista tuotteista ne, jotka toteuttavat kriteerin.</p><p>Sopiva kriteeri voisi olla esimerkiksi seuraavanlainen</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hinta_alle_4_euroa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktio siis palauttaa <em>True</em> jos tuotteen hinta on alle 4 euroa.</p><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">haku</code> toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tuote <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> hae<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> hinta_alle_4_euroa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>('omena', 3.95, 3)\n('kaali', 0.99, 1)</p></sample-output><p>Kriteerifunktion voi myös määritellä lambda-funktiona. Seuraava käyttää funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">haku</code> etsimään tuotteet, joita on vähintään 11 kappaletta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tuote <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> hae<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token operator\">></span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>('banaani', 5.95, 12)\n('vesimeloni', 4.95, 22)</p></sample-output></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-12/1-funktio-parametrina","title":"Funktio parametrina"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-12/1-funktio-parametrina.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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Esimerkissä tulostetaan generaattorin 10 ensimmäistä alkiota:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"alijonot "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"text","value":"i 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alijonoa"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"for"}]},{"type":"text","value":" i "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"in"}]},{"type":"text","value":" 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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"next"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"alijonot"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"abc\nbcd\ncde\ndef\nefg\nfgh\nghi\nhij\nijk\njkl"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Satunnaiset sanat","tmcname":"osa12-10_satunnaiset_sanat"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"sanageneraattori(kirjaimet: str, pituus: int, maara: int)"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka muodostaa ja palauttaa annettujen parametrien avulla satunnaisia sanoja tuottavan generaattorin."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Satunnainen sana muodostetaan valitsemalla "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"pituus"}]},{"type":"text","value":" kappaletta kirjaimia valikoimasta "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"kirjaimet"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Sama kirjain saa esiintyä sanassa monta kertaa."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Generaattori palauttaa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"maara"}]},{"type":"text","value":" kappaletta sanoja ennen kuin se pysähtyy."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"sanagen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" sanageneraattori"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"abcdefg\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"for"}]},{"type":"text","value":" sana "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"in"}]},{"type":"text","value":" sanagen"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"sana"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"dbf\nbaf\nead\nfga\nccc"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huom! Voit ratkaista tehtävän itse valitsemallasi tavalla (eli käyttäen joko generaattorikoostetta tai \"perinteistä\" generaattoria)."}]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä tarkoitetaan generaattorilla Pythonissa</li>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä avainsana yield tekee</li>\n<li>Osaat kirjoittaa itse generaattorifunktioita</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Eräissä tilanteissa olisi kätevää saada ohjelmassa seuraava alkio (tai useampi alkio) tietystä sarjasta ilman että muodostetaan koko sarjaa kerralla. Pythonissa tämä onnistuu näppärästi <em>generaattoreiden</em> avulla. Generaattorifunktio muistuttaa normaalia arvon palauttavaa funktiota, mutta kun normaalifunktio palauttaa (tai ainakin sen pitäisi palauttaa) samalla syötteellä saman arvon, generaattorifunktio palauttaa seuraavan luvun sarjasta.</p><p>Generaattorien toiminta voidaan toteuttaa ohjelmissa myös muilla keinoilla (itse asiassa sama pätee useimpiin ohjelmointitekniikoihin), mutta niiden käyttö selkeyttää ja mahdollisesti säästää muistia tai muita resursseja tietyntyylisissä ohjelmissa.</p><h2 id=\"avainsana-yield\" style=\"position:relative;\">Avainsana yield<a href=\"#avainsana-yield\" aria-label=\"avainsana yield permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Generaattorifunktion toiminta perustuu avainsanaan <code class=\"language-text\">yield</code>. Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä funktiota, joka palauttaa yksi kerrallaan kokonaislukuja nollasta alkaen kunnes maksimiarvo on saavutettu:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">laskuri</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>maksimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> maksimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">yield</span> luku\n        luku <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>Nyt laskurilta voi pyytää seuraavan arvon funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">next()</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> laskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Eka arvo:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">next</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Toka arvo:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">next</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Eka arvo:\n0\nToka arvo:\n1</p></sample-output><p>Niinkuin esimerkistä huomataan, <code class=\"language-text\">yield</code> muistuttaa <code class=\"language-text\">return</code>-komentoa siinä, että se palauttaa arvon funktiosta. Eroavaisuus on kuitenkin siinä, että yield palauttaa yksittäisen arvon, ja funktio \"muistaa\" mihin tilaan se jäi.</p><p>Arvoja voi pyytää vain niin kauan kun niitä on generaattorissa jäljellä - tämän jälkeen generaattorifunktio antaa poikkeuksen <code class=\"language-text\">StopIteration</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> laskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">next</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">next</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">next</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><div>0\n1\nTraceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"generaattoriesimerkki.py\", line 11, in <module>\nprint(next(luvut))\nStopIteration</div></sample-output><p>Poikkeuksen voi ottaa kiinni <code class=\"language-text\">try</code>-<code class=\"language-text\">except</code> lohkolla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> laskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">try</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">next</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">next</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">next</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">except</span> StopIteration<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luvut loppuivat kesken\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>0\n1\nLuvut loppuivat kesken</p></sample-output><p>Jos halutaan palauttaa kaikki generaattorin tuottamat alkiot, helpointa on iteroida ne läpi <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-lauseella:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> laskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>0\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Parilliset luvut' tmcname='osa12-08_parilliset'><p>Kirjoita generaattorifunktio <code class=\"language-text\">parilliset(alku: int, maksimi: int)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen alkuarvon ja maksimin. Funktio tuottaa alkuarvosta lähtien parillisia lukuja. Kun saavutetaan maksimi, generaattori pysähtyy.</p><p>Kaksi esimerkkiä funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> parilliset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2\n4\n6\n8\n10</p></sample-output><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> parilliset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">21</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>12\n14\n16\n18\n20</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Alkuluvut' tmcname='osa12-09_alkuluvut'><p>Alkuluvuksi sanotaan kokonaislukua, joka on vähintään 2 ja jaollinen ainoastaan 1:llä ja itsellään. Ensimmäiset alkuluvut ovat 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 ja 13.</p><p>Kirjota generaattorifunktio <code class=\"language-text\">alkuluvut()</code>, joka luo uuden generaattorin. Generaattori palauttaa yksi kerrallaan alkulukuja järjestyksessä 2:sta alkaen. Huomaa, että generaattori ei pysähdy koskaan, vaan palauttaa lisää lukuja niin kauan kuin niitä pyydetään.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> alkuluvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">next</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2\n3\n5\n7\n11\n13\n17\n19</p></sample-output><p>Vinkki: Voit tarkastaa, onko luku <em>x</em> alkuluku, silmukalla, joka käy läpi luvut 2:sta lukuun <em>x</em>–1 asti. Jos jokin näistä luvuista jakaa <em>x</em>:n, niin se ei ole alkuluku.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"generaattorikoosteet\" style=\"position:relative;\">Generaattorikoosteet<a href=\"#generaattorikoosteet\" aria-label=\"generaattorikoosteet permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Generaattorin voi luoda myös listakoostetta (list comprehension) muistuttavalla syntaksilla. Erotuksena listakoosteeseen on, että lauseke ympäröidään kaarisulkeilla hakasulkeiden sijasta.</p><p>Esimerkiksi</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># Generaattori palauttaa 2:n potensseja</span>\nneliot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x <span class=\"token operator\">**</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> x <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">64</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>neliot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">next</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>neliot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>&#x3C;generator object &#x3C;genexpr> at 0x000002B4224EBFC0>\n1\n4\n9\n16\n25</p></sample-output><p>Toinen esimerkki, jossa generaattori tuottaa kolmimerkkisiä alijonoja englanninkielisistä aakkosista. Esimerkissä tulostetaan generaattorin 10 ensimmäistä alkiota:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">alijonot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>i <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> i <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># tulostetaan ensimmäiset 10 alijonoa</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">next</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alijonot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>abc\nbcd\ncde\ndef\nefg\nfgh\nghi\nhij\nijk\njkl</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Satunnaiset sanat' tmcname='osa12-10_satunnaiset_sanat'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">sanageneraattori(kirjaimet: str, pituus: int, maara: int)</code>, joka muodostaa ja palauttaa annettujen parametrien avulla satunnaisia sanoja tuottavan generaattorin.</p><p>Satunnainen sana muodostetaan valitsemalla <code class=\"language-text\">pituus</code> kappaletta kirjaimia valikoimasta <code class=\"language-text\">kirjaimet</code>. Sama kirjain saa esiintyä sanassa monta kertaa.</p><p>Generaattori palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">maara</code> kappaletta sanoja ennen kuin se pysähtyy.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sanagen <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sanageneraattori<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"abcdefg\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sanagen<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>dbf\nbaf\nead\nfga\nccc</p></sample-output><p>Huom! Voit ratkaista tehtävän itse valitsemallasi tavalla (eli käyttäen joko generaattorikoostetta tai \"perinteistä\" generaattoria).</p></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-12/2-generaattorit","title":"Generaattorit"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-12/2-generaattorit.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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Voit ratkaista tehtävän itse valitsemallasi tavalla (eli käyttäen joko generaattorikoostetta tai \"perinteistä\" generaattoria)."}]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä tarkoitetaan generaattorilla Pythonissa</li>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä avainsana yield tekee</li>\n<li>Osaat kirjoittaa itse generaattorifunktioita</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Eräissä tilanteissa olisi kätevää saada ohjelmassa seuraava alkio (tai useampi alkio) tietystä sarjasta ilman että muodostetaan koko sarjaa kerralla. Pythonissa tämä onnistuu näppärästi <em>generaattoreiden</em> avulla. Generaattorifunktio muistuttaa normaalia arvon palauttavaa funktiota, mutta kun normaalifunktio palauttaa (tai ainakin sen pitäisi palauttaa) samalla syötteellä saman arvon, generaattorifunktio palauttaa seuraavan luvun sarjasta.</p><p>Generaattorien toiminta voidaan toteuttaa ohjelmissa myös muilla keinoilla (itse asiassa sama pätee useimpiin ohjelmointitekniikoihin), mutta niiden käyttö selkeyttää ja mahdollisesti säästää muistia tai muita resursseja tietyntyylisissä ohjelmissa.</p><h2 id=\"avainsana-yield\" style=\"position:relative;\">Avainsana yield<a href=\"#avainsana-yield\" aria-label=\"avainsana yield permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Generaattorifunktion toiminta perustuu avainsanaan <code class=\"language-text\">yield</code>. Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä funktiota, joka palauttaa yksi kerrallaan kokonaislukuja nollasta alkaen kunnes maksimiarvo on saavutettu:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">laskuri</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>maksimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> maksimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">yield</span> luku\n        luku <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>Nyt laskurilta voi pyytää seuraavan arvon funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">next()</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> laskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Eka arvo:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">next</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Toka arvo:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">next</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Eka arvo:\n0\nToka arvo:\n1</p></sample-output><p>Niinkuin esimerkistä huomataan, <code class=\"language-text\">yield</code> muistuttaa <code class=\"language-text\">return</code>-komentoa siinä, että se palauttaa arvon funktiosta. Eroavaisuus on kuitenkin siinä, että yield palauttaa yksittäisen arvon, ja funktio \"muistaa\" mihin tilaan se jäi.</p><p>Arvoja voi pyytää vain niin kauan kun niitä on generaattorissa jäljellä - tämän jälkeen generaattorifunktio antaa poikkeuksen <code class=\"language-text\">StopIteration</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> laskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">next</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">next</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">next</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><div>0\n1\nTraceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"generaattoriesimerkki.py\", line 11, in <module>\nprint(next(luvut))\nStopIteration</div></sample-output><p>Poikkeuksen voi ottaa kiinni <code class=\"language-text\">try</code>-<code class=\"language-text\">except</code> lohkolla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> laskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">try</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">next</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">next</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">next</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">except</span> StopIteration<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luvut loppuivat kesken\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>0\n1\nLuvut loppuivat kesken</p></sample-output><p>Jos halutaan palauttaa kaikki generaattorin tuottamat alkiot, helpointa on iteroida ne läpi <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-lauseella:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> laskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>0\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Parilliset luvut' tmcname='osa12-08_parilliset'><p>Kirjoita generaattorifunktio <code class=\"language-text\">parilliset(alku: int, maksimi: int)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen alkuarvon ja maksimin. Funktio tuottaa alkuarvosta lähtien parillisia lukuja. Kun saavutetaan maksimi, generaattori pysähtyy.</p><p>Kaksi esimerkkiä funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> parilliset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2\n4\n6\n8\n10</p></sample-output><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> parilliset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">21</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>12\n14\n16\n18\n20</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Alkuluvut' tmcname='osa12-09_alkuluvut'><p>Alkuluvuksi sanotaan kokonaislukua, joka on vähintään 2 ja jaollinen ainoastaan 1:llä ja itsellään. Ensimmäiset alkuluvut ovat 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 ja 13.</p><p>Kirjota generaattorifunktio <code class=\"language-text\">alkuluvut()</code>, joka luo uuden generaattorin. Generaattori palauttaa yksi kerrallaan alkulukuja järjestyksessä 2:sta alkaen. Huomaa, että generaattori ei pysähdy koskaan, vaan palauttaa lisää lukuja niin kauan kuin niitä pyydetään.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> alkuluvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">next</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2\n3\n5\n7\n11\n13\n17\n19</p></sample-output><p>Vinkki: Voit tarkastaa, onko luku <em>x</em> alkuluku, silmukalla, joka käy läpi luvut 2:sta lukuun <em>x</em>–1 asti. Jos jokin näistä luvuista jakaa <em>x</em>:n, niin se ei ole alkuluku.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"generaattorikoosteet\" style=\"position:relative;\">Generaattorikoosteet<a href=\"#generaattorikoosteet\" aria-label=\"generaattorikoosteet permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Generaattorin voi luoda myös listakoostetta (list comprehension) muistuttavalla syntaksilla. Erotuksena listakoosteeseen on, että lauseke ympäröidään kaarisulkeilla hakasulkeiden sijasta.</p><p>Esimerkiksi</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># Generaattori palauttaa 2:n potensseja</span>\nneliot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x <span class=\"token operator\">**</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> x <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">64</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>neliot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">next</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>neliot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>&#x3C;generator object &#x3C;genexpr> at 0x000002B4224EBFC0>\n1\n4\n9\n16\n25</p></sample-output><p>Toinen esimerkki, jossa generaattori tuottaa kolmimerkkisiä alijonoja englanninkielisistä aakkosista. Esimerkissä tulostetaan generaattorin 10 ensimmäistä alkiota:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">alijonot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>i <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> i <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># tulostetaan ensimmäiset 10 alijonoa</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">next</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alijonot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>abc\nbcd\ncde\ndef\nefg\nfgh\nghi\nhij\nijk\njkl</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Satunnaiset sanat' tmcname='osa12-10_satunnaiset_sanat'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">sanageneraattori(kirjaimet: str, pituus: int, maara: int)</code>, joka muodostaa ja palauttaa annettujen parametrien avulla satunnaisia sanoja tuottavan generaattorin.</p><p>Satunnainen sana muodostetaan valitsemalla <code class=\"language-text\">pituus</code> kappaletta kirjaimia valikoimasta <code class=\"language-text\">kirjaimet</code>. Sama kirjain saa esiintyä sanassa monta kertaa.</p><p>Generaattori palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">maara</code> kappaletta sanoja ennen kuin se pysähtyy.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sanagen <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sanageneraattori<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"abcdefg\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sanagen<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>dbf\nbaf\nead\nfga\nccc</p></sample-output><p>Huom! Voit ratkaista tehtävän itse valitsemallasi tavalla (eli käyttäen joko generaattorikoostetta tai \"perinteistä\" generaattoria).</p></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-12/2-generaattorit","title":"Generaattorit"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-12/2-generaattorit.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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jossa vältetään tilan muutoksia mahdollisimman pitkälle. Muuttujien sijasta ohjelman suoritus perustuu funktionaalisessa ohjelmoinnissa mahdollisimman pitkälti funktioiden keskinäisiin kutsuihin.</p><p>Aikaisemmin esitetyt lambda-lausekkeet ja listakoosteet ovat esimerkkejä funktionaalisesta ohjelmointityylistä, koska niitä käyttämällä voidaan välttää ohjelman tilan muutokset - esimerkiksi lambda-lausekkeella voimme luoda funktion ilman että viittausta siihen tallennetaan mihinkään.</p><p>Funktionaalinen ohjelmointi on esimerkki ohjelmointiparadigmasta eli ohjelmointityylistä. Muita tyypillisiä ja kurssilla jo aiemmin käsiteltyjä paradigmoja ovat esimerkiksi</p><ul>\n<li>imperatiivinen paradigma, joka perustuu peräkkäisiin komentoihin ja niiden suorittamiseen järjestyksessä</li>\n<li>proseduraalinen paradigma, jossa ohjelma jaetaan pienempiin aliohjelmiin. Imperatiivinen ja proseduraalinen paradigma tarkoittavat joidenkin määrittelyjen mukaan samaa asiaa.</li>\n<li>olio-ohjelmointi, jossa ohjelma ja sen tila mallinnetaan luokista muodostettujen olioiden avulla.</li>\n</ul><p>Pythonin monipuolisuus tulee hyvin esille siinä, että voimme hyödyntää siinä useita eri paradigmoja - jopa samoissa ohjelmissa. Näin voimme hyödyntää tehokkainta ja selkeintä tapaa ongelmien ratkaisemiseksi.</p><p>Tarkastellaan vielä muutamaa funktionaalisen ohjelmoinnin työkalua Pythonissa.</p><h2 id=\"map\" style=\"position:relative;\">map<a href=\"#map\" aria-label=\"map permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">map</code> suorittaa annetun operaation kaikille annetun iteroitavan sarjan alkioille. Niinpä <code class=\"language-text\">map</code> muistuttaa koostetta monessa mielessä, syntaksi tosin näyttää erilaiselta.</p><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä funktiokutsua, joka muuttaa merkkijonot kokonaisluvuiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjonolista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"123\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">\"-10\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"23\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"98\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"0\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"-110\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nluvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">map</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> x <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> mjonolista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>&#x3C;map object at 0x0000021A4BFA9A90>\n123\n-10\n23\n98\n0\n-110</p></sample-output><p>Funktion <code class=\"language-text\">map</code> yleinen syntaksi on siis</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">map(&lt;funktio, jota alkioille kutsutaan>, &lt;sarja, jonka alkioille funktiota kutsutaan>)</code></p><p>Funktio palauttaa map-tyyppisen objektin, jonka voi joko iteroida läpi for-lauseella tai esimerkiksi muuttaa listaksi <code class=\"language-text\">list</code>-funktiolla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">alkukirjain_isoksi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    alku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    alku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> alku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>upper<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> alku <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntestilista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"eka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kolmas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"neljäs\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nvalmiit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">map</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkukirjain_isoksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> testilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nvalmiit_lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>valmiit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>valmiit_lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>['Eka', 'Toka', 'Kolmas', 'Neljäs']</p></sample-output><p>Kuten esimerkistä huomataan, map-funktiossa voi tietysti käyttää lambda-lausekkeella luodun funktion lisäksi myös <code class=\"language-text\">def</code>-avainsanalla aiemmin määriteltyä nimettyä funktiota.</p><p>Edellinen esimerkki voitaisiin toteuttaa myös vaikkapa listakoosteen avulla, esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">alkukirjain_isoksi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    alku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    alku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> alku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>upper<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> alku <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntestilista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"eka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kolmas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"neljäs\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n\nvalmiit_lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>alkukirjain_isoksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> testilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>valmiit_lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>...tai esimerkiksi iteroimalla lista läpi for-lauseella ja tallentamalla käsitellyt alkiot uuteen listaan <code class=\"language-text\">append</code>-metodilla. Onkin tyypillistä, että saman asian voi toteuttaa usealla eri tavalla. Eri vaihtoehtojen tunteminen auttaa valitsemaan niistä ohjelmaan (ja omaan makuun) parhaiten sopivan.</p><p>Kannattaa huomata, että <code class=\"language-text\">map</code>-funktion palauttama lopputulos ei ole lista, vaan <em>iteraattori</em>-olio ja vaikka se käyttäytyykin listan tapaan monissa tilanteissa, niin näin ei ole aina.</p><p>Tarkastellaan seuraavaa esimerkkiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">alkukirjain_isoksi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    alku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    alku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> alku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>upper<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> alku <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntestilista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"eka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kolmas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"neljäs\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># talletetaan map-funktion tulos</span>\nvalmiit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">map</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkukirjain_isoksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> testilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> valmiit<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"sama uusiksi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> valmiit<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tulostus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>Eka\nToka\nKolmas\nNeljäs\nsama uusiksi:</p></sample-output><p>Eli kun <code class=\"language-text\">map</code>-funktion tuloksena olevat nimet yritetään tulostaa toiseen kertaan, ei tulostu mitään. Syynä tälle on se, läpikäynti <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-lauseella käy iteraattorin oliot jo läpi, ja kun samaa yritetään toistamiseen, ei ole enää mitään läpikäytävää!</p><p>Jos ohjelma haluaa tarkastella <code class=\"language-text\">map</code>-funktion tulosta useampaan kertaan, tulee tulos esimerkiksi muuttaa listaksi antamalla se parametriksi <code class=\"language-text\">list</code>-konstruktorille:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">testilista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"eka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kolmas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"neljäs\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># muutetaan map-funktion palauttama iteraattori listaksi</span>\nvalmiit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">map</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkukirjain_isoksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> testilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> valmiit<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"sama uusiksi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> valmiit<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Eka\nToka\nKolmas\nNeljäs\nsama uusiksi:\nEka\nToka\nKolmas\nNeljäs</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"map-ja-oliot\" style=\"position:relative;\">map ja oliot<a href=\"#map-ja-oliot\" aria-label=\"map ja oliot permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">map</code> voidaan toki käsitellä myös omien luokkien olioita. Asiaan ei liity mitään tavanomaisesta poikkeavaa. Tarkastellaan seuraavaa esimerkkiä</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkitili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__numero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> numero\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_rahaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> rahasumma<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> rahasumma <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> rahasumma\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hae_saldo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo\n\nt1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"123456\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Reijo Rahakas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nt2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"12321\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Keijo Köyhä \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nt3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"223344\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Maija Miljonääri \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntilit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> t2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> t3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nasiakkaat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">map</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> asiakkaat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsaldot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">map</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> saldo <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> saldot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Reijo Rahakas\nKeijo Köyhä\nMaija Miljonääri\n5000\n1\n1000000</p></sample-output><p>Koodissa selvitetään ensin funktion <code class=\"language-text\">map</code> avulla tilien omistajat. Huomaa miten lambda-funktiolla haetaan attribuuttina oleva nimi pankkitiliolioista:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">asiakkaat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">map</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämän jälkeen haetaan samalla tyylillä jokaisen pankkitilin saldo. Lambda-funktio on nyt hieman erilainen, sillä saldo saadaan selville kutsumalla pankkitiliolion metodia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">saldot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">map</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Suoritukset' tmcname='osa12-11_suoritukset'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on mukana kurssisuoritusta kuvaava luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Suoritus</code>, joka toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">suoritus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opiskelijan_nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvosana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pekka Python\nOhjelmoinnin perusteet\n5\nPekka Python, arvosana kurssilta Ohjelmoinnin perusteet 5</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"suorittajat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Suorittajat<a href=\"#suorittajat\" aria-label=\"suorittajat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">suorittajien_nimet(suoritukset: list)</code> joka saa parametriksi listan suoritus-olioita. Funktio palauttaa listan, jolta löytyy suorittajien nimet.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">s1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olivia Ohjelmoija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> suorittajien_nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>s1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pekka Python\nOlivia Ohjelmoija\nPekka Python</p></sample-output><p>Toteuta funktio käyttäen <code class=\"language-text\">map</code>-funktiota!</p><h2 id=\"kurssit\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kurssit<a href=\"#kurssit\" aria-label=\"kurssit permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kurssien_nimet(suoritukset: list)</code> joka saa parametriksi listan suoritus-olioita. Funktio palauttaa listan, jolla on suorituksessa olevien kurssien nimet aakkosjärjestyksessä. Kukin kurssi esiintyy listalla vain kerran.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">s1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olivia Ohjelmoija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> kurssien_nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>s1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi\nOhjelmoinnin perusteet</p></sample-output><p>Hyödynnä funktion toteutuksessa <code class=\"language-text\">map</code>-funktiota. Se ei tosin yksistään riitä, joten tarvitset muutakin...</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"filter\" style=\"position:relative;\">filter<a href=\"#filter\" aria-label=\"filter permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">filter</code> muistuttaa funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">map</code>, mutta nimensä mukaisesti se ei poimi kaikkia alkioita lähteestä, vaan ainoastaan ne, joille annettu funktio palauttaa arvon True.</p><p>Tarkastellaan taas ensin esimerkkiä funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">14</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">15</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nparilliset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">filter</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">%</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> parilliset<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2\n6\n4\n10\n14</p></sample-output><p>Sama esimerkki voitaisiin kirjoittaa ilman lambda-lauseketta määrittelemällä funktio <code class=\"language-text\">def</code>-avainsanalla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">onko_parillinen</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">%</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n\nluvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">14</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">15</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nparilliset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">filter</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>onko_parillinen<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> parilliset<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Toiminnallisuuden kannalta ohjelmat ovat täysin yhtäläiset. Onkin mielipidekysymys kumpaa pitää selkeämpänä.</p><p>Tarkastellaan vielä toista esimerkkiä suodattamisesta. Ohjelmassa poimitaan kalalistasta ainoastaan ne kalat, jotka ovat vähintään 1000 gramman painoisia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kala</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Luokka mallintaa tietynpainoista kalaa \"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> laji<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> paino<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>laji <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> laji\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paino <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> paino\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__repr__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>laji<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paino<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> g.)\"</span></span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    k1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hauki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1870</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    k2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ahven\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">763</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    k3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hauki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3410</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    k4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Turska\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2449</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    k5 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Särki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">210</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    kalat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>k1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k4<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k5<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    ylikiloiset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">filter</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> kala <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paino <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kalat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> kala <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> ylikiloiset<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Hauki (1870 g.)\nHauki (3410 g.)\nTurska (2449 g.)</p></sample-output><p>Taas kerran sama voitaisiin toteuttaa listakoosteena:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ylikiloiset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>kala <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> kala <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> kalat <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paino <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"filter-palauttaa-iteraattorin\" style=\"position:relative;\">filter palauttaa iteraattorin<a href=\"#filter-palauttaa-iteraattorin\" aria-label=\"filter palauttaa iteraattorin permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktion <code class=\"language-text\">map</code> tapaan, myös funktio <code class=\"language-text\">filter</code> palauttaa listan sijaan <em>iteraattorin</em> ja on tilanteita joissa on syytä olla varuillaan sillä iteraattorin voi käydä läpi vain kerran. Eli seuraava yritys tulostaa suuret kalat kahteen kertaan ei onnistu:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">k1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hauki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1870</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nk2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ahven\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">763</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nk3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hauki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3410</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nk4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Turska\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2449</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nk5 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Särki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">210</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkalat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>k1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k4<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k5<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nylikiloiset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">filter</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> kala <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paino <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kalat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> kala <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> ylikiloiset<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"sama uudelleen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> kala <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> ylikiloiset<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tulostuu</p><sample-output><p>Hauki (1870 g.)\nHauki (3410 g.)\nTurska (2449 g.)\nsama uudelleen</p></sample-output><p>Jos funktion <code class=\"language-text\">filter</code> tulosta on tarve käsitellä useaan kertaan, tulee se muuttaa esimerkiksi listaksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kalat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>k1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k4<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k5<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># muutetaan tulos listaksi kutsumalla list-konstruktorioa</span>\nylikiloiset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">filter</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> kala <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paino <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kalat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Rajatut suoritukset' tmcname='osa12-12_rajatut_suoritukset'><p>Tässä tehtävässä jatketaan luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Suoritus</code> käyttämistä</p><h2 id=\"hyvaksytyt-suoritukset\" style=\"position:relative;\">Hyväksytyt suoritukset<a href=\"#hyvaksytyt-suoritukset\" aria-label=\"hyvaksytyt suoritukset permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">hyvaksytyt(suoritukset: list)</code> joka saa parametriksi listan suoritus-olioita. Funktio palauttaa listan, jolta löytyy suorituksista ne, joiden arvosana on vähintään 1.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">s1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olivia Ohjelmoija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> suoritus <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> hyvaksytyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>s1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pekka Python, arvosana kurssilta Ohjelmoinnin perusteet 3\nOlivia Ohjelmoija arvosana kurssilta Ohjelmoinnin perusteet 5</p></sample-output><p>Toteuta funktio käyttäen <code class=\"language-text\">filter</code>-funktiota!</p><h2 id=\"arvosanan-suoritukset\" style=\"position:relative;\">Arvosanan suoritukset<a href=\"#arvosanan-suoritukset\" aria-label=\"arvosanan suoritukset permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">suoritus_arvosanalla(suoritukset: list, arvosana: int)</code> joka saa parametriksi listan suoritus-olioita sekä kokonaisluvun. Funktio palauttaa listan, jolta löytyy suorituksista ne, joiden arvosana on sama kuin toisen parametrin arvo.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">s1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olivia Ohjelmoija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Tietoliikenteen perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olivia Ohjelmoija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Johdatus yliopistomatematiikkaan\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> suoritus <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> suoritus_arvosanalla<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>s1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s4<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pekka Python, arvosana kurssilta Ohjelmoinnin perusteet 3\nPekka Python, arvosana kurssilta Tietoliikenteen perusteet 3\nOlivia Ohjelmoija, arvosana kurssilta Johdatus yliopistomatematiikkaan 3</p></sample-output><p>Toteuta funktio käyttäen <code class=\"language-text\">filter</code>-funktiota!</p><h2 id=\"kurssin-suorittajat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kurssin suorittajat<a href=\"#kurssin-suorittajat\" aria-label=\"kurssin suorittajat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kurssin_suorittajat(suoritukset: list, kurssi: str)</code> joka saa parametriksi listan suoritus-olioita sekä kurssin nimen. Funktio palauttaa <em>aakkosjärjestyksessä</em> niiden opiskelijoiden nimet, jotka ovat suorittaneet parametrina olevan kurssin arvosanalla joka on suurempi kuin nolla.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">s1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olivia Ohjelmoija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Tietoliikenteen perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Tietoliikenteen perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Niilo Nörtti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Tietoliikenteen perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> suoritus <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> kurssin_suorittajat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>s1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s4<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Tietoliikenteen perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Niilo Nörtti\nOlivia Ohjelmoija</p></sample-output><p>Toteuta funktio käyttäen funktioita <code class=\"language-text\">filter</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">map</code>.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"reduce\" style=\"position:relative;\">reduce<a href=\"#reduce\" aria-label=\"reduce permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Viimeinen tarkastelemamme funktio on <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code>. Kuten funktion nimi vihjaa, sen tarkoituksena on vähentää sarjan alkioiden määrä. Itse asiassa alkioiden sijasta <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code> palauttaa yksittäisen arvon.</p><p>Reduce toimii sitten, että se pitää mukanaan koko ajan <em>arvoa</em>, jota se muuttaa yksi kerrallaan käydessään läpi listan alkioita.</p><p>Seuraavassa on esimerkki, joka summaa <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code>-funktion avulla listan luvut yhteen. Huomaa, että Pythonin versiosta 3 alkaen funktio <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code> pitää erikseen ottaa käyttöön moduulista <code class=\"language-text\">functools</code>.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> functools <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">reduce</span>\n\nlista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nlukujen_summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">reduce</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> summa <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lukujen_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>11</p></sample-output><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkiä hieman tarkemmin. Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code> saa kolme parametria. Parametreista toisena on läpikäytävä lista, ja kolmantena on laskennan alkuarvo. Koska laskemme listan alkioiden summaa, on sopiva alkuarvo nolla.</p><p>Ensimmäisenä parametrina on funktio, joka suorittaa toimenpiteen yksi kerrallaan kullekin listan alkiolle. Tällä kertaa funktio on seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> summa <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> alkio</code></pre></div><p>Funktiolla on kaksi parametria. Näistä ensimmäinen on laskennan sen hetkinen tulos ja toinen parametri on käsittelyvuorossa oleva listan alkio. Funktio laskee uuden arvon parametriensa perusteella. Tässä tapauksessa uusi arvio on vanha summa <em>plus</em> kyseisen alkion arvo.</p><p>Funktion <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code> toiminta hahmottuu kenties selkeämmin, jos käytetään lambdan sijaan normaalia funktiota apuna ja tehdään funktiosta aputulostuksia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> functools <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">reduce</span>\n\nlista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># reducen apufunktio joka huolehtii yhden alkion arvon lisäämisestä summaan</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">summaaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"summa nyt </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, vuorossa alkio </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n  <span class=\"token comment\"># uusi summa on vanha summa + alkion arvo</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> summa <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> alkio\n\nlukujen_summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">reduce</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lukujen_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma tulostaa:</p><sample-output><p>summa nyt 0, vuorossa alkio 2\nsumma nyt 2, vuorossa alkio 3\nsumma nyt 5, vuorossa alkio 1\nsumma nyt 6, vuorossa alkio 5\n11</p></sample-output><p>Ensimmäisenä siis käsitellään listan alkio, jonka arvo on 2. Tässä vaiheessa summa on 0, eli sillä on reducelle annettu alkuarvo. Funktio laskee ja palauttaa näiden summan eli 0 + 2.</p><p>Tämä arvo on parametrin <code class=\"language-text\">summa</code> arvona kun funktiota kutsutaan seuraavalle listan alkiolle eli luvulle 3. Funktio laskee ja palauttaa 2 + 3, joka taas toimii parametrina seuraavalle funktiokutsulle.</p><p>Toinen esimerkkimme laskee kaikkien listassa olevien kokonaislukujen tulon.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> functools <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">reduce</span>\n\nlista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntulo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">reduce</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> tulo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> tulo <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>480</p></sample-output><p>Koska on kyse tulosta, ei alkuarvo voi olla nyt 0 (miten käy jos se olisi nolla?), vaan sopiva arvo sille on 1.</p><p>Aivan kuten <code class=\"language-text\">filter</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">map</code>, myös <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code> voi käsitellä minkä tahansa tyyppisiä olioita.</p><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä pankin tilien yhteenlasketun saldon selvittämistä reducella:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkitili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__numero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> numero\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_rahaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> rahasumma<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> rahasumma <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> rahasumma\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hae_saldo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo\n\nt1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"123456\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Reijo Rahakas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nt2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"12321\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Keijo Köyhä \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nt3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"223344\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Maija Miljonääri \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntilit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> t2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> t3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> functools <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">reduce</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">saldojen_summaaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>yht_saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> yht_saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsaldot_yhteensa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">reduce</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>saldojen_summaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilit<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pankissa rahaa yhteensä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>saldot_yhteensa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma tulostaa:</p><sample-output><p>pankissa rahaa yhteensä\n1005001</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa miten funktio <code class=\"language-text\">saldojen_summaaja</code> \"kaivaa\" saldon jokaisen tiliolion sisältä kutsumalla tilille saldon palauttavaa metodia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">saldojen_summaaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>yht_saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> yht_saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><text-box variant='hint' name='Alkuarvoton reduce'><p>Funktion <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code> kolmas parametri eli alkuarvo ei itse asiassa ole kaikissa tilanteissa pakollinen. Esimerkiksi summan laskeminen onnistuisi <em>ilman</em> alkuarvoa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nlukujen_summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">reduce</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> summa <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lukujen_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos alkuarvoa ei anneta, toimii listan ensimmäinen luku alkuarvona ja \"redusointi\" aloitetaan vasta listan toisesta alkiosta.</p><p>Huomaa, että jos käsiteltävän listan alkiot ovat eri tyyppisiä kuin laskettava arvo, on <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code>-funktion kolmas parametri välttämätön. Jos yrittäisimme olla tili-esimerkissä käyttämättä alkuarvoa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">saldot_yhteensa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">reduce</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>saldojen_summaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>olisi seurauksena virhe</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">TypeError<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> unsupported operand <span class=\"token builtin\">type</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>s<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">'Pankkitili'</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> <span class=\"token string\">'int'</span></code></pre></div><p>sillä <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code>-funktion parametri <code class=\"language-text\">yht_saldo</code> saisi ensimmäisellä kerralla arvokseen listan ensimmäisen pankkitilin ja sen summaaminen pankkitilin saldoon ei olisi mahdollista.</p></text-box><programming-exercise name='Opintopisteet' tmcname='osa12-13_opintopisteet'><p>Tarkastellaan tässä tehtävässä hieman erilaista versiota luokasta <code class=\"language-text\">Suoritus</code>. Tällä kertaa se kuvastaa ainoastaan yksittäisen opiskelijan kurssisuorituksia. Luokka toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">suoritus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tietorakenteet ja algoritmit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvosana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Tietorakenteet ja algoritmit (10 op) arvosana 3\nTietorakenteet ja algoritmit\n10\n3</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"opintopistemaara\" style=\"position:relative;\">Opintopistemäärä<a href=\"#opintopistemaara\" aria-label=\"opintopistemaara permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toteuta funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kaikkien_opintopisteiden_summa</code>, joka saa parametriksi listan suorituksia ja laskee suoritusten yhteenlasketun opintopistemäärän. Funktio toimii seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">s1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin jatkokutssi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tietorakenteet ja algoritmit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kaikkien_opintopisteiden_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>s1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>20</p></sample-output><p>Toteuta funktio käyttäen <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code>-funktiota!</p><h2 id=\"hyvaksyttyjen-opintopistemaara\" style=\"position:relative;\">Hyväksyttyjen opintopistemäärä<a href=\"#hyvaksyttyjen-opintopistemaara\" aria-label=\"hyvaksyttyjen opintopistemaara permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toteuta funktio <code class=\"language-text\">hyvaksyttyjen_opintopisteiden_summa</code>, joka saa parametriksi listan suorituksia ja laskee arvosanan 1 tai parempien omaavien suoritusten yhteenlasketun opintopistemäärän. Funktio toimii seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">s1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin jatkokutssi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tietorakenteet ja algoritmit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> hyvaksyttyjen_opintopisteiden_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>s1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>15</p></sample-output><p>Toteuta funktio käyttäen <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code>- ja <code class=\"language-text\">filter</code>-funktiota!</p><h2 id=\"hyvaksyttyjen-suoritusten-keskiarvo\" style=\"position:relative;\">Hyväksyttyjen suoritusten keskiarvo<a href=\"#hyvaksyttyjen-suoritusten-keskiarvo\" aria-label=\"hyvaksyttyjen suoritusten keskiarvo permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toteuta funktio <code class=\"language-text\">keskiarvo</code>, joka saa parametriksi listan suorituksia ja laskee arvosanan 1 tai parempien omaavien suoritusten arvosanojen keskiarvon. Funktio toimii seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">s1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin jatkokutssi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tietorakenteet ja algoritmit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> keskiarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>s1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>4.0</p></sample-output><p>Hyödynnä funktion toteutuksessa <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code>- ja <code class=\"language-text\">filter</code>-funktiota!</p><p><a href=\"/osa-12/3-funktionaalista-ohjelmointia#filter-palauttaa-iteraattorin\">Tämä</a> lienee syytä pitää mielessä tätä tehtävää tehdessä-</p></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-12/3-funktionaalista-ohjelmointia","title":"Funktionaalista ohjelmointia"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-12/3-funktionaalista-ohjelmointia.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"reduce"}]},{"type":"text","value":"- ja "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"filter"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-funktiota!"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"/osa-12/3-funktionaalista-ohjelmointia#filter-palauttaa-iteraattorin"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tämä"}]},{"type":"text","value":" lienee syytä pitää mielessä tätä tehtävää tehdessä-"}]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät mitä tarkoitetaan funktonaalisella ohjelmoinilla</li>\n<li>Osaat hyödyntää operaatioita map, reduce ja filter omissa ohjelmissasi</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Funktionaalisella ohjelmoinnilla tarkoitetaan <em>ohjelmointiparadigmaa</em>, jossa vältetään tilan muutoksia mahdollisimman pitkälle. Muuttujien sijasta ohjelman suoritus perustuu funktionaalisessa ohjelmoinnissa mahdollisimman pitkälti funktioiden keskinäisiin kutsuihin.</p><p>Aikaisemmin esitetyt lambda-lausekkeet ja listakoosteet ovat esimerkkejä funktionaalisesta ohjelmointityylistä, koska niitä käyttämällä voidaan välttää ohjelman tilan muutokset - esimerkiksi lambda-lausekkeella voimme luoda funktion ilman että viittausta siihen tallennetaan mihinkään.</p><p>Funktionaalinen ohjelmointi on esimerkki ohjelmointiparadigmasta eli ohjelmointityylistä. Muita tyypillisiä ja kurssilla jo aiemmin käsiteltyjä paradigmoja ovat esimerkiksi</p><ul>\n<li>imperatiivinen paradigma, joka perustuu peräkkäisiin komentoihin ja niiden suorittamiseen järjestyksessä</li>\n<li>proseduraalinen paradigma, jossa ohjelma jaetaan pienempiin aliohjelmiin. Imperatiivinen ja proseduraalinen paradigma tarkoittavat joidenkin määrittelyjen mukaan samaa asiaa.</li>\n<li>olio-ohjelmointi, jossa ohjelma ja sen tila mallinnetaan luokista muodostettujen olioiden avulla.</li>\n</ul><p>Pythonin monipuolisuus tulee hyvin esille siinä, että voimme hyödyntää siinä useita eri paradigmoja - jopa samoissa ohjelmissa. Näin voimme hyödyntää tehokkainta ja selkeintä tapaa ongelmien ratkaisemiseksi.</p><p>Tarkastellaan vielä muutamaa funktionaalisen ohjelmoinnin työkalua Pythonissa.</p><h2 id=\"map\" style=\"position:relative;\">map<a href=\"#map\" aria-label=\"map permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">map</code> suorittaa annetun operaation kaikille annetun iteroitavan sarjan alkioille. Niinpä <code class=\"language-text\">map</code> muistuttaa koostetta monessa mielessä, syntaksi tosin näyttää erilaiselta.</p><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä funktiokutsua, joka muuttaa merkkijonot kokonaisluvuiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjonolista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"123\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">\"-10\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"23\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"98\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"0\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"-110\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nluvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">map</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> x <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> mjonolista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>&#x3C;map object at 0x0000021A4BFA9A90>\n123\n-10\n23\n98\n0\n-110</p></sample-output><p>Funktion <code class=\"language-text\">map</code> yleinen syntaksi on siis</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">map(&lt;funktio, jota alkioille kutsutaan>, &lt;sarja, jonka alkioille funktiota kutsutaan>)</code></p><p>Funktio palauttaa map-tyyppisen objektin, jonka voi joko iteroida läpi for-lauseella tai esimerkiksi muuttaa listaksi <code class=\"language-text\">list</code>-funktiolla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">alkukirjain_isoksi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    alku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    alku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> alku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>upper<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> alku <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntestilista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"eka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kolmas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"neljäs\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nvalmiit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">map</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkukirjain_isoksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> testilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nvalmiit_lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>valmiit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>valmiit_lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>['Eka', 'Toka', 'Kolmas', 'Neljäs']</p></sample-output><p>Kuten esimerkistä huomataan, map-funktiossa voi tietysti käyttää lambda-lausekkeella luodun funktion lisäksi myös <code class=\"language-text\">def</code>-avainsanalla aiemmin määriteltyä nimettyä funktiota.</p><p>Edellinen esimerkki voitaisiin toteuttaa myös vaikkapa listakoosteen avulla, esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">alkukirjain_isoksi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    alku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    alku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> alku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>upper<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> alku <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntestilista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"eka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kolmas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"neljäs\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n\nvalmiit_lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>alkukirjain_isoksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> testilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>valmiit_lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>...tai esimerkiksi iteroimalla lista läpi for-lauseella ja tallentamalla käsitellyt alkiot uuteen listaan <code class=\"language-text\">append</code>-metodilla. Onkin tyypillistä, että saman asian voi toteuttaa usealla eri tavalla. Eri vaihtoehtojen tunteminen auttaa valitsemaan niistä ohjelmaan (ja omaan makuun) parhaiten sopivan.</p><p>Kannattaa huomata, että <code class=\"language-text\">map</code>-funktion palauttama lopputulos ei ole lista, vaan <em>iteraattori</em>-olio ja vaikka se käyttäytyykin listan tapaan monissa tilanteissa, niin näin ei ole aina.</p><p>Tarkastellaan seuraavaa esimerkkiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">alkukirjain_isoksi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    alku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    alku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> alku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>upper<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> alku <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntestilista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"eka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kolmas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"neljäs\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># talletetaan map-funktion tulos</span>\nvalmiit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">map</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkukirjain_isoksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> testilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> valmiit<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"sama uusiksi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> valmiit<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tulostus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>Eka\nToka\nKolmas\nNeljäs\nsama uusiksi:</p></sample-output><p>Eli kun <code class=\"language-text\">map</code>-funktion tuloksena olevat nimet yritetään tulostaa toiseen kertaan, ei tulostu mitään. Syynä tälle on se, läpikäynti <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-lauseella käy iteraattorin oliot jo läpi, ja kun samaa yritetään toistamiseen, ei ole enää mitään läpikäytävää!</p><p>Jos ohjelma haluaa tarkastella <code class=\"language-text\">map</code>-funktion tulosta useampaan kertaan, tulee tulos esimerkiksi muuttaa listaksi antamalla se parametriksi <code class=\"language-text\">list</code>-konstruktorille:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">testilista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"eka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kolmas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"neljäs\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># muutetaan map-funktion palauttama iteraattori listaksi</span>\nvalmiit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">map</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkukirjain_isoksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> testilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> valmiit<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"sama uusiksi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> valmiit<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Eka\nToka\nKolmas\nNeljäs\nsama uusiksi:\nEka\nToka\nKolmas\nNeljäs</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"map-ja-oliot\" style=\"position:relative;\">map ja oliot<a href=\"#map-ja-oliot\" aria-label=\"map ja oliot permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">map</code> voidaan toki käsitellä myös omien luokkien olioita. Asiaan ei liity mitään tavanomaisesta poikkeavaa. Tarkastellaan seuraavaa esimerkkiä</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkitili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__numero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> numero\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_rahaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> rahasumma<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> rahasumma <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> rahasumma\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hae_saldo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo\n\nt1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"123456\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Reijo Rahakas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nt2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"12321\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Keijo Köyhä \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nt3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"223344\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Maija Miljonääri \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntilit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> t2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> t3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nasiakkaat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">map</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> asiakkaat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsaldot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">map</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> saldo <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> saldot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Reijo Rahakas\nKeijo Köyhä\nMaija Miljonääri\n5000\n1\n1000000</p></sample-output><p>Koodissa selvitetään ensin funktion <code class=\"language-text\">map</code> avulla tilien omistajat. Huomaa miten lambda-funktiolla haetaan attribuuttina oleva nimi pankkitiliolioista:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">asiakkaat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">map</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämän jälkeen haetaan samalla tyylillä jokaisen pankkitilin saldo. Lambda-funktio on nyt hieman erilainen, sillä saldo saadaan selville kutsumalla pankkitiliolion metodia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">saldot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">map</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Suoritukset' tmcname='osa12-11_suoritukset'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on mukana kurssisuoritusta kuvaava luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Suoritus</code>, joka toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">suoritus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opiskelijan_nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvosana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pekka Python\nOhjelmoinnin perusteet\n5\nPekka Python, arvosana kurssilta Ohjelmoinnin perusteet 5</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"suorittajat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Suorittajat<a href=\"#suorittajat\" aria-label=\"suorittajat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">suorittajien_nimet(suoritukset: list)</code> joka saa parametriksi listan suoritus-olioita. Funktio palauttaa listan, jolta löytyy suorittajien nimet.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">s1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olivia Ohjelmoija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> suorittajien_nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>s1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pekka Python\nOlivia Ohjelmoija\nPekka Python</p></sample-output><p>Toteuta funktio käyttäen <code class=\"language-text\">map</code>-funktiota!</p><h2 id=\"kurssit\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kurssit<a href=\"#kurssit\" aria-label=\"kurssit permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kurssien_nimet(suoritukset: list)</code> joka saa parametriksi listan suoritus-olioita. Funktio palauttaa listan, jolla on suorituksessa olevien kurssien nimet aakkosjärjestyksessä. Kukin kurssi esiintyy listalla vain kerran.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">s1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olivia Ohjelmoija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> kurssien_nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>s1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi\nOhjelmoinnin perusteet</p></sample-output><p>Hyödynnä funktion toteutuksessa <code class=\"language-text\">map</code>-funktiota. Se ei tosin yksistään riitä, joten tarvitset muutakin...</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"filter\" style=\"position:relative;\">filter<a href=\"#filter\" aria-label=\"filter permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">filter</code> muistuttaa funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">map</code>, mutta nimensä mukaisesti se ei poimi kaikkia alkioita lähteestä, vaan ainoastaan ne, joille annettu funktio palauttaa arvon True.</p><p>Tarkastellaan taas ensin esimerkkiä funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">14</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">15</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nparilliset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">filter</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">%</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> parilliset<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2\n6\n4\n10\n14</p></sample-output><p>Sama esimerkki voitaisiin kirjoittaa ilman lambda-lauseketta määrittelemällä funktio <code class=\"language-text\">def</code>-avainsanalla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">onko_parillinen</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">%</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n\nluvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">14</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">15</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nparilliset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">filter</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>onko_parillinen<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> parilliset<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Toiminnallisuuden kannalta ohjelmat ovat täysin yhtäläiset. Onkin mielipidekysymys kumpaa pitää selkeämpänä.</p><p>Tarkastellaan vielä toista esimerkkiä suodattamisesta. Ohjelmassa poimitaan kalalistasta ainoastaan ne kalat, jotka ovat vähintään 1000 gramman painoisia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kala</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Luokka mallintaa tietynpainoista kalaa \"\"\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> laji<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> paino<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>laji <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> laji\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paino <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> paino\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__repr__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>laji<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paino<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> g.)\"</span></span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    k1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hauki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1870</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    k2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ahven\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">763</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    k3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hauki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3410</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    k4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Turska\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2449</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    k5 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Särki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">210</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    kalat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>k1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k4<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k5<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    ylikiloiset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">filter</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> kala <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paino <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kalat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> kala <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> ylikiloiset<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Hauki (1870 g.)\nHauki (3410 g.)\nTurska (2449 g.)</p></sample-output><p>Taas kerran sama voitaisiin toteuttaa listakoosteena:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ylikiloiset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>kala <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> kala <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> kalat <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paino <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"filter-palauttaa-iteraattorin\" style=\"position:relative;\">filter palauttaa iteraattorin<a href=\"#filter-palauttaa-iteraattorin\" aria-label=\"filter palauttaa iteraattorin permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktion <code class=\"language-text\">map</code> tapaan, myös funktio <code class=\"language-text\">filter</code> palauttaa listan sijaan <em>iteraattorin</em> ja on tilanteita joissa on syytä olla varuillaan sillä iteraattorin voi käydä läpi vain kerran. Eli seuraava yritys tulostaa suuret kalat kahteen kertaan ei onnistu:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">k1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hauki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1870</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nk2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ahven\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">763</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nk3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hauki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3410</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nk4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Turska\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2449</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nk5 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Särki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">210</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkalat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>k1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k4<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k5<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nylikiloiset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">filter</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> kala <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paino <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kalat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> kala <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> ylikiloiset<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"sama uudelleen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> kala <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> ylikiloiset<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tulostuu</p><sample-output><p>Hauki (1870 g.)\nHauki (3410 g.)\nTurska (2449 g.)\nsama uudelleen</p></sample-output><p>Jos funktion <code class=\"language-text\">filter</code> tulosta on tarve käsitellä useaan kertaan, tulee se muuttaa esimerkiksi listaksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kalat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>k1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k4<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> k5<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># muutetaan tulos listaksi kutsumalla list-konstruktorioa</span>\nylikiloiset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">filter</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> kala <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> kala<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paino <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kalat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Rajatut suoritukset' tmcname='osa12-12_rajatut_suoritukset'><p>Tässä tehtävässä jatketaan luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Suoritus</code> käyttämistä</p><h2 id=\"hyvaksytyt-suoritukset\" style=\"position:relative;\">Hyväksytyt suoritukset<a href=\"#hyvaksytyt-suoritukset\" aria-label=\"hyvaksytyt suoritukset permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">hyvaksytyt(suoritukset: list)</code> joka saa parametriksi listan suoritus-olioita. Funktio palauttaa listan, jolta löytyy suorituksista ne, joiden arvosana on vähintään 1.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">s1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olivia Ohjelmoija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> suoritus <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> hyvaksytyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>s1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pekka Python, arvosana kurssilta Ohjelmoinnin perusteet 3\nOlivia Ohjelmoija arvosana kurssilta Ohjelmoinnin perusteet 5</p></sample-output><p>Toteuta funktio käyttäen <code class=\"language-text\">filter</code>-funktiota!</p><h2 id=\"arvosanan-suoritukset\" style=\"position:relative;\">Arvosanan suoritukset<a href=\"#arvosanan-suoritukset\" aria-label=\"arvosanan suoritukset permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">suoritus_arvosanalla(suoritukset: list, arvosana: int)</code> joka saa parametriksi listan suoritus-olioita sekä kokonaisluvun. Funktio palauttaa listan, jolta löytyy suorituksista ne, joiden arvosana on sama kuin toisen parametrin arvo.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">s1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olivia Ohjelmoija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Tietoliikenteen perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olivia Ohjelmoija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Johdatus yliopistomatematiikkaan\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> suoritus <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> suoritus_arvosanalla<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>s1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s4<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pekka Python, arvosana kurssilta Ohjelmoinnin perusteet 3\nPekka Python, arvosana kurssilta Tietoliikenteen perusteet 3\nOlivia Ohjelmoija, arvosana kurssilta Johdatus yliopistomatematiikkaan 3</p></sample-output><p>Toteuta funktio käyttäen <code class=\"language-text\">filter</code>-funktiota!</p><h2 id=\"kurssin-suorittajat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kurssin suorittajat<a href=\"#kurssin-suorittajat\" aria-label=\"kurssin suorittajat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kurssin_suorittajat(suoritukset: list, kurssi: str)</code> joka saa parametriksi listan suoritus-olioita sekä kurssin nimen. Funktio palauttaa <em>aakkosjärjestyksessä</em> niiden opiskelijoiden nimet, jotka ovat suorittaneet parametrina olevan kurssin arvosanalla joka on suurempi kuin nolla.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">s1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olivia Ohjelmoija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Tietoliikenteen perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Tietoliikenteen perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Niilo Nörtti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Tietoliikenteen perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> suoritus <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> kurssin_suorittajat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>s1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s4<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Tietoliikenteen perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Niilo Nörtti\nOlivia Ohjelmoija</p></sample-output><p>Toteuta funktio käyttäen funktioita <code class=\"language-text\">filter</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">map</code>.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"reduce\" style=\"position:relative;\">reduce<a href=\"#reduce\" aria-label=\"reduce permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Viimeinen tarkastelemamme funktio on <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code>. Kuten funktion nimi vihjaa, sen tarkoituksena on vähentää sarjan alkioiden määrä. Itse asiassa alkioiden sijasta <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code> palauttaa yksittäisen arvon.</p><p>Reduce toimii sitten, että se pitää mukanaan koko ajan <em>arvoa</em>, jota se muuttaa yksi kerrallaan käydessään läpi listan alkioita.</p><p>Seuraavassa on esimerkki, joka summaa <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code>-funktion avulla listan luvut yhteen. Huomaa, että Pythonin versiosta 3 alkaen funktio <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code> pitää erikseen ottaa käyttöön moduulista <code class=\"language-text\">functools</code>.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> functools <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">reduce</span>\n\nlista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nlukujen_summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">reduce</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> summa <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lukujen_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>11</p></sample-output><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkiä hieman tarkemmin. Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code> saa kolme parametria. Parametreista toisena on läpikäytävä lista, ja kolmantena on laskennan alkuarvo. Koska laskemme listan alkioiden summaa, on sopiva alkuarvo nolla.</p><p>Ensimmäisenä parametrina on funktio, joka suorittaa toimenpiteen yksi kerrallaan kullekin listan alkiolle. Tällä kertaa funktio on seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> summa <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> alkio</code></pre></div><p>Funktiolla on kaksi parametria. Näistä ensimmäinen on laskennan sen hetkinen tulos ja toinen parametri on käsittelyvuorossa oleva listan alkio. Funktio laskee uuden arvon parametriensa perusteella. Tässä tapauksessa uusi arvio on vanha summa <em>plus</em> kyseisen alkion arvo.</p><p>Funktion <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code> toiminta hahmottuu kenties selkeämmin, jos käytetään lambdan sijaan normaalia funktiota apuna ja tehdään funktiosta aputulostuksia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> functools <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">reduce</span>\n\nlista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># reducen apufunktio joka huolehtii yhden alkion arvon lisäämisestä summaan</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">summaaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"summa nyt </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, vuorossa alkio </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n  <span class=\"token comment\"># uusi summa on vanha summa + alkion arvo</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> summa <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> alkio\n\nlukujen_summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">reduce</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lukujen_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma tulostaa:</p><sample-output><p>summa nyt 0, vuorossa alkio 2\nsumma nyt 2, vuorossa alkio 3\nsumma nyt 5, vuorossa alkio 1\nsumma nyt 6, vuorossa alkio 5\n11</p></sample-output><p>Ensimmäisenä siis käsitellään listan alkio, jonka arvo on 2. Tässä vaiheessa summa on 0, eli sillä on reducelle annettu alkuarvo. Funktio laskee ja palauttaa näiden summan eli 0 + 2.</p><p>Tämä arvo on parametrin <code class=\"language-text\">summa</code> arvona kun funktiota kutsutaan seuraavalle listan alkiolle eli luvulle 3. Funktio laskee ja palauttaa 2 + 3, joka taas toimii parametrina seuraavalle funktiokutsulle.</p><p>Toinen esimerkkimme laskee kaikkien listassa olevien kokonaislukujen tulon.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> functools <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">reduce</span>\n\nlista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntulo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">reduce</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> tulo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> tulo <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>480</p></sample-output><p>Koska on kyse tulosta, ei alkuarvo voi olla nyt 0 (miten käy jos se olisi nolla?), vaan sopiva arvo sille on 1.</p><p>Aivan kuten <code class=\"language-text\">filter</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">map</code>, myös <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code> voi käsitellä minkä tahansa tyyppisiä olioita.</p><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä pankin tilien yhteenlasketun saldon selvittämistä reducella:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkitili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__numero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> numero\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_rahaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> rahasumma<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> rahasumma <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> rahasumma\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hae_saldo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo\n\nt1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"123456\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Reijo Rahakas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nt2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"12321\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Keijo Köyhä \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nt3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"223344\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Maija Miljonääri \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntilit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>t1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> t2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> t3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> functools <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">reduce</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">saldojen_summaaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>yht_saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> yht_saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsaldot_yhteensa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">reduce</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>saldojen_summaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilit<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pankissa rahaa yhteensä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>saldot_yhteensa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma tulostaa:</p><sample-output><p>pankissa rahaa yhteensä\n1005001</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa miten funktio <code class=\"language-text\">saldojen_summaaja</code> \"kaivaa\" saldon jokaisen tiliolion sisältä kutsumalla tilille saldon palauttavaa metodia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">saldojen_summaaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>yht_saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> yht_saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><text-box variant='hint' name='Alkuarvoton reduce'><p>Funktion <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code> kolmas parametri eli alkuarvo ei itse asiassa ole kaikissa tilanteissa pakollinen. Esimerkiksi summan laskeminen onnistuisi <em>ilman</em> alkuarvoa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nlukujen_summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">reduce</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token keyword\">lambda</span> summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> summa <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lukujen_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos alkuarvoa ei anneta, toimii listan ensimmäinen luku alkuarvona ja \"redusointi\" aloitetaan vasta listan toisesta alkiosta.</p><p>Huomaa, että jos käsiteltävän listan alkiot ovat eri tyyppisiä kuin laskettava arvo, on <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code>-funktion kolmas parametri välttämätön. Jos yrittäisimme olla tili-esimerkissä käyttämättä alkuarvoa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">saldot_yhteensa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">reduce</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>saldojen_summaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>olisi seurauksena virhe</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">TypeError<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> unsupported operand <span class=\"token builtin\">type</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>s<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">'Pankkitili'</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> <span class=\"token string\">'int'</span></code></pre></div><p>sillä <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code>-funktion parametri <code class=\"language-text\">yht_saldo</code> saisi ensimmäisellä kerralla arvokseen listan ensimmäisen pankkitilin ja sen summaaminen pankkitilin saldoon ei olisi mahdollista.</p></text-box><programming-exercise name='Opintopisteet' tmcname='osa12-13_opintopisteet'><p>Tarkastellaan tässä tehtävässä hieman erilaista versiota luokasta <code class=\"language-text\">Suoritus</code>. Tällä kertaa se kuvastaa ainoastaan yksittäisen opiskelijan kurssisuorituksia. Luokka toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">suoritus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tietorakenteet ja algoritmit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvosana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Tietorakenteet ja algoritmit (10 op) arvosana 3\nTietorakenteet ja algoritmit\n10\n3</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"opintopistemaara\" style=\"position:relative;\">Opintopistemäärä<a href=\"#opintopistemaara\" aria-label=\"opintopistemaara permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toteuta funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kaikkien_opintopisteiden_summa</code>, joka saa parametriksi listan suorituksia ja laskee suoritusten yhteenlasketun opintopistemäärän. Funktio toimii seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">s1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin jatkokutssi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tietorakenteet ja algoritmit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kaikkien_opintopisteiden_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>s1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>20</p></sample-output><p>Toteuta funktio käyttäen <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code>-funktiota!</p><h2 id=\"hyvaksyttyjen-opintopistemaara\" style=\"position:relative;\">Hyväksyttyjen opintopistemäärä<a href=\"#hyvaksyttyjen-opintopistemaara\" aria-label=\"hyvaksyttyjen opintopistemaara permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toteuta funktio <code class=\"language-text\">hyvaksyttyjen_opintopisteiden_summa</code>, joka saa parametriksi listan suorituksia ja laskee arvosanan 1 tai parempien omaavien suoritusten yhteenlasketun opintopistemäärän. Funktio toimii seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">s1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin jatkokutssi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tietorakenteet ja algoritmit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> hyvaksyttyjen_opintopisteiden_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>s1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>15</p></sample-output><p>Toteuta funktio käyttäen <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code>- ja <code class=\"language-text\">filter</code>-funktiota!</p><h2 id=\"hyvaksyttyjen-suoritusten-keskiarvo\" style=\"position:relative;\">Hyväksyttyjen suoritusten keskiarvo<a href=\"#hyvaksyttyjen-suoritusten-keskiarvo\" aria-label=\"hyvaksyttyjen suoritusten keskiarvo permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toteuta funktio <code class=\"language-text\">keskiarvo</code>, joka saa parametriksi listan suorituksia ja laskee arvosanan 1 tai parempien omaavien suoritusten arvosanojen keskiarvon. Funktio toimii seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">s1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin jatkokutssi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tietorakenteet ja algoritmit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> keskiarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>s1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>4.0</p></sample-output><p>Hyödynnä funktion toteutuksessa <code class=\"language-text\">reduce</code>- ja <code class=\"language-text\">filter</code>-funktiota!</p><p><a href=\"/osa-12/3-funktionaalista-ohjelmointia#filter-palauttaa-iteraattorin\">Tämä</a> lienee syytä pitää mielessä tätä tehtävää tehdessä-</p></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-12/3-funktionaalista-ohjelmointia","title":"Funktionaalista ohjelmointia"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-12/3-funktionaalista-ohjelmointia.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tiedosto: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"osa.json"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nluettiin 14 pelaajan tiedot"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komennot:\n0 lopeta\n1 hae pelaaja\n2 joukkueet\n3 maat\n4 joukkueen pelaajat\n5 maan pelaajat\n6 eniten pisteitä\n7 eniten maaleja"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nnimi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Travis Zajac"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Travis Zajac         NJD   9 + 16 =  25\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nBUF\nCGY\nDAL\nNJD\nNYI\nOTT\nPIT\nWPG\nWSH"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nCAN\nCHE\nCZE\nSWE\nUSA"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"0"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huomaa, että pelaajien tulostusasun pitää olla täsmälleen seuraavanlainen:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Leon Draisaitl       EDM  43 + 67 = 110\nConnor McDavid       EDM  34 + 63 =  97\nTravis Zajac         NJD   9 + 16 =  25\nMike Green           EDM   3 +  8 =  11\nMarkus Granlund      EDM   3 +  1 =   4\n123456789012345678901234567890123456789\n"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Alimman rivin numerot on lisätty helpottamaan oikean merkkimäärän laskemista. Joukkueen nimen lyhenne siis tulostetaan alkaen rivin 22. merkistä. Plus on rivin 30. merkki ja = rivin 35. merkki. Kaikki luvut tulee tasata oikeaan reunaan omaa tulostusaluettaan. Tyhjät kohdat ovat välilyöntejä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tulostuksen muotoilu kannattaa hoitaa f-merkkijonoina samaan tapaan kuin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"/osa-6/1-tiedostojen-lukeminen#programming-exercise-kurssin-tulokset-osa-3"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tässä"}]},{"type":"text","value":" osan 6 tehtävässä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Seuraavat toiminnot tuovat toisen pisteen:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"joukkueen pelaajien listaaminen pisteiden (joka saadaan laskemalla "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"goals"}]},{"type":"text","value":" + "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"assits"}]},{"type":"text","value":") mukaisessa järjestyksessä"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tietyn maan pelaajien listaaminen pisteiden mukaisessa järjestyksessä"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Toiminnallisuus on seuraava:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tiedosto: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"osa.json"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nluettiin 14 pelaajan tiedot"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komennot:\n0 lopeta\n1 hae pelaaja\n2 joukkueet\n3 maat\n4 joukkueen pelaajat\n5 maan pelaajat\n6 eniten pisteitä\n7 eniten maaleja"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\njoukkue: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"OTT"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Drake Batherson      OTT   3 +  7 =  10\nJonathan Davidsson   OTT   0 +  1 =   1\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nmaa: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"CAN"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jared McCann         PIT  14 + 21 =  35\nTravis Zajac         NJD   9 + 16 =  25\nTaylor Fedun         DAL   2 +  7 =   9\nMark Jankowski       CGY   5 +  2 =   7\nLogan Shaw           WPG   3 +  2 =   5\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"0"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kolmannen pisteen saa seuraavilla toiminnoilla:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"n eniten pistettä saanutta pelaajaa\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"jos kahden pelaajan pistemäärä on sama, ratkaisee maalimäärä"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"n eniten maaleja ("},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"goals"}]},{"type":"text","value":") tehnyttä pelaajaa\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"jos kahden pelaajan maalimäärä on sama, järjestyksen ratkaisee se kummalla on vähemmän otteluja ("},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"games"}]},{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Toiminnallisuus on seuraava:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tiedosto: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"osa.json"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nluettiin 14 pelaajan tiedot"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komennot:\n0 lopeta\n1 hae pelaaja\n2 joukkueet\n3 maat\n4 joukkueen pelaajat\n5 maan pelaajat\n6 eniten pisteitä\n7 eniten maaleja"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkuinka monta: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jakub Vrana          WSH  25 + 27 =  52\nJared McCann         PIT  14 + 21 =  35\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkuinka monta: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jakub Vrana          WSH  25 + 27 =  52\nJared McCann         PIT  14 + 21 =  35\nJohn Klingberg       DAL   6 + 26 =  32\nTravis Zajac         NJD   9 + 16 =  25\nConor Sheary         BUF  10 + 13 =  23\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"7"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkuinka monta: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jakub Vrana          WSH  25 + 27 =  52\nJared McCann         PIT  14 + 21 =  35\nConor Sheary         BUF  10 + 13 =  23\nTravis Zajac         NJD   9 + 16 =  25\nJohn Klingberg       DAL   6 + 26 =  32\nMark Jankowski       CGY   5 +  2 =   7\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"komento: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"0"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"2249a8d3-9455-5228-bd15-d5328d147b19"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät mitä tarkoitetan säännöllisellä lausekkeella</li>\n<li>Osaat hyödyntää säännöllisiä lausekkeita omissa ohjelmissasi</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Python on mainio työkalu tekstin käsittelemiseen. Yksi työkalu tekstin käsittelemisessä ovat\n<em>säännölliset lausekkeet</em> (<em>regular expressions</em>), joiden avulla voi esimerkiksi poimia ja etsiä merkkijonoja, jotka ovat tietyn muotoisia. Tässä osiossa käydään läpi säännöllisten lausekkeiden perusteita, ja löydät lisää tietoa Pythonin omasta <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/howto/regex.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tutoriaalista</a>.</p><h2 id=\"mita-ovat-saannolliset-lausekkeet\" style=\"position:relative;\">Mitä ovat säännölliset lausekkeet?<a href=\"#mita-ovat-saannolliset-lausekkeet\" aria-label=\"mita ovat saannolliset lausekkeet permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Säännölliset lausekkeet ovat tavallaan ohjelmointikieli ohjelmointikielen sisällä. Lausekkeilla on oma syntaksinsa, jonka mukaan ne määritellään. Ideana on, että säännöllisellä lausekkeella määritellään sellaisten merkkijonojen joukko, jotka ovat tiettyjen sääntöjen mukaisia.</p><p>Tarkistellaan yksinkertaista esimerkkiä lausekkeiden käytöstä ennen tarkempaa perehtymistä sääntöihin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> re\n\nsanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ponneton\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ponttooni\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pullero\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pallon\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># merkkijonon tulee alkaa \"P\" ja päättyä \"on\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> re<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>search<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"^P.*on$\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"löytyy!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Python löytyy!\nPonneton löytyy!\nPallon löytyy!</p></sample-output><p>Pythonissa säännöllisiä lausekkeita voi käsitellä moduulin <code class=\"language-text\">re</code> avulla. Esimerkiksi yllä olevassa koodissa oleva metodi <code class=\"language-text\">search</code> etsii merkkijonosta osaa, joka täsmää annettuun säännölliseen lausekkeeseen.</p><p>Huomaa, että säännöllinen lauseke annetaan <em>merkkijonona</em> funktion <code class=\"language-text\">search</code> parametriksi.</p><p>Toinen esimerkki etsii merkkijonosta luvut. Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">findall</code> palauttaa kaikki säännölliseen lausekkeeseen täsmäävät osajonot listana:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> re\n\nlause <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Eka, 2 !#kolmas 44 viisi 678xyz962\"</span>\n\nluvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> re<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>findall<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\\d+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2\n44\n678\n962</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"saannollisten-lausekkeiden-syntaksi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Säännöllisten lausekkeiden syntaksi<a href=\"#saannollisten-lausekkeiden-syntaksi\" aria-label=\"saannollisten lausekkeiden syntaksi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tarkastellaan seuraavaksi syntaksia, jota säännöllisissä lausekkeissa käytetään. Useimmissa esimerkeissä käytetään samaa testiohjelmaa eri syötteillä.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> re\n\nlauseke <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna lauseke: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna merkkijono: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> mjono <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> re<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>search<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lauseke<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Osuma!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ei osumaa.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><h3 id=\"vaihtoehtoiset-alijonot\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vaihtoehtoiset alijonot<a href=\"#vaihtoehtoiset-alijonot\" aria-label=\"vaihtoehtoiset alijonot permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Pystyviivalla voidaan erottaa vaihtoehtoisia osajonoja. Esimerkiksi lauseke <code class=\"language-text\">911|112</code> täsmää merkkijonoihin, joista löytyy joko osajono <code class=\"language-text\">911</code> tai osajono <code class=\"language-text\">112</code>.</p><p>Esimerkiksi</p><sample-output><p>Anna lauseke: <strong>aa|ee|ii</strong>\nAnna testijono: <strong>saapas</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>teema</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>iilimato</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>ooppera</strong>\nEi osumaa.\nAnna testijono: <strong>uuttera</strong>\nEi osumaa.</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"merkkijoukot\" style=\"position:relative;\">Merkkijoukot<a href=\"#merkkijoukot\" aria-label=\"merkkijoukot permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Hakasulkeiden väliin voidaan merkitä joukko hyväksyttyjä merkkejä. Esimerkiksi merkintä <code class=\"language-text\">[aeio]</code> täsmää jonoihin, joista löytyy jokin merkeistä a, e, i, tai o. Merkintätapa sallii myös väliviivan käytön. Merkintä <code class=\"language-text\">[0-68a-d]</code> hyväksyy jonot, joista löytyy numero nollasta kuuteen, kahdeksikko tai merkki väliltä a...d. Merkintä <code class=\"language-text\">[1-3][0-9]</code> hyväksyy kaksinumeroiset luvut väliltä 10...39.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><sample-output><p>Anna lauseke: <strong>[C-FRSÖ]</strong>\nAnna testijono: <strong>C</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>E</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>G</strong>\nEi osumaa.\nAnna testijono: <strong>R</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>Ö</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>T</strong>\nEi osumaa.</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"toistaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Toistaminen<a href=\"#toistaminen\" aria-label=\"toistaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Lausekkeen osaa voidaan toistaa esimerkiksi seuraavien operaattorien avulla:</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">*</code> toistaa osaa minkä tahansa määrän kertoja (myös nolla)</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">+</code> toistaa osaa minkä tahansa määrän kertoja (ainakin yhden)</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">{m}</code> toistaa osaa täsmälleen <code class=\"language-text\">m</code> kertaa</li>\n</ul><p>Operaattorit viittaavat niitä edeltävään lausekkeen osaan. Esimerkiksi lauseke <code class=\"language-text\">ba+b</code> hyväksyy esimerkiksi osajonot <code class=\"language-text\">bab</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">baab</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">baaaaaaaaaaab</code>. Lauseke <code class=\"language-text\">A[BCDE]*Z</code> puolestaan hyväksyy esimerkiksi osajonot <code class=\"language-text\">AZ</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">ADZ</code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">ABCDEBCDEBCDEZ</code>.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><sample-output><p>Anna lauseke: <strong>1[234]*5</strong>\nAnna testijono: <strong>15</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>125</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>145</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>12342345</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>126</strong>\nEi osumaa.\nAnna testijono: <strong>165</strong>\nEi osumaa.</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"muita-erikoismerkkeja\" style=\"position:relative;\">Muita erikoismerkkejä<a href=\"#muita-erikoismerkkeja\" aria-label=\"muita erikoismerkkeja permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Pisteellä merkitään mitä tahansa yksittäistä merkkiä. Niinpä merkintä <code class=\"language-text\">c...o</code> vastaa esimerkiksi merkkijonoja <code class=\"language-text\">c-3po</code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">combo</code>. Merkillä <code class=\"language-text\">^</code> voidaan määritellä, että osuman pitää löytyä merkkijonon alusta, ja vastaavasti merkillä <code class=\"language-text\">$</code>, että sen on oltava lopussa. Näillä voidaan näppärästi myös rajata sääntö koskemaan vain annettuja merkkejä:</p><sample-output><p>Anna lauseke: <strong>^[123]*$</strong>\nAnna testijono: <strong>4</strong>\nEi osumaa.\nAnna testijono: <strong>1221</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>333333333</strong>\nOsuma!</p></sample-output><p>Kenoviivaa voidaan käyttää etsimään erikoismerkkejä. Merkintä <code class=\"language-text\">1+</code> tarkoittaa yhtä tai useampaa ykköstä, mutta merkintä <code class=\"language-text\">1\\+</code> merkkijonoa <code class=\"language-text\">1+</code>.</p><p>Esimerkiksi</p><sample-output><p>Anna lauseke: <strong>^\\*</strong>\nAnna testijono: <strong>moi*</strong>\nEi osumaa.\nAnna testijono: <strong>m*o*i</strong>\nEi osumaa.\nAnna testijono: <strong>*moi</strong>\nOsuma!</p></sample-output><p>Kaarisulkeilla voidaan ryhmitellä lausekkeen osia. Esimerkiksi lauseke <code class=\"language-text\">(ab)+c</code> hyväksyy jonot <code class=\"language-text\">abc</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">ababc</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">ababababababc</code>, mutta ei esimerkiksi jonoja <code class=\"language-text\">ac</code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">bc</code>.</p><p>Esimerkiksi</p><sample-output><p>Anna lauseke: <strong>^(jabba).*(hut)$</strong>\nAnna testijono: <strong>jabba the hut</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>jabba a hut</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>jarmo the hut</strong>\nEi osumaa.\nAnna testijono: <strong>jabba the smut</strong>\nEi osumaa.</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Säännölliset lausekkeet' tmcname='osa12-14_saannolliset_lausekkeet'><p>Harjoitellaan hieman säännöllisten lausekkeiden käyttöä.</p><h2 id=\"viikonpaivat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Viikonpäivät<a href=\"#viikonpaivat\" aria-label=\"viikonpaivat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee säännöllisen lausekkeen avulla funktio <code class=\"language-text\">on_viikonpaiva(merkkijono: str)</code> joka palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, jos sen parametrina saama merkkijono sisältää viikonpäivän lyhenteen (ma, ti, ke, to, pe, la tai su).</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>on_viikonpaiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ma\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>on_viikonpaiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pe\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>on_viikonpaiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>True\nTrue\nFalse</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"vokaalitarkistus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vokaalitarkistus<a href=\"#vokaalitarkistus\" aria-label=\"vokaalitarkistus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kaikki_vokaaleja(merkkijono: str)</code>, joka tarkistaa säännöllisen lausekkeen avulla, ovatko parametrina annetun merkkijonon kaikki merkit vokaaleja.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kaikki_vokaaleja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"eioueioieoieouyyyy\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kaikki_vokaaleja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"autoooo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>True\nFalse</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"kellonaika\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kellonaika<a href=\"#kellonaika\" aria-label=\"kellonaika permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kellonaika(merkkijono: str)</code>, joka tarkistaa säännöllisen lausekkeen avulla, onko parametrina oleva merkkijono muotoa <code class=\"language-text\">tt:mm:ss</code> oleva kellonaika (tunnit, minuutit ja sekunnit kaksinumeroisina).</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kellonaika<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"12:43:01\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kellonaika<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"AB:01:CD\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kellonaika<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"17:59:59\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kellonaika<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"33:66:77\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>True\nFalse\nTrue\nFalse</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"loppuhuipennus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Loppuhuipennus<a href=\"#loppuhuipennus\" aria-label=\"loppuhuipennus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Harjoitellaan vielä osan lopussa hieman laajemman ohjelman tekemistä olioita hyödyntäen. Tämä tehtävä ei sijainnistaan huolimatta liity mitenkään säännöllisiin lausekkeisiin, mutta luvun <a href=\"/osa-12/1-funktio-parametrina\">Funktio parametrina</a> asia tulee olemaan tarpeen ja myös <a href=\"/osa-11/1-koosteet\">listakoosteet</a> voivat olla käyttökelpoisia.</p><p>Sovelluksen rakenteelle voi ottaa inspiraatiota osan 10 <a href=\"/osa-10/4-lisaa-esimerkkeja\">viimeisestä luvusta</a>.</p><programming-exercise name='Tilastot ojennukseen' tmcname='osa12-15_tilastot_ojennukseen'><p>Tässä tehtävässä tehdään sovellus, jonka avulla on mahdollista tarkastella NHL-jääkiekkoliigan tilastoja muutamassa hieman erilaisessa muodossa.</p><p>Tehtäväpohjan mukana tulee kaksi json-muodossa olevaa tiedostoa <code class=\"language-text\">osa.json</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">kaikki.json</code>, näistä ensimmäinen on tarkoitettu lähinnä testailun avuksi. Jälkimmäinen sisältää kaikkien kaudella 2019-20 pelanneiden pelaajien statistiikat.</p><p>Yksittäisen pelaajan tiedot ovat muodossa</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"json\"><pre class=\"language-json\"><code class=\"language-json\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>\n    <span class=\"token property\">\"name\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Patrik Laine\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token property\">\"nationality\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"FIN\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token property\">\"assists\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">35</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token property\">\"goals\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">28</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token property\">\"penalties\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">22</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token property\">\"team\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"WPG\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token property\">\"games\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">68</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span></code></pre></div><p>ja molemmat tiedostoista sisältävät yksittäisten pelaajien tiedot taulukossa.</p><p>Jos et muista, miten json-muotoinen tiedosto saadaan luettua Python-ohjelmaan, voit kerrata tämän <a href=\"/osa-7/4-datan-kasittely#json-tiedoston-lukeminen\">osan 7 materiaalista</a>.</p><p>Tee nyt ohjelma, joka kysyy aluksi tiedoston nimeä ja tarjoaa sitten seuraavat toiminnot:</p><ul>\n<li>yksittäisen pelaajan tietojen haku nimen perusteella</li>\n<li>listaus joukkueiden nimien lyhenteistä (aakkosjärjestyksessä)</li>\n<li>listaus maiden nimien lyhenteistä (aakkosjärjestyksessä)</li>\n</ul><p>Näistä toiminnoista saa yhden pisteen. Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>tiedosto: <strong>osa.json</strong>\nluettiin 14 pelaajan tiedot</p><p>komennot:\n0 lopeta\n1 hae pelaaja\n2 joukkueet\n3 maat\n4 joukkueen pelaajat\n5 maan pelaajat\n6 eniten pisteitä\n7 eniten maaleja</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nnimi: <strong>Travis Zajac</strong></p><pre>\nTravis Zajac         NJD   9 + 16 =  25\n</pre><p>komento: <strong>2</strong>\nBUF\nCGY\nDAL\nNJD\nNYI\nOTT\nPIT\nWPG\nWSH</p><p>komento: <strong>3</strong>\nCAN\nCHE\nCZE\nSWE\nUSA</p><p>komento: <strong>0</strong></p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että pelaajien tulostusasun pitää olla täsmälleen seuraavanlainen:</p><sample-output><pre>\nLeon Draisaitl       EDM  43 + 67 = 110\nConnor McDavid       EDM  34 + 63 =  97\nTravis Zajac         NJD   9 + 16 =  25\nMike Green           EDM   3 +  8 =  11\nMarkus Granlund      EDM   3 +  1 =   4\n123456789012345678901234567890123456789\n</pre></sample-output><p>Alimman rivin numerot on lisätty helpottamaan oikean merkkimäärän laskemista. Joukkueen nimen lyhenne siis tulostetaan alkaen rivin 22. merkistä. Plus on rivin 30. merkki ja = rivin 35. merkki. Kaikki luvut tulee tasata oikeaan reunaan omaa tulostusaluettaan. Tyhjät kohdat ovat välilyöntejä.</p><p>Tulostuksen muotoilu kannattaa hoitaa f-merkkijonoina samaan tapaan kuin <a href=\"/osa-6/1-tiedostojen-lukeminen#programming-exercise-kurssin-tulokset-osa-3\">tässä</a> osan 6 tehtävässä.</p><p>Seuraavat toiminnot tuovat toisen pisteen:</p><ul>\n<li>joukkueen pelaajien listaaminen pisteiden (joka saadaan laskemalla <em>goals</em> + <em>assits</em>) mukaisessa järjestyksessä</li>\n<li>tietyn maan pelaajien listaaminen pisteiden mukaisessa järjestyksessä</li>\n</ul><p>Toiminnallisuus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>tiedosto: <strong>osa.json</strong>\nluettiin 14 pelaajan tiedot</p><p>komennot:\n0 lopeta\n1 hae pelaaja\n2 joukkueet\n3 maat\n4 joukkueen pelaajat\n5 maan pelaajat\n6 eniten pisteitä\n7 eniten maaleja</p><p>komento: <strong>4</strong>\njoukkue: <strong>OTT</strong></p><pre>\nDrake Batherson      OTT   3 +  7 =  10\nJonathan Davidsson   OTT   0 +  1 =   1\n</pre><p>komento: <strong>5</strong>\nmaa: <strong>CAN</strong></p><pre>\nJared McCann         PIT  14 + 21 =  35\nTravis Zajac         NJD   9 + 16 =  25\nTaylor Fedun         DAL   2 +  7 =   9\nMark Jankowski       CGY   5 +  2 =   7\nLogan Shaw           WPG   3 +  2 =   5\n</pre><p>komento: <strong>0</strong></p></sample-output><p>Kolmannen pisteen saa seuraavilla toiminnoilla:</p><ul>\n<li>n eniten pistettä saanutta pelaajaa\n<ul>\n<li>jos kahden pelaajan pistemäärä on sama, ratkaisee maalimäärä</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>n eniten maaleja (<em>goals</em>) tehnyttä pelaajaa\n<ul>\n<li>jos kahden pelaajan maalimäärä on sama, järjestyksen ratkaisee se kummalla on vähemmän otteluja (<em>games</em>)</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul><p>Toiminnallisuus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>tiedosto: <strong>osa.json</strong>\nluettiin 14 pelaajan tiedot</p><p>komennot:\n0 lopeta\n1 hae pelaaja\n2 joukkueet\n3 maat\n4 joukkueen pelaajat\n5 maan pelaajat\n6 eniten pisteitä\n7 eniten maaleja</p><p>komento: <strong>6</strong>\nkuinka monta: <strong>2</strong></p><pre>\nJakub Vrana    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name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät mitä tarkoitetan säännöllisellä lausekkeella</li>\n<li>Osaat hyödyntää säännöllisiä lausekkeita omissa ohjelmissasi</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Python on mainio työkalu tekstin käsittelemiseen. Yksi työkalu tekstin käsittelemisessä ovat\n<em>säännölliset lausekkeet</em> (<em>regular expressions</em>), joiden avulla voi esimerkiksi poimia ja etsiä merkkijonoja, jotka ovat tietyn muotoisia. Tässä osiossa käydään läpi säännöllisten lausekkeiden perusteita, ja löydät lisää tietoa Pythonin omasta <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/howto/regex.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tutoriaalista</a>.</p><h2 id=\"mita-ovat-saannolliset-lausekkeet\" style=\"position:relative;\">Mitä ovat säännölliset lausekkeet?<a href=\"#mita-ovat-saannolliset-lausekkeet\" aria-label=\"mita ovat saannolliset lausekkeet permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Säännölliset lausekkeet ovat tavallaan ohjelmointikieli ohjelmointikielen sisällä. Lausekkeilla on oma syntaksinsa, jonka mukaan ne määritellään. Ideana on, että säännöllisellä lausekkeella määritellään sellaisten merkkijonojen joukko, jotka ovat tiettyjen sääntöjen mukaisia.</p><p>Tarkistellaan yksinkertaista esimerkkiä lausekkeiden käytöstä ennen tarkempaa perehtymistä sääntöihin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> re\n\nsanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ponneton\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ponttooni\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pullero\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pallon\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># merkkijonon tulee alkaa \"P\" ja päättyä \"on\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> re<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>search<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"^P.*on$\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"löytyy!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Python löytyy!\nPonneton löytyy!\nPallon löytyy!</p></sample-output><p>Pythonissa säännöllisiä lausekkeita voi käsitellä moduulin <code class=\"language-text\">re</code> avulla. Esimerkiksi yllä olevassa koodissa oleva metodi <code class=\"language-text\">search</code> etsii merkkijonosta osaa, joka täsmää annettuun säännölliseen lausekkeeseen.</p><p>Huomaa, että säännöllinen lauseke annetaan <em>merkkijonona</em> funktion <code class=\"language-text\">search</code> parametriksi.</p><p>Toinen esimerkki etsii merkkijonosta luvut. Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">findall</code> palauttaa kaikki säännölliseen lausekkeeseen täsmäävät osajonot listana:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> re\n\nlause <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Eka, 2 !#kolmas 44 viisi 678xyz962\"</span>\n\nluvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> re<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>findall<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\\d+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2\n44\n678\n962</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"saannollisten-lausekkeiden-syntaksi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Säännöllisten lausekkeiden syntaksi<a href=\"#saannollisten-lausekkeiden-syntaksi\" aria-label=\"saannollisten lausekkeiden syntaksi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tarkastellaan seuraavaksi syntaksia, jota säännöllisissä lausekkeissa käytetään. Useimmissa esimerkeissä käytetään samaa testiohjelmaa eri syötteillä.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> re\n\nlauseke <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna lauseke: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna merkkijono: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> mjono <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> re<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>search<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lauseke<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Osuma!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ei osumaa.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><h3 id=\"vaihtoehtoiset-alijonot\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vaihtoehtoiset alijonot<a href=\"#vaihtoehtoiset-alijonot\" aria-label=\"vaihtoehtoiset alijonot permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Pystyviivalla voidaan erottaa vaihtoehtoisia osajonoja. Esimerkiksi lauseke <code class=\"language-text\">911|112</code> täsmää merkkijonoihin, joista löytyy joko osajono <code class=\"language-text\">911</code> tai osajono <code class=\"language-text\">112</code>.</p><p>Esimerkiksi</p><sample-output><p>Anna lauseke: <strong>aa|ee|ii</strong>\nAnna testijono: <strong>saapas</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>teema</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>iilimato</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>ooppera</strong>\nEi osumaa.\nAnna testijono: <strong>uuttera</strong>\nEi osumaa.</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"merkkijoukot\" style=\"position:relative;\">Merkkijoukot<a href=\"#merkkijoukot\" aria-label=\"merkkijoukot permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Hakasulkeiden väliin voidaan merkitä joukko hyväksyttyjä merkkejä. Esimerkiksi merkintä <code class=\"language-text\">[aeio]</code> täsmää jonoihin, joista löytyy jokin merkeistä a, e, i, tai o. Merkintätapa sallii myös väliviivan käytön. Merkintä <code class=\"language-text\">[0-68a-d]</code> hyväksyy jonot, joista löytyy numero nollasta kuuteen, kahdeksikko tai merkki väliltä a...d. Merkintä <code class=\"language-text\">[1-3][0-9]</code> hyväksyy kaksinumeroiset luvut väliltä 10...39.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><sample-output><p>Anna lauseke: <strong>[C-FRSÖ]</strong>\nAnna testijono: <strong>C</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>E</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>G</strong>\nEi osumaa.\nAnna testijono: <strong>R</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>Ö</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>T</strong>\nEi osumaa.</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"toistaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Toistaminen<a href=\"#toistaminen\" aria-label=\"toistaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Lausekkeen osaa voidaan toistaa esimerkiksi seuraavien operaattorien avulla:</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">*</code> toistaa osaa minkä tahansa määrän kertoja (myös nolla)</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">+</code> toistaa osaa minkä tahansa määrän kertoja (ainakin yhden)</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">{m}</code> toistaa osaa täsmälleen <code class=\"language-text\">m</code> kertaa</li>\n</ul><p>Operaattorit viittaavat niitä edeltävään lausekkeen osaan. Esimerkiksi lauseke <code class=\"language-text\">ba+b</code> hyväksyy esimerkiksi osajonot <code class=\"language-text\">bab</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">baab</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">baaaaaaaaaaab</code>. Lauseke <code class=\"language-text\">A[BCDE]*Z</code> puolestaan hyväksyy esimerkiksi osajonot <code class=\"language-text\">AZ</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">ADZ</code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">ABCDEBCDEBCDEZ</code>.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><sample-output><p>Anna lauseke: <strong>1[234]*5</strong>\nAnna testijono: <strong>15</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>125</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>145</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>12342345</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>126</strong>\nEi osumaa.\nAnna testijono: <strong>165</strong>\nEi osumaa.</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"muita-erikoismerkkeja\" style=\"position:relative;\">Muita erikoismerkkejä<a href=\"#muita-erikoismerkkeja\" aria-label=\"muita erikoismerkkeja permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Pisteellä merkitään mitä tahansa yksittäistä merkkiä. Niinpä merkintä <code class=\"language-text\">c...o</code> vastaa esimerkiksi merkkijonoja <code class=\"language-text\">c-3po</code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">combo</code>. Merkillä <code class=\"language-text\">^</code> voidaan määritellä, että osuman pitää löytyä merkkijonon alusta, ja vastaavasti merkillä <code class=\"language-text\">$</code>, että sen on oltava lopussa. Näillä voidaan näppärästi myös rajata sääntö koskemaan vain annettuja merkkejä:</p><sample-output><p>Anna lauseke: <strong>^[123]*$</strong>\nAnna testijono: <strong>4</strong>\nEi osumaa.\nAnna testijono: <strong>1221</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>333333333</strong>\nOsuma!</p></sample-output><p>Kenoviivaa voidaan käyttää etsimään erikoismerkkejä. Merkintä <code class=\"language-text\">1+</code> tarkoittaa yhtä tai useampaa ykköstä, mutta merkintä <code class=\"language-text\">1\\+</code> merkkijonoa <code class=\"language-text\">1+</code>.</p><p>Esimerkiksi</p><sample-output><p>Anna lauseke: <strong>^\\*</strong>\nAnna testijono: <strong>moi*</strong>\nEi osumaa.\nAnna testijono: <strong>m*o*i</strong>\nEi osumaa.\nAnna testijono: <strong>*moi</strong>\nOsuma!</p></sample-output><p>Kaarisulkeilla voidaan ryhmitellä lausekkeen osia. Esimerkiksi lauseke <code class=\"language-text\">(ab)+c</code> hyväksyy jonot <code class=\"language-text\">abc</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">ababc</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">ababababababc</code>, mutta ei esimerkiksi jonoja <code class=\"language-text\">ac</code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">bc</code>.</p><p>Esimerkiksi</p><sample-output><p>Anna lauseke: <strong>^(jabba).*(hut)$</strong>\nAnna testijono: <strong>jabba the hut</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>jabba a hut</strong>\nOsuma!\nAnna testijono: <strong>jarmo the hut</strong>\nEi osumaa.\nAnna testijono: <strong>jabba the smut</strong>\nEi osumaa.</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Säännölliset lausekkeet' tmcname='osa12-14_saannolliset_lausekkeet'><p>Harjoitellaan hieman säännöllisten lausekkeiden käyttöä.</p><h2 id=\"viikonpaivat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Viikonpäivät<a href=\"#viikonpaivat\" aria-label=\"viikonpaivat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee säännöllisen lausekkeen avulla funktio <code class=\"language-text\">on_viikonpaiva(merkkijono: str)</code> joka palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, jos sen parametrina saama merkkijono sisältää viikonpäivän lyhenteen (ma, ti, ke, to, pe, la tai su).</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>on_viikonpaiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ma\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>on_viikonpaiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pe\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>on_viikonpaiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>True\nTrue\nFalse</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"vokaalitarkistus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vokaalitarkistus<a href=\"#vokaalitarkistus\" aria-label=\"vokaalitarkistus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kaikki_vokaaleja(merkkijono: str)</code>, joka tarkistaa säännöllisen lausekkeen avulla, ovatko parametrina annetun merkkijonon kaikki merkit vokaaleja.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kaikki_vokaaleja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"eioueioieoieouyyyy\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kaikki_vokaaleja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"autoooo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>True\nFalse</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"kellonaika\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kellonaika<a href=\"#kellonaika\" aria-label=\"kellonaika permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kellonaika(merkkijono: str)</code>, joka tarkistaa säännöllisen lausekkeen avulla, onko parametrina oleva merkkijono muotoa <code class=\"language-text\">tt:mm:ss</code> oleva kellonaika (tunnit, minuutit ja sekunnit kaksinumeroisina).</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kellonaika<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"12:43:01\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kellonaika<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"AB:01:CD\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kellonaika<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"17:59:59\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kellonaika<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"33:66:77\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>True\nFalse\nTrue\nFalse</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"loppuhuipennus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Loppuhuipennus<a href=\"#loppuhuipennus\" aria-label=\"loppuhuipennus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Harjoitellaan vielä osan lopussa hieman laajemman ohjelman tekemistä olioita hyödyntäen. Tämä tehtävä ei sijainnistaan huolimatta liity mitenkään säännöllisiin lausekkeisiin, mutta luvun <a href=\"/osa-12/1-funktio-parametrina\">Funktio parametrina</a> asia tulee olemaan tarpeen ja myös <a href=\"/osa-11/1-koosteet\">listakoosteet</a> voivat olla käyttökelpoisia.</p><p>Sovelluksen rakenteelle voi ottaa inspiraatiota osan 10 <a href=\"/osa-10/4-lisaa-esimerkkeja\">viimeisestä luvusta</a>.</p><programming-exercise name='Tilastot ojennukseen' tmcname='osa12-15_tilastot_ojennukseen'><p>Tässä tehtävässä tehdään sovellus, jonka avulla on mahdollista tarkastella NHL-jääkiekkoliigan tilastoja muutamassa hieman erilaisessa muodossa.</p><p>Tehtäväpohjan mukana tulee kaksi json-muodossa olevaa tiedostoa <code class=\"language-text\">osa.json</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">kaikki.json</code>, näistä ensimmäinen on tarkoitettu lähinnä testailun avuksi. Jälkimmäinen sisältää kaikkien kaudella 2019-20 pelanneiden pelaajien statistiikat.</p><p>Yksittäisen pelaajan tiedot ovat muodossa</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"json\"><pre class=\"language-json\"><code class=\"language-json\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>\n    <span class=\"token property\">\"name\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Patrik Laine\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token property\">\"nationality\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"FIN\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token property\">\"assists\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">35</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token property\">\"goals\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">28</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token property\">\"penalties\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">22</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token property\">\"team\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"WPG\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token property\">\"games\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">68</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span></code></pre></div><p>ja molemmat tiedostoista sisältävät yksittäisten pelaajien tiedot taulukossa.</p><p>Jos et muista, miten json-muotoinen tiedosto saadaan luettua Python-ohjelmaan, voit kerrata tämän <a href=\"/osa-7/4-datan-kasittely#json-tiedoston-lukeminen\">osan 7 materiaalista</a>.</p><p>Tee nyt ohjelma, joka kysyy aluksi tiedoston nimeä ja tarjoaa sitten seuraavat toiminnot:</p><ul>\n<li>yksittäisen pelaajan tietojen haku nimen perusteella</li>\n<li>listaus joukkueiden nimien lyhenteistä (aakkosjärjestyksessä)</li>\n<li>listaus maiden nimien lyhenteistä (aakkosjärjestyksessä)</li>\n</ul><p>Näistä toiminnoista saa yhden pisteen. Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>tiedosto: <strong>osa.json</strong>\nluettiin 14 pelaajan tiedot</p><p>komennot:\n0 lopeta\n1 hae pelaaja\n2 joukkueet\n3 maat\n4 joukkueen pelaajat\n5 maan pelaajat\n6 eniten pisteitä\n7 eniten maaleja</p><p>komento: <strong>1</strong>\nnimi: <strong>Travis Zajac</strong></p><pre>\nTravis Zajac         NJD   9 + 16 =  25\n</pre><p>komento: <strong>2</strong>\nBUF\nCGY\nDAL\nNJD\nNYI\nOTT\nPIT\nWPG\nWSH</p><p>komento: <strong>3</strong>\nCAN\nCHE\nCZE\nSWE\nUSA</p><p>komento: <strong>0</strong></p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että pelaajien tulostusasun pitää olla täsmälleen seuraavanlainen:</p><sample-output><pre>\nLeon Draisaitl       EDM  43 + 67 = 110\nConnor McDavid       EDM  34 + 63 =  97\nTravis Zajac         NJD   9 + 16 =  25\nMike Green           EDM   3 +  8 =  11\nMarkus Granlund      EDM   3 +  1 =   4\n123456789012345678901234567890123456789\n</pre></sample-output><p>Alimman rivin numerot on lisätty helpottamaan oikean merkkimäärän laskemista. Joukkueen nimen lyhenne siis tulostetaan alkaen rivin 22. merkistä. Plus on rivin 30. merkki ja = rivin 35. merkki. Kaikki luvut tulee tasata oikeaan reunaan omaa tulostusaluettaan. Tyhjät kohdat ovat välilyöntejä.</p><p>Tulostuksen muotoilu kannattaa hoitaa f-merkkijonoina samaan tapaan kuin <a href=\"/osa-6/1-tiedostojen-lukeminen#programming-exercise-kurssin-tulokset-osa-3\">tässä</a> osan 6 tehtävässä.</p><p>Seuraavat toiminnot tuovat toisen pisteen:</p><ul>\n<li>joukkueen pelaajien listaaminen pisteiden (joka saadaan laskemalla <em>goals</em> + <em>assits</em>) mukaisessa järjestyksessä</li>\n<li>tietyn maan pelaajien listaaminen pisteiden mukaisessa järjestyksessä</li>\n</ul><p>Toiminnallisuus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>tiedosto: <strong>osa.json</strong>\nluettiin 14 pelaajan tiedot</p><p>komennot:\n0 lopeta\n1 hae pelaaja\n2 joukkueet\n3 maat\n4 joukkueen pelaajat\n5 maan pelaajat\n6 eniten pisteitä\n7 eniten maaleja</p><p>komento: <strong>4</strong>\njoukkue: <strong>OTT</strong></p><pre>\nDrake Batherson      OTT   3 +  7 =  10\nJonathan Davidsson   OTT   0 +  1 =   1\n</pre><p>komento: <strong>5</strong>\nmaa: <strong>CAN</strong></p><pre>\nJared McCann         PIT  14 + 21 =  35\nTravis Zajac         NJD   9 + 16 =  25\nTaylor Fedun         DAL   2 +  7 =   9\nMark Jankowski       CGY   5 +  2 =   7\nLogan Shaw           WPG   3 +  2 =   5\n</pre><p>komento: <strong>0</strong></p></sample-output><p>Kolmannen pisteen saa seuraavilla toiminnoilla:</p><ul>\n<li>n eniten pistettä saanutta pelaajaa\n<ul>\n<li>jos kahden pelaajan pistemäärä on sama, ratkaisee maalimäärä</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>n eniten maaleja (<em>goals</em>) tehnyttä pelaajaa\n<ul>\n<li>jos kahden pelaajan maalimäärä on sama, järjestyksen ratkaisee se kummalla on vähemmän otteluja (<em>games</em>)</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul><p>Toiminnallisuus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>tiedosto: <strong>osa.json</strong>\nluettiin 14 pelaajan tiedot</p><p>komennot:\n0 lopeta\n1 hae pelaaja\n2 joukkueet\n3 maat\n4 joukkueen pelaajat\n5 maan pelaajat\n6 eniten pisteitä\n7 eniten maaleja</p><p>komento: <strong>6</strong>\nkuinka monta: <strong>2</strong></p><pre>\nJakub Vrana          WSH  25 + 27 =  52\nJared McCann         PIT  14 + 21 =  35\n</pre><p>komento: <strong>6</strong>\nkuinka monta: <strong>5</strong></p><pre>\nJakub Vrana          WSH  25 + 27 =  52\nJared McCann         PIT  14 + 21 =  35\nJohn Klingberg       DAL   6 + 26 =  32\nTravis Zajac         NJD   9 + 16 =  25\nConor Sheary         BUF  10 + 13 =  23\n</pre><p>komento: <strong>7</strong>\nkuinka monta: <strong>6</strong></p><pre>\nJakub Vrana          WSH  25 + 27 =  52\nJared McCann         PIT  14 + 21 =  35\nConor Sheary         BUF  10 + 13 =  23\nTravis Zajac         NJD   9 + 16 =  25\nJohn Klingberg       DAL   6 + 26 =  32\nMark Jankowski       CGY   5 +  2 =   7\n</pre><p>komento: <strong>0</strong></p></sample-output></programming-exercise><p>Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:</p><div><quiz id=\"2249a8d3-9455-5228-bd15-d5328d147b19\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-12/4-saannolliset-lausekkeet","title":"Säännölliset 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tältä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"src":"/498f521486feca567f74dd51c44e371b/pygame_kuva3.gif"},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tässä metodi "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"get_width"}]},{"type":"text","value":" antaa kuvan leveyden ja vastaavasti metodi "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"get_height"}]},{"type":"text","value":" antaa kuvan korkeuden. Ikkunan keskikohta on "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"(320, 240)"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joten tämän avulla saadaan laskettua sopiva kohta kuvan vasemmalle yläkulmalle niin, että kuva sijoittuu ikkunan keskelle."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"text-box","properties":{"variant":"hint","name":"Pygame-tehtävät"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tämän osan tehtävissä ei ole automaattisia testejä, vaan testi antaa pisteet automaattisesti, kun lähetät ratkaisun palvelimelle. Lähetä ratkaisu vasta sitten, kun se on valmis ja vastaa tehtävänannon vaatimuksia. Vaikka tehtävissä ei ole testejä, kurssin henkilökunta näkee lähetetyt ratkaisut. Myös keskeneräisen ratkaisun lähettäminen TMC Pasteen antaa pisteet automaattisesti, joten sitä ei tule käyttää kysyessä apua tämän osan tehtäviin. Voit kurssin tukikanavilla apua kysyessä käyttää "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://pastebin.com/","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pastebin.com"}]},{"type":"text","value":"ia tai jotain muuta internetin pastebin-palvelua."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jos lähetät palvelimelle ratkaisun, joka selkeästi ei vastaa tehtävänantoa, voit menettää pisteet tämän osan tehtävistä."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Neljä robottia","tmcname":"osa13-01_nelja_robottia"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka piirtää robotin jokaiseen ikkunan neljään nurkkaan. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"src":"/8ba6d635c4ceb93c2b86711f83589b3a/pygame_nelja.gif"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Robotit rivissä","tmcname":"osa13-02_robotit_rivissa"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka piirtää kymmenen robottia riviin. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"src":"/8dc589e5970721e2bf8bfe2bd22fa6cf/pygame_rivi.gif"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Sata robottia","tmcname":"osa13-03_sata_robottia"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka piirtää sata robottia: kymmenen riviä ja joka rivissä kymmenen robottia. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"src":"/7012bfc1e6ade044e03c53f07f35e7a6/pygame_sata.gif"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Satunnaiset robotit","tmcname":"osa13-04_satunnaiset_robotit"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka piirtää "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tuhat"}]},{"type":"text","value":" robottia satunnaisiin paikkoihin. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"src":"/61a30808255873a3e24df2fc559d9367/pygame_tuhat.gif"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Olet asentanut Pygame-kirjaston koneellesi</li>\n<li>Osaat luoda ikkunan ja sulkea ohjelman</li>\n<li>Osaat piirtää ikkunaan tiedostossa olevan kuvan</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Kurssin kahdella viimeisellä viikolla tutustumme Pygame-kirjastoon, joka on peliohjelmointiin tarkoitettu Python-kirjasto. Pygamen avulla pystyy piirtämään grafiikkaa, käsittelemään näppäimistön ja hiiren tapahtumia ja tekemään muuta peleissä tarvittavaa.</p><h2 id=\"pygamen-asentaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Pygamen asentaminen<a href=\"#pygamen-asentaminen\" aria-label=\"pygamen asentaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><h3 id=\"linux\" style=\"position:relative;\">Linux<a href=\"#linux\" aria-label=\"linux permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Avaa komentorivi ja kirjoita <code class=\"language-text\">pip3 install pygame</code>.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 399px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/a92634cb53af0aa1734e9ca12ca79562/a307d/pygame_linux.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 60.434782608695656%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAMCAYAAABiDJ37AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyElEQVQoz+2Oy26CYBSE/5XXxssTKAWqUQSixmorKhEEfgQv7/8un8FqorELFm5MXHyZyZnJ5IhEBgSeyy4Oz5rGIZG/JokC9lvJerVgn0gOaYwMPOLQ57jbMp994/w8IrzuL5G5YtNzWKoTpOkSGkuc1oh07HOcRrj6FLOmYje/sBr6n9a1fxFWVWNY62B/6FgVDbuqk93Mssqo3j1nme8X2hhF5cKtv0cYJYV+VigpD2T3azYof+ZC5C3mHc09+PQP34MvPHgC7r1OntPJWSAAAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/a92634cb53af0aa1734e9ca12ca79562/a0b58/pygame_linux.webp 230w,\n/static/a92634cb53af0aa1734e9ca12ca79562/66086/pygame_linux.webp 399w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 399px) 100vw, 399px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/a92634cb53af0aa1734e9ca12ca79562/81c8e/pygame_linux.png 230w,\n/static/a92634cb53af0aa1734e9ca12ca79562/a307d/pygame_linux.png 399w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 399px) 100vw, 399px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/a92634cb53af0aa1734e9ca12ca79562/a307d/pygame_linux.png\" alt=\"pygame linux\" title=\"pygame linux\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><h3 id=\"windows\" style=\"position:relative;\">Windows<a href=\"#windows\" aria-label=\"windows permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Avaa Windowsin terminaali napauttamalla vasemman alakulman Windows-painiketta. Kirjoita aukeavaan ikkunaan <code class=\"language-text\">cmd</code> ja paina enter:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 392px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/76954afbb36ac5953d205b7cdab98ff6/0acb4/13_1_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 173.47826086956525%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/76954afbb36ac5953d205b7cdab98ff6/a0b58/13_1_1.webp 230w,\n/static/76954afbb36ac5953d205b7cdab98ff6/86099/13_1_1.webp 392w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 392px) 100vw, 392px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/76954afbb36ac5953d205b7cdab98ff6/81c8e/13_1_1.png 230w,\n/static/76954afbb36ac5953d205b7cdab98ff6/0acb4/13_1_1.png 392w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 392px) 100vw, 392px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/76954afbb36ac5953d205b7cdab98ff6/0acb4/13_1_1.png\" alt=\"13 1 1\" title=\"13 1 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Kirjoita auenneeeseen komentokehoteikkunaan seuraava komentosarja ja paina <code class=\"language-text\">enter</code>:</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">pip3 install pygame</code></p><p>Tämä asentaa Pygame-paketin koneellesi.</p><p>Asennus voi vaatia järjestelmänvalvojan oikeuksia. Jos ylläoleva ei toimi, voit yrittää ajaa terminaalin järjestelmänvalvojana (valitse Windows-valikko, paina hiiren kakkospainiketta CMD-valinnan päällä ja valitse \"Run as administrator\" tai \"Aja järjestelmänvalvojana\").</p><p>Huomaa, että asennus vaatii että olet asennusvaiheessa ohjeiden mukaisesti valinnut kohdan \"Add Python 3.XX to path\", katso <a href=\"https://www.mooc.fi/fi/installation/vscode#python3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ohjeet</a></p><h3 id=\"mac\" style=\"position:relative;\">Mac<a href=\"#mac\" aria-label=\"mac permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Avaa <em>Terminaali</em>, esim. painamalla oikean yläkulman suurennuslasi-symbolia:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 746px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/77ceacb61dfaf80c7c442a4225b65e87/62de4/13-1-2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 24.347826086956523%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAFCAIAAADKYVtkAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAABGUlEQVQY02OYs2Rje9/sSTOWzlmycdKsZVPmrJg6Z+WC5Zt7py7s6J/dO2nehDnLW6bOb+mftWD55oUrN/VPXVNRPW3SzEVzlqxn0Lf207Hw1rPyhTF89Kx99W38tM08VE3dZE2c7S18z7gX99gnqll7G9n6alt6q5u561l56lv7MLCIaLGIaLGKaLMIQ0kWYU1GIQ1GYU1JMf1QKbs6OY9OeW8DcVMGQTUWIQ1mYQ1WEU0mIQ1mQXUGPnkzEJIzhSBeOVMeWRNZOQtHRYdAZRdzBTt+OVMGaQMOWWOQrKwJCMlASGMGfgVzfjlTXhkjXlljXhlDHil9PmkDNRlTKRkTNlljVjkTPnkzIXlzPnlzXpDRUJvAbFMAjAFKS35RLdoAAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/77ceacb61dfaf80c7c442a4225b65e87/a0b58/13-1-2.webp 230w,\n/static/77ceacb61dfaf80c7c442a4225b65e87/bc10c/13-1-2.webp 460w,\n/static/77ceacb61dfaf80c7c442a4225b65e87/f7ebd/13-1-2.webp 746w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 746px) 100vw, 746px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/77ceacb61dfaf80c7c442a4225b65e87/81c8e/13-1-2.png 230w,\n/static/77ceacb61dfaf80c7c442a4225b65e87/08a84/13-1-2.png 460w,\n/static/77ceacb61dfaf80c7c442a4225b65e87/62de4/13-1-2.png 746w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 746px) 100vw, 746px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/77ceacb61dfaf80c7c442a4225b65e87/62de4/13-1-2.png\" alt=\"13 1 2\" title=\"13 1 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Kirjoita aukeavaan teksikenttään <code class=\"language-text\">terminal</code> ja paina enter:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/a310ec5ccf9438989514ad8da107dcc3/47218/13-1-3.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 66.95652173913044%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/a310ec5ccf9438989514ad8da107dcc3/a0b58/13-1-3.webp 230w,\n/static/a310ec5ccf9438989514ad8da107dcc3/bc10c/13-1-3.webp 460w,\n/static/a310ec5ccf9438989514ad8da107dcc3/966d8/13-1-3.webp 920w,\n/static/a310ec5ccf9438989514ad8da107dcc3/3dddb/13-1-3.webp 1344w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/a310ec5ccf9438989514ad8da107dcc3/81c8e/13-1-3.png 230w,\n/static/a310ec5ccf9438989514ad8da107dcc3/08a84/13-1-3.png 460w,\n/static/a310ec5ccf9438989514ad8da107dcc3/c0255/13-1-3.png 920w,\n/static/a310ec5ccf9438989514ad8da107dcc3/47218/13-1-3.png 1344w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/a310ec5ccf9438989514ad8da107dcc3/c0255/13-1-3.png\" alt=\"13 1 3\" title=\"13 1 3\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Kirjoita auenneeeseen komentokehoteikkunaan seuraava komentosarja ja paina <code class=\"language-text\">enter</code>:</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">pip3 install pygame</code></p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/cc8d7c319bc7baf0232b2d92350f9631/d56e1/13-1-4.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 28.695652173913043%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAGCAIAAABM9SnKAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAAiElEQVQY06XNwQoCIRSFYd//ZXoJ4dpUIpqEYRZii1y4cRai4xgMGEEboW954PAjcd6BYXd1OR0PhBDGGABgjAkhADBNe8651lpKKYSglHLOHx2yz9ftqp1z1lpjjFIqhDDPc4zRe19Kaa2tm9atHVpqXTa11pRSzrkNQ7/TJ/JdGz3/VR4/vwF1E1iIv4njxgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/cc8d7c319bc7baf0232b2d92350f9631/a0b58/13-1-4.webp 230w,\n/static/cc8d7c319bc7baf0232b2d92350f9631/bc10c/13-1-4.webp 460w,\n/static/cc8d7c319bc7baf0232b2d92350f9631/966d8/13-1-4.webp 920w,\n/static/cc8d7c319bc7baf0232b2d92350f9631/bbe5b/13-1-4.webp 1130w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/cc8d7c319bc7baf0232b2d92350f9631/81c8e/13-1-4.png 230w,\n/static/cc8d7c319bc7baf0232b2d92350f9631/08a84/13-1-4.png 460w,\n/static/cc8d7c319bc7baf0232b2d92350f9631/c0255/13-1-4.png 920w,\n/static/cc8d7c319bc7baf0232b2d92350f9631/d56e1/13-1-4.png 1130w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/cc8d7c319bc7baf0232b2d92350f9631/c0255/13-1-4.png\" alt=\"13 1 4\" title=\"13 1 4\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Tämä asentaa Pygame-paketin koneellesi.</p><h2 id=\"ensimmainen-ohjelma\" style=\"position:relative;\">Ensimmäinen ohjelma<a href=\"#ensimmainen-ohjelma\" aria-label=\"ensimmainen ohjelma permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tässä on yksinkertainen Pygamea käyttävä testiohjelma:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nnaytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun ohjelma käynnistetään, se näyttää käyttäjälle seuraavanlaisen ikkunan:</p><img src=\"/d11704399cba1d2075b1135cef373b65/pygame_eka.gif\"><p>Ohjelmassa ei ole kuitenkaan vielä muuta sisältöä kuin ikkunan näyttäminen. Ohjelman suoritus jatkuu niin kauan, kunnes käyttäjä sulkee ikkunan.</p><p>Katsotaan seuraavaksi tarkemmin, miten ohjelma on rakentunut. Ohjelman alussa rivi <code class=\"language-text\">import pygame</code> ottaa mukaan Pygame-kirjaston. Kirjaston käyttäminen alkaa kutsumalla funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.init</code>, minkä jälkeen ohjelma luo ikkunan funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.display.set_mode</code>.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">naytto</code> kautta ikkunaan voidaan viitata myöhemmin esimerkiksi grafiikan piirtämistä varten. Parametri <code class=\"language-text\">(640, 480)</code> tarkoittaa, että tässä ohjelmassa ikkunan leveys on 640 pikseliä ja korkeus on 480 pikseliä.</p><p>Seuraavaksi ohjelmassa on kaksi komentoa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">fill</code> täyttää näytön annetulla värillä. Tässä tapauksessa värinä on <code class=\"language-text\">(0, 0, 0)</code>, mikä tarkoittaa mustaa. Sitten metodi <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.display.flip</code> päivittää näytön sisällön.</p><p>Tämän jälkeen alkaa ohjelman <em>pääsilmukka</em>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Pääsilmukka käsittelee tapahtumat, jotka käyttöjärjestelmä välittää ohjelmalle. Joka kierroksella funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.event.get</code> antaa listan tapahtumista, jotka ovat syntyneet funktion edellisen kutsukerran jälkeen.</p><p>Tässä tapauksessa ohjelma käsittelee vain tyyppiä <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.QUIT</code> olevat tapahtumat. Tällainen tapahtuma syntyy, kun käyttäjä sulkee ohjelman esimerkiksi painamalla ikkunan ylänurkassa olevaa raksia. Tämän tapahtuman seurauksena ohjelma sulkee itsensä kutsumalla <code class=\"language-text\">exit</code>-funktiota.</p><p>Voit kokeilla, mitä tapahtuu, jos ohjelma ei käsittele tapahtumaa <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.QUIT</code>. Tällöin raksin painamisen ei pitäisi vaikuttaa ohjelman toimintaan, mikä on hämmentävää käyttäjälle. Ohjelman voi kuitenkin tässäkin tapauksessa sulkea väkisin komentoriviltä painamalla Control+C.</p><h2 id=\"kuva-ohjelmaan\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kuva ohjelmaan<a href=\"#kuva-ohjelmaan\" aria-label=\"kuva ohjelmaan permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Laajennetaan seuraavaksi ohjelmaa niin, että se näyttää ikkunassa kuvan. Tämä onnistuu seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nrobo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>image<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>load<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"robo.png\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nnaytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Koodi käyttää kuvaa <code class=\"language-text\">robo.png</code>, jossa on robotin kuva:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 50px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/c90257b456f195bb0d06e65ddbbc1728/a1812/robo.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 172%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/c90257b456f195bb0d06e65ddbbc1728/6ac13/robo.webp 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/c90257b456f195bb0d06e65ddbbc1728/a1812/robo.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/c90257b456f195bb0d06e65ddbbc1728/a1812/robo.png\" alt=\"robo\" title=\"robo\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Tiedoston <code class=\"language-text\">robo.png</code> tulee olla samassa hakemistossa ohjelman lähdekoodin kanssa, jotta ohjelma löytää kuvan. Tämän viikon tehtävissä robotin kuva on valmiina tehtäväpohjissa.</p><p>Nyt ikkuna näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/0f7db0536914ccd471841bcee4201632/pygame_kuva.gif\"><p>Tässä funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.image.load</code> lataa muuttujaan tiedostossa <code class=\"language-text\">robo.png</code> olevan kuvan. Tämän jälkeen metodi <code class=\"language-text\">blit</code> piirtää kuvan ikkunaan kohtaan <code class=\"language-text\">(100, 50)</code> ja sitten funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.display.flip</code> päivittää ikkunan sisällön. Kohta <code class=\"language-text\">(100, 50)</code> tarkoittaa, että kuvan <em>vasen yläkulma</em>  on kyseisessä kohdassa.</p><p>Huomaa, että Pygamessa ja yleensä muutenkin ohjelmoinnissa koordinaatisto on rakennettu niin, että piirtoalueen vasen yläkulma on kohdassa <code class=\"language-text\">(0, 0)</code> ja koordinaatit kasvavat x-suunnassa oikealle ja y-suunnassa alaspäin. Tässä tapauksessa ikkunan oikean alakulman koordinaatit ovat <code class=\"language-text\">(640, 480)</code>.</p><p>Kuvan voi piirtää moneenkin kohtaan ikkunassa. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi piirtää kuvan kolmeen eri kohtaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">300</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">200</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tällöin ikkuna näyttää seuraavalta:</p><img src=\"/a7807afa43ad1cc7d9686968e6838712/pygame_kuva2.gif\"><p>Seuraava koodi puolestaan piirtää kuvan ikkunan keskelle:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">leveys <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_width<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkorkeus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_height<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">320</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>leveys<span class=\"token operator\">/</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">240</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>korkeus<span class=\"token operator\">/</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt ikkuna näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/498f521486feca567f74dd51c44e371b/pygame_kuva3.gif\"><p>Tässä metodi <code class=\"language-text\">get_width</code> antaa kuvan leveyden ja vastaavasti metodi <code class=\"language-text\">get_height</code> antaa kuvan korkeuden. Ikkunan keskikohta on <code class=\"language-text\">(320, 240)</code>, joten tämän avulla saadaan laskettua sopiva kohta kuvan vasemmalle yläkulmalle niin, että kuva sijoittuu ikkunan keskelle.</p><text-box variant='hint' name='Pygame-tehtävät'><p>Tämän osan tehtävissä ei ole automaattisia testejä, vaan testi antaa pisteet automaattisesti, kun lähetät ratkaisun palvelimelle. Lähetä ratkaisu vasta sitten, kun se on valmis ja vastaa tehtävänannon vaatimuksia. Vaikka tehtävissä ei ole testejä, kurssin henkilökunta näkee lähetetyt ratkaisut. Myös keskeneräisen ratkaisun lähettäminen TMC Pasteen antaa pisteet automaattisesti, joten sitä ei tule käyttää kysyessä apua tämän osan tehtäviin. Voit kurssin tukikanavilla apua kysyessä käyttää <a href=\"https://pastebin.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pastebin.com</a>ia tai jotain muuta internetin pastebin-palvelua.</p><p>Jos lähetät palvelimelle ratkaisun, joka selkeästi ei vastaa tehtävänantoa, voit menettää pisteet tämän osan tehtävistä.</p></text-box><programming-exercise name='Neljä robottia' tmcname='osa13-01_nelja_robottia'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka piirtää robotin jokaiseen ikkunan neljään nurkkaan. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/8ba6d635c4ceb93c2b86711f83589b3a/pygame_nelja.gif\"></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Robotit rivissä' tmcname='osa13-02_robotit_rivissa'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka piirtää kymmenen robottia riviin. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/8dc589e5970721e2bf8bfe2bd22fa6cf/pygame_rivi.gif\"></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Sata robottia' tmcname='osa13-03_sata_robottia'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka piirtää sata robottia: kymmenen riviä ja joka rivissä kymmenen robottia. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/7012bfc1e6ade044e03c53f07f35e7a6/pygame_sata.gif\"></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Satunnaiset robotit' tmcname='osa13-04_satunnaiset_robotit'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka piirtää <em>tuhat</em> robottia satunnaisiin paikkoihin. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/61a30808255873a3e24df2fc559d9367/pygame_tuhat.gif\"></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-13/1-pygame-kayttoon","title":"Pygame käyttöön"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-13/1-pygame-kayttoon.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"src":"/7012bfc1e6ade044e03c53f07f35e7a6/pygame_sata.gif"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Satunnaiset robotit","tmcname":"osa13-04_satunnaiset_robotit"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka piirtää "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tuhat"}]},{"type":"text","value":" robottia satunnaisiin paikkoihin. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"src":"/61a30808255873a3e24df2fc559d9367/pygame_tuhat.gif"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Olet asentanut Pygame-kirjaston koneellesi</li>\n<li>Osaat luoda ikkunan ja sulkea ohjelman</li>\n<li>Osaat piirtää ikkunaan tiedostossa olevan kuvan</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Kurssin kahdella viimeisellä viikolla tutustumme Pygame-kirjastoon, joka on peliohjelmointiin tarkoitettu Python-kirjasto. Pygamen avulla pystyy piirtämään grafiikkaa, käsittelemään näppäimistön ja hiiren tapahtumia ja tekemään muuta peleissä tarvittavaa.</p><h2 id=\"pygamen-asentaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Pygamen asentaminen<a href=\"#pygamen-asentaminen\" aria-label=\"pygamen asentaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><h3 id=\"linux\" style=\"position:relative;\">Linux<a href=\"#linux\" aria-label=\"linux permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Avaa komentorivi ja kirjoita <code class=\"language-text\">pip3 install pygame</code>.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 399px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/a92634cb53af0aa1734e9ca12ca79562/a307d/pygame_linux.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 60.434782608695656%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAMCAYAAABiDJ37AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyElEQVQoz+2Oy26CYBSE/5XXxssTKAWqUQSixmorKhEEfgQv7/8un8FqorELFm5MXHyZyZnJ5IhEBgSeyy4Oz5rGIZG/JokC9lvJerVgn0gOaYwMPOLQ57jbMp994/w8IrzuL5G5YtNzWKoTpOkSGkuc1oh07HOcRrj6FLOmYje/sBr6n9a1fxFWVWNY62B/6FgVDbuqk93Mssqo3j1nme8X2hhF5cKtv0cYJYV+VigpD2T3azYof+ZC5C3mHc09+PQP34MvPHgC7r1OntPJWSAAAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/a92634cb53af0aa1734e9ca12ca79562/a0b58/pygame_linux.webp 230w,\n/static/a92634cb53af0aa1734e9ca12ca79562/66086/pygame_linux.webp 399w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 399px) 100vw, 399px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/a92634cb53af0aa1734e9ca12ca79562/81c8e/pygame_linux.png 230w,\n/static/a92634cb53af0aa1734e9ca12ca79562/a307d/pygame_linux.png 399w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 399px) 100vw, 399px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/a92634cb53af0aa1734e9ca12ca79562/a307d/pygame_linux.png\" alt=\"pygame linux\" title=\"pygame linux\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><h3 id=\"windows\" style=\"position:relative;\">Windows<a href=\"#windows\" aria-label=\"windows permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Avaa Windowsin terminaali napauttamalla vasemman alakulman Windows-painiketta. Kirjoita aukeavaan ikkunaan <code class=\"language-text\">cmd</code> ja paina enter:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 392px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/76954afbb36ac5953d205b7cdab98ff6/0acb4/13_1_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 173.47826086956525%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/76954afbb36ac5953d205b7cdab98ff6/a0b58/13_1_1.webp 230w,\n/static/76954afbb36ac5953d205b7cdab98ff6/86099/13_1_1.webp 392w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 392px) 100vw, 392px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/76954afbb36ac5953d205b7cdab98ff6/81c8e/13_1_1.png 230w,\n/static/76954afbb36ac5953d205b7cdab98ff6/0acb4/13_1_1.png 392w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 392px) 100vw, 392px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/76954afbb36ac5953d205b7cdab98ff6/0acb4/13_1_1.png\" alt=\"13 1 1\" title=\"13 1 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Kirjoita auenneeeseen komentokehoteikkunaan seuraava komentosarja ja paina <code class=\"language-text\">enter</code>:</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">pip3 install pygame</code></p><p>Tämä asentaa Pygame-paketin koneellesi.</p><p>Asennus voi vaatia järjestelmänvalvojan oikeuksia. Jos ylläoleva ei toimi, voit yrittää ajaa terminaalin järjestelmänvalvojana (valitse Windows-valikko, paina hiiren kakkospainiketta CMD-valinnan päällä ja valitse \"Run as administrator\" tai \"Aja järjestelmänvalvojana\").</p><p>Huomaa, että asennus vaatii että olet asennusvaiheessa ohjeiden mukaisesti valinnut kohdan \"Add Python 3.XX to path\", katso <a href=\"https://www.mooc.fi/fi/installation/vscode#python3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ohjeet</a></p><h3 id=\"mac\" style=\"position:relative;\">Mac<a href=\"#mac\" aria-label=\"mac permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Avaa <em>Terminaali</em>, esim. painamalla oikean yläkulman suurennuslasi-symbolia:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 746px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/77ceacb61dfaf80c7c442a4225b65e87/62de4/13-1-2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 24.347826086956523%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAFCAIAAADKYVtkAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAABGUlEQVQY02OYs2Rje9/sSTOWzlmycdKsZVPmrJg6Z+WC5Zt7py7s6J/dO2nehDnLW6bOb+mftWD55oUrN/VPXVNRPW3SzEVzlqxn0Lf207Hw1rPyhTF89Kx99W38tM08VE3dZE2c7S18z7gX99gnqll7G9n6alt6q5u561l56lv7MLCIaLGIaLGKaLMIQ0kWYU1GIQ1GYU1JMf1QKbs6OY9OeW8DcVMGQTUWIQ1mYQ1WEU0mIQ1mQXUGPnkzEJIzhSBeOVMeWRNZOQtHRYdAZRdzBTt+OVMGaQMOWWOQrKwJCMlASGMGfgVzfjlTXhkjXlljXhlDHil9PmkDNRlTKRkTNlljVjkTPnkzIXlzPnlzXpDRUJvAbFMAjAFKS35RLdoAAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/77ceacb61dfaf80c7c442a4225b65e87/a0b58/13-1-2.webp 230w,\n/static/77ceacb61dfaf80c7c442a4225b65e87/bc10c/13-1-2.webp 460w,\n/static/77ceacb61dfaf80c7c442a4225b65e87/f7ebd/13-1-2.webp 746w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 746px) 100vw, 746px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/77ceacb61dfaf80c7c442a4225b65e87/81c8e/13-1-2.png 230w,\n/static/77ceacb61dfaf80c7c442a4225b65e87/08a84/13-1-2.png 460w,\n/static/77ceacb61dfaf80c7c442a4225b65e87/62de4/13-1-2.png 746w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 746px) 100vw, 746px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/77ceacb61dfaf80c7c442a4225b65e87/62de4/13-1-2.png\" alt=\"13 1 2\" title=\"13 1 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Kirjoita aukeavaan teksikenttään <code class=\"language-text\">terminal</code> ja paina enter:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/a310ec5ccf9438989514ad8da107dcc3/47218/13-1-3.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 66.95652173913044%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAANCAIAAAAmMtkJAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAACa0lEQVQozy2STXLTQBCFdYFwgzh3IlmFDeQGkAQ2LKGo4hBAQhWp7FglQMohln8iO7Yly7JkzWime370M5LsACeg5KTq23W97ur3njX3poNup2t3Bv0+53z9+aL63ilGcx1zlRZK50pnSmdCapQKUQHKvCi/nZ0PnKFlDyZt22nbo+vu3cQnvhP4HvEXHEArnUn1qASUHAQHAahUmg+c0cwPrIOP3dcn+PbcvDw1h6fF8Vn55swcfjVOkJs8lypXOi9MvVr/Xf/5V5Q1CiVUWlYrqVLr99XNz+vBzdB3PDKeM2/BZyF4IeeodZoJmZqy/vTl5PmLg929vXfvPxSm0UuVAUirb/fa1+3e7W0UkygmhFCaJJRSFFKoFIQq6/XR8fHOTuvJ1tbT3T1TrQGl0hmgsJxhMBxPnYnrBVFMgaFuAM1AMZCUYW7ql6+Otre3W63W/v6zLDeMI0rNAK1Ob2L3h+2b3tW17frhkkAYs3DJ4gQJEyRBDspx7i4vf11c/Oh0eknCCWEJw0UYW+4s6N+OnOHE88NFRBdLuohoEBHKxcNxAIkgXW8+Hk8TyilhyyWlCUw93/LcmTube37QpJLmchOPUBnKdIMWQgMIShkhjDHgXHCOHCRNuEVRzfxgNJ66ng/YxCBUo0GhUahHUAmppUql1KIhlSprfg4TGS1JGMVhFLPGx2bQ3NyIYQMKHUZkPPFcz3+ojc7yxu04pjFJHiCUMY4gFEeVbKymDBgXwWLpDO96fcfu9jmI5i+ZMY6WTvMGnWmdZXluTFlWa1OtTFkXpipMWZgKmmKiaJaKsqrr1X29ui/L+j/LRoPjTcXpPgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/a310ec5ccf9438989514ad8da107dcc3/a0b58/13-1-3.webp 230w,\n/static/a310ec5ccf9438989514ad8da107dcc3/bc10c/13-1-3.webp 460w,\n/static/a310ec5ccf9438989514ad8da107dcc3/966d8/13-1-3.webp 920w,\n/static/a310ec5ccf9438989514ad8da107dcc3/3dddb/13-1-3.webp 1344w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/a310ec5ccf9438989514ad8da107dcc3/81c8e/13-1-3.png 230w,\n/static/a310ec5ccf9438989514ad8da107dcc3/08a84/13-1-3.png 460w,\n/static/a310ec5ccf9438989514ad8da107dcc3/c0255/13-1-3.png 920w,\n/static/a310ec5ccf9438989514ad8da107dcc3/47218/13-1-3.png 1344w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/a310ec5ccf9438989514ad8da107dcc3/c0255/13-1-3.png\" alt=\"13 1 3\" title=\"13 1 3\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Kirjoita auenneeeseen komentokehoteikkunaan seuraava komentosarja ja paina <code class=\"language-text\">enter</code>:</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">pip3 install pygame</code></p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/cc8d7c319bc7baf0232b2d92350f9631/d56e1/13-1-4.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 28.695652173913043%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAGCAIAAABM9SnKAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAAiElEQVQY06XNwQoCIRSFYd//ZXoJ4dpUIpqEYRZii1y4cRai4xgMGEEboW954PAjcd6BYXd1OR0PhBDGGABgjAkhADBNe8651lpKKYSglHLOHx2yz9ftqp1z1lpjjFIqhDDPc4zRe19Kaa2tm9atHVpqXTa11pRSzrkNQ7/TJ/JdGz3/VR4/vwF1E1iIv4njxgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/cc8d7c319bc7baf0232b2d92350f9631/a0b58/13-1-4.webp 230w,\n/static/cc8d7c319bc7baf0232b2d92350f9631/bc10c/13-1-4.webp 460w,\n/static/cc8d7c319bc7baf0232b2d92350f9631/966d8/13-1-4.webp 920w,\n/static/cc8d7c319bc7baf0232b2d92350f9631/bbe5b/13-1-4.webp 1130w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/cc8d7c319bc7baf0232b2d92350f9631/81c8e/13-1-4.png 230w,\n/static/cc8d7c319bc7baf0232b2d92350f9631/08a84/13-1-4.png 460w,\n/static/cc8d7c319bc7baf0232b2d92350f9631/c0255/13-1-4.png 920w,\n/static/cc8d7c319bc7baf0232b2d92350f9631/d56e1/13-1-4.png 1130w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/cc8d7c319bc7baf0232b2d92350f9631/c0255/13-1-4.png\" alt=\"13 1 4\" title=\"13 1 4\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Tämä asentaa Pygame-paketin koneellesi.</p><h2 id=\"ensimmainen-ohjelma\" style=\"position:relative;\">Ensimmäinen ohjelma<a href=\"#ensimmainen-ohjelma\" aria-label=\"ensimmainen ohjelma permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tässä on yksinkertainen Pygamea käyttävä testiohjelma:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nnaytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun ohjelma käynnistetään, se näyttää käyttäjälle seuraavanlaisen ikkunan:</p><img src=\"/d11704399cba1d2075b1135cef373b65/pygame_eka.gif\"><p>Ohjelmassa ei ole kuitenkaan vielä muuta sisältöä kuin ikkunan näyttäminen. Ohjelman suoritus jatkuu niin kauan, kunnes käyttäjä sulkee ikkunan.</p><p>Katsotaan seuraavaksi tarkemmin, miten ohjelma on rakentunut. Ohjelman alussa rivi <code class=\"language-text\">import pygame</code> ottaa mukaan Pygame-kirjaston. Kirjaston käyttäminen alkaa kutsumalla funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.init</code>, minkä jälkeen ohjelma luo ikkunan funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.display.set_mode</code>.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">naytto</code> kautta ikkunaan voidaan viitata myöhemmin esimerkiksi grafiikan piirtämistä varten. Parametri <code class=\"language-text\">(640, 480)</code> tarkoittaa, että tässä ohjelmassa ikkunan leveys on 640 pikseliä ja korkeus on 480 pikseliä.</p><p>Seuraavaksi ohjelmassa on kaksi komentoa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">fill</code> täyttää näytön annetulla värillä. Tässä tapauksessa värinä on <code class=\"language-text\">(0, 0, 0)</code>, mikä tarkoittaa mustaa. Sitten metodi <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.display.flip</code> päivittää näytön sisällön.</p><p>Tämän jälkeen alkaa ohjelman <em>pääsilmukka</em>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Pääsilmukka käsittelee tapahtumat, jotka käyttöjärjestelmä välittää ohjelmalle. Joka kierroksella funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.event.get</code> antaa listan tapahtumista, jotka ovat syntyneet funktion edellisen kutsukerran jälkeen.</p><p>Tässä tapauksessa ohjelma käsittelee vain tyyppiä <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.QUIT</code> olevat tapahtumat. Tällainen tapahtuma syntyy, kun käyttäjä sulkee ohjelman esimerkiksi painamalla ikkunan ylänurkassa olevaa raksia. Tämän tapahtuman seurauksena ohjelma sulkee itsensä kutsumalla <code class=\"language-text\">exit</code>-funktiota.</p><p>Voit kokeilla, mitä tapahtuu, jos ohjelma ei käsittele tapahtumaa <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.QUIT</code>. Tällöin raksin painamisen ei pitäisi vaikuttaa ohjelman toimintaan, mikä on hämmentävää käyttäjälle. Ohjelman voi kuitenkin tässäkin tapauksessa sulkea väkisin komentoriviltä painamalla Control+C.</p><h2 id=\"kuva-ohjelmaan\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kuva ohjelmaan<a href=\"#kuva-ohjelmaan\" aria-label=\"kuva ohjelmaan permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Laajennetaan seuraavaksi ohjelmaa niin, että se näyttää ikkunassa kuvan. Tämä onnistuu seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nrobo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>image<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>load<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"robo.png\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nnaytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Koodi käyttää kuvaa <code class=\"language-text\">robo.png</code>, jossa on robotin kuva:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 50px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/c90257b456f195bb0d06e65ddbbc1728/a1812/robo.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 172%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/c90257b456f195bb0d06e65ddbbc1728/6ac13/robo.webp 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/c90257b456f195bb0d06e65ddbbc1728/a1812/robo.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/c90257b456f195bb0d06e65ddbbc1728/a1812/robo.png\" alt=\"robo\" title=\"robo\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Tiedoston <code class=\"language-text\">robo.png</code> tulee olla samassa hakemistossa ohjelman lähdekoodin kanssa, jotta ohjelma löytää kuvan. Tämän viikon tehtävissä robotin kuva on valmiina tehtäväpohjissa.</p><p>Nyt ikkuna näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/0f7db0536914ccd471841bcee4201632/pygame_kuva.gif\"><p>Tässä funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.image.load</code> lataa muuttujaan tiedostossa <code class=\"language-text\">robo.png</code> olevan kuvan. Tämän jälkeen metodi <code class=\"language-text\">blit</code> piirtää kuvan ikkunaan kohtaan <code class=\"language-text\">(100, 50)</code> ja sitten funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.display.flip</code> päivittää ikkunan sisällön. Kohta <code class=\"language-text\">(100, 50)</code> tarkoittaa, että kuvan <em>vasen yläkulma</em>  on kyseisessä kohdassa.</p><p>Huomaa, että Pygamessa ja yleensä muutenkin ohjelmoinnissa koordinaatisto on rakennettu niin, että piirtoalueen vasen yläkulma on kohdassa <code class=\"language-text\">(0, 0)</code> ja koordinaatit kasvavat x-suunnassa oikealle ja y-suunnassa alaspäin. Tässä tapauksessa ikkunan oikean alakulman koordinaatit ovat <code class=\"language-text\">(640, 480)</code>.</p><p>Kuvan voi piirtää moneenkin kohtaan ikkunassa. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi piirtää kuvan kolmeen eri kohtaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">300</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">200</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tällöin ikkuna näyttää seuraavalta:</p><img src=\"/a7807afa43ad1cc7d9686968e6838712/pygame_kuva2.gif\"><p>Seuraava koodi puolestaan piirtää kuvan ikkunan keskelle:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">leveys <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_width<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkorkeus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_height<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">320</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>leveys<span class=\"token operator\">/</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">240</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>korkeus<span class=\"token operator\">/</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt ikkuna näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/498f521486feca567f74dd51c44e371b/pygame_kuva3.gif\"><p>Tässä metodi <code class=\"language-text\">get_width</code> antaa kuvan leveyden ja vastaavasti metodi <code class=\"language-text\">get_height</code> antaa kuvan korkeuden. Ikkunan keskikohta on <code class=\"language-text\">(320, 240)</code>, joten tämän avulla saadaan laskettua sopiva kohta kuvan vasemmalle yläkulmalle niin, että kuva sijoittuu ikkunan keskelle.</p><text-box variant='hint' name='Pygame-tehtävät'><p>Tämän osan tehtävissä ei ole automaattisia testejä, vaan testi antaa pisteet automaattisesti, kun lähetät ratkaisun palvelimelle. Lähetä ratkaisu vasta sitten, kun se on valmis ja vastaa tehtävänannon vaatimuksia. Vaikka tehtävissä ei ole testejä, kurssin henkilökunta näkee lähetetyt ratkaisut. Myös keskeneräisen ratkaisun lähettäminen TMC Pasteen antaa pisteet automaattisesti, joten sitä ei tule käyttää kysyessä apua tämän osan tehtäviin. 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Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"src":"/e9503906920a8a19bc3a33143b0dde81/pygame_pallo.gif"},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tehtäväpohjassa on palloa varten kuvatiedosto "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"pallo.png"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Robotti-invaasio","tmcname":"osa13-10_robotti_invaasio"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee animaatio, jossa taivaalta tippuu satunnaisesti robotteja. Kun robotti laskeutuu maahan, se lähtee joko vasemmalle tai oikealle ja katoaa lopuksi ruudulta. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"src":"/23bd928da4c554324efdf7de4806cc60/pygame_invaasio.gif"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, miten voi toteuttaa animaation</li>\n<li>Osaat tahdistaa ohjelman nopeuden kellon avulla</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää trigonometriaa animaatiossa</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Monissa peleissä on tarvetta saada aikaan liikkuvia hahmoja, joten seuraava luonteva askel on opetella animaation tekeminen. Animaatio syntyy, kun kuva piirretään eri kohtiin näytöllä sopivasti ajastettuna.</p><h2 id=\"animaation-tekeminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Animaation tekeminen<a href=\"#animaation-tekeminen\" aria-label=\"animaation tekeminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraava koodi luo animaation, jossa robotti kulkee vasemmalta oikealle ikkunassa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nrobo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>image<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>load<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"robo.png\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nx <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\ny <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\nkello <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>time<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>Clock<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    x <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tick<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">60</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suoritus näyttää seuraavalta:</p><img src=\"/e0ac2065e7c54214a7440186eb4b9a5b/pygame_animaatio.gif\"><p>Katsotaan taas tarkemmin, mitä ohjelmassa tapahtuu. Jotta kuva pystyy liikkumaan, ohjelmassa täytyy olla tieto sen paikasta. Tämä onnistuu ottamalla käyttöön kaksi muuttujaa, jotka sisältävät kuvan vasemman yläkulman koordinaatit:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\ny <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämän lisäksi määritellään kello, jonka avulla pystyy huolehtimaan siitä, että animaation nopeus on sopiva:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kello <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>time<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>Clock<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Pääsilmukan sisällä on koodi, joka piirtää kuvan sen nykyiseen paikkaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ensin kutsutaan metodia <code class=\"language-text\">fill</code>, joka tyhjentää ikkunan mustalla värillä. Väri määritellään RGB-muodossa parametrilla <code class=\"language-text\">(0, 0, 0)</code>, mikä tarkoittaa, että värin punainen, vihreä ja sininen komponentti on 0 eli väri on musta. Jokainen komponentti voi olla välillä 0–255. Esimerkiksi <code class=\"language-text\">(255, 255, 255)</code> on valkoinen ja <code class=\"language-text\">(255, 0, 0)</code> on punainen. Verkossa on monia työkaluja, joiden avulla voi tutkia RGB-värejä, kuten <a href=\"https://www.rapidtables.com/web/color/RGB_Color.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">RGB Color Codes Chart</a>.</p><p>Tämän jälkeen kuva piirretään tuttuun tapaan metodilla <code class=\"language-text\">blit</code> ja lopuksi ikkunan sisältö päivitetään funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.display.flip</code>.</p><p>Silmukan päätteeksi muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">x</code> arvo kasvaa, minkä ansiosta kuva liikkuu pikselin eteenpäin joka kierroksella:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    x <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span></code></pre></div><p>Lisäksi silmukan lopussa suoritetaan kellon metodi <code class=\"language-text\">tick</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tick<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">60</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">tick</code> huolehtii siitä, että animaation nopeus on sopiva: se tahdistaa silmukan niin, että silmukka pyritään suorittamaan 60 kertaa sekunnissa. Toisin sanoen kuva liikkuu sekunnissa 60 pikseliä oikealle. Tämä vastaa suunnilleen pelien yhteydessä käytettävää termiä <em>FPS</em> (<em>frames per second</em>).</p><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">tick</code> on hyödyllinen, koska sen avulla animaatio toimii periaatteessa yhtä nopeasti jokaisella koneella. Jos silmukassa ei olisi tällaista ajastusta, pelin nopeus riippuisi siitä, kuinka nopeasti pelaajan kone toimii.</p><h2 id=\"seinaan-tormaaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Seinään törmääminen<a href=\"#seinaan-tormaaminen\" aria-label=\"seinaan tormaaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Äskeinen animaatio on muuten hieno, mutta kun robotti etenee ikkunan ulkopuolelle, animaatio jatkuu ja robotti katoaa näkyvistä. Tehdään seuraavaksi ohjelmaan parannus, jonka avulla robotin suunta muuttuu, jos se törmää seinään.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nrobo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>image<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>load<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"robo.png\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nx <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\ny <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\nnopeus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\nkello <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>time<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>Clock<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    \n    x <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> nopeus\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nopeus <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> x<span class=\"token operator\">+</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_width<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        nopeus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span>nopeus\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nopeus <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        nopeus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span>nopeus\n\n    kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tick<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">60</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suoritus näyttää nyt tältä:</p><img src=\"/5dac9b07ba4879c217b0b35a817a727f/pygame_animaatio2.gif\"><p>Nyt ohjelmassa on uusi muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">nopeus</code>, joka määrittää robotin liikkumistavan. Positiivinen nopeus tarkoittaa liikkumista oikealle ja negatiivinen nopeus tarkoittaa liikkumista vasemmalle. Tässä tapauksessa kun nopeus on 1, robotti liikkuu oikealle, ja kun nopeus on –1, robotti liikkuu vasemmalle.</p><p>Seuraavat rivit huolehtivat, että robotti osaa törmätä seinään:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nopeus <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> x<span class=\"token operator\">+</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_width<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        nopeus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span>nopeus\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nopeus <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        nopeus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span>nopeus</code></pre></div><p>Jos nopeus on positiivinen eli robotti liikkuu oikealle ja sen oikea reuna menee ikkunan oikean reunan ulkopuolelle, robotin suunta muuttuu käänteiseksi eli se alkaa liikkua vasemmalle. Vastaavasti jos nopeus on negatiivinen ja robotin vasen reuna menee ikkunan vasemman reunan ulkopuolelle, suunta muuttuu taas käänteiseksi eli robotti alkaa liikkua oikealle.</p><p>Tämän koodin ansiosta robotti jatkaa loputtomasti rataa, jossa se liikkuu ensin koko ikkunan verran oikealle, sitten takaisin vasemmalle, sitten taas oikealle, jne.</p><h2 id=\"pyoriva-animaatio\" style=\"position:relative;\">Pyörivä animaatio<a href=\"#pyoriva-animaatio\" aria-label=\"pyoriva animaatio permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tehdään vielä animaatio, jossa robotti <em>pyörii</em>  ikkunan keskipisteen ympärillä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n<span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> math\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nrobo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>image<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>load<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"robo.png\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkulma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\nkello <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>time<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>Clock<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">320</span><span class=\"token operator\">+</span>math<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>cos<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">*</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_width<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">/</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n    y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">240</span><span class=\"token operator\">+</span>math<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">*</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_height<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">/</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n\n    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    kulma <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.01</span>\n    kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tick<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">60</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suoritus näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/ce164a1f214ed31343271340f9157733/pygame_pyorinta.gif\"><p>Pyörimisanimaatio saadaan toteutettua trigonometrian avulla: muuttujassa <code class=\"language-text\">kulma</code> on radiaaneina robotin sijainnin kulma suhteessa ikkunan keskipisteeseen. Tästä saadaan laskettua sini- ja kosinifunktioilla robotin sijainti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">        x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">320</span><span class=\"token operator\">+</span>math<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>cos<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">*</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_width<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">/</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n        y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">240</span><span class=\"token operator\">+</span>math<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">*</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_height<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">/</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämä tarkoittaa, että robotin sijainti on ympyrällä, jonka säde on 100. 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Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/b313e2cd6e747c9b47375655616b0e2d/pygame_kierto.gif\"></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kaksi robottia' tmcname='osa13-07_kaksi_robottia'><p>Tee animaatio, jossa kaksi robottia kulkee näytöllä vuorotellen oikealle ja vasemmalle. Alempi robotti kulkee tuplavauhtia. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/5b2b134a4afcdbaa9c11796d3cadb5e2/pygame_liike2.gif\"></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Piirileikki' tmcname='osa13-08_piirileikki'><p>Tee animaatio, jossa on kymmenen robottia piirileikissä. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/c8832b391e97f55d98358c8f0e5bfd57/pygame_piiri.gif\"></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Pomppiva pallo' tmcname='osa13-09_pomppiva_pallo'><p>Tee animaatio, jossa pallo kimpoaa ikkunan reunoilta. 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Tästä saadaan laskettua sini- ja kosinifunktioilla robotin sijainti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"        x "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"320"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"+"}]},{"type":"text","value":"math"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"cos"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"kulma"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"*"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"100"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"-"}]},{"type":"text","value":"robo"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"get_width"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"/"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n        y "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"240"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"+"}]},{"type":"text","value":"math"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"sin"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"kulma"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"*"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"100"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"-"}]},{"type":"text","value":"robo"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"get_height"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"/"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tämä tarkoittaa, että robotin sijainti on ympyrällä, jonka säde on 100. Kosini antaa x-suuntaisen sijainnin ja sini puolestaan y-suuntaisen sijainnin. Jotta animaatio näyttää hyvältä, robotti lisäksi keskitetään niin, että sen keskipiste on ympyrällä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Joka kierroksella muuttujan "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"kulma"}]},{"type":"text","value":" arvo kasvaa 0.01:llä. Koska radiaaneissa täysi ympyrä on 2π eli noin 6.28, robotti pyörii suunnilleen kierroksen verran 10 sekunnissa."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Pystyliike","tmcname":"osa13-05_pystyliike"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee animaatio, jossa robotti liikkuu vuorotellen ylös ja alas. 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Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"src":"/5b2b134a4afcdbaa9c11796d3cadb5e2/pygame_liike2.gif"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Piirileikki","tmcname":"osa13-08_piirileikki"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee animaatio, jossa on kymmenen robottia piirileikissä. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"src":"/c8832b391e97f55d98358c8f0e5bfd57/pygame_piiri.gif"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Pomppiva pallo","tmcname":"osa13-09_pomppiva_pallo"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee animaatio, jossa pallo kimpoaa ikkunan reunoilta. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"src":"/e9503906920a8a19bc3a33143b0dde81/pygame_pallo.gif"},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tehtäväpohjassa on palloa varten kuvatiedosto "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"pallo.png"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Robotti-invaasio","tmcname":"osa13-10_robotti_invaasio"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee animaatio, jossa taivaalta tippuu satunnaisesti robotteja. Kun robotti laskeutuu maahan, se lähtee joko vasemmalle tai oikealle ja katoaa lopuksi ruudulta. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"src":"/23bd928da4c554324efdf7de4806cc60/pygame_invaasio.gif"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, miten voi toteuttaa animaation</li>\n<li>Osaat tahdistaa ohjelman nopeuden kellon avulla</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää trigonometriaa animaatiossa</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Monissa peleissä on tarvetta saada aikaan liikkuvia hahmoja, joten seuraava luonteva askel on opetella animaation tekeminen. Animaatio syntyy, kun kuva piirretään eri kohtiin näytöllä sopivasti ajastettuna.</p><h2 id=\"animaation-tekeminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Animaation tekeminen<a href=\"#animaation-tekeminen\" aria-label=\"animaation tekeminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraava koodi luo animaation, jossa robotti kulkee vasemmalta oikealle ikkunassa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nrobo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>image<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>load<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"robo.png\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nx <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\ny <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\nkello <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>time<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>Clock<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    x <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tick<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">60</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suoritus näyttää seuraavalta:</p><img src=\"/e0ac2065e7c54214a7440186eb4b9a5b/pygame_animaatio.gif\"><p>Katsotaan taas tarkemmin, mitä ohjelmassa tapahtuu. Jotta kuva pystyy liikkumaan, ohjelmassa täytyy olla tieto sen paikasta. Tämä onnistuu ottamalla käyttöön kaksi muuttujaa, jotka sisältävät kuvan vasemman yläkulman koordinaatit:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\ny <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämän lisäksi määritellään kello, jonka avulla pystyy huolehtimaan siitä, että animaation nopeus on sopiva:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kello <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>time<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>Clock<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Pääsilmukan sisällä on koodi, joka piirtää kuvan sen nykyiseen paikkaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ensin kutsutaan metodia <code class=\"language-text\">fill</code>, joka tyhjentää ikkunan mustalla värillä. Väri määritellään RGB-muodossa parametrilla <code class=\"language-text\">(0, 0, 0)</code>, mikä tarkoittaa, että värin punainen, vihreä ja sininen komponentti on 0 eli väri on musta. Jokainen komponentti voi olla välillä 0–255. Esimerkiksi <code class=\"language-text\">(255, 255, 255)</code> on valkoinen ja <code class=\"language-text\">(255, 0, 0)</code> on punainen. Verkossa on monia työkaluja, joiden avulla voi tutkia RGB-värejä, kuten <a href=\"https://www.rapidtables.com/web/color/RGB_Color.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">RGB Color Codes Chart</a>.</p><p>Tämän jälkeen kuva piirretään tuttuun tapaan metodilla <code class=\"language-text\">blit</code> ja lopuksi ikkunan sisältö päivitetään funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.display.flip</code>.</p><p>Silmukan päätteeksi muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">x</code> arvo kasvaa, minkä ansiosta kuva liikkuu pikselin eteenpäin joka kierroksella:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    x <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span></code></pre></div><p>Lisäksi silmukan lopussa suoritetaan kellon metodi <code class=\"language-text\">tick</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tick<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">60</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">tick</code> huolehtii siitä, että animaation nopeus on sopiva: se tahdistaa silmukan niin, että silmukka pyritään suorittamaan 60 kertaa sekunnissa. Toisin sanoen kuva liikkuu sekunnissa 60 pikseliä oikealle. Tämä vastaa suunnilleen pelien yhteydessä käytettävää termiä <em>FPS</em> (<em>frames per second</em>).</p><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">tick</code> on hyödyllinen, koska sen avulla animaatio toimii periaatteessa yhtä nopeasti jokaisella koneella. Jos silmukassa ei olisi tällaista ajastusta, pelin nopeus riippuisi siitä, kuinka nopeasti pelaajan kone toimii.</p><h2 id=\"seinaan-tormaaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Seinään törmääminen<a href=\"#seinaan-tormaaminen\" aria-label=\"seinaan tormaaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Äskeinen animaatio on muuten hieno, mutta kun robotti etenee ikkunan ulkopuolelle, animaatio jatkuu ja robotti katoaa näkyvistä. Tehdään seuraavaksi ohjelmaan parannus, jonka avulla robotin suunta muuttuu, jos se törmää seinään.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nrobo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>image<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>load<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"robo.png\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nx <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\ny <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\nnopeus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\nkello <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>time<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>Clock<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    \n    x <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> nopeus\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nopeus <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> x<span class=\"token operator\">+</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_width<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        nopeus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span>nopeus\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nopeus <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        nopeus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span>nopeus\n\n    kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tick<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">60</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suoritus näyttää nyt tältä:</p><img src=\"/5dac9b07ba4879c217b0b35a817a727f/pygame_animaatio2.gif\"><p>Nyt ohjelmassa on uusi muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">nopeus</code>, joka määrittää robotin liikkumistavan. Positiivinen nopeus tarkoittaa liikkumista oikealle ja negatiivinen nopeus tarkoittaa liikkumista vasemmalle. Tässä tapauksessa kun nopeus on 1, robotti liikkuu oikealle, ja kun nopeus on –1, robotti liikkuu vasemmalle.</p><p>Seuraavat rivit huolehtivat, että robotti osaa törmätä seinään:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nopeus <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> x<span class=\"token operator\">+</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_width<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        nopeus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span>nopeus\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nopeus <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> x <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        nopeus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span>nopeus</code></pre></div><p>Jos nopeus on positiivinen eli robotti liikkuu oikealle ja sen oikea reuna menee ikkunan oikean reunan ulkopuolelle, robotin suunta muuttuu käänteiseksi eli se alkaa liikkua vasemmalle. Vastaavasti jos nopeus on negatiivinen ja robotin vasen reuna menee ikkunan vasemman reunan ulkopuolelle, suunta muuttuu taas käänteiseksi eli robotti alkaa liikkua oikealle.</p><p>Tämän koodin ansiosta robotti jatkaa loputtomasti rataa, jossa se liikkuu ensin koko ikkunan verran oikealle, sitten takaisin vasemmalle, sitten taas oikealle, jne.</p><h2 id=\"pyoriva-animaatio\" style=\"position:relative;\">Pyörivä animaatio<a href=\"#pyoriva-animaatio\" aria-label=\"pyoriva animaatio permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tehdään vielä animaatio, jossa robotti <em>pyörii</em>  ikkunan keskipisteen ympärillä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n<span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> math\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nrobo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>image<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>load<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"robo.png\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkulma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\nkello <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>time<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>Clock<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">320</span><span class=\"token operator\">+</span>math<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>cos<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">*</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_width<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">/</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n    y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">240</span><span class=\"token operator\">+</span>math<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">*</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_height<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">/</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n\n    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    kulma <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.01</span>\n    kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tick<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">60</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suoritus näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/ce164a1f214ed31343271340f9157733/pygame_pyorinta.gif\"><p>Pyörimisanimaatio saadaan toteutettua trigonometrian avulla: muuttujassa <code class=\"language-text\">kulma</code> on radiaaneina robotin sijainnin kulma suhteessa ikkunan keskipisteeseen. Tästä saadaan laskettua sini- ja kosinifunktioilla robotin sijainti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">        x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">320</span><span class=\"token operator\">+</span>math<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>cos<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">*</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_width<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">/</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n        y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">240</span><span class=\"token operator\">+</span>math<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">*</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_height<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">/</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämä tarkoittaa, että robotin sijainti on ympyrällä, jonka säde on 100. Kosini antaa x-suuntaisen sijainnin ja sini puolestaan y-suuntaisen sijainnin. Jotta animaatio näyttää hyvältä, robotti lisäksi keskitetään niin, että sen keskipiste on ympyrällä.</p><p>Joka kierroksella muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">kulma</code> arvo kasvaa 0.01:llä. Koska radiaaneissa täysi ympyrä on 2π eli noin 6.28, robotti pyörii suunnilleen kierroksen verran 10 sekunnissa.</p><programming-exercise name='Pystyliike' tmcname='osa13-05_pystyliike'><p>Tee animaatio, jossa robotti liikkuu vuorotellen ylös ja alas. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/7dfa8e1aefab9c5f0586d8148b819543/pygame_pysty.gif\"></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Reunan kierto' tmcname='osa13-06_reunan_kierto'><p>Tee animaatio, jossa robotti kiertää ympäri ikkunan reunaa. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/b313e2cd6e747c9b47375655616b0e2d/pygame_kierto.gif\"></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kaksi robottia' tmcname='osa13-07_kaksi_robottia'><p>Tee animaatio, jossa kaksi robottia kulkee näytöllä vuorotellen oikealle ja vasemmalle. Alempi robotti kulkee tuplavauhtia. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/5b2b134a4afcdbaa9c11796d3cadb5e2/pygame_liike2.gif\"></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Piirileikki' tmcname='osa13-08_piirileikki'><p>Tee animaatio, jossa on kymmenen robottia piirileikissä. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/c8832b391e97f55d98358c8f0e5bfd57/pygame_piiri.gif\"></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Pomppiva pallo' tmcname='osa13-09_pomppiva_pallo'><p>Tee animaatio, jossa pallo kimpoaa ikkunan reunoilta. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/e9503906920a8a19bc3a33143b0dde81/pygame_pallo.gif\"><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on palloa varten kuvatiedosto <code class=\"language-text\">pallo.png</code>.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Robotti-invaasio' tmcname='osa13-10_robotti_invaasio'><p>Tee animaatio, jossa taivaalta tippuu satunnaisesti robotteja. Kun robotti laskeutuu maahan, se lähtee joko vasemmalle tai oikealle ja katoaa lopuksi ruudulta. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/23bd928da4c554324efdf7de4806cc60/pygame_invaasio.gif\"></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-13/2-animaatio","title":"Animaatio"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-13/2-animaatio.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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hiiri","tmcname":"osa13-14_robotti_ja_hiiri"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, jossa robotti seuraa hiirtä niin, että robotin keskikohta on aina hiiren kohdalla. 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Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"src":"/93991031970283be78df3ba4341a7362/pygame_robotti_paikka.gif"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Olet tutustunut Pygamen tapahtumiin</li>\n<li>Osaat tehdä ohjelman, joka lukee näppäimistön painalluksia</li>\n<li>Osaat tehdä ohjelman, joka lukee hiiren tapahtumia</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Tähän asti olemme toteuttaneet Pygame-ohjelman pääsilmukan niin, että se käy läpi tapahtumat ja tunnistaa tapahtuman <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.QUIT</code>, mutta ei käsittele muita tapahtumia. Nyt on aika tutustua tarkemmin tapahtumien käsittelyyn.</p><h2 id=\"tapahtumien-kasittely\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tapahtumien käsittely<a href=\"#tapahtumien-kasittely\" aria-label=\"tapahtumien kasittely permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraava koodi näyttää, mitä tapahtumia syntyy ohjelman suorituksen aikana:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun ohjelmaa käytetään hetki, se voi tulostaa esimerkiksi seuraavanlaisia tapahtumia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"x\"><pre class=\"language-x\"><code class=\"language-x\">&lt;Event(4-MouseMotion {&#39;pos&#39;: (495, 274), &#39;rel&#39;: (495, 274), &#39;buttons&#39;: (0, 0, 0), &#39;window&#39;: None})&gt;\n&lt;Event(4-MouseMotion {&#39;pos&#39;: (494, 274), &#39;rel&#39;: (-1, 0), &#39;buttons&#39;: (0, 0, 0), &#39;window&#39;: None})&gt;\n&lt;Event(4-MouseMotion {&#39;pos&#39;: (492, 274), &#39;rel&#39;: (-2, 0), &#39;buttons&#39;: (0, 0, 0), &#39;window&#39;: None})&gt;\n&lt;Event(4-MouseMotion {&#39;pos&#39;: (491, 274), &#39;rel&#39;: (-1, 0), &#39;buttons&#39;: (0, 0, 0), &#39;window&#39;: None})&gt;\n&lt;Event(5-MouseButtonDown {&#39;pos&#39;: (491, 274), &#39;button&#39;: 1, &#39;window&#39;: None})&gt;\n&lt;Event(6-MouseButtonUp {&#39;pos&#39;: (491, 274), &#39;button&#39;: 1, &#39;window&#39;: None})&gt;\n&lt;Event(2-KeyDown {&#39;unicode&#39;: &#39;a&#39;, &#39;key&#39;: 97, &#39;mod&#39;: 0, &#39;scancode&#39;: 38, &#39;window&#39;: None})&gt;\n&lt;Event(3-KeyUp {&#39;key&#39;: 97, &#39;mod&#39;: 0, &#39;scancode&#39;: 38, &#39;window&#39;: None})&gt;\n&lt;Event(2-KeyDown {&#39;unicode&#39;: &#39;b&#39;, &#39;key&#39;: 98, &#39;mod&#39;: 0, &#39;scancode&#39;: 56, &#39;window&#39;: None})&gt;\n&lt;Event(3-KeyUp {&#39;key&#39;: 98, &#39;mod&#39;: 0, &#39;scancode&#39;: 56, &#39;window&#39;: None})&gt;\n&lt;Event(2-KeyDown {&#39;unicode&#39;: &#39;c&#39;, &#39;key&#39;: 99, &#39;mod&#39;: 0, &#39;scancode&#39;: 54, &#39;window&#39;: None})&gt;\n&lt;Event(3-KeyUp {&#39;key&#39;: 99, &#39;mod&#39;: 0, &#39;scancode&#39;: 54, &#39;window&#39;: None})&gt;\n&lt;Event(12-Quit {})&gt;</code></pre></div><p>Tässä ensimmäiset tapahtumat liittyvät hiiren käyttämiseen, seuraavat tapahtumat näppäimistön käyttämiseen ja viimeinen tapahtuma sulkee ohjelman. Jokaisella tapahtumalla on tyyppi ja mahdollisesti lisätietoa, josta voi päätellä esimerkiksi hiiren sijainnin tai painetun näppäimen.</p><p>Tapahtumia voi etsiä Pygamen dokumentaatiosta mutta usein tehokas tapa löytää sopiva tapahtuma on käyttää yllä olevaa koodia ja tutkia, millainen tapahtuma syntyy, kun ohjelmassa tapahtuu haluttu asia.</p><h2 id=\"nappaimiston-kasittely\" style=\"position:relative;\">Näppäimistön käsittely<a href=\"#nappaimiston-kasittely\" aria-label=\"nappaimiston kasittely permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraava ohjelma tunnistaa tapahtumat, joissa käyttäjä painaa oikealle tai vasemmalle nuolinäppäintä. Ohjelma tulostaa testiksi tiedon näppäimen painamisesta.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>KEYDOWN<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_LEFT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vasemmalle\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_RIGHT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"oikealle\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tässä vakiot <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.K_LEFT</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.K_RIGHT</code> tarkoittavat nuolinäppäimiä vasemmalle ja oikealle. Näppäimistön eri näppäimiä vastaavat vakiot on listattu <a href=\"https://www.pygame.org/docs/ref/key.html#key-constants-label\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pygamen dokumentaatiossa</a>.</p><p>Esimerkiksi kun käyttäjä painaa ensin kahdesti oikealle, sitten kerran vasemmalle ja lopuksi kerran oikealle, ohjelman tulostus on seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"x\"><pre class=\"language-x\"><code class=\"language-x\">oikealle\noikealle\nvasemmalle\noikealle</code></pre></div><p>Voimme nyt tehdä ohjelman, jossa käyttäjä pystyy liikuttamaan hahmoa oikealle ja vasemmalle nuolinäppäimillä. Tämä onnistuu seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nrobo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>image<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>load<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"robo.png\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nx <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\ny <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_height<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>KEYDOWN<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_LEFT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                x <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_RIGHT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                x <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suoritus voi näyttää seuraavalta:</p><img src=\"/aac8387e39d3bb4adbfc1c36cae57345/pygame_liikutus.gif\"><p>Tässä muuttujat <code class=\"language-text\">x</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">y</code> sisältävät hahmon sijainnin. Käyttäjä pystyy muuttamaan muuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">x</code>, ja muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">y</code> on asetettu niin, että hahmo on ikkunan alalaidassa. Kun käyttäjä painaa vasemmalle tai oikealle nuolinäppäintä, hahmo liikkuu vastaavasti 10 pikseliä oikealle tai vasemmalle.</p><p>Yllä oleva ohjelma toimii muuten hyvin, mutta pelikokemuksessa on puutteena, että näppäintä pitää painaa uudestaan aina, kun haluaa liikkua askeleen oikealle tai vasemmalle. Olisi parempi, että voi pitää näppäintä pohjassa ja hahmo liikkuu niin kauan, kuin näppäin on pohjassa. Seuraava koodi mahdollistaa tämän:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nrobo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>image<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>load<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"robo.png\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nx <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\ny <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_height<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\noikealle <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\nvasemmalle <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n\nkello <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>time<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>Clock<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>KEYDOWN<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_LEFT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                vasemmalle <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_RIGHT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                oikealle <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>KEYUP<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_LEFT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                vasemmalle <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_RIGHT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                oikealle <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> oikealle<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        x <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> vasemmalle<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        x <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n\n    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tick<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">60</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Koodissa on nyt muuttujat <code class=\"language-text\">oikealle</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">vasemmalle</code>, joissa pidetään tietoa siitä, kuuluuko hahmon liikkua tällä hetkellä oikealle tai vasemmalle. Kun käyttäjä painaa alas nuolinäppäimen, vastaava muuttuja saa arvon <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, ja kun käyttäjä nostaa alas nuolinäppäimen, vastaava muuttuja saa arvon <code class=\"language-text\">False</code>.</p><p>Hahmon liike on tahdistettu kellon avulla niin, että liikkumista tapahtuu 60 kertaa sekunnissa. Jos nuolinäppäin on alhaalla, hahmo liikkuu 2 pikseliä oikealle tai vasemmalle. Tämän seurauksena hahmo liikkuu 120 pikseliä sekunnissa, jos nuolinäppäin on painettuna.</p><programming-exercise name='Neljä suuntaa' tmcname='osa13-11_nelja_suuntaa'><p>Tee ohjelma, jossa pelaaja pystyy ohjaamaan robottia neljään suuntaan nuolinäppäimillä. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/0461dfa5cb7291b279185dba96dfd819/pygame_nelja_suuntaa.gif\"></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Neljä seinää' tmcname='osa13-12_nelja_seinaa'><p>Paranna edellistä ohjelmaa niin, että robotti ei pysty menemään ikkunan ulkopuolelle mistään reunasta. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/bddcb9af6c636563eea121e3360b7b37/pygame_nelja_seinaa.gif\"></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kaksi pelaajaa' tmcname='osa13-13_kaksi_pelaajaa'><p>Tee ohjelma, jossa kaksi pelaajaa voi ohjata omia robottejaan. Toinen pelaaja käyttää nuolinäppäimiä ja toinen esimerkiksi w-s-a-d. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/57101a815ad1b5363307bc90dc112da6/pygame_kaksi_pelaajaa.gif\"></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"hiiren-kasittely\" style=\"position:relative;\">Hiiren käsittely<a href=\"#hiiren-kasittely\" aria-label=\"hiiren kasittely permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraava koodi tunnistaa tapahtumat, jossa käyttäjä painaa hiiren nappia ikkunan alueella:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>MOUSEBUTTONDOWN<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"painoit nappia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>button<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kohdassa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suoritus voi näyttää tältä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"x\"><pre class=\"language-x\"><code class=\"language-x\">painoit nappia 1 kohdassa (82, 135)\npainoit nappia 1 kohdassa (369, 135)\npainoit nappia 1 kohdassa (269, 297)\npainoit nappia 3 kohdassa (515, 324)</code></pre></div><p>Tässä nappi 1 tarkoittaa hiiren vasenta nappia ja nappi 3 tarkoittaa hiiren oikeaa nappia.</p><p>Seuraava ohjelma yhdistää hiiren käsittelyn ja kuvan piirtämisen. Kun käyttäjä painaa hiirellä ikkunan alueella, robotti piirretään hiiren kohtaan.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nrobo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>image<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>load<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"robo.png\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>MOUSEBUTTONDOWN<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pos<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_width<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">/</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n            y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pos<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_height<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">/</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n\n            naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suoritus voi näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/a41511bd13655f68553cc7e34de61edf/pygame_hiiri.gif\"><p>Seuraava ohjelma puolestaan toteuttaa animaation, jossa robotti seuraa hiirtä. Robotin sijainti on muuttujissa <code class=\"language-text\">robo_x</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">robo_y</code>, ja kun hiiri liikkuu, sen sijainti merkitään muuttujiin <code class=\"language-text\">kohde_x</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">kohde_y</code>. Jos robotti ei ole hiiren kohdalla, se liikkuu sopivaan suuntaan.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nrobo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>image<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>load<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"robo.png\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nrobo_x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\nrobo_y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\nkohde_x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\nkohde_y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\nkello <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>time<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>Clock<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>MOUSEMOTION<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            kohde_x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pos<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_width<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">/</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n            kohde_y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pos<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_height<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">/</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> robo_x <span class=\"token operator\">></span> kohde_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        robo_x <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> robo_x <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> kohde_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        robo_x <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> robo_y <span class=\"token operator\">></span> kohde_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        robo_y <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> robo_y <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> kohde_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        robo_y <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> robo_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tick<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">60</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suoritus voi näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/cd4d53df2a1564c181f38b7a2d45e7c9/pygame_hiiri2.gif\"><programming-exercise name='Robotti ja hiiri' tmcname='osa13-14_robotti_ja_hiiri'><p>Tee ohjelma, jossa robotti seuraa hiirtä niin, että robotin keskikohta on aina hiiren kohdalla. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/58d3b2e994913c8089688bcde5e4ed86/pygame_robotti_hiiri.gif\"></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Robotin paikka' tmcname='osa13-15_robotin_paikka'><p>Tee ohjelma, jossa robotti on satunnaisessa paikassa ikkunassa. Kun pelaaja painaa hiirellä robotista, se siirtyy aina uuteen paikkaan. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/93991031970283be78df3ba4341a7362/pygame_robotti_paikka.gif\"></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-13/3-tapahtumat","title":"Tapahtumat"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-13/3-tapahtumat.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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pygame"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"display"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"flip"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\n    kello"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"tick"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"60"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelman suoritus voi näyttää tältä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"src":"/cd4d53df2a1564c181f38b7a2d45e7c9/pygame_hiiri2.gif"},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Robotti ja hiiri","tmcname":"osa13-14_robotti_ja_hiiri"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, jossa robotti seuraa hiirtä niin, että robotin keskikohta on aina hiiren kohdalla. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"src":"/58d3b2e994913c8089688bcde5e4ed86/pygame_robotti_hiiri.gif"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Robotin paikka","tmcname":"osa13-15_robotin_paikka"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, jossa robotti on satunnaisessa paikassa ikkunassa. Kun pelaaja painaa hiirellä robotista, se siirtyy aina uuteen paikkaan. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"src":"/93991031970283be78df3ba4341a7362/pygame_robotti_paikka.gif"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Olet tutustunut Pygamen tapahtumiin</li>\n<li>Osaat tehdä ohjelman, joka lukee näppäimistön painalluksia</li>\n<li>Osaat tehdä ohjelman, joka lukee hiiren tapahtumia</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Tähän asti olemme toteuttaneet Pygame-ohjelman pääsilmukan niin, että se käy läpi tapahtumat ja tunnistaa tapahtuman <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.QUIT</code>, mutta ei käsittele muita tapahtumia. Nyt on aika tutustua tarkemmin tapahtumien käsittelyyn.</p><h2 id=\"tapahtumien-kasittely\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tapahtumien käsittely<a href=\"#tapahtumien-kasittely\" aria-label=\"tapahtumien kasittely permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraava koodi näyttää, mitä tapahtumia syntyy ohjelman suorituksen aikana:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun ohjelmaa käytetään hetki, se voi tulostaa esimerkiksi seuraavanlaisia tapahtumia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"x\"><pre class=\"language-x\"><code class=\"language-x\">&lt;Event(4-MouseMotion {&#39;pos&#39;: (495, 274), &#39;rel&#39;: (495, 274), &#39;buttons&#39;: (0, 0, 0), &#39;window&#39;: None})&gt;\n&lt;Event(4-MouseMotion {&#39;pos&#39;: (494, 274), &#39;rel&#39;: (-1, 0), &#39;buttons&#39;: (0, 0, 0), &#39;window&#39;: None})&gt;\n&lt;Event(4-MouseMotion {&#39;pos&#39;: (492, 274), &#39;rel&#39;: (-2, 0), &#39;buttons&#39;: (0, 0, 0), &#39;window&#39;: None})&gt;\n&lt;Event(4-MouseMotion {&#39;pos&#39;: (491, 274), &#39;rel&#39;: (-1, 0), &#39;buttons&#39;: (0, 0, 0), &#39;window&#39;: None})&gt;\n&lt;Event(5-MouseButtonDown {&#39;pos&#39;: (491, 274), &#39;button&#39;: 1, &#39;window&#39;: None})&gt;\n&lt;Event(6-MouseButtonUp {&#39;pos&#39;: (491, 274), &#39;button&#39;: 1, &#39;window&#39;: None})&gt;\n&lt;Event(2-KeyDown {&#39;unicode&#39;: &#39;a&#39;, &#39;key&#39;: 97, &#39;mod&#39;: 0, &#39;scancode&#39;: 38, &#39;window&#39;: None})&gt;\n&lt;Event(3-KeyUp {&#39;key&#39;: 97, &#39;mod&#39;: 0, &#39;scancode&#39;: 38, &#39;window&#39;: None})&gt;\n&lt;Event(2-KeyDown {&#39;unicode&#39;: &#39;b&#39;, &#39;key&#39;: 98, &#39;mod&#39;: 0, &#39;scancode&#39;: 56, &#39;window&#39;: None})&gt;\n&lt;Event(3-KeyUp {&#39;key&#39;: 98, &#39;mod&#39;: 0, &#39;scancode&#39;: 56, &#39;window&#39;: None})&gt;\n&lt;Event(2-KeyDown {&#39;unicode&#39;: &#39;c&#39;, &#39;key&#39;: 99, &#39;mod&#39;: 0, &#39;scancode&#39;: 54, &#39;window&#39;: None})&gt;\n&lt;Event(3-KeyUp {&#39;key&#39;: 99, &#39;mod&#39;: 0, &#39;scancode&#39;: 54, &#39;window&#39;: None})&gt;\n&lt;Event(12-Quit {})&gt;</code></pre></div><p>Tässä ensimmäiset tapahtumat liittyvät hiiren käyttämiseen, seuraavat tapahtumat näppäimistön käyttämiseen ja viimeinen tapahtuma sulkee ohjelman. Jokaisella tapahtumalla on tyyppi ja mahdollisesti lisätietoa, josta voi päätellä esimerkiksi hiiren sijainnin tai painetun näppäimen.</p><p>Tapahtumia voi etsiä Pygamen dokumentaatiosta mutta usein tehokas tapa löytää sopiva tapahtuma on käyttää yllä olevaa koodia ja tutkia, millainen tapahtuma syntyy, kun ohjelmassa tapahtuu haluttu asia.</p><h2 id=\"nappaimiston-kasittely\" style=\"position:relative;\">Näppäimistön käsittely<a href=\"#nappaimiston-kasittely\" aria-label=\"nappaimiston kasittely permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraava ohjelma tunnistaa tapahtumat, joissa käyttäjä painaa oikealle tai vasemmalle nuolinäppäintä. Ohjelma tulostaa testiksi tiedon näppäimen painamisesta.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>KEYDOWN<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_LEFT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vasemmalle\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_RIGHT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"oikealle\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tässä vakiot <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.K_LEFT</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.K_RIGHT</code> tarkoittavat nuolinäppäimiä vasemmalle ja oikealle. Näppäimistön eri näppäimiä vastaavat vakiot on listattu <a href=\"https://www.pygame.org/docs/ref/key.html#key-constants-label\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pygamen dokumentaatiossa</a>.</p><p>Esimerkiksi kun käyttäjä painaa ensin kahdesti oikealle, sitten kerran vasemmalle ja lopuksi kerran oikealle, ohjelman tulostus on seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"x\"><pre class=\"language-x\"><code class=\"language-x\">oikealle\noikealle\nvasemmalle\noikealle</code></pre></div><p>Voimme nyt tehdä ohjelman, jossa käyttäjä pystyy liikuttamaan hahmoa oikealle ja vasemmalle nuolinäppäimillä. Tämä onnistuu seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nrobo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>image<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>load<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"robo.png\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nx <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\ny <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_height<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>KEYDOWN<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_LEFT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                x <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_RIGHT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                x <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suoritus voi näyttää seuraavalta:</p><img src=\"/aac8387e39d3bb4adbfc1c36cae57345/pygame_liikutus.gif\"><p>Tässä muuttujat <code class=\"language-text\">x</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">y</code> sisältävät hahmon sijainnin. Käyttäjä pystyy muuttamaan muuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">x</code>, ja muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">y</code> on asetettu niin, että hahmo on ikkunan alalaidassa. Kun käyttäjä painaa vasemmalle tai oikealle nuolinäppäintä, hahmo liikkuu vastaavasti 10 pikseliä oikealle tai vasemmalle.</p><p>Yllä oleva ohjelma toimii muuten hyvin, mutta pelikokemuksessa on puutteena, että näppäintä pitää painaa uudestaan aina, kun haluaa liikkua askeleen oikealle tai vasemmalle. Olisi parempi, että voi pitää näppäintä pohjassa ja hahmo liikkuu niin kauan, kuin näppäin on pohjassa. Seuraava koodi mahdollistaa tämän:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nrobo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>image<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>load<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"robo.png\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nx <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\ny <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_height<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\noikealle <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\nvasemmalle <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n\nkello <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>time<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>Clock<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>KEYDOWN<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_LEFT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                vasemmalle <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_RIGHT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                oikealle <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>KEYUP<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_LEFT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                vasemmalle <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_RIGHT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                oikealle <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> oikealle<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        x <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> vasemmalle<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        x <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n\n    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tick<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">60</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Koodissa on nyt muuttujat <code class=\"language-text\">oikealle</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">vasemmalle</code>, joissa pidetään tietoa siitä, kuuluuko hahmon liikkua tällä hetkellä oikealle tai vasemmalle. Kun käyttäjä painaa alas nuolinäppäimen, vastaava muuttuja saa arvon <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, ja kun käyttäjä nostaa alas nuolinäppäimen, vastaava muuttuja saa arvon <code class=\"language-text\">False</code>.</p><p>Hahmon liike on tahdistettu kellon avulla niin, että liikkumista tapahtuu 60 kertaa sekunnissa. Jos nuolinäppäin on alhaalla, hahmo liikkuu 2 pikseliä oikealle tai vasemmalle. Tämän seurauksena hahmo liikkuu 120 pikseliä sekunnissa, jos nuolinäppäin on painettuna.</p><programming-exercise name='Neljä suuntaa' tmcname='osa13-11_nelja_suuntaa'><p>Tee ohjelma, jossa pelaaja pystyy ohjaamaan robottia neljään suuntaan nuolinäppäimillä. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/0461dfa5cb7291b279185dba96dfd819/pygame_nelja_suuntaa.gif\"></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Neljä seinää' tmcname='osa13-12_nelja_seinaa'><p>Paranna edellistä ohjelmaa niin, että robotti ei pysty menemään ikkunan ulkopuolelle mistään reunasta. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/bddcb9af6c636563eea121e3360b7b37/pygame_nelja_seinaa.gif\"></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kaksi pelaajaa' tmcname='osa13-13_kaksi_pelaajaa'><p>Tee ohjelma, jossa kaksi pelaajaa voi ohjata omia robottejaan. Toinen pelaaja käyttää nuolinäppäimiä ja toinen esimerkiksi w-s-a-d. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/57101a815ad1b5363307bc90dc112da6/pygame_kaksi_pelaajaa.gif\"></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"hiiren-kasittely\" style=\"position:relative;\">Hiiren käsittely<a href=\"#hiiren-kasittely\" aria-label=\"hiiren kasittely permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraava koodi tunnistaa tapahtumat, jossa käyttäjä painaa hiiren nappia ikkunan alueella:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>MOUSEBUTTONDOWN<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"painoit nappia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>button<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kohdassa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suoritus voi näyttää tältä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"x\"><pre class=\"language-x\"><code class=\"language-x\">painoit nappia 1 kohdassa (82, 135)\npainoit nappia 1 kohdassa (369, 135)\npainoit nappia 1 kohdassa (269, 297)\npainoit nappia 3 kohdassa (515, 324)</code></pre></div><p>Tässä nappi 1 tarkoittaa hiiren vasenta nappia ja nappi 3 tarkoittaa hiiren oikeaa nappia.</p><p>Seuraava ohjelma yhdistää hiiren käsittelyn ja kuvan piirtämisen. Kun käyttäjä painaa hiirellä ikkunan alueella, robotti piirretään hiiren kohtaan.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nrobo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>image<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>load<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"robo.png\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>MOUSEBUTTONDOWN<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pos<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_width<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">/</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n            y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pos<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_height<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">/</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n\n            naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suoritus voi näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/a41511bd13655f68553cc7e34de61edf/pygame_hiiri.gif\"><p>Seuraava ohjelma puolestaan toteuttaa animaation, jossa robotti seuraa hiirtä. Robotin sijainti on muuttujissa <code class=\"language-text\">robo_x</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">robo_y</code>, ja kun hiiri liikkuu, sen sijainti merkitään muuttujiin <code class=\"language-text\">kohde_x</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">kohde_y</code>. Jos robotti ei ole hiiren kohdalla, se liikkuu sopivaan suuntaan.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nrobo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>image<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>load<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"robo.png\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nrobo_x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\nrobo_y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\nkohde_x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\nkohde_y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\nkello <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>time<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>Clock<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>MOUSEMOTION<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            kohde_x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pos<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_width<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">/</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n            kohde_y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pos<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_height<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">/</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> robo_x <span class=\"token operator\">></span> kohde_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n      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tapahtuma"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"type"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"=="}]},{"type":"text","value":" pygame"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"QUIT"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n            exit"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelman suoritus näyttää seuraavalta:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"src":"/ff536f08ddabdda8d522cc90c967ca8e/pygame_teksti.gif"},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tässä metodi "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"pygame.font.SysFont"}]},{"type":"text","value":" luo fonttiolion, joka käyttää järjestelmän fonttia Arial kokona 24. Tämän jälkeen olion metodi "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"render"}]},{"type":"text","value":" luo kuvan, jossa lukee teksti \"Moikka!\" punaisella värillä, ja tämä kuva piirretään ikkunaan."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huomaa, että eri järjestelmissä on saatavilla eri fontit. Jos järjestelmässä ei ole fonttia Arial (mikä tosin on yleinen fontti), yllä oleva koodi käyttää sen sijasta järjestelmän oletusfonttia. Toinen mahdollisuus on käyttää metodia "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"pygame.font.Font"}]},{"type":"text","value":", jolle annetaan hakemistossa olevan fonttitiedoston nimi."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"tehtavat","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tehtävät"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#tehtavat","ariaLabel":"tehtavat permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tässä on pari vaikeampaa tehtävää, joiden avulla voit harjoitella lisää tämän luvun asioita."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Kello","tmcname":"osa13-16_kello"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka näyttää graafisesti kellonajan. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"src":"/0e95a9664e02d0dd939be3ebfd4725d5/pygame_kello.gif"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Asteroidit","tmcname":"osa13-17_asteroidit"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee peli, jossa pelaaja ohjaa robottia vasemmalle ja oikealle ja tavoitteena on kerätä taivaalta putoavia asteroideja. Pelaaja saa pisteen jokaisesta kerätystä asteroidista, ja pistemäärä näytetään ikkunan ylälaidassa. Peli päättyy, kun pelaaja ei saa kiinni asteroidia. Pelin tulisi näyttää tältä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"src":"/589bb5f7fafc7f948dfab758f0bd6273/pygame_asteroidit.gif"},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tehtäväpohjassa on asteroidia varten kuvatiedosto "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"kivi.png"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"d16c5c09-a375-57da-a51b-22470587f95d"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, miten ikkunan otsikkoa voi muuttaa</li>\n<li>Osaat piirtää kuvioita Pygamessa</li>\n<li>Osaat piirtää ikkunaan myös tekstiä</li>\n</ul></text-box><h2 id=\"ikkunan-otsikko\" style=\"position:relative;\">Ikkunan otsikko<a href=\"#ikkunan-otsikko\" aria-label=\"ikkunan otsikko permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Ohjelma näyttää ammattimaisemmalta, jos ikkunan otsikkopalkissa ei lue \"pygame window\" vaan ohjelman todellinen nimi. Tämä onnistuu näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_caption<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Suuri seikkailu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"kuvioiden-piirtaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kuvioiden piirtäminen<a href=\"#kuvioiden-piirtaminen\" aria-label=\"kuvioiden piirtaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraava ohjelma luo kuvan, jossa on suorakulmio, ympyrä ja viiva:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>draw<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rect<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">255</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">200</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">250</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>draw<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>circle<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">255</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">200</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">150</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">40</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>draw<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>line<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">255</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">80</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">120</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">300</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">160</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulos näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/9a7380e2e818c94a080d41344f073d5a/pygame_kuviot.gif\"><h2 id=\"tekstin-piirtaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tekstin piirtäminen<a href=\"#tekstin-piirtaminen\" aria-label=\"tekstin piirtaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tekstin piirtäminen tapahtuu Pygame-kirjastossa niin, että ensin luodaan tekstiä vastaava kuva ja sen jälkeen piirretään kuva näytölle. Seuraava ohjelma esittelee asiaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nfontti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>font<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>SysFont<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Arial\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nteksti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> fontti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>render<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moikka!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">255</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>teksti<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suoritus näyttää seuraavalta:</p><img src=\"/ff536f08ddabdda8d522cc90c967ca8e/pygame_teksti.gif\"><p>Tässä metodi <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.font.SysFont</code> luo fonttiolion, joka käyttää järjestelmän fonttia Arial kokona 24. Tämän jälkeen olion metodi <code class=\"language-text\">render</code> luo kuvan, jossa lukee teksti \"Moikka!\" punaisella värillä, ja tämä kuva piirretään ikkunaan.</p><p>Huomaa, että eri järjestelmissä on saatavilla eri fontit. Jos järjestelmässä ei ole fonttia Arial (mikä tosin on yleinen fontti), yllä oleva koodi käyttää sen sijasta järjestelmän oletusfonttia. Toinen mahdollisuus on käyttää metodia <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.font.Font</code>, jolle annetaan hakemistossa olevan fonttitiedoston nimi.</p><h2 id=\"tehtavat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tehtävät<a href=\"#tehtavat\" aria-label=\"tehtavat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tässä on pari vaikeampaa tehtävää, joiden avulla voit harjoitella lisää tämän luvun asioita.</p><programming-exercise name='Kello' tmcname='osa13-16_kello'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka näyttää graafisesti kellonajan. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/0e95a9664e02d0dd939be3ebfd4725d5/pygame_kello.gif\"></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Asteroidit' tmcname='osa13-17_asteroidit'><p>Tee peli, jossa pelaaja ohjaa robottia vasemmalle ja oikealle ja tavoitteena on kerätä taivaalta putoavia asteroideja. Pelaaja saa pisteen jokaisesta kerätystä asteroidista, ja pistemäärä näytetään ikkunan ylälaidassa. Peli päättyy, kun pelaaja ei saa kiinni asteroidia. Pelin tulisi näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/589bb5f7fafc7f948dfab758f0bd6273/pygame_asteroidit.gif\"><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on asteroidia varten kuvatiedosto <code class=\"language-text\">kivi.png</code>.</p></programming-exercise><p>Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:</p><div><quiz id=\"d16c5c09-a375-57da-a51b-22470587f95d\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-13/4-lisaa-tekniikoita","title":"Lisää tekniikoita"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-13/4-lisaa-tekniikoita.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki 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Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"src":"/0e95a9664e02d0dd939be3ebfd4725d5/pygame_kello.gif"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Asteroidit","tmcname":"osa13-17_asteroidit"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee peli, jossa pelaaja ohjaa robottia vasemmalle ja oikealle ja tavoitteena on kerätä taivaalta putoavia asteroideja. Pelaaja saa pisteen jokaisesta kerätystä asteroidista, ja pistemäärä näytetään ikkunan ylälaidassa. Peli päättyy, kun pelaaja ei saa kiinni asteroidia. Pelin tulisi näyttää tältä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"src":"/589bb5f7fafc7f948dfab758f0bd6273/pygame_asteroidit.gif"},"children":[]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tehtäväpohjassa on asteroidia varten kuvatiedosto "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"kivi.png"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"d16c5c09-a375-57da-a51b-22470587f95d"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, miten ikkunan otsikkoa voi muuttaa</li>\n<li>Osaat piirtää kuvioita Pygamessa</li>\n<li>Osaat piirtää ikkunaan myös tekstiä</li>\n</ul></text-box><h2 id=\"ikkunan-otsikko\" style=\"position:relative;\">Ikkunan otsikko<a href=\"#ikkunan-otsikko\" aria-label=\"ikkunan otsikko permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Ohjelma näyttää ammattimaisemmalta, jos ikkunan otsikkopalkissa ei lue \"pygame window\" vaan ohjelman todellinen nimi. Tämä onnistuu näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_caption<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Suuri seikkailu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"kuvioiden-piirtaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kuvioiden piirtäminen<a href=\"#kuvioiden-piirtaminen\" aria-label=\"kuvioiden piirtaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraava ohjelma luo kuvan, jossa on suorakulmio, ympyrä ja viiva:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>draw<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rect<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">255</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">200</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">250</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>draw<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>circle<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">255</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">200</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">150</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">40</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>draw<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>line<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">255</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">80</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">120</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">300</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">160</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulos näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/9a7380e2e818c94a080d41344f073d5a/pygame_kuviot.gif\"><h2 id=\"tekstin-piirtaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tekstin piirtäminen<a href=\"#tekstin-piirtaminen\" aria-label=\"tekstin piirtaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tekstin piirtäminen tapahtuu Pygame-kirjastossa niin, että ensin luodaan tekstiä vastaava kuva ja sen jälkeen piirretään kuva näytölle. Seuraava ohjelma esittelee asiaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">640</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">480</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nfontti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>font<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>SysFont<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Arial\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nteksti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> fontti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>render<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moikka!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">255</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnaytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>teksti<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suoritus näyttää seuraavalta:</p><img src=\"/ff536f08ddabdda8d522cc90c967ca8e/pygame_teksti.gif\"><p>Tässä metodi <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.font.SysFont</code> luo fonttiolion, joka käyttää järjestelmän fonttia Arial kokona 24. Tämän jälkeen olion metodi <code class=\"language-text\">render</code> luo kuvan, jossa lukee teksti \"Moikka!\" punaisella värillä, ja tämä kuva piirretään ikkunaan.</p><p>Huomaa, että eri järjestelmissä on saatavilla eri fontit. Jos järjestelmässä ei ole fonttia Arial (mikä tosin on yleinen fontti), yllä oleva koodi käyttää sen sijasta järjestelmän oletusfonttia. Toinen mahdollisuus on käyttää metodia <code class=\"language-text\">pygame.font.Font</code>, jolle annetaan hakemistossa olevan fonttitiedoston nimi.</p><h2 id=\"tehtavat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tehtävät<a href=\"#tehtavat\" aria-label=\"tehtavat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tässä on pari vaikeampaa tehtävää, joiden avulla voit harjoitella lisää tämän luvun asioita.</p><programming-exercise name='Kello' tmcname='osa13-16_kello'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka näyttää graafisesti kellonajan. Ohjelman suorituksen tulee näyttää tältä:</p><img src=\"/0e95a9664e02d0dd939be3ebfd4725d5/pygame_kello.gif\"></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Asteroidit' tmcname='osa13-17_asteroidit'><p>Tee peli, jossa pelaaja ohjaa robottia vasemmalle ja oikealle ja tavoitteena on kerätä taivaalta putoavia asteroideja. Pelaaja saa pisteen jokaisesta kerätystä asteroidista, ja pistemäärä näytetään ikkunan ylälaidassa. Peli päättyy, kun pelaaja ei saa kiinni asteroidia. 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diff --git a/page-data/osa-13/page-data.json b/page-data/osa-13/page-data.json
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Tässä tilanteessa peli sulkee itsensä kutsumalla "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"exit"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-funktiota."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Näytön piirtäminen toteutetaan käymällä ruudukon sisältö ja piirtämällä jokaista ruutua vastaava kuva oikeaan paikkaan."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huomaa, että koordinaatteja x ja y käytetään eri päin eri tilanteissa. Kaksiulotteisen listan indeksoinnissa on luontevaa antaa ensin y ja sitten x, koska ensimmäinen indeksi tarkoittaa riviä ja toinen indeksi tarkoittaa saraketta. Kuitenkin Pygamen metodeissa annetaan ensin x ja y, kuten grafiikassa on yleensä tapana."}]}],"data":{"quirksMode":false}},"html":"<p>Tässä osassa tehdään Pygamen avulla hieman laajempi peli, joka on muunnelma perinteisestä Sokoban-pelistä. Pelaaja ohjaa ruudukossa olevaa robottia, jonka tehtävänä on työntää laatikot oikeille paikoille käyttäen mahdollisimman vähän siirtoja.</p>\n<p>Lopullinen peli tulee näyttämään tältä:</p>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 852px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/e334a0f0fea9438564e48d0bba7cbbc4/47ff6/peli.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 44.34782608695652%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/e334a0f0fea9438564e48d0bba7cbbc4/a0b58/peli.webp 230w,\n/static/e334a0f0fea9438564e48d0bba7cbbc4/bc10c/peli.webp 460w,\n/static/e334a0f0fea9438564e48d0bba7cbbc4/39392/peli.webp 852w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 852px) 100vw, 852px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/e334a0f0fea9438564e48d0bba7cbbc4/81c8e/peli.png 230w,\n/static/e334a0f0fea9438564e48d0bba7cbbc4/08a84/peli.png 460w,\n/static/e334a0f0fea9438564e48d0bba7cbbc4/47ff6/peli.png 852w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 852px) 100vw, 852px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/e334a0f0fea9438564e48d0bba7cbbc4/47ff6/peli.png\" alt=\"peli\" title=\"peli\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span>\n<h2 id=\"pelin-pohja\" style=\"position:relative;\">Pelin pohja<a href=\"#pelin-pohja\" aria-label=\"pelin pohja permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Aloitetaan tekemällä pelille pohja, joka piirtää näkyviin pelin aloitustilanteen. Toteutamme pelin luokkaan <code class=\"language-text\">Sokoban</code>, jonka sisällä on pelissä tarvittavat toiminnot. Ensimmäisessä vaiheessa luokan sisältö on seuraava:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Sokoban</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        \n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lataa_kuvat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>uusi_peli<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        \n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kuvat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_width<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        nayton_korkeus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus\n        nayton_leveys <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>naytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nayton_leveys<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nayton_korkeus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_caption<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sokoban\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>silmukka<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lataa_kuvat</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kuvat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"lattia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"seina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kohde\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"laatikko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"robo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"valmis\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kohderobo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kuvat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>image<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>load<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\".png\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">uusi_peli</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n                       <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n                       <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n                       <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n                       <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n                       <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">silmukka</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tutki_tapahtumat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>piirra_naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tutki_tapahtumat</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">piirra_naytto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> y <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> x <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                ruutu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kuvat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>ruutu<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    Sokoban<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Tämä saa aikaan ikkunan, jossa on pelin aloitustilanne. Katsotaan seuraavaksi tarkemmin luokassa olevaa koodia.</p>\n<h2 id=\"konstruktori\" style=\"position:relative;\">Konstruktori<a href=\"#konstruktori\" aria-label=\"konstruktori permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Luokan konstruktori aloittaa Pygamen käyttämisen, alustaa pelissä tarvittavia muuttujia ja tietorakenteita sekä lopuksi kutsuu metodia, jossa on pelin pääsilmukka.</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        \n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lataa_kuvat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>uusi_peli<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        \n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kuvat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_width<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        nayton_korkeus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus\n        nayton_leveys <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>naytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nayton_leveys<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nayton_korkeus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_caption<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sokoban\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>silmukka<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lataa_kuvat</code> lataa listaan <code class=\"language-text\">kuvat</code> pelin käyttämät kuvat ja metodi <code class=\"language-text\">uusi_peli</code> luo kaksiulotteisen listan <code class=\"language-text\">kartta</code>, jossa on kuvattu ruudukon sisältö alussa.</p>\n<p>Tämän jälkeen muuttujiin <code class=\"language-text\">korkeus</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">leveys</code> laitetaan ruudukon korkeus ja leveys ja muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">skaala</code> laitetaan yhden ruudun koko. Koska jokainen kuva on neliön muotoinen ja yhtä suuri, ruudun koko saadaan hakemalla ensimmäisen kuvan leveys. Tämän avulla saadaan laskettua näytön korkeus ja leveys, minkä avulla voidaan luoda sopivan kokoinen ikkuna pelille.</p>\n<h2 id=\"kuvien-lataaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kuvien lataaminen<a href=\"#kuvien-lataaminen\" aria-label=\"kuvien lataaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lataa_kuvat</code> lataa pelin tarvitsemat kuvat:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lataa_kuvat</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kuvat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"lattia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"seina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kohde\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"laatikko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"robo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"valmis\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kohderobo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kuvat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>image<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>load<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\".png\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Pelissä on käytössä seuraavat kuvat:</p>\n<h3 id=\"lattiaruutu\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lattiaruutu<a href=\"#lattiaruutu\" aria-label=\"lattiaruutu permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 50px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/9aefcdf4192b60fb3bf21288d49a0bd5/a1812/lattia.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 100%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAO0lEQVQ4y2M4dOjQ/7Nnz1IFg8xiADGoBUBmwQ389+8fRZh+BpIKRg0cNXDUwMFp4OAtbahWwFK7CgAAGH0Lv64YzdcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9aefcdf4192b60fb3bf21288d49a0bd5/6ac13/lattia.webp 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9aefcdf4192b60fb3bf21288d49a0bd5/a1812/lattia.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/9aefcdf4192b60fb3bf21288d49a0bd5/a1812/lattia.png\" alt=\"lattia\" title=\"lattia\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span>\n<ul>\n<li>Tiedoston nimi <code class=\"language-text\">lattia.png</code></li>\n<li>Sijainti listalla 0</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"seinaruutu\" style=\"position:relative;\">Seinäruutu<a href=\"#seinaruutu\" aria-label=\"seinaruutu permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 50px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/73ec5a44eba6d09dfe097ba346137a94/a1812/seina.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 100%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAASElEQVQ4y+3VMQoAMAgDwPhX/YSft0RwLrQZHQI6eGNEZpa7V0R8hQYtcAAgSVvUuZjZMzS3bQ2oyIILLrjgHZTVl7xg1S/gAHx86WTsjKFcAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/73ec5a44eba6d09dfe097ba346137a94/6ac13/seina.webp 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/73ec5a44eba6d09dfe097ba346137a94/a1812/seina.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/73ec5a44eba6d09dfe097ba346137a94/a1812/seina.png\" alt=\"seina\" title=\"seina\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span>\n<ul>\n<li>Tiedoston nimi <code class=\"language-text\">seina.png</code></li>\n<li>Sijainti listalla 1</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"kohderuutu\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kohderuutu<a href=\"#kohderuutu\" aria-label=\"kohderuutu permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 50px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/36b1cacabf9fb62e1c67fc5e6cfa50e3/a1812/kohde.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 100%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABHElEQVQ4y7WVPQ6CUAzHWRw0yBG8gfEK3oCJlRNwB2/gBZzZPAU7I0zsbmiigQjav6nlgS+CUyVp0lfa3+vH4+EkSYI0TVWEWQ4rWg+zeiAR2fJ8gu53EL8z0ragpvn2JfoBZP3xGCBsK0vQ5WLbeMOPuHEgK00j+Z9OwG4HrNfAbAYsFoDvA3E81Gg2ngS2rThmGbBcAo4j4nmA6w7rIOiZ70xHgd1uyHPJhgPDUNa3G3C9AscjsNlY0OmSDXC7lYD9fnqcBhrHUnLXJhvIUhTiuFoBVSXB3AbOgKWuxcaZsp/v99O3gaa5h4M4RpEEmgEZYFfau3zu6XwOOp9BX+dQHahe8l+Gon5s1A/2Xz499ctB8/pSu2C1fwEvukCRvM6VtZAAAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/36b1cacabf9fb62e1c67fc5e6cfa50e3/6ac13/kohde.webp 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/36b1cacabf9fb62e1c67fc5e6cfa50e3/a1812/kohde.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/36b1cacabf9fb62e1c67fc5e6cfa50e3/a1812/kohde.png\" alt=\"kohde\" title=\"kohde\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span>\n<ul>\n<li>Tiedoston nimi <code class=\"language-text\">kohde.png</code></li>\n<li>Sijainti listalla 2</li>\n<li>Robotin tulee siirtää jokin laatikko tähän ruutuun</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"laatikko\" style=\"position:relative;\">Laatikko<a href=\"#laatikko\" aria-label=\"laatikko permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 50px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/6e7afd4acd3f9b214a5c43273b23c834/a1812/laatikko.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 100%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzElEQVQ4y+2VPQqEMBCFvZxVjqAWAVN4CH8KtfEQQfAk9h5DC09go295Abcx7sIyWyzswIPATL6ZgckkGMcR0zSJiKyABykj6wnc9/0jyHEcThcgbds2zPOMZVneinHruvqBZ3XDMCAMQ2itEUUR4jj2ir4kSaCUctBLyyfQWossy9B1Heq6RtM0XtHHGEJZ6S2w73ukaeouFUVxqzzPHZSVsv2XQGMM2rZFWZaoqsorQpmU7f+BvwgUHRvxwRZ7euLL4WvrS2TBSn8BD7avDfrO6ztPAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/6e7afd4acd3f9b214a5c43273b23c834/6ac13/laatikko.webp 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/6e7afd4acd3f9b214a5c43273b23c834/a1812/laatikko.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/6e7afd4acd3f9b214a5c43273b23c834/a1812/laatikko.png\" alt=\"laatikko\" title=\"laatikko\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span>\n<ul>\n<li>Tiedoston nimi <code class=\"language-text\">laatikko.png</code></li>\n<li>Sijainti listalla 3</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"robotti\" style=\"position:relative;\">Robotti<a href=\"#robotti\" aria-label=\"robotti permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 50px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/5fb4f02fac6c4d361c9057099bc9f890/a1812/robo.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 100%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/5fb4f02fac6c4d361c9057099bc9f890/6ac13/robo.webp 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/5fb4f02fac6c4d361c9057099bc9f890/a1812/robo.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/5fb4f02fac6c4d361c9057099bc9f890/a1812/robo.png\" alt=\"robo\" title=\"robo\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span>\n<ul>\n<li>Tiedoston nimi <code class=\"language-text\">robo.png</code></li>\n<li>Sijainti listalla 4</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"laatikko-kohderuudussa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Laatikko kohderuudussa<a href=\"#laatikko-kohderuudussa\" aria-label=\"laatikko kohderuudussa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 50px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/15225a12ccfe0e42a543bea73f4ff889/a1812/valmis.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 100%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/15225a12ccfe0e42a543bea73f4ff889/6ac13/valmis.webp 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/15225a12ccfe0e42a543bea73f4ff889/a1812/valmis.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/15225a12ccfe0e42a543bea73f4ff889/a1812/valmis.png\" alt=\"valmis\" title=\"valmis\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span>\n<ul>\n<li>Tiedoston nimi <code class=\"language-text\">valmis.png</code></li>\n<li>Sijainti listalla 5</li>\n<li>Laatikko on saatu siirrettyä kohderuutuun</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"kohderuutu-ja-robotti\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kohderuutu ja robotti<a href=\"#kohderuutu-ja-robotti\" aria-label=\"kohderuutu ja robotti permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 50px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/70f904da050def3ee01b9b01b0b50b16/a1812/kohderobo.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 100%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/70f904da050def3ee01b9b01b0b50b16/6ac13/kohderobo.webp 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/70f904da050def3ee01b9b01b0b50b16/a1812/kohderobo.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/70f904da050def3ee01b9b01b0b50b16/a1812/kohderobo.png\" alt=\"kohderobo\" title=\"kohderobo\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span>\n<ul>\n<li>Tiedoston nimi <code class=\"language-text\">kohderobo.png</code></li>\n<li>Sijainti listalla 6</li>\n<li>Robotti voi myös olla kohderuudussa</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"ruudukon-luonti\" style=\"position:relative;\">Ruudukon luonti<a href=\"#ruudukon-luonti\" aria-label=\"ruudukon luonti permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">uusi_peli</code> muodostaa ruudukon aloitustilanteen:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">uusi_peli</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n                       <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n                       <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n                       <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n                       <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n                       <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Metodi luo kaksiulotteisen listan <code class=\"language-text\">kartta</code>, jossa käytetään kuvien tunnuksia samassa järjestyksessä kuin kuvat on ladattu listaan. Tämän avulla pelin muistissa on tieto siitä, mikä on ruudukon tilanne tällä hetkellä.</p>\n<p>Huomaa, että jokainen ruudukon luku on alussa välillä 0–4. Missään ruudussa ei ole lukua 5 tai 6, koska mikään laatikko tai robotti ei ole alussa kohderuudussa.</p>\n<h2 id=\"pelisilmukka\" style=\"position:relative;\">Pelisilmukka<a href=\"#pelisilmukka\" aria-label=\"pelisilmukka permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Pelisilmukka kutsuu joka kierroksella kahta metodia: <code class=\"language-text\">tutki_tapahtumat</code> käy läpi viime kierroksen jälkeen syntyneet tapahtumat ja <code class=\"language-text\">piirra_naytto</code> päivittää näytön sisällön.</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">silmukka</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tutki_tapahtumat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>piirra_naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tutki_tapahtumat</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">piirra_naytto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> y <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> x <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                ruutu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kuvat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>ruutu<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Tällä hetkellä ainoa pelin tunnistama tapahtuma on pelin sulkeminen (esimerkiksi pelaaja painaa ikkunassa olevaa raksia). Tässä tilanteessa peli sulkee itsensä kutsumalla <code class=\"language-text\">exit</code>-funktiota.</p>\n<p>Näytön piirtäminen toteutetaan käymällä ruudukon sisältö ja piirtämällä jokaista ruutua vastaava kuva oikeaan paikkaan.</p>\n<p>Huomaa, että koordinaatteja x ja y käytetään eri päin eri tilanteissa. Kaksiulotteisen listan indeksoinnissa on luontevaa antaa ensin y ja sitten x, koska ensimmäinen indeksi tarkoittaa riviä ja toinen indeksi tarkoittaa saraketta. Kuitenkin Pygamen metodeissa annetaan ensin x ja y, kuten grafiikassa on yleensä tapana.</p>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-14/1-peliprojekti","title":"Peliprojekti"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-14/1-peliprojekti.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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Tässä tilanteessa peli sulkee itsensä kutsumalla "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"exit"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-funktiota."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Näytön piirtäminen toteutetaan käymällä ruudukon sisältö ja piirtämällä jokaista ruutua vastaava kuva oikeaan paikkaan."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huomaa, että koordinaatteja x ja y käytetään eri päin eri tilanteissa. Kaksiulotteisen listan indeksoinnissa on luontevaa antaa ensin y ja sitten x, koska ensimmäinen indeksi tarkoittaa riviä ja toinen indeksi tarkoittaa saraketta. 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Pelaaja ohjaa ruudukossa olevaa robottia, jonka tehtävänä on työntää laatikot oikeille paikoille käyttäen mahdollisimman vähän siirtoja.</p>\n<p>Lopullinen peli tulee näyttämään tältä:</p>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 852px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/e334a0f0fea9438564e48d0bba7cbbc4/47ff6/peli.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 44.34782608695652%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/e334a0f0fea9438564e48d0bba7cbbc4/a0b58/peli.webp 230w,\n/static/e334a0f0fea9438564e48d0bba7cbbc4/bc10c/peli.webp 460w,\n/static/e334a0f0fea9438564e48d0bba7cbbc4/39392/peli.webp 852w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 852px) 100vw, 852px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/e334a0f0fea9438564e48d0bba7cbbc4/81c8e/peli.png 230w,\n/static/e334a0f0fea9438564e48d0bba7cbbc4/08a84/peli.png 460w,\n/static/e334a0f0fea9438564e48d0bba7cbbc4/47ff6/peli.png 852w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 852px) 100vw, 852px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/e334a0f0fea9438564e48d0bba7cbbc4/47ff6/peli.png\" alt=\"peli\" title=\"peli\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span>\n<h2 id=\"pelin-pohja\" style=\"position:relative;\">Pelin pohja<a href=\"#pelin-pohja\" aria-label=\"pelin pohja permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Aloitetaan tekemällä pelille pohja, joka piirtää näkyviin pelin aloitustilanteen. Toteutamme pelin luokkaan <code class=\"language-text\">Sokoban</code>, jonka sisällä on pelissä tarvittavat toiminnot. Ensimmäisessä vaiheessa luokan sisältö on seuraava:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> pygame\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Sokoban</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        \n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lataa_kuvat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>uusi_peli<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        \n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kuvat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_width<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        nayton_korkeus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus\n        nayton_leveys <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>naytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nayton_leveys<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nayton_korkeus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_caption<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sokoban\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>silmukka<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lataa_kuvat</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kuvat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"lattia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"seina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kohde\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"laatikko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"robo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"valmis\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kohderobo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kuvat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>image<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>load<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\".png\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">uusi_peli</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n                       <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n                       <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n                       <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n                       <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n                       <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">silmukka</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tutki_tapahtumat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>piirra_naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tutki_tapahtumat</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">piirra_naytto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> y <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> x <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                ruutu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kuvat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>ruutu<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    Sokoban<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Tämä saa aikaan ikkunan, jossa on pelin aloitustilanne. Katsotaan seuraavaksi tarkemmin luokassa olevaa koodia.</p>\n<h2 id=\"konstruktori\" style=\"position:relative;\">Konstruktori<a href=\"#konstruktori\" aria-label=\"konstruktori permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Luokan konstruktori aloittaa Pygamen käyttämisen, alustaa pelissä tarvittavia muuttujia ja tietorakenteita sekä lopuksi kutsuu metodia, jossa on pelin pääsilmukka.</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>init<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        \n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lataa_kuvat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>uusi_peli<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        \n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kuvat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_width<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        nayton_korkeus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus\n        nayton_leveys <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>naytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nayton_leveys<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nayton_korkeus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_caption<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sokoban\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>silmukka<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lataa_kuvat</code> lataa listaan <code class=\"language-text\">kuvat</code> pelin käyttämät kuvat ja metodi <code class=\"language-text\">uusi_peli</code> luo kaksiulotteisen listan <code class=\"language-text\">kartta</code>, jossa on kuvattu ruudukon sisältö alussa.</p>\n<p>Tämän jälkeen muuttujiin <code class=\"language-text\">korkeus</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">leveys</code> laitetaan ruudukon korkeus ja leveys ja muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">skaala</code> laitetaan yhden ruudun koko. Koska jokainen kuva on neliön muotoinen ja yhtä suuri, ruudun koko saadaan hakemalla ensimmäisen kuvan leveys. Tämän avulla saadaan laskettua näytön korkeus ja leveys, minkä avulla voidaan luoda sopivan kokoinen ikkuna pelille.</p>\n<h2 id=\"kuvien-lataaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kuvien lataaminen<a href=\"#kuvien-lataaminen\" aria-label=\"kuvien lataaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lataa_kuvat</code> lataa pelin tarvitsemat kuvat:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lataa_kuvat</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kuvat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"lattia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"seina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kohde\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"laatikko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"robo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"valmis\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kohderobo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kuvat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>image<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>load<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\".png\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Pelissä on käytössä seuraavat kuvat:</p>\n<h3 id=\"lattiaruutu\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lattiaruutu<a href=\"#lattiaruutu\" aria-label=\"lattiaruutu permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 50px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/9aefcdf4192b60fb3bf21288d49a0bd5/a1812/lattia.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 100%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAO0lEQVQ4y2M4dOjQ/7Nnz1IFg8xiADGoBUBmwQ389+8fRZh+BpIKRg0cNXDUwMFp4OAtbahWwFK7CgAAGH0Lv64YzdcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9aefcdf4192b60fb3bf21288d49a0bd5/6ac13/lattia.webp 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9aefcdf4192b60fb3bf21288d49a0bd5/a1812/lattia.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/9aefcdf4192b60fb3bf21288d49a0bd5/a1812/lattia.png\" alt=\"lattia\" title=\"lattia\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span>\n<ul>\n<li>Tiedoston nimi <code class=\"language-text\">lattia.png</code></li>\n<li>Sijainti listalla 0</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"seinaruutu\" style=\"position:relative;\">Seinäruutu<a href=\"#seinaruutu\" aria-label=\"seinaruutu permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 50px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/73ec5a44eba6d09dfe097ba346137a94/a1812/seina.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 100%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAASElEQVQ4y+3VMQoAMAgDwPhX/YSft0RwLrQZHQI6eGNEZpa7V0R8hQYtcAAgSVvUuZjZMzS3bQ2oyIILLrjgHZTVl7xg1S/gAHx86WTsjKFcAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/73ec5a44eba6d09dfe097ba346137a94/6ac13/seina.webp 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/73ec5a44eba6d09dfe097ba346137a94/a1812/seina.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/73ec5a44eba6d09dfe097ba346137a94/a1812/seina.png\" alt=\"seina\" title=\"seina\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span>\n<ul>\n<li>Tiedoston nimi <code class=\"language-text\">seina.png</code></li>\n<li>Sijainti listalla 1</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"kohderuutu\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kohderuutu<a href=\"#kohderuutu\" aria-label=\"kohderuutu permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 50px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/36b1cacabf9fb62e1c67fc5e6cfa50e3/a1812/kohde.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 100%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABHElEQVQ4y7WVPQ6CUAzHWRw0yBG8gfEK3oCJlRNwB2/gBZzZPAU7I0zsbmiigQjav6nlgS+CUyVp0lfa3+vH4+EkSYI0TVWEWQ4rWg+zeiAR2fJ8gu53EL8z0ragpvn2JfoBZP3xGCBsK0vQ5WLbeMOPuHEgK00j+Z9OwG4HrNfAbAYsFoDvA3E81Gg2ngS2rThmGbBcAo4j4nmA6w7rIOiZ70xHgd1uyHPJhgPDUNa3G3C9AscjsNlY0OmSDXC7lYD9fnqcBhrHUnLXJhvIUhTiuFoBVSXB3AbOgKWuxcaZsp/v99O3gaa5h4M4RpEEmgEZYFfau3zu6XwOOp9BX+dQHahe8l+Gon5s1A/2Xz499ctB8/pSu2C1fwEvukCRvM6VtZAAAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/36b1cacabf9fb62e1c67fc5e6cfa50e3/6ac13/kohde.webp 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/36b1cacabf9fb62e1c67fc5e6cfa50e3/a1812/kohde.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/36b1cacabf9fb62e1c67fc5e6cfa50e3/a1812/kohde.png\" alt=\"kohde\" title=\"kohde\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span>\n<ul>\n<li>Tiedoston nimi <code class=\"language-text\">kohde.png</code></li>\n<li>Sijainti listalla 2</li>\n<li>Robotin tulee siirtää jokin laatikko tähän ruutuun</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"laatikko\" style=\"position:relative;\">Laatikko<a href=\"#laatikko\" aria-label=\"laatikko permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 50px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/6e7afd4acd3f9b214a5c43273b23c834/a1812/laatikko.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 100%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzElEQVQ4y+2VPQqEMBCFvZxVjqAWAVN4CH8KtfEQQfAk9h5DC09go295Abcx7sIyWyzswIPATL6ZgckkGMcR0zSJiKyABykj6wnc9/0jyHEcThcgbds2zPOMZVneinHruvqBZ3XDMCAMQ2itEUUR4jj2ir4kSaCUctBLyyfQWossy9B1Heq6RtM0XtHHGEJZ6S2w73ukaeouFUVxqzzPHZSVsv2XQGMM2rZFWZaoqsorQpmU7f+BvwgUHRvxwRZ7euLL4WvrS2TBSn8BD7avDfrO6ztPAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/6e7afd4acd3f9b214a5c43273b23c834/6ac13/laatikko.webp 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/6e7afd4acd3f9b214a5c43273b23c834/a1812/laatikko.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/6e7afd4acd3f9b214a5c43273b23c834/a1812/laatikko.png\" alt=\"laatikko\" title=\"laatikko\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span>\n<ul>\n<li>Tiedoston nimi <code class=\"language-text\">laatikko.png</code></li>\n<li>Sijainti listalla 3</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"robotti\" style=\"position:relative;\">Robotti<a href=\"#robotti\" aria-label=\"robotti permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 50px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/5fb4f02fac6c4d361c9057099bc9f890/a1812/robo.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 100%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAB/klEQVQ4y5VV0WraYBjttbe+QR+iF32KXvdOWOeckVEGveqtF71qi6CusDFW6sSQJcwNklFHEcHZGfsAjdFCQCiFQew6qugZ58OUIqY1Hxw8nnP+w5+QP1mp1+uwbTsUlmWh1WoJyJ/KsmuFJGxG9/d4oyjo93oCcmphw66Hwul0KphMJvLf8zx8Oj5G/uQEFVUVkFOjx2E2WPdsYdd18S6Xw/v1dXwtlwXk1OhFLnT7fXw4OsLHjQ2Yug7TMIRToxe50HEcfC6XYZ2f47tpCsip0Ytc2Lu6QuHwEJl4HMlYDK9iMSjxuGj0ol8y72GhgNzuLrKKIiCn5i57D4MQZ+j70DQNVdNEMpMRkFOj9zj75A7l+RuNkM1mUSwW8a1axRdNE5BTo8fM/LrQQt/3kUgkUKlU5ITwBBDk1Oj5s10uVTgcDpFKpVAqldBoNFCr1QTk1OgxE6nwxdYWVFVFs9l82CE5NXqRCv/e3iKztob8/j5+np1B13UBef7gQDxmlioMzGvPww/LQjqdhmEYAnJq17OzPL8mdIfBL+d1MonBYCAgD+ZxdulCPhgvd3bkZUCQj6IWBua/8Ri/9vbwdnUV7uWlgJwavWcveX7uxmOcbm/jdHMTf25uBOTU7maFC1+wiz4B7XYbHdtGx3Hwu9tF5+JCINxxxGNm0SfgP7rpf7Qvj0ecAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/5fb4f02fac6c4d361c9057099bc9f890/6ac13/robo.webp 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/5fb4f02fac6c4d361c9057099bc9f890/a1812/robo.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/5fb4f02fac6c4d361c9057099bc9f890/a1812/robo.png\" alt=\"robo\" title=\"robo\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span>\n<ul>\n<li>Tiedoston nimi <code class=\"language-text\">robo.png</code></li>\n<li>Sijainti listalla 4</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"laatikko-kohderuudussa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Laatikko kohderuudussa<a href=\"#laatikko-kohderuudussa\" aria-label=\"laatikko kohderuudussa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 50px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/15225a12ccfe0e42a543bea73f4ff889/a1812/valmis.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 100%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/15225a12ccfe0e42a543bea73f4ff889/6ac13/valmis.webp 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/15225a12ccfe0e42a543bea73f4ff889/a1812/valmis.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/15225a12ccfe0e42a543bea73f4ff889/a1812/valmis.png\" alt=\"valmis\" title=\"valmis\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span>\n<ul>\n<li>Tiedoston nimi <code class=\"language-text\">valmis.png</code></li>\n<li>Sijainti listalla 5</li>\n<li>Laatikko on saatu siirrettyä kohderuutuun</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"kohderuutu-ja-robotti\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kohderuutu ja robotti<a href=\"#kohderuutu-ja-robotti\" aria-label=\"kohderuutu ja robotti permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 50px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/70f904da050def3ee01b9b01b0b50b16/a1812/kohderobo.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 100%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/70f904da050def3ee01b9b01b0b50b16/6ac13/kohderobo.webp 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/70f904da050def3ee01b9b01b0b50b16/a1812/kohderobo.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/70f904da050def3ee01b9b01b0b50b16/a1812/kohderobo.png\" alt=\"kohderobo\" title=\"kohderobo\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span>\n<ul>\n<li>Tiedoston nimi <code class=\"language-text\">kohderobo.png</code></li>\n<li>Sijainti listalla 6</li>\n<li>Robotti voi myös olla kohderuudussa</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"ruudukon-luonti\" style=\"position:relative;\">Ruudukon luonti<a href=\"#ruudukon-luonti\" aria-label=\"ruudukon luonti permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">uusi_peli</code> muodostaa ruudukon aloitustilanteen:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">uusi_peli</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n                       <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n                       <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n                       <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n                       <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n                       <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Metodi luo kaksiulotteisen listan <code class=\"language-text\">kartta</code>, jossa käytetään kuvien tunnuksia samassa järjestyksessä kuin kuvat on ladattu listaan. Tämän avulla pelin muistissa on tieto siitä, mikä on ruudukon tilanne tällä hetkellä.</p>\n<p>Huomaa, että jokainen ruudukon luku on alussa välillä 0–4. Missään ruudussa ei ole lukua 5 tai 6, koska mikään laatikko tai robotti ei ole alussa kohderuudussa.</p>\n<h2 id=\"pelisilmukka\" style=\"position:relative;\">Pelisilmukka<a href=\"#pelisilmukka\" aria-label=\"pelisilmukka permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Pelisilmukka kutsuu joka kierroksella kahta metodia: <code class=\"language-text\">tutki_tapahtumat</code> käy läpi viime kierroksen jälkeen syntyneet tapahtumat ja <code class=\"language-text\">piirra_naytto</code> päivittää näytön sisällön.</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">silmukka</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tutki_tapahtumat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>piirra_naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tutki_tapahtumat</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">piirra_naytto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fill<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> y <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> x <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                ruutu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kuvat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>ruutu<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>flip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Tällä hetkellä ainoa pelin tunnistama tapahtuma on pelin sulkeminen (esimerkiksi pelaaja painaa ikkunassa olevaa raksia). Tässä tilanteessa peli sulkee itsensä kutsumalla <code class=\"language-text\">exit</code>-funktiota.</p>\n<p>Näytön piirtäminen toteutetaan käymällä ruudukon sisältö ja piirtämällä jokaista ruutua vastaava kuva oikeaan paikkaan.</p>\n<p>Huomaa, että koordinaatteja x ja y käytetään eri päin eri tilanteissa. Kaksiulotteisen listan indeksoinnissa on luontevaa antaa ensin y ja sitten x, koska ensimmäinen indeksi tarkoittaa riviä ja toinen indeksi tarkoittaa saraketta. 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Tämä päivittää ruudukkoa oikealla tavalla sekä silloin, kun laatikko on tavallisessa lattiaruudussa tai kohderuudussa."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h3","properties":{"id":"robotin-siirtyminen","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Robotin siirtyminen"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#robotin-siirtyminen","ariaLabel":"robotin siirtyminen permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"        self"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"kartta"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"text","value":"robon_vanha_y"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"text","value":"robon_vanha_x"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"-="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n        self"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"kartta"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"text","value":"robon_uusi_y"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"text","value":"robon_uusi_x"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"+="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jos metodin suoritus etenee loppuun asti, myös robotin tulee vielä siirtyä. Tämä toteutetaan samalla tavalla kuin laatikon siirtyminen, paitsi että vähennettävä ja lisättävä arvo on 4. Tässäkin tapauksessa ruudukon sisältö muuttuu oikein tilanteissa, joissa robotti on tavallisessa lattiaruudussa tai kohderuudussa."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"refaktorointia","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Refaktorointia?"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#refaktorointia","ariaLabel":"refaktorointia permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tässä käytetty tapa tallentaa ruudukon tilanne on siinä mielessä kätevä, että yksi ruudukko kuvaa pelin koko tilanteen tiiviissä muodossa ja ruudukkoa on melko helppoa päivittää vähentämällä ja poistamalla sopivasti lukuja."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Toteutuksen huonona puolena on kuitenkin, että pelin koodin ymmärtäminen voi olla vaikeaa. Esimerkiksi jos ulkopuolinen koodari näkee seuraavan rivin, se näyttää luultavasti mystiseltä."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"            "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"if"}]},{"type":"text","value":" self"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"kartta"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"text","value":"laatikon_uusi_y"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"text","value":"laatikon_uusi_x"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"in"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tässä on käytetty "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"taikalukuja"}]},{"type":"text","value":" ("},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"magic numbers"}]},{"type":"text","value":") ruutujen esittämiseen, ja koodin lukijan täytyy tietää, että 1 tarkoittaa seinää, 3 tarkoittaa laatikkoa ja 5 tarkoittaa kohderuudussa olevaa laatikkoa."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vielä mystisempiä ovat rivit tyyliin"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"            self"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"kartta"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"text","value":"robon_uusi_y"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"text","value":"robon_uusi_x"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"-="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"koska nyt laatikkoa tarkoittava luku 3 vähennetään ruudun luvusta. Tämä toimii, koska tämä muuttaa tavallisen laatikon lattiaksi ja kohderuudussa olevan laatikon kohderuuduksi, mutta asian ymmärtäminen vaatii huolellista perehtymistä ruutujen numerointiin."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pelin koodin lukijan työtä voisi helpottaa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"refaktoroimalla"}]},{"type":"text","value":" koodia eli muuttamalla koodin rakennetta paremmaksi ja selkeämmäksi. Tässä tapauksessa helppo muutos olisi käyttää lukujen 0–6 sijasta kuvaavampia ruutujen nimiä, mutta tämä ei selittäisi sitä, miksi lukuja voi vähentää ja lisätä ja ruudukko muuttuu oikealla tavalla."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pelin koodin saaminen todella helposti luettavaksi vaatisikin luultavasti paljon suurempaa refaktorointia, kuten ruudukon pysyvän rakenteen tallentamista erillään ja robotin ja laatikoiden sijaintien tallentamista omissa tietorakenteissaan. Toisaalta tämän kääntöpuolena olisi, että koodia voisi tulla paljon lisää ja pelin sisäinen toiminta muuttuisi monimutkaisemmaksi."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Refaktorointiin ja koodin laatuun liittyviin asioihin tutustutaan lisää tulevilla kursseilla, kuten "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelmistotekniikka"}]},{"type":"text","value":" ja "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelmistotuotanto"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]}],"data":{"quirksMode":false}},"html":"<p>Vaikein asia Sokoban-pelin toteutuksessa on saada robotti liikkumaan niin, että se pystyy työntämään laatikoita halutulla tavalla. Pelin pitää tunnistaa, milloin robotti pystyy siirtymään pelaajan haluamaan suuntiin, sekä käsitellä oikein tilanteet, joissa robotti työntää laatikkoa. Nyt on aika tarttua tähän haasteeseen.</p>\n<h2 id=\"nappaimiston-kasittely\" style=\"position:relative;\">Näppäimistön käsittely<a href=\"#nappaimiston-kasittely\" aria-label=\"nappaimiston kasittely permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Pelaaja ohjaa robottia nuolinäppäimillä, joten tapahtumien käsittelyä täytyy laajentaa niin, että se tarkkailee myös näppäimistön tapahtumia:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tutki_tapahtumat</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>KEYDOWN<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_LEFT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                    self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>liiku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_RIGHT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                    self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>liiku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_UP<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                    self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>liiku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_DOWN<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                    self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>liiku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Nyt kun pelaaja painaa nuolinäppäintä, kutsutaan metodia <code class=\"language-text\">liiku</code> sopivilla parametreilla. Ensimmäinen parametri ilmaisee liikkeen määrän pystysuunnassa ja toinen parametri puolestaan ilmaisee liikkeen määrän vaakasuunnassa.</p>\n<h2 id=\"robotin-etsiminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Robotin etsiminen<a href=\"#robotin-etsiminen\" aria-label=\"robotin etsiminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Pelin täytyy tietää robotin sijainti, jotta sitä pystyy siirtämään oikealla tavalla. Seuraava metodi <code class=\"language-text\">etsi_robo</code> selvittää robotin sijainnin:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">etsi_robo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> y <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> x <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Metodi käy läpi kaikki ruudukon ruudut ja palauttaa ruudun koordinaatit, jos ruudussa on luku 4 (robotti yksinään) tai luku 6 (robotti kohderuudun päällä).</p>\n<p>Ideana on, että aina kun käyttäjä painaa nuolinäppäintä, selvitetään ensin robotin sijainti käymällä läpi ruudukon ruudut. Tämä voi tuntua vähän hitaalta, koska vaihtoehtoisesti voisi myös pitää yllä tietoa robotin sijainnista omissa muuttujissa. Tämän toteutuksen etuna on kuitenkin, että robotin sijainti ei ole tallessa kahdessa paikassa (ruudukossa ja erillisissä muuttujissa) vaan vain yhdessä paikassa, eli muistissa oleva pelin tila on yksinkertaisempi.</p>\n<h2 id=\"muutokset-ruudukossa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Muutokset ruudukossa<a href=\"#muutokset-ruudukossa\" aria-label=\"muutokset ruudukossa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">liiku</code> saa parametreina suunnan, johon pelaaja haluaa robotin liikkuvan, ja metodi joko päivittää ruudukkoa sopivasti tai toteaa, että liikkuminen ei ole mahdollista eikä muuta ruudukon sisältöä.</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">liiku</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> liike_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> liike_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        robon_vanha_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> robon_vanha_x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>etsi_robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        robon_uusi_y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> robon_vanha_y <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> liike_y\n        robon_uusi_x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> robon_vanha_x <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> liike_x\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            laatikon_uusi_y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> robon_uusi_y <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> liike_y\n            laatikon_uusi_x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> robon_uusi_x <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> liike_x\n\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>laatikon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>laatikon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span>\n\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>laatikon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>laatikon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\n\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_vanha_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_vanha_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Metodi on melko monimutkainen, joten katsotaan tarkemmin metodin osia:</p>\n<h3 id=\"robotin-vanha-ja-uusi-sijainti\" style=\"position:relative;\">Robotin vanha ja uusi sijainti<a href=\"#robotin-vanha-ja-uusi-sijainti\" aria-label=\"robotin vanha ja uusi sijainti permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">        robon_vanha_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> robon_vanha_x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>etsi_robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        robon_uusi_y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> robon_vanha_y <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> liike_y\n        robon_uusi_x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> robon_vanha_x <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> liike_x</code></pre></div>\n<p>Metodi kutsuu ensin metodia <code class=\"language-text\">etsi_robo</code>, joka selvittää robotin vanhan sijainnin ennen siirtoa. Tämä sijainti tallennetaan muuttujiin <code class=\"language-text\">robon_vanha_y</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">robon_vanha_x</code>.</p>\n<p>Tämän jälkeen muuttujiin <code class=\"language-text\">robon_uusi_y</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">robon_uusi_x</code> lasketaan robotin haluttu uusi sijainti. Tämä saadaan laskettua kätevästi, kun tiedossa on vanha sijainti sekä haluttu sijainnin muutos pysty- ja vaakasuunnassa.</p>\n<h3 id=\"tormaako-robotti-seinaan\" style=\"position:relative;\">Törmääkö robotti seinään?<a href=\"#tormaako-robotti-seinaan\" aria-label=\"tormaako robotti seinaan permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Seuraavaksi käsitellään tapaus, jossa pelaaja yrittää ohjata robottia seinään (luku 1 tarkoittaa seinää). Tämä ei ole sallittua, joten tässä tilanteessa ei tapahdu mitään ja metodin suoritus vain loppuu.</p>\n<h3 id=\"laatikon-siirtyminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Laatikon siirtyminen<a href=\"#laatikon-siirtyminen\" aria-label=\"laatikon siirtyminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            laatikon_uusi_y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> robon_uusi_y <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> liike_y\n            laatikon_uusi_x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> robon_uusi_x <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> liike_x\n\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>laatikon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>laatikon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span>\n\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>laatikon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>laatikon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Jos robotin uudessa sijainnissa on luku 3 (laatikko) tai 5 (laatikko kohderuudussa), robotti työntää laatikkoa liikkuessaan. Tätä varten lasketaan muuttujiin <code class=\"language-text\">laatikon_uusi_y</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">laatikon_uusi_x</code> laatikon uusi sijainti työntämisen jälkeen.</p>\n<p>Laatikko ei voi siirtyä, jos uudessa kohdassa on luku 1 (seinäruutu), luku 3 (toinen laatikko) tai luku 5 (toinen laatikko kohderuudussa). Näissä tapauksissa metodi sulkee itsensä eikä tee mitään.</p>\n<p>Muissa tapauksissa kuitenkin laatikkoa pystyy siirtämään, jolloin laatikon nykyisen ruudun luvusta vähennetään 3 ja uuden ruudun lukuun lisätään 3. Tämä päivittää ruudukkoa oikealla tavalla sekä silloin, kun laatikko on tavallisessa lattiaruudussa tai kohderuudussa.</p>\n<h3 id=\"robotin-siirtyminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Robotin siirtyminen<a href=\"#robotin-siirtyminen\" aria-label=\"robotin siirtyminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_vanha_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_vanha_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Jos metodin suoritus etenee loppuun asti, myös robotin tulee vielä siirtyä. Tämä toteutetaan samalla tavalla kuin laatikon siirtyminen, paitsi että vähennettävä ja lisättävä arvo on 4. Tässäkin tapauksessa ruudukon sisältö muuttuu oikein tilanteissa, joissa robotti on tavallisessa lattiaruudussa tai kohderuudussa.</p>\n<h2 id=\"refaktorointia\" style=\"position:relative;\">Refaktorointia?<a href=\"#refaktorointia\" aria-label=\"refaktorointia permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Tässä käytetty tapa tallentaa ruudukon tilanne on siinä mielessä kätevä, että yksi ruudukko kuvaa pelin koko tilanteen tiiviissä muodossa ja ruudukkoa on melko helppoa päivittää vähentämällä ja poistamalla sopivasti lukuja.</p>\n<p>Toteutuksen huonona puolena on kuitenkin, että pelin koodin ymmärtäminen voi olla vaikeaa. Esimerkiksi jos ulkopuolinen koodari näkee seuraavan rivin, se näyttää luultavasti mystiseltä.</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>laatikon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>laatikon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Tässä on käytetty <em>taikalukuja</em> (<em>magic numbers</em>) ruutujen esittämiseen, ja koodin lukijan täytyy tietää, että 1 tarkoittaa seinää, 3 tarkoittaa laatikkoa ja 5 tarkoittaa kohderuudussa olevaa laatikkoa.</p>\n<p>Vielä mystisempiä ovat rivit tyyliin</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>koska nyt laatikkoa tarkoittava luku 3 vähennetään ruudun luvusta. Tämä toimii, koska tämä muuttaa tavallisen laatikon lattiaksi ja kohderuudussa olevan laatikon kohderuuduksi, mutta asian ymmärtäminen vaatii huolellista perehtymistä ruutujen numerointiin.</p>\n<p>Pelin koodin lukijan työtä voisi helpottaa <em>refaktoroimalla</em> koodia eli muuttamalla koodin rakennetta paremmaksi ja selkeämmäksi. Tässä tapauksessa helppo muutos olisi käyttää lukujen 0–6 sijasta kuvaavampia ruutujen nimiä, mutta tämä ei selittäisi sitä, miksi lukuja voi vähentää ja lisätä ja ruudukko muuttuu oikealla tavalla.</p>\n<p>Pelin koodin saaminen todella helposti luettavaksi vaatisikin luultavasti paljon suurempaa refaktorointia, kuten ruudukon pysyvän rakenteen tallentamista erillään ja robotin ja laatikoiden sijaintien tallentamista omissa tietorakenteissaan. Toisaalta tämän kääntöpuolena olisi, että koodia voisi tulla paljon lisää ja pelin sisäinen toiminta muuttuisi monimutkaisemmaksi.</p>\n<p>Refaktorointiin ja koodin laatuun liittyviin asioihin tutustutaan lisää tulevilla kursseilla, kuten <em>Ohjelmistotekniikka</em> ja <em>Ohjelmistotuotanto</em>.</p>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-14/2-robo-ja-laatikot","title":"Robotti ja laatikot"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-14/2-robo-ja-laatikot.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea 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Tämä toteutetaan samalla tavalla kuin laatikon siirtyminen, paitsi että vähennettävä ja lisättävä arvo on 4. Tässäkin tapauksessa ruudukon sisältö muuttuu oikein tilanteissa, joissa robotti on tavallisessa lattiaruudussa tai kohderuudussa."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"refaktorointia","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Refaktorointia?"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#refaktorointia","ariaLabel":"refaktorointia permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tässä käytetty tapa tallentaa ruudukon tilanne on siinä mielessä kätevä, että yksi ruudukko kuvaa pelin koko tilanteen tiiviissä muodossa ja ruudukkoa on melko helppoa päivittää vähentämällä ja poistamalla sopivasti lukuja."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Toteutuksen huonona puolena on kuitenkin, että pelin koodin ymmärtäminen voi olla vaikeaa. Esimerkiksi jos ulkopuolinen koodari näkee seuraavan rivin, se näyttää luultavasti mystiseltä."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"            "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"if"}]},{"type":"text","value":" self"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"kartta"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"text","value":"laatikon_uusi_y"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"text","value":"laatikon_uusi_x"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"in"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tässä on käytetty "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"taikalukuja"}]},{"type":"text","value":" ("},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"magic numbers"}]},{"type":"text","value":") ruutujen esittämiseen, ja koodin lukijan täytyy tietää, että 1 tarkoittaa seinää, 3 tarkoittaa laatikkoa ja 5 tarkoittaa kohderuudussa olevaa laatikkoa."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vielä mystisempiä ovat rivit tyyliin"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"            self"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"kartta"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"text","value":"robon_uusi_y"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"text","value":"robon_uusi_x"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"-="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"koska nyt laatikkoa tarkoittava luku 3 vähennetään ruudun luvusta. Tämä toimii, koska tämä muuttaa tavallisen laatikon lattiaksi ja kohderuudussa olevan laatikon kohderuuduksi, mutta asian ymmärtäminen vaatii huolellista perehtymistä ruutujen numerointiin."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pelin koodin lukijan työtä voisi helpottaa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"refaktoroimalla"}]},{"type":"text","value":" koodia eli muuttamalla koodin rakennetta paremmaksi ja selkeämmäksi. Tässä tapauksessa helppo muutos olisi käyttää lukujen 0–6 sijasta kuvaavampia ruutujen nimiä, mutta tämä ei selittäisi sitä, miksi lukuja voi vähentää ja lisätä ja ruudukko muuttuu oikealla tavalla."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pelin koodin saaminen todella helposti luettavaksi vaatisikin luultavasti paljon suurempaa refaktorointia, kuten ruudukon pysyvän rakenteen tallentamista erillään ja robotin ja laatikoiden sijaintien tallentamista omissa tietorakenteissaan. Toisaalta tämän kääntöpuolena olisi, että koodia voisi tulla paljon lisää ja pelin sisäinen toiminta muuttuisi monimutkaisemmaksi."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Refaktorointiin ja koodin laatuun liittyviin asioihin tutustutaan lisää tulevilla kursseilla, kuten "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelmistotekniikka"}]},{"type":"text","value":" ja "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelmistotuotanto"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]}],"data":{"quirksMode":false}},"html":"<p>Vaikein asia Sokoban-pelin toteutuksessa on saada robotti liikkumaan niin, että se pystyy työntämään laatikoita halutulla tavalla. Pelin pitää tunnistaa, milloin robotti pystyy siirtymään pelaajan haluamaan suuntiin, sekä käsitellä oikein tilanteet, joissa robotti työntää laatikkoa. Nyt on aika tarttua tähän haasteeseen.</p>\n<h2 id=\"nappaimiston-kasittely\" style=\"position:relative;\">Näppäimistön käsittely<a href=\"#nappaimiston-kasittely\" aria-label=\"nappaimiston kasittely permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Pelaaja ohjaa robottia nuolinäppäimillä, joten tapahtumien käsittelyä täytyy laajentaa niin, että se tarkkailee myös näppäimistön tapahtumia:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tutki_tapahtumat</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> tapahtuma <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>event<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>KEYDOWN<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_LEFT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                    self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>liiku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_RIGHT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                    self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>liiku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_UP<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                    self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>liiku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_DOWN<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                    self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>liiku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>QUIT<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Nyt kun pelaaja painaa nuolinäppäintä, kutsutaan metodia <code class=\"language-text\">liiku</code> sopivilla parametreilla. Ensimmäinen parametri ilmaisee liikkeen määrän pystysuunnassa ja toinen parametri puolestaan ilmaisee liikkeen määrän vaakasuunnassa.</p>\n<h2 id=\"robotin-etsiminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Robotin etsiminen<a href=\"#robotin-etsiminen\" aria-label=\"robotin etsiminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Pelin täytyy tietää robotin sijainti, jotta sitä pystyy siirtämään oikealla tavalla. Seuraava metodi <code class=\"language-text\">etsi_robo</code> selvittää robotin sijainnin:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">etsi_robo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> y <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> x <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Metodi käy läpi kaikki ruudukon ruudut ja palauttaa ruudun koordinaatit, jos ruudussa on luku 4 (robotti yksinään) tai luku 6 (robotti kohderuudun päällä).</p>\n<p>Ideana on, että aina kun käyttäjä painaa nuolinäppäintä, selvitetään ensin robotin sijainti käymällä läpi ruudukon ruudut. Tämä voi tuntua vähän hitaalta, koska vaihtoehtoisesti voisi myös pitää yllä tietoa robotin sijainnista omissa muuttujissa. Tämän toteutuksen etuna on kuitenkin, että robotin sijainti ei ole tallessa kahdessa paikassa (ruudukossa ja erillisissä muuttujissa) vaan vain yhdessä paikassa, eli muistissa oleva pelin tila on yksinkertaisempi.</p>\n<h2 id=\"muutokset-ruudukossa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Muutokset ruudukossa<a href=\"#muutokset-ruudukossa\" aria-label=\"muutokset ruudukossa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">liiku</code> saa parametreina suunnan, johon pelaaja haluaa robotin liikkuvan, ja metodi joko päivittää ruudukkoa sopivasti tai toteaa, että liikkuminen ei ole mahdollista eikä muuta ruudukon sisältöä.</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">liiku</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> liike_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> liike_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        robon_vanha_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> robon_vanha_x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>etsi_robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        robon_uusi_y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> robon_vanha_y <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> liike_y\n        robon_uusi_x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> robon_vanha_x <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> liike_x\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            laatikon_uusi_y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> robon_uusi_y <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> liike_y\n            laatikon_uusi_x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> robon_uusi_x <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> liike_x\n\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>laatikon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>laatikon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span>\n\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>laatikon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>laatikon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\n\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_vanha_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_vanha_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Metodi on melko monimutkainen, joten katsotaan tarkemmin metodin osia:</p>\n<h3 id=\"robotin-vanha-ja-uusi-sijainti\" style=\"position:relative;\">Robotin vanha ja uusi sijainti<a href=\"#robotin-vanha-ja-uusi-sijainti\" aria-label=\"robotin vanha ja uusi sijainti permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">        robon_vanha_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> robon_vanha_x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>etsi_robo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        robon_uusi_y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> robon_vanha_y <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> liike_y\n        robon_uusi_x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> robon_vanha_x <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> liike_x</code></pre></div>\n<p>Metodi kutsuu ensin metodia <code class=\"language-text\">etsi_robo</code>, joka selvittää robotin vanhan sijainnin ennen siirtoa. Tämä sijainti tallennetaan muuttujiin <code class=\"language-text\">robon_vanha_y</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">robon_vanha_x</code>.</p>\n<p>Tämän jälkeen muuttujiin <code class=\"language-text\">robon_uusi_y</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">robon_uusi_x</code> lasketaan robotin haluttu uusi sijainti. Tämä saadaan laskettua kätevästi, kun tiedossa on vanha sijainti sekä haluttu sijainnin muutos pysty- ja vaakasuunnassa.</p>\n<h3 id=\"tormaako-robotti-seinaan\" style=\"position:relative;\">Törmääkö robotti seinään?<a href=\"#tormaako-robotti-seinaan\" aria-label=\"tormaako robotti seinaan permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Seuraavaksi käsitellään tapaus, jossa pelaaja yrittää ohjata robottia seinään (luku 1 tarkoittaa seinää). Tämä ei ole sallittua, joten tässä tilanteessa ei tapahdu mitään ja metodin suoritus vain loppuu.</p>\n<h3 id=\"laatikon-siirtyminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Laatikon siirtyminen<a href=\"#laatikon-siirtyminen\" aria-label=\"laatikon siirtyminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            laatikon_uusi_y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> robon_uusi_y <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> liike_y\n            laatikon_uusi_x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> robon_uusi_x <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> liike_x\n\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>laatikon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>laatikon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span>\n\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>laatikon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>laatikon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Jos robotin uudessa sijainnissa on luku 3 (laatikko) tai 5 (laatikko kohderuudussa), robotti työntää laatikkoa liikkuessaan. Tätä varten lasketaan muuttujiin <code class=\"language-text\">laatikon_uusi_y</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">laatikon_uusi_x</code> laatikon uusi sijainti työntämisen jälkeen.</p>\n<p>Laatikko ei voi siirtyä, jos uudessa kohdassa on luku 1 (seinäruutu), luku 3 (toinen laatikko) tai luku 5 (toinen laatikko kohderuudussa). Näissä tapauksissa metodi sulkee itsensä eikä tee mitään.</p>\n<p>Muissa tapauksissa kuitenkin laatikkoa pystyy siirtämään, jolloin laatikon nykyisen ruudun luvusta vähennetään 3 ja uuden ruudun lukuun lisätään 3. Tämä päivittää ruudukkoa oikealla tavalla sekä silloin, kun laatikko on tavallisessa lattiaruudussa tai kohderuudussa.</p>\n<h3 id=\"robotin-siirtyminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Robotin siirtyminen<a href=\"#robotin-siirtyminen\" aria-label=\"robotin siirtyminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_vanha_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_vanha_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Jos metodin suoritus etenee loppuun asti, myös robotin tulee vielä siirtyä. Tämä toteutetaan samalla tavalla kuin laatikon siirtyminen, paitsi että vähennettävä ja lisättävä arvo on 4. Tässäkin tapauksessa ruudukon sisältö muuttuu oikein tilanteissa, joissa robotti on tavallisessa lattiaruudussa tai kohderuudussa.</p>\n<h2 id=\"refaktorointia\" style=\"position:relative;\">Refaktorointia?<a href=\"#refaktorointia\" aria-label=\"refaktorointia permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Tässä käytetty tapa tallentaa ruudukon tilanne on siinä mielessä kätevä, että yksi ruudukko kuvaa pelin koko tilanteen tiiviissä muodossa ja ruudukkoa on melko helppoa päivittää vähentämällä ja poistamalla sopivasti lukuja.</p>\n<p>Toteutuksen huonona puolena on kuitenkin, että pelin koodin ymmärtäminen voi olla vaikeaa. Esimerkiksi jos ulkopuolinen koodari näkee seuraavan rivin, se näyttää luultavasti mystiseltä.</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>laatikon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>laatikon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Tässä on käytetty <em>taikalukuja</em> (<em>magic numbers</em>) ruutujen esittämiseen, ja koodin lukijan täytyy tietää, että 1 tarkoittaa seinää, 3 tarkoittaa laatikkoa ja 5 tarkoittaa kohderuudussa olevaa laatikkoa.</p>\n<p>Vielä mystisempiä ovat rivit tyyliin</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>robon_uusi_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>koska nyt laatikkoa tarkoittava luku 3 vähennetään ruudun luvusta. Tämä toimii, koska tämä muuttaa tavallisen laatikon lattiaksi ja kohderuudussa olevan laatikon kohderuuduksi, mutta asian ymmärtäminen vaatii huolellista perehtymistä ruutujen numerointiin.</p>\n<p>Pelin koodin lukijan työtä voisi helpottaa <em>refaktoroimalla</em> koodia eli muuttamalla koodin rakennetta paremmaksi ja selkeämmäksi. Tässä tapauksessa helppo muutos olisi käyttää lukujen 0–6 sijasta kuvaavampia ruutujen nimiä, mutta tämä ei selittäisi sitä, miksi lukuja voi vähentää ja lisätä ja ruudukko muuttuu oikealla tavalla.</p>\n<p>Pelin koodin saaminen todella helposti luettavaksi vaatisikin luultavasti paljon suurempaa refaktorointia, kuten ruudukon pysyvän rakenteen tallentamista erillään ja robotin ja laatikoiden sijaintien tallentamista omissa tietorakenteissaan. Toisaalta tämän kääntöpuolena olisi, että koodia voisi tulla paljon lisää ja pelin sisäinen toiminta muuttuisi monimutkaisemmaksi.</p>\n<p>Refaktorointiin ja koodin laatuun liittyviin asioihin tutustutaan lisää tulevilla kursseilla, kuten <em>Ohjelmistotekniikka</em> ja <em>Ohjelmistotuotanto</em>.</p>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-14/2-robo-ja-laatikot","title":"Robotti ja laatikot"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-14/2-robo-ja-laatikot.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea 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Sitten kun pelin päättyminen toimii oikein, metodin voi jälleen palauttaa ennalleen."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"peli-githubiin","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Peli GitHubiin"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#peli-githubiin","ariaLabel":"peli githubiin permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Peli on nyt valmis ja voit hakea pelin lopullisen koodin ja kuvat GitHubista:"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://github.com/moocfi/sokoban","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"https://github.com/moocfi/sokoban"}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"GitHub on hyvä paikka omille ohjelmointiprojekteille: sen avulla projektin koodin ja muut tiedostot saa talteen Git-versionhallintaan ja projektin pystyy helposti jakamaan muille. GitHubia käytetään paljon myöhemmillä tietojenkäsittelytieteen kursseilla."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"montako-siirtoa-tarvitaan","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Montako siirtoa tarvitaan?"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#montako-siirtoa-tarvitaan","ariaLabel":"montako siirtoa tarvitaan permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vaikka pelin ruudukko on melko pieni, peli ei ole helppo. Ensimmäinen haaste on onnistua läpäisemään peli, ja sen jälkeen haasteena on keksiä ratkaisu, jossa siirtojen määrä on mahdollisimman pieni. Kuinka lyhyen ratkaisun onnistut muodostamaan?"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lyhimmän mahdollisen ratkaisun etsiminen käsin on hyvin vaikeaa, mutta tässäkin voi käyttää apuna ohjelmointia. Kurssilla "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tietorakenteet ja algoritmit"}]},{"type":"text","value":"  tutustutaan tekniikoihin, joiden avulla voidaan löytää automaattisesti lyhin mahdollinen ratkaisu peliin."}]}],"data":{"quirksMode":false}},"html":"<p>Peli on jo hyvässä vaiheessa, joten nyt voimme alkaa viimeistellä pelin toteutusta. Lisäämme peliin laskurin, joka näyttää siirtojen määrän, mahdollisuuden aloittaa uusi peli ja sulkea peli näppäinkomennoilla sekä ilmoituksen, kun pelaaja onnistuu läpäisemään pelin.</p>\n<h2 id=\"siirtolaskuri\" style=\"position:relative;\">Siirtolaskuri<a href=\"#siirtolaskuri\" aria-label=\"siirtolaskuri permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Siirtolaskuri näyttää pelin ikkunan alalaidassa, montako siirtoa pelaaja on tehnyt tähän mennessä. Tämän avulla voi yrittää etsiä ratkaisua, jossa on mahdollisimman vähän siirtoja.</p>\n<p>Laskurin tekeminen vaatii joitakin muutoksia koodiin. Muutetaan ensin konstruktoria niin, että ikkunassa on tilaa laskurille ja käytettävissä on fontti tekstin piirtämistä varten:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>naytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nayton_leveys<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nayton_korkeus <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fontti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>font<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>SysFont<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Arial\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Siirtolaskuri nollataan pelin alussa ja jokainen siirto kasvattaa sitä yhdellä:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">uusi_peli</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>siirrot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span></code></pre></div>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">liiku</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> liike_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> liike_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>siirrot <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Lisäksi näytön päivityksen yhteydessä näytetään siirtojen määrä laskurin avulla:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">piirra_naytto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>\n        teksti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fontti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>render<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Siirrot: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>siirrot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">255</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>teksti<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">25</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span></code></pre></div>\n<h2 id=\"uusi-peli-ja-pelin-sulkeminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Uusi peli ja pelin sulkeminen<a href=\"#uusi-peli-ja-pelin-sulkeminen\" aria-label=\"uusi peli ja pelin sulkeminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Lisätään peliin seuraavaksi näppäinkomennot, joiden avulla pelaaja voi aloittaa uuden pelin painamalla F2 sekä sulkea pelin painamalla Esc. Molemmat toiminnot on helppo toteuttaa:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tutki_tapahtumat</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_F2<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                    self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>uusi_peli<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_ESCAPE<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                    exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Lisäksi piirretään ikkunan alalaitaan pelaajalle tiedoksi, että pelissä on tällaiset toiminnot:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">piirra_naytto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>\n        teksti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fontti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>render<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"F2 = uusi peli\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">255</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>teksti<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">200</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        teksti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fontti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>render<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Esc = sulje peli\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">255</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>teksti<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">400</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span></code></pre></div>\n<h2 id=\"pelin-lapaiseminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Pelin läpäiseminen<a href=\"#pelin-lapaiseminen\" aria-label=\"pelin lapaiseminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Pelaaja läpäisee pelin, kun jokainen laatikko on jossain kohderuudussa. Tämä voidaan tarkastaa seuraavalla metodilla:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">peli_lapi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> y <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> x <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Metodi käy läpi kaikki ruudut ja jos jossain ruudussa on luku 2 (tyhjä kohderuutu) tai 6 (robotti kohderuudussa), peli ei ole vielä läpäisty ja metodi palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">False</code>. Jos mitään tällaista ruutua ei ole ruudukossa, peli kuitenkin on läpäisty ja metodi palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>.</p>\n<p>Jos pelaaja läpäisee pelin, metodi <code class=\"language-text\">piirra_naytto</code> näyttää asiaan kuuluvan viestin:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">piirra_naytto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>peli_lapi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            teksti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fontti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>render<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Onnittelut, läpäisit pelin!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">255</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            teksti_x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> teksti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_width<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n            teksti_y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> teksti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_height<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n            pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>draw<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rect<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>teksti_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> teksti_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> teksti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_width<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> teksti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_height<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>teksti<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>teksti_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> teksti_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Lisäksi metodin <code class=\"language-text\">liiku</code> alkua muutetaan niin, että liikkuminen ei ole enää mahdollista, kun pelaaja on läpäissyt pelin:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">liiku</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> liike_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> liike_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>peli_lapi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Tässä tilanteessa kuitenkin pelaaja näkee edelleen ruudukon ja lopullisen pelitilanteen.</p>\n<h2 id=\"vinkki-testauksen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vinkki testauksen<a href=\"#vinkki-testauksen\" aria-label=\"vinkki testauksen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Pelin kehityksen aikana tulee helposti tarve tarkastaa, mitä tapahtuu jossain vaiheessa myöhemmin pelissä. Esimerkiksi tässä pelissä tällainen tapahtuma on pelin läpäiseminen ja siitä tuleva ilmoitus.</p>\n<p>Tällaisen tapahtuman testaaminen voi olla hankalaa, jos esimerkiksi pitää aina läpäistä koko peli ennen kuin tapahtuman näkee. Kuitenkin pelin ohjelmoija voi helposti tehdä koodiin väliaikaisia muutoksia, jotka helpottavat testausta. Esimerkiksi pelin läpäisyä voi testata muuttamalla koodia näin:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">peli_lapi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Nyt metodi palauttaa aina <code class=\"language-text\">True</code> eli peli on läpäisty heti pelin alkaessa. Tämän avulla voi mukavasti varmistaa, että pelin lopussa tuleva ilmoitus näyttää oikealta eikä pelaaja pysty enää siirtymään ruudukossa. Sitten kun pelin päättyminen toimii oikein, metodin voi jälleen palauttaa ennalleen.</p>\n<h2 id=\"peli-githubiin\" style=\"position:relative;\">Peli GitHubiin<a href=\"#peli-githubiin\" aria-label=\"peli githubiin permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Peli on nyt valmis ja voit hakea pelin lopullisen koodin ja kuvat GitHubista:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://github.com/moocfi/sokoban\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https://github.com/moocfi/sokoban</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>GitHub on hyvä paikka omille ohjelmointiprojekteille: sen avulla projektin koodin ja muut tiedostot saa talteen Git-versionhallintaan ja projektin pystyy helposti jakamaan muille. GitHubia käytetään paljon myöhemmillä tietojenkäsittelytieteen kursseilla.</p>\n<h2 id=\"montako-siirtoa-tarvitaan\" style=\"position:relative;\">Montako siirtoa tarvitaan?<a href=\"#montako-siirtoa-tarvitaan\" aria-label=\"montako siirtoa tarvitaan permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Vaikka pelin ruudukko on melko pieni, peli ei ole helppo. Ensimmäinen haaste on onnistua läpäisemään peli, ja sen jälkeen haasteena on keksiä ratkaisu, jossa siirtojen määrä on mahdollisimman pieni. Kuinka lyhyen ratkaisun onnistut muodostamaan?</p>\n<p>Lyhimmän mahdollisen ratkaisun etsiminen käsin on hyvin vaikeaa, mutta tässäkin voi käyttää apuna ohjelmointia. Kurssilla <em>Tietorakenteet ja algoritmit</em>  tutustutaan tekniikoihin, joiden avulla voidaan löytää automaattisesti lyhin mahdollinen ratkaisu peliin.</p>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-14/3-pelin-viimeistely","title":"Pelin viimeistely"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-14/3-pelin-viimeistely.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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teksti"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"get_height"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n            self"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"naytto"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"blit"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"teksti"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"teksti_x"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" teksti_y"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n        "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lisäksi metodin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"liiku"}]},{"type":"text","value":" alkua muutetaan niin, että liikkuminen ei ole enää mahdollista, kun pelaaja on läpäissyt pelin:"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"def"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","function"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"liiku"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"self"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" liike_y"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" liike_x"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n        "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"if"}]},{"type":"text","value":" self"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"peli_lapi"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n            "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"return"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n        "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tässä tilanteessa kuitenkin pelaaja näkee edelleen ruudukon ja lopullisen pelitilanteen."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"vinkki-testauksen","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vinkki testauksen"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#vinkki-testauksen","ariaLabel":"vinkki testauksen permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pelin kehityksen aikana tulee helposti tarve tarkastaa, mitä tapahtuu jossain vaiheessa myöhemmin pelissä. Esimerkiksi tässä pelissä tällainen tapahtuma on pelin läpäiseminen ja siitä tuleva ilmoitus."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tällaisen tapahtuman testaaminen voi olla hankalaa, jos esimerkiksi pitää aina läpäistä koko peli ennen kuin tapahtuman näkee. Kuitenkin pelin ohjelmoija voi helposti tehdä koodiin väliaikaisia muutoksia, jotka helpottavat testausta. Esimerkiksi pelin läpäisyä voi testata muuttamalla koodia näin:"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"def"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","function"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"peli_lapi"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"self"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n        "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"return"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","boolean"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"True"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Nyt metodi palauttaa aina "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"True"}]},{"type":"text","value":" eli peli on läpäisty heti pelin alkaessa. Tämän avulla voi mukavasti varmistaa, että pelin lopussa tuleva ilmoitus näyttää oikealta eikä pelaaja pysty enää siirtymään ruudukossa. Sitten kun pelin päättyminen toimii oikein, metodin voi jälleen palauttaa ennalleen."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"peli-githubiin","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Peli GitHubiin"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#peli-githubiin","ariaLabel":"peli githubiin permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Peli on nyt valmis ja voit hakea pelin lopullisen koodin ja kuvat GitHubista:"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://github.com/moocfi/sokoban","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"https://github.com/moocfi/sokoban"}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"GitHub on hyvä paikka omille ohjelmointiprojekteille: sen avulla projektin koodin ja muut tiedostot saa talteen Git-versionhallintaan ja projektin pystyy helposti jakamaan muille. GitHubia käytetään paljon myöhemmillä tietojenkäsittelytieteen kursseilla."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"montako-siirtoa-tarvitaan","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Montako siirtoa tarvitaan?"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#montako-siirtoa-tarvitaan","ariaLabel":"montako siirtoa tarvitaan permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vaikka pelin ruudukko on melko pieni, peli ei ole helppo. Ensimmäinen haaste on onnistua läpäisemään peli, ja sen jälkeen haasteena on keksiä ratkaisu, jossa siirtojen määrä on mahdollisimman pieni. Kuinka lyhyen ratkaisun onnistut muodostamaan?"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lyhimmän mahdollisen ratkaisun etsiminen käsin on hyvin vaikeaa, mutta tässäkin voi käyttää apuna ohjelmointia. Kurssilla "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tietorakenteet ja algoritmit"}]},{"type":"text","value":"  tutustutaan tekniikoihin, joiden avulla voidaan löytää automaattisesti lyhin mahdollinen ratkaisu peliin."}]}],"data":{"quirksMode":false}},"html":"<p>Peli on jo hyvässä vaiheessa, joten nyt voimme alkaa viimeistellä pelin toteutusta. Lisäämme peliin laskurin, joka näyttää siirtojen määrän, mahdollisuuden aloittaa uusi peli ja sulkea peli näppäinkomennoilla sekä ilmoituksen, kun pelaaja onnistuu läpäisemään pelin.</p>\n<h2 id=\"siirtolaskuri\" style=\"position:relative;\">Siirtolaskuri<a href=\"#siirtolaskuri\" aria-label=\"siirtolaskuri permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Siirtolaskuri näyttää pelin ikkunan alalaidassa, montako siirtoa pelaaja on tehnyt tähän mennessä. Tämän avulla voi yrittää etsiä ratkaisua, jossa on mahdollisimman vähän siirtoja.</p>\n<p>Laskurin tekeminen vaatii joitakin muutoksia koodiin. Muutetaan ensin konstruktoria niin, että ikkunassa on tilaa laskurille ja käytettävissä on fontti tekstin piirtämistä varten:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>naytto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>display<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>set_mode<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nayton_leveys<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nayton_korkeus <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fontti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>font<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>SysFont<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Arial\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Siirtolaskuri nollataan pelin alussa ja jokainen siirto kasvattaa sitä yhdellä:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">uusi_peli</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>siirrot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span></code></pre></div>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">liiku</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> liike_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> liike_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>siirrot <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Lisäksi näytön päivityksen yhteydessä näytetään siirtojen määrä laskurin avulla:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">piirra_naytto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>\n        teksti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fontti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>render<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Siirrot: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>siirrot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">255</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>teksti<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">25</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span></code></pre></div>\n<h2 id=\"uusi-peli-ja-pelin-sulkeminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Uusi peli ja pelin sulkeminen<a href=\"#uusi-peli-ja-pelin-sulkeminen\" aria-label=\"uusi peli ja pelin sulkeminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Lisätään peliin seuraavaksi näppäinkomennot, joiden avulla pelaaja voi aloittaa uuden pelin painamalla F2 sekä sulkea pelin painamalla Esc. Molemmat toiminnot on helppo toteuttaa:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tutki_tapahtumat</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_F2<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                    self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>uusi_peli<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tapahtuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>key <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>K_ESCAPE<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                    exit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Lisäksi piirretään ikkunan alalaitaan pelaajalle tiedoksi, että pelissä on tällaiset toiminnot:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">piirra_naytto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>\n        teksti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fontti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>render<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"F2 = uusi peli\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">255</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>teksti<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">200</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        teksti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fontti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>render<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Esc = sulje peli\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">255</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>teksti<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">400</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span></code></pre></div>\n<h2 id=\"pelin-lapaiseminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Pelin läpäiseminen<a href=\"#pelin-lapaiseminen\" aria-label=\"pelin lapaiseminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Pelaaja läpäisee pelin, kun jokainen laatikko on jossain kohderuudussa. Tämä voidaan tarkastaa seuraavalla metodilla:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">peli_lapi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> y <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> x <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kartta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Metodi käy läpi kaikki ruudut ja jos jossain ruudussa on luku 2 (tyhjä kohderuutu) tai 6 (robotti kohderuudussa), peli ei ole vielä läpäisty ja metodi palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">False</code>. Jos mitään tällaista ruutua ei ole ruudukossa, peli kuitenkin on läpäisty ja metodi palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>.</p>\n<p>Jos pelaaja läpäisee pelin, metodi <code class=\"language-text\">piirra_naytto</code> näyttää asiaan kuuluvan viestin:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">piirra_naytto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>peli_lapi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            teksti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>fontti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>render<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Onnittelut, läpäisit pelin!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">255</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            teksti_x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> teksti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_width<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n            teksti_y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>skaala <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> teksti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_height<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n            pygame<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>draw<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rect<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>teksti_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> teksti_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> teksti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_width<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> teksti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>get_height<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>naytto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>blit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>teksti<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>teksti_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> teksti_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Lisäksi metodin <code class=\"language-text\">liiku</code> alkua muutetaan niin, että liikkuminen ei ole enää mahdollista, kun pelaaja on läpäissyt pelin:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">liiku</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> liike_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> liike_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>peli_lapi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Tässä tilanteessa kuitenkin pelaaja näkee edelleen ruudukon ja lopullisen pelitilanteen.</p>\n<h2 id=\"vinkki-testauksen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vinkki testauksen<a href=\"#vinkki-testauksen\" aria-label=\"vinkki testauksen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Pelin kehityksen aikana tulee helposti tarve tarkastaa, mitä tapahtuu jossain vaiheessa myöhemmin pelissä. Esimerkiksi tässä pelissä tällainen tapahtuma on pelin läpäiseminen ja siitä tuleva ilmoitus.</p>\n<p>Tällaisen tapahtuman testaaminen voi olla hankalaa, jos esimerkiksi pitää aina läpäistä koko peli ennen kuin tapahtuman näkee. Kuitenkin pelin ohjelmoija voi helposti tehdä koodiin väliaikaisia muutoksia, jotka helpottavat testausta. Esimerkiksi pelin läpäisyä voi testata muuttamalla koodia näin:</p>\n<div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">peli_lapi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span></code></pre></div>\n<p>Nyt metodi palauttaa aina <code class=\"language-text\">True</code> eli peli on läpäisty heti pelin alkaessa. Tämän avulla voi mukavasti varmistaa, että pelin lopussa tuleva ilmoitus näyttää oikealta eikä pelaaja pysty enää siirtymään ruudukossa. Sitten kun pelin päättyminen toimii oikein, metodin voi jälleen palauttaa ennalleen.</p>\n<h2 id=\"peli-githubiin\" style=\"position:relative;\">Peli GitHubiin<a href=\"#peli-githubiin\" aria-label=\"peli githubiin permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Peli on nyt valmis ja voit hakea pelin lopullisen koodin ja kuvat GitHubista:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://github.com/moocfi/sokoban\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https://github.com/moocfi/sokoban</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>GitHub on hyvä paikka omille ohjelmointiprojekteille: sen avulla projektin koodin ja muut tiedostot saa talteen Git-versionhallintaan ja projektin pystyy helposti jakamaan muille. GitHubia käytetään paljon myöhemmillä tietojenkäsittelytieteen kursseilla.</p>\n<h2 id=\"montako-siirtoa-tarvitaan\" style=\"position:relative;\">Montako siirtoa tarvitaan?<a href=\"#montako-siirtoa-tarvitaan\" aria-label=\"montako siirtoa tarvitaan permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Vaikka pelin ruudukko on melko pieni, peli ei ole helppo. Ensimmäinen haaste on onnistua läpäisemään peli, ja sen jälkeen haasteena on keksiä ratkaisu, jossa siirtojen määrä on mahdollisimman pieni. Kuinka lyhyen ratkaisun onnistut muodostamaan?</p>\n<p>Lyhimmän mahdollisen ratkaisun etsiminen käsin on hyvin vaikeaa, mutta tässäkin voi käyttää apuna ohjelmointia. Kurssilla <em>Tietorakenteet ja algoritmit</em>  tutustutaan tekniikoihin, joiden avulla voidaan löytää automaattisesti lyhin mahdollinen ratkaisu peliin.</p>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-14/3-pelin-viimeistely","title":"Pelin viimeistely"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-14/3-pelin-viimeistely.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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diff --git a/page-data/osa-14/4-oma-peli/page-data.json b/page-data/osa-14/4-oma-peli/page-data.json
index 1d1ba8f98..c8241360b 100644
--- a/page-data/osa-14/4-oma-peli/page-data.json
+++ b/page-data/osa-14/4-oma-peli/page-data.json
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
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Peliä varten tehtäväpohjassa on joukko kuvia, joita voit käyttää pelissä. Älä käytä muita kuvia, jotta muutkin pystyvät kokeilemaan peliä koodin perusteella."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Saat päättää pelin aiheen itse, ja pelin tulisi olla suunnilleen saman laajuinen kuin tämän viikon esimerkki. 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Koska osassa on vain yksi tehtävä, "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"myös yritys hyväksytään"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Voit siis palauttaa pelisi vaikka se ei toimisikaan haluamallasi tavalla."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jos et saa peliä toimimaan, kirjoita ohjelmakoodin kommentteihin miten pelin (tai jonkin puuttuvan ominaisuuden) olisi tarkoitus toimia."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kun arvioit (osittain tai kokonaan) toimimatonta peliä, pyri arviossasi mahdollisuuksien mukaan kertomaan mitä pelin valmiiksi saaminen olisi mielestäsi vaatinut."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"peli-ideoita","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Peli-ideoita"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#peli-ideoita","ariaLabel":"peli ideoita permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Voit valita pelin aiheen vapaasti mutta tässä on joitakin ideoita. Pelin tekemisessä on hyötyä myös viikon 13 materiaalista."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h3","properties":{"id":"kerailypeli","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Keräilypeli"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#kerailypeli","ariaLabel":"kerailypeli permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pelaaja liikuttaa robottia nuolinäppäimillä"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ruudulla on kolikko, joka robotin tulee kerätä. Kun robotti saa kolikon, se siirtyy uuteen paikkaan."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ruudulla liikkuu myös hirviöitä, joita robotin tulee väistellä."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h3","properties":{"id":"rahasade","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Rahasade"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#rahasade","ariaLabel":"rahasade permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ruudun alareunassa on robotti, jota pelaaja voi liikuttaa vasemmalle tai oikealle"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Taivaalta sataa rahaa, jota robotin tulee kerätä."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Taivaalta sataa myös hirviöitä, joita robotin tulee väistellä."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"vertaisarviointi","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vertaisarviointi"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#vertaisarviointi","ariaLabel":"vertaisarviointi permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Arvioi peliä esimerkiksi seuraavien kriteerien mukaan:"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Miltä peli näyttää?"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Onko peli "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"pelattava"}]},{"type":"text","value":", ts. onko sen pelaaminen hauskaa ja sujuvaa?"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Onko peli-idea kiinnostava?"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Miten hyvin peliohjelma on kirjoitettu? Onko pelissä hyödynnetty tarvittavissa kohdin järkevästi funktioita ja luokkia?"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Hyvään arvioon kuuluu yleensä se, että löydät ohjelmasta sekä hyviä puolia että jotain kehitettävää."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"029a36d7-85ba-563e-bf52-bcae0d519e23"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"loppukysely","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Loppukysely"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#loppukysely","ariaLabel":"loppukysely permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa ensin osion loppukyselyyn..."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"db980809-c0f7-561a-a843-cb0dfc5cc58f"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"...ja sitten vielä koko kurssin loppukyselyyn:"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"de9225f1-9413-50de-85e4-89170e7d4e5c"},"children":[]}]}],"data":{"quirksMode":false}},"html":"<h2 id=\"viikon-tehtava\" style=\"position:relative;\">Viikon tehtävä<a href=\"#viikon-tehtava\" aria-label=\"viikon tehtava permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Tämän viikon tehtäväsi on tehdä oma pieni peli Pygamen avulla. Peliä varten tehtäväpohjassa on joukko kuvia, joita voit käyttää pelissä. Älä käytä muita kuvia, jotta muutkin pystyvät kokeilemaan peliä koodin perusteella.</p>\n<p>Saat päättää pelin aiheen itse, ja pelin tulisi olla suunnilleen saman laajuinen kuin tämän viikon esimerkki. Pelin tulisi noudattaa seuraavia vaatimuksia:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pelissä on hahmo, jota pelaaja pystyy liikuttamaan</li>\n<li>Pelissä on kerättäviä asioita ja/tai vihollisia</li>\n<li>Pelaajalla on jokin selkeä tavoite</li>\n<li>Pelissä on laskuri, joka näyttää, miten pelaaminen sujuu</li>\n<li>Pelin koodi on jaettu sopivasti funktioihin tämän viikon esimerkin tyylisesti</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Kun peli on valmis, lähetä se vertaisarviointiin alla olevan lomakkeen avulla. Tämän jälkeen tutustu vielä kahden muun kurssilaisen peliin ja anna niille mielestäsi sopiva arvosana ja kirjoita lyhyt arvio peleistä. Ota arvioinnissa huomioon sekä pelin kiinnostavuus ja pelattavuus että koodin selkeys.</p>\n<h3 id=\"pelin-lahettaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Pelin lähettäminen<a href=\"#pelin-lahettaminen\" aria-label=\"pelin lahettaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<p>Pelin lähetys onnistuu lähettämällä oma ohjelmakoodi TMC Paste -ominaisuuden avulla palvelimelle ja liittämällä linkki palautuslomakkeeseen.</p>\n<p>Klikkaa ensin TMC-painiketta (silmän oikealla puolella oleva painike). Tämä avaa valikon, josta löydät oikean ominaisuuden kirjoittamalla hakukenttään sanan <code class=\"language-text\">send</code>:</p>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 626px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/6bf3f5cce371044c253dc34c755ee566/af590/tmc_paste_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 10.869565217391305%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAACCAIAAADXZGvcAAAACXBIWXMAAA7DAAAOwwHHb6hkAAAAWElEQVQI12PQsfGwDYy38o208Aw1tPcwsHM3tPcwtPfQtXbVwY307b2U1bUZhHXs+c1D+I19hY09lUwc5Y0c5IzslUwdhTUt+NXMBNSxIEF1M1lDeylFNQBUlRfSchJdXQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/6bf3f5cce371044c253dc34c755ee566/a0b58/tmc_paste_1.webp 230w,\n/static/6bf3f5cce371044c253dc34c755ee566/bc10c/tmc_paste_1.webp 460w,\n/static/6bf3f5cce371044c253dc34c755ee566/63b03/tmc_paste_1.webp 626w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 626px) 100vw, 626px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/6bf3f5cce371044c253dc34c755ee566/81c8e/tmc_paste_1.png 230w,\n/static/6bf3f5cce371044c253dc34c755ee566/08a84/tmc_paste_1.png 460w,\n/static/6bf3f5cce371044c253dc34c755ee566/af590/tmc_paste_1.png 626w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 626px) 100vw, 626px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/6bf3f5cce371044c253dc34c755ee566/af590/tmc_paste_1.png\" alt=\"tmc paste 1\" title=\"tmc paste 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span>\n<p>Kun klikkaat valintaa <code class=\"language-text\">Send Exercise to TMC Paste</code>, ruudun oikeaan alakulmaan putkahtaa tieto siitä, että ohjelmakoodi on lähetetty palvelimelle:</p>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 463px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/8513d666220a4b7cb4b0fe987d121287/71ce0/tmc_paste_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 26.521739130434778%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAFCAIAAADKYVtkAAAACXBIWXMAAA7DAAAOwwHHb6hkAAAA40lEQVQY02XKW3KEIBQEUPeRivLwKggCFy4wTh46TrKG/GQXs4asJFloasxnuk519Uc3nQ7KZevROJwOxidQpuXQyaGTYyugFcMBWK8Y6NGiDcTU3HAdqb68v+2X7bK9btu6Xvf96bxEjBHRe59SSjGlRJnIGtML7t1cIvbaNm0/aqVjooDR++BcQIz3Zy6ZckqZ8rFLrfXkneMTMkPdFDuNDUzhVAgxLsu5llJzrqVmIgAQQkgppRBS/EUKxvjnl7392Nv3w/rRtDCBsr0yoCzo+eg7Mej/eK9YeOb5yml/NPkXc5s2qFqAD9IAAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8513d666220a4b7cb4b0fe987d121287/a0b58/tmc_paste_2.webp 230w,\n/static/8513d666220a4b7cb4b0fe987d121287/bc10c/tmc_paste_2.webp 460w,\n/static/8513d666220a4b7cb4b0fe987d121287/a7d21/tmc_paste_2.webp 463w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 463px) 100vw, 463px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8513d666220a4b7cb4b0fe987d121287/81c8e/tmc_paste_2.png 230w,\n/static/8513d666220a4b7cb4b0fe987d121287/08a84/tmc_paste_2.png 460w,\n/static/8513d666220a4b7cb4b0fe987d121287/71ce0/tmc_paste_2.png 463w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 463px) 100vw, 463px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/8513d666220a4b7cb4b0fe987d121287/71ce0/tmc_paste_2.png\" alt=\"tmc paste 2\" title=\"tmc paste 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span>\n<p>Saat linkin kopioitua leikepöydälle klikkaamalla painiketta <code class=\"language-text\">Open URL</code> ja valitsemalla aukeavasta ikkunasta valihtoehdon <code class=\"language-text\">Copy</code>.</p>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 463px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/9de4d62e51a1cf0025cc5500310d1edf/71ce0/tmc_paste_3.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 31.304347826086953%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAGCAIAAABM9SnKAAAACXBIWXMAAA7DAAAOwwHHb6hkAAABHUlEQVQY002Ly07CQBhG+8A+lQuXunGLISyUpAO4oUiAkrbQmfnn2s6FztRSA4nRLydfchYnqfKdrMsiP56KgjE2fMcYuj6GGG//j7v2IYbOex9jnEwmyWwLT0vpXFBtZ1zUJjY2qjYY17e2b13f2Nje6LUJXHXG9dfrMI5jmqbJ4/z88HLyPhDhhL5Q6YV2VFiuPIaWcINpQ7ipaUOFxdy1NgzDb+ycG8fRaCk5tEoqKSRnQIngjAGVQmgpgBJSny8XP973FzPGStBZXu8qWhDJOQcApZSUEgA4F0prxhgAUABCCMaYEGKtnU6nCRD8ecDPb+nrbJluq2N+QAiVZVmVxQItsmyDMc7W6/n7x2q5WiCEUoTSdLP52u/3P8PDR9k+xN7gAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9de4d62e51a1cf0025cc5500310d1edf/a0b58/tmc_paste_3.webp 230w,\n/static/9de4d62e51a1cf0025cc5500310d1edf/bc10c/tmc_paste_3.webp 460w,\n/static/9de4d62e51a1cf0025cc5500310d1edf/a7d21/tmc_paste_3.webp 463w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 463px) 100vw, 463px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9de4d62e51a1cf0025cc5500310d1edf/81c8e/tmc_paste_3.png 230w,\n/static/9de4d62e51a1cf0025cc5500310d1edf/08a84/tmc_paste_3.png 460w,\n/static/9de4d62e51a1cf0025cc5500310d1edf/71ce0/tmc_paste_3.png 463w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 463px) 100vw, 463px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/9de4d62e51a1cf0025cc5500310d1edf/71ce0/tmc_paste_3.png\" alt=\"tmc paste 3\" title=\"tmc paste 3\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span>\n<p>Tämä linkki sinun tulee liittää palautuslomakkeeseen.</p>\n<h2 id=\"osan-14-arvioinnista\" style=\"position:relative;\">Osan 14 arvioinnista<a href=\"#osan-14-arvioinnista\" aria-label=\"osan 14 arvioinnista permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Tämän viikon tavoitteena on saada aikaan toimiva peli. Koska osassa on vain yksi tehtävä, <em>myös yritys hyväksytään</em>. Voit siis palauttaa pelisi vaikka se ei toimisikaan haluamallasi tavalla.</p>\n<p>Jos et saa peliä toimimaan, kirjoita ohjelmakoodin kommentteihin miten pelin (tai jonkin puuttuvan ominaisuuden) olisi tarkoitus toimia.</p>\n<p>Kun arvioit (osittain tai kokonaan) toimimatonta peliä, pyri arviossasi mahdollisuuksien mukaan kertomaan mitä pelin valmiiksi saaminen olisi mielestäsi vaatinut.</p>\n<h2 id=\"peli-ideoita\" style=\"position:relative;\">Peli-ideoita<a href=\"#peli-ideoita\" aria-label=\"peli ideoita permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Voit valita pelin aiheen vapaasti mutta tässä on joitakin ideoita. Pelin tekemisessä on hyötyä myös viikon 13 materiaalista.</p>\n<h3 id=\"kerailypeli\" style=\"position:relative;\">Keräilypeli<a href=\"#kerailypeli\" aria-label=\"kerailypeli permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Pelaaja liikuttaa robottia nuolinäppäimillä</li>\n<li>Ruudulla on kolikko, joka robotin tulee kerätä. Kun robotti saa kolikon, se siirtyy uuteen paikkaan.</li>\n<li>Ruudulla liikkuu myös hirviöitä, joita robotin tulee väistellä.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"rahasade\" style=\"position:relative;\">Rahasade<a href=\"#rahasade\" aria-label=\"rahasade permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Ruudun alareunassa on robotti, jota pelaaja voi liikuttaa vasemmalle tai oikealle</li>\n<li>Taivaalta sataa rahaa, jota robotin tulee kerätä.</li>\n<li>Taivaalta sataa myös hirviöitä, joita robotin tulee väistellä.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"vertaisarviointi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vertaisarviointi<a href=\"#vertaisarviointi\" aria-label=\"vertaisarviointi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Arvioi peliä esimerkiksi seuraavien kriteerien mukaan:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Miltä peli näyttää?</li>\n<li>Onko peli <em>pelattava</em>, ts. onko sen pelaaminen hauskaa ja sujuvaa?</li>\n<li>Onko peli-idea kiinnostava?</li>\n<li>Miten hyvin peliohjelma on kirjoitettu? Onko pelissä hyödynnetty tarvittavissa kohdin järkevästi funktioita ja luokkia?</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Hyvään arvioon kuuluu yleensä se, että löydät ohjelmasta sekä hyviä puolia että jotain kehitettävää.</p>\n<div><quiz id=\"029a36d7-85ba-563e-bf52-bcae0d519e23\"></quiz></div>\n<h2 id=\"loppukysely\" style=\"position:relative;\">Loppukysely<a href=\"#loppukysely\" aria-label=\"loppukysely permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Vastaa ensin osion loppukyselyyn...</p>\n<div><quiz id=\"db980809-c0f7-561a-a843-cb0dfc5cc58f\"></quiz></div>\n<p>...ja sitten vielä koko kurssin loppukyselyyn:</p>\n<div><quiz id=\"de9225f1-9413-50de-85e4-89170e7d4e5c\"></quiz></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-14/4-oma-peli","title":"Oma peli"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-14/4-oma-peli.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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+    "result": {"data":{"page":{"htmlAst":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"viikon-tehtava","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Viikon tehtävä"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#viikon-tehtava","ariaLabel":"viikon tehtava permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tämän viikon tehtäväsi on tehdä oma pieni peli Pygamen avulla. Peliä varten tehtäväpohjassa on joukko kuvia, joita voit käyttää pelissä. Älä käytä muita kuvia, jotta muutkin pystyvät kokeilemaan peliä koodin perusteella."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Saat päättää pelin aiheen itse, ja pelin tulisi olla suunnilleen saman laajuinen kuin tämän viikon esimerkki. Pelin tulisi noudattaa seuraavia vaatimuksia:"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pelissä on hahmo, jota pelaaja pystyy liikuttamaan"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pelissä on kerättäviä asioita ja/tai vihollisia"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pelaajalla on jokin selkeä tavoite"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pelissä on laskuri, joka näyttää, miten pelaaminen sujuu"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pelin koodi on jaettu sopivasti funktioihin tämän viikon esimerkin tyylisesti"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kun peli on valmis, lähetä se vertaisarviointiin alla olevan lomakkeen avulla. Tämän jälkeen tutustu vielä kahden muun kurssilaisen peliin ja anna niille mielestäsi sopiva arvosana ja kirjoita lyhyt arvio peleistä. Ota arvioinnissa huomioon sekä pelin kiinnostavuus ja pelattavuus että koodin selkeys."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h3","properties":{"id":"pelin-lahettaminen","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pelin lähettäminen"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#pelin-lahettaminen","ariaLabel":"pelin lahettaminen permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pelin lähetys onnistuu lähettämällä oma ohjelmakoodi TMC Paste -ominaisuuden avulla palvelimelle ja liittämällä linkki palautuslomakkeeseen."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Klikkaa ensin TMC-painiketta (silmän oikealla puolella oleva painike). Tämä avaa valikon, josta löydät oikean ominaisuuden kirjoittamalla hakukenttään sanan "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"send"}]},{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-wrapper"],"style":"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 626px; margin-bottom: 1rem;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n      "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-link"],"href":"/static/6bf3f5cce371044c253dc34c755ee566/af590/tmc_paste_1.png","style":"display: block","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-background-image"],"style":"padding-bottom: 10.869565217391305%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAACCAIAAADXZGvcAAAACXBIWXMAAA7DAAAOwwHHb6hkAAAAWElEQVQI12PQsfGwDYy38o208Aw1tPcwsHM3tPcwtPfQtXbVwY307b2U1bUZhHXs+c1D+I19hY09lUwc5Y0c5IzslUwdhTUt+NXMBNSxIEF1M1lDeylFNQBUlRfSchJdXQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); 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Koska osassa on vain yksi tehtävä, "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"myös yritys hyväksytään"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Voit siis palauttaa pelisi vaikka se ei toimisikaan haluamallasi tavalla."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jos et saa peliä toimimaan, kirjoita ohjelmakoodin kommentteihin miten pelin (tai jonkin puuttuvan ominaisuuden) olisi tarkoitus toimia."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kun arvioit (osittain tai kokonaan) toimimatonta peliä, pyri arviossasi mahdollisuuksien mukaan kertomaan mitä pelin valmiiksi saaminen olisi mielestäsi vaatinut."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"peli-ideoita","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Peli-ideoita"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#peli-ideoita","ariaLabel":"peli ideoita permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Voit valita pelin aiheen vapaasti mutta tässä on joitakin ideoita. Pelin tekemisessä on hyötyä myös viikon 13 materiaalista."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h3","properties":{"id":"kerailypeli","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Keräilypeli"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#kerailypeli","ariaLabel":"kerailypeli permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pelaaja liikuttaa robottia nuolinäppäimillä"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ruudulla on kolikko, joka robotin tulee kerätä. Kun robotti saa kolikon, se siirtyy uuteen paikkaan."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ruudulla liikkuu myös hirviöitä, joita robotin tulee väistellä."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h3","properties":{"id":"rahasade","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Rahasade"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#rahasade","ariaLabel":"rahasade permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ruudun alareunassa on robotti, jota pelaaja voi liikuttaa vasemmalle tai oikealle"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Taivaalta sataa rahaa, jota robotin tulee kerätä."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Taivaalta sataa myös hirviöitä, joita robotin tulee väistellä."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"vertaisarviointi","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vertaisarviointi"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#vertaisarviointi","ariaLabel":"vertaisarviointi permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Arvioi peliä esimerkiksi seuraavien kriteerien mukaan:"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Miltä peli näyttää?"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Onko peli "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"pelattava"}]},{"type":"text","value":", ts. onko sen pelaaminen hauskaa ja sujuvaa?"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Onko peli-idea kiinnostava?"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Miten hyvin peliohjelma on kirjoitettu? Onko pelissä hyödynnetty tarvittavissa kohdin järkevästi funktioita ja luokkia?"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Hyvään arvioon kuuluu yleensä se, että löydät ohjelmasta sekä hyviä puolia että jotain kehitettävää."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"029a36d7-85ba-563e-bf52-bcae0d519e23"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"loppukysely","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Loppukysely"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#loppukysely","ariaLabel":"loppukysely permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa ensin osion loppukyselyyn..."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"db980809-c0f7-561a-a843-cb0dfc5cc58f"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"...ja sitten vielä koko kurssin loppukyselyyn:"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"de9225f1-9413-50de-85e4-89170e7d4e5c"},"children":[]}]}],"data":{"quirksMode":false}},"html":"<h2 id=\"viikon-tehtava\" style=\"position:relative;\">Viikon tehtävä<a href=\"#viikon-tehtava\" aria-label=\"viikon tehtava permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Tämän viikon tehtäväsi on tehdä oma pieni peli Pygamen avulla. Peliä varten tehtäväpohjassa on joukko kuvia, joita voit käyttää pelissä. Älä käytä muita kuvia, jotta muutkin pystyvät kokeilemaan peliä koodin perusteella.</p>\n<p>Saat päättää pelin aiheen itse, ja pelin tulisi olla suunnilleen saman laajuinen kuin tämän viikon esimerkki. Pelin tulisi noudattaa seuraavia vaatimuksia:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pelissä on hahmo, jota pelaaja pystyy liikuttamaan</li>\n<li>Pelissä on kerättäviä asioita ja/tai vihollisia</li>\n<li>Pelaajalla on jokin selkeä tavoite</li>\n<li>Pelissä on laskuri, joka näyttää, miten pelaaminen sujuu</li>\n<li>Pelin koodi on jaettu sopivasti funktioihin tämän viikon esimerkin tyylisesti</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Kun peli on valmis, lähetä se vertaisarviointiin alla olevan lomakkeen avulla. Tämän jälkeen tutustu vielä kahden muun kurssilaisen peliin ja anna niille mielestäsi sopiva arvosana ja kirjoita lyhyt arvio peleistä. Ota arvioinnissa huomioon sekä pelin kiinnostavuus ja pelattavuus että koodin selkeys.</p>\n<h3 id=\"pelin-lahettaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Pelin lähettäminen<a href=\"#pelin-lahettaminen\" aria-label=\"pelin lahettaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<p>Pelin lähetys onnistuu lähettämällä oma ohjelmakoodi TMC Paste -ominaisuuden avulla palvelimelle ja liittämällä linkki palautuslomakkeeseen.</p>\n<p>Klikkaa ensin TMC-painiketta (silmän oikealla puolella oleva painike). Tämä avaa valikon, josta löydät oikean ominaisuuden kirjoittamalla hakukenttään sanan <code class=\"language-text\">send</code>:</p>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 626px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/6bf3f5cce371044c253dc34c755ee566/af590/tmc_paste_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 10.869565217391305%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAACCAIAAADXZGvcAAAACXBIWXMAAA7DAAAOwwHHb6hkAAAAWElEQVQI12PQsfGwDYy38o208Aw1tPcwsHM3tPcwtPfQtXbVwY307b2U1bUZhHXs+c1D+I19hY09lUwc5Y0c5IzslUwdhTUt+NXMBNSxIEF1M1lDeylFNQBUlRfSchJdXQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/6bf3f5cce371044c253dc34c755ee566/a0b58/tmc_paste_1.webp 230w,\n/static/6bf3f5cce371044c253dc34c755ee566/bc10c/tmc_paste_1.webp 460w,\n/static/6bf3f5cce371044c253dc34c755ee566/63b03/tmc_paste_1.webp 626w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 626px) 100vw, 626px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/6bf3f5cce371044c253dc34c755ee566/81c8e/tmc_paste_1.png 230w,\n/static/6bf3f5cce371044c253dc34c755ee566/08a84/tmc_paste_1.png 460w,\n/static/6bf3f5cce371044c253dc34c755ee566/af590/tmc_paste_1.png 626w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 626px) 100vw, 626px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/6bf3f5cce371044c253dc34c755ee566/af590/tmc_paste_1.png\" alt=\"tmc paste 1\" title=\"tmc paste 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span>\n<p>Kun klikkaat valintaa <code class=\"language-text\">Send Exercise to TMC Paste</code>, ruudun oikeaan alakulmaan putkahtaa tieto siitä, että ohjelmakoodi on lähetetty palvelimelle:</p>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 463px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/8513d666220a4b7cb4b0fe987d121287/71ce0/tmc_paste_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 26.521739130434778%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAFCAIAAADKYVtkAAAACXBIWXMAAA7DAAAOwwHHb6hkAAAA40lEQVQY02XKW3KEIBQEUPeRivLwKggCFy4wTh46TrKG/GQXs4asJFloasxnuk519Uc3nQ7KZevROJwOxidQpuXQyaGTYyugFcMBWK8Y6NGiDcTU3HAdqb68v+2X7bK9btu6Xvf96bxEjBHRe59SSjGlRJnIGtML7t1cIvbaNm0/aqVjooDR++BcQIz3Zy6ZckqZ8rFLrfXkneMTMkPdFDuNDUzhVAgxLsu5llJzrqVmIgAQQkgppRBS/EUKxvjnl7392Nv3w/rRtDCBsr0yoCzo+eg7Mej/eK9YeOb5yml/NPkXc5s2qFqAD9IAAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8513d666220a4b7cb4b0fe987d121287/a0b58/tmc_paste_2.webp 230w,\n/static/8513d666220a4b7cb4b0fe987d121287/bc10c/tmc_paste_2.webp 460w,\n/static/8513d666220a4b7cb4b0fe987d121287/a7d21/tmc_paste_2.webp 463w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 463px) 100vw, 463px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8513d666220a4b7cb4b0fe987d121287/81c8e/tmc_paste_2.png 230w,\n/static/8513d666220a4b7cb4b0fe987d121287/08a84/tmc_paste_2.png 460w,\n/static/8513d666220a4b7cb4b0fe987d121287/71ce0/tmc_paste_2.png 463w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 463px) 100vw, 463px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/8513d666220a4b7cb4b0fe987d121287/71ce0/tmc_paste_2.png\" alt=\"tmc paste 2\" title=\"tmc paste 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span>\n<p>Saat linkin kopioitua leikepöydälle klikkaamalla painiketta <code class=\"language-text\">Open URL</code> ja valitsemalla aukeavasta ikkunasta valihtoehdon <code class=\"language-text\">Copy</code>.</p>\n<span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 463px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/9de4d62e51a1cf0025cc5500310d1edf/71ce0/tmc_paste_3.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 31.304347826086953%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAGCAIAAABM9SnKAAAACXBIWXMAAA7DAAAOwwHHb6hkAAABHUlEQVQY002Ly07CQBhG+8A+lQuXunGLISyUpAO4oUiAkrbQmfnn2s6FztRSA4nRLydfchYnqfKdrMsiP56KgjE2fMcYuj6GGG//j7v2IYbOex9jnEwmyWwLT0vpXFBtZ1zUJjY2qjYY17e2b13f2Nje6LUJXHXG9dfrMI5jmqbJ4/z88HLyPhDhhL5Q6YV2VFiuPIaWcINpQ7ipaUOFxdy1NgzDb+ycG8fRaCk5tEoqKSRnQIngjAGVQmgpgBJSny8XP973FzPGStBZXu8qWhDJOQcApZSUEgA4F0prxhgAUABCCMaYEGKtnU6nCRD8ecDPb+nrbJluq2N+QAiVZVmVxQItsmyDMc7W6/n7x2q5WiCEUoTSdLP52u/3P8PDR9k+xN7gAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9de4d62e51a1cf0025cc5500310d1edf/a0b58/tmc_paste_3.webp 230w,\n/static/9de4d62e51a1cf0025cc5500310d1edf/bc10c/tmc_paste_3.webp 460w,\n/static/9de4d62e51a1cf0025cc5500310d1edf/a7d21/tmc_paste_3.webp 463w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 463px) 100vw, 463px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9de4d62e51a1cf0025cc5500310d1edf/81c8e/tmc_paste_3.png 230w,\n/static/9de4d62e51a1cf0025cc5500310d1edf/08a84/tmc_paste_3.png 460w,\n/static/9de4d62e51a1cf0025cc5500310d1edf/71ce0/tmc_paste_3.png 463w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 463px) 100vw, 463px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/9de4d62e51a1cf0025cc5500310d1edf/71ce0/tmc_paste_3.png\" alt=\"tmc paste 3\" title=\"tmc paste 3\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span>\n<p>Tämä linkki sinun tulee liittää palautuslomakkeeseen.</p>\n<h2 id=\"osan-14-arvioinnista\" style=\"position:relative;\">Osan 14 arvioinnista<a href=\"#osan-14-arvioinnista\" aria-label=\"osan 14 arvioinnista permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Tämän viikon tavoitteena on saada aikaan toimiva peli. Koska osassa on vain yksi tehtävä, <em>myös yritys hyväksytään</em>. Voit siis palauttaa pelisi vaikka se ei toimisikaan haluamallasi tavalla.</p>\n<p>Jos et saa peliä toimimaan, kirjoita ohjelmakoodin kommentteihin miten pelin (tai jonkin puuttuvan ominaisuuden) olisi tarkoitus toimia.</p>\n<p>Kun arvioit (osittain tai kokonaan) toimimatonta peliä, pyri arviossasi mahdollisuuksien mukaan kertomaan mitä pelin valmiiksi saaminen olisi mielestäsi vaatinut.</p>\n<h2 id=\"peli-ideoita\" style=\"position:relative;\">Peli-ideoita<a href=\"#peli-ideoita\" aria-label=\"peli ideoita permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Voit valita pelin aiheen vapaasti mutta tässä on joitakin ideoita. Pelin tekemisessä on hyötyä myös viikon 13 materiaalista.</p>\n<h3 id=\"kerailypeli\" style=\"position:relative;\">Keräilypeli<a href=\"#kerailypeli\" aria-label=\"kerailypeli permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Pelaaja liikuttaa robottia nuolinäppäimillä</li>\n<li>Ruudulla on kolikko, joka robotin tulee kerätä. Kun robotti saa kolikon, se siirtyy uuteen paikkaan.</li>\n<li>Ruudulla liikkuu myös hirviöitä, joita robotin tulee väistellä.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"rahasade\" style=\"position:relative;\">Rahasade<a href=\"#rahasade\" aria-label=\"rahasade permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Ruudun alareunassa on robotti, jota pelaaja voi liikuttaa vasemmalle tai oikealle</li>\n<li>Taivaalta sataa rahaa, jota robotin tulee kerätä.</li>\n<li>Taivaalta sataa myös hirviöitä, joita robotin tulee väistellä.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"vertaisarviointi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vertaisarviointi<a href=\"#vertaisarviointi\" aria-label=\"vertaisarviointi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Arvioi peliä esimerkiksi seuraavien kriteerien mukaan:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Miltä peli näyttää?</li>\n<li>Onko peli <em>pelattava</em>, ts. onko sen pelaaminen hauskaa ja sujuvaa?</li>\n<li>Onko peli-idea kiinnostava?</li>\n<li>Miten hyvin peliohjelma on kirjoitettu? Onko pelissä hyödynnetty tarvittavissa kohdin järkevästi funktioita ja luokkia?</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Hyvään arvioon kuuluu yleensä se, että löydät ohjelmasta sekä hyviä puolia että jotain kehitettävää.</p>\n<div><quiz id=\"029a36d7-85ba-563e-bf52-bcae0d519e23\"></quiz></div>\n<h2 id=\"loppukysely\" style=\"position:relative;\">Loppukysely<a href=\"#loppukysely\" aria-label=\"loppukysely permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2>\n<p>Vastaa ensin osion loppukyselyyn...</p>\n<div><quiz id=\"db980809-c0f7-561a-a843-cb0dfc5cc58f\"></quiz></div>\n<p>...ja sitten vielä koko kurssin loppukyselyyn:</p>\n<div><quiz id=\"de9225f1-9413-50de-85e4-89170e7d4e5c\"></quiz></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-14/4-oma-peli","title":"Oma peli"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-14/4-oma-peli.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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Voit olettaa, että annettu desimaaliluku on suurempi kuin nolla."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkiksi"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna luku: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1.34"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nKokonaisosa: 1\nDesimaaliosa: 0.34"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"83116ef2-ab65-5403-8721-d6c0ba32f7d4"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tunnet keskeistä ohjelmoinnin termistöä</li>\n<li>Tiedät lauseen ja lausekkeen eron</li>\n<li>Osaat selvittää lausekkeen arvon tyypin</li>\n<li>Opit etsimään virheitä debuggauksen avulla</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Emme vielä kurssin ensimmäisessä osassa kiinnittäneet kovin tarkasti huomiota ohjelmoinnin terminologiaan. Nyt on hyvä hetki tutustua joihinkin käsitteisiin.</p><h2 id=\"lause\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lause<a href=\"#lause\" aria-label=\"lause permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p><em>Lause</em> (engl. <em>statement</em>) tarkoittaa ohjelman osaa, joka suorittaa jonkin toiminnon. Usein lause viittaa yksittäiseen komentoon.</p><p>Esimerkiksi <code class=\"language-text\">print(\"Moi!\")</code> on lause, joka tulostaa rivin tekstiä,\nja <code class=\"language-text\">luku = 2</code> on lause, joka asettaa muuttujalle arvon.</p><p>Lause voi olla myös monimutkaisempi, ja sen sisällä voi olla muita lauseita.\nEsimerkiksi seuraava ehtolause muodostuu kolmesta rivistä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Anna\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span></code></pre></div><p>Tässä tapauksessa ehtolauseen sisällä on kaksi lausetta.</p><h2 id=\"lohko\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lohko<a href=\"#lohko\" aria-label=\"lohko permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p><em>Lohko</em> (engl. <em>block</em>) on joukko peräkkäin sijoitettuja lauseita, jotka ovat samalla tasolla ohjelman rakenteessa. Esimerkiksi ehtolauseessa lohkossa ovat lauseet, jotka suoritetaan ehdon ollessa tosi.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> ika <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">17</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ehtolauseessa oleva lohko alkaa</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olet täysi-ikäinen!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> ika <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nyt vuoden vanhempi...\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># lohko loppuu</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tämä on eri lohkossa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Pythonissa lohko ilmaistaan sisentämällä lohkon koodi eli lauseet samalle tasolle.</p><p>Kannattaa huomata, että Python-ohjelman \"päälohkon\" on oltava sisennetty tiedoston vasempaan reunaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># tämä ohjelma ei toimi sillä koodia ei ole sisennetty vasempaan reunaan</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"hei maailma\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"huono ohjelma...\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"lauseke\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lauseke<a href=\"#lauseke\" aria-label=\"lauseke permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p><em>Lauseke</em> (engl. <em>expression</em>) on koodin osa, jolla on jokin tyyppi. Ohjelman suorituksen aikana lauseke saa arvon, jota voidaan käyttää ohjelmassa.</p><p>Tarkastellaan muutamaa esimerkkiä lausekkeista:</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Lauseke</th>\n<th>Arvo</th>\n<th>Tyyppi</th>\n<th>Tyyppi Pythonissa</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">2 + 4 + 3</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">9</code></td>\n<td>kokonaisluku</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">int</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">\"abc\" + \"de\"</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">\"abcde\"</code></td>\n<td>merkkijono</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">str</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">11 / 2</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">5.5</code></td>\n<td>liukuluku</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">float</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">2 * 5 > 9</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">True</code></td>\n<td>totuusarvo</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">bool</code></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Koska lausekkeella on arvo, voi sen sijoittaa muuttujaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># muuttuja x saa arvoksi lausekkeen 1 + 2 arvon</span>\nx <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span></code></pre></div><p>Yksinkertaisesta lausekkeesta saa muodostettua monimutkaisempia lausekkeita esim. laskuoperaattorien avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># muuttuja y saa arvoksi lausekkeen '3 kertaa x plus x toiseen' arvon</span>\ny <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> x <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> x<span class=\"token operator\">**</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"funktio\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktio<a href=\"#funktio\" aria-label=\"funktio permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p><em>Funktio</em> (engl. <em>function</em>) suorittaa jonkin toiminnon. Funktiolla voi olla yksi tai useampi <em>parametri</em> (engl. <em>parameter</em>), jotka ilmaisevat, mitä funktion tulee tehdä tarkalleen.</p><p>Funktio suoritetaan, kun sitä <em>kutsutaan</em> eli koodissa on funktion nimi ja funktiolle annettavat parametrit suluissa. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi kutsuu <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-funktiota parametrilla <code class=\"language-text\">\"tämä on parametri\"</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tämä on parametri\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Myös käyttäjältä syötteitä lukeva <code class=\"language-text\">input</code> on funktio. Parametrina funktio saa käyttäjälle näytettävän viestin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kerro nimesi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tässä tapauksessa funktio <em>palauttaa</em> arvon, mikä tarkoittaa, että funktion kutsukohtaan ilmestyy arvo funktion suorituksen jälkeen. Funktion <code class=\"language-text\">input</code> palauttama arvo on käyttäjän syöttämä teksti merkkijonona. Funktion palauttama arvo sijoitetaan usein muuttujan arvoksi, jotta arvoa voidaan hyödyntää ohjelmassa.</p><h2 id=\"tyyppi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tyyppi<a href=\"#tyyppi\" aria-label=\"tyyppi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p><em>Tyyppi</em> (engl. <em>type</em>) tarkoittaa, millainen jokin koodissa esiintyvä arvo on. Esimerkiksi seuraavassa koodissa muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code> tyyppi on merkkijono ja muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">tulos</code> tyyppi on kokonaisluku:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Anna\"</span>\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">type</code> kertoo annetun lausekkeen tyypin. Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>&#x3C;class 'str'>\n&#x3C;class 'int'></p></sample-output><h2 id=\"syntaksi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Syntaksi<a href=\"#syntaksi\" aria-label=\"syntaksi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p><em>Syntaksi</em> (engl. <em>syntax</em>) määrittää, miten ohjelman koodi tulee kirjoittaa. Jokaisella ohjelmointikielellä on omanlainen syntaksinsa.</p><p>Esimerkiksi Python-kielen syntaksiin kuuluu, että <code class=\"language-text\">if</code>-lauseen aloitusrivin lopussa on kaksoispiste ja ehtoon kuuluva koodi on sisennetty:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Anna\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos ohjelmointikielen syntaksia ei noudateta, seurauksena on virheilmoitus:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Anna\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\n  File \"testi.py\", line 1\n    if nimi == \"Anna\"\n                    ^\nSyntaxError: invalid syntax\n</pre></sample-output><h2 id=\"debuggaaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Debuggaaminen<a href=\"#debuggaaminen\" aria-label=\"debuggaaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kun ohjelman syntaksi on kunnossa mutta ohjelma ei toimi halutulla tavalla, ohjelmassa on <em>bugi</em>.</p><p>Bugit ilmenevät eri tavoin. Jotkin bugit aiheuttavat suoritusaikaisen virheen. Esim. ohjelma</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\ny <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> x <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> y\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> jaettuna </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>aiheuttaa seuraavan virheen:</p><sample-output><pre>\nZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero on line 3\n</pre></sample-output><p>Ongelma on siis siinä, että nollalla jakaminen ei ole sallittua ja se keskeyttää ohjelman suorituksen.</p><p>Suoritusaikaiseen virheeseen johtavat bugit ovat usein helpohkoja korjata, sillä virheen aiheuttava rivi selviää virheilmoituksesta. Tosin virheen varsinainen syy eli bugi on usein muualla kuin virheilmoituksen aiheuttaneessa rivissä.</p><p>Joskus bugi taas ilmenee siten, että koodin tuottama tulos on virheellinen. Tälläisten bugien havaitseminen ja niiden syyn paikallistaminen voi olla haastavaa. Kurssin tehtävissä testit paljastavat usein juuri tämän kategorian bugeja. Ennen kuin ongelma päästään korjaamaan, on bugi paikallistettava.</p><p>Koodarijargonissa bugien syiden selvittämistä kutsutaan <em>debuggaamiseksi</em>. Debuggaaminen on äärimmäisen keskeinen taito, ja ammatikseen ohjelmoivat käyttävät usein enemmän aikaa debuggaamiseen kuin varsinaiseen ohjelmointiin.</p><p>Yksinkertainen mutta tehokas debuggauskeino on lisätä ohjelmaan debug-tulostuksia eli <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komentoja, joiden avulla varmistetaan, että koodissa tapahtuu ohjelmoijan olettamia asioita.</p><p>Seuraavassa on ratkaisuyritys yhteen <a href=\"/osa-1/5-ehtorakenne\">edellisen osan</a> tehtävään:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tuntipalkka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tuntipalkka: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntunnit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Työtunnit: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npaiva <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Viikonpäivä: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npalkka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tuntipalkka <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> tunnit\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> paiva <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"sunnnuntai\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    palkka <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Palkka </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>palkka<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> euroa\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma ei näytä toimivan oikein ja testien suoritus kertoo seuraavaa:</p><sample-output><pre>\nFAIL: PalkkaTest: test_sunnuntai_1\n\nSyötteellä 23.0, 12, sunnuntai oikeaa palkkaa 552.0 ei löydy tulosteestasi Palkka 276.0 euroa\n</pre></sample-output><p>Ensimmäinen askel debuggaamisessa on useimmiten kokeilla ohjelmaa ongelmallisella syötteellä. Kokeilu varmistaa, että tulos ei ole haluttu:</p><sample-output><p>Palkka 276.0 euroa</p></sample-output><p>Debugattaessa ohjelman toimintaa kokeillaan usein. Voikin olla hyödyllisä \"kovakoodata\" ongelman aiheuttavat syötteet suoraan koodiin sen sijaan, että ne kysyttäisiin joka kerta käyttäjältä. Tämä onnistuu esimerkiksi muuttamalla koodia tilapäisesti seuraavalla tavalla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># tuntipalkka = float(input(\"Tuntipalkka: \"))</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># tunnit = int(input(\"Työtunnit: \"))</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># paiva = input(\"Viikonpäivä: \")</span>\ntuntipalkka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">23.0</span>\ntunnit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span>\npaiva <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"sunnuntai\"</span>\n\npalkka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tuntipalkka <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> tunnit\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> paiva <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"sunnnuntai\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    palkka <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Palkka </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>palkka<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> euroa\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Seuraava askel on lisäillä koodiin <em>debug-tulostuksia</em>. Koska nimenomaan sunnuntain palkka lasketaan väärin, laitetaan sen hoitavaan osaan tulostukset korotusta ennen ja sen jälkeen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span>\n\npalkka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tuntipalkka <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> tunnit\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> paiva <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"sunnnuntai\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"palkka alussa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> palkka<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    palkka <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"palkka kasvatuksen jälkeen:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> palkka<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Palkka </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>palkka<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> euroa\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun ohjelma nyt suoritetaan, ei debug-tulostuksia jostain syystä näy ollenkaan. Vaikuttaa siltä, että ohjelman suoritus ei edes mene if-haaraan. Komennon ehdossa täytyy siis olla jokin ongelma. Myös ehdon arvo voidaan tulostaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span>\n\npalkka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tuntipalkka <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> tunnit\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ehto:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> paiva<span class=\"token operator\">==</span><span class=\"token string\">\"sunnnuntai\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> paiva <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"sunnnuntai\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"palkka alussa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> palkka<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    palkka <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"palkka kasvatuksen jälkeen:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> palkka<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Palkka </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>palkka<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> euroa\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ja tosiaan, kun koodi suoritetaan, ehdon arvo on <code class=\"language-text\">False</code> eli koodi hyppää if-lohkon ohi:</p><sample-output><p>ehto:  False\nPalkka 276.0 euroa</p></sample-output><p>Vian täytyy siis olla if-komennon ehdossa, ja kun sitä katsotaan tarkemmin, huomataan, että <em>sunnuntai</em> on vahingossa kirjoitettu väärin. Korjataan typo:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span>\n\npalkka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tuntipalkka <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> tunnit\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ehto:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> paiva<span class=\"token operator\">==</span><span class=\"token string\">\"sunnuntai\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> paiva <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"sunnuntai\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"palkka alussa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> palkka<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    palkka <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"palkka kasvatuksen jälkeen:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> palkka<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Palkka </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>palkka<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> euroa\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Koodin suoritus aiheuttaa nyt seuraavan tulostuksen:</p><sample-output><p>ehto: True\npalkka alussa: 276.0\npalkka kasvatuksen jälkeen: 276.0\nPalkka 276.0 euroa</p></sample-output><p>Koska <code class=\"language-text\">tuntipalkka = 23.0</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">tunnit = 12</code>, vaikuttaa muuttujassa <code class=\"language-text\">palkka</code> olevan oikea arvo aluksi, mutta kasvatuskomento ei kuitenkaan kasvata muuttujan arvoa. Komento on siis mitä ilmeisimmin virheellinen. Ja toden totta, komento</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">palkka <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span></code></pre></div><p>ainoastaan laskee tuplapalkan mutta ei tee tulokselle mitään. Korjataan komento muotoon, joka tallentaa korotetun palkan muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">palkka</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">palkka <span class=\"token operator\">*=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun ohjelma suoritetaan nyt, huomataan että lopputuloskin on oikea:</p><sample-output><p>ehto:  True\npalkka alussa: 276.0\npalkka kasvatuksen jälkeen: 552.0\nPalkka 552.0 euroa</p></sample-output><p>Kun ohjelma on kunnossa, tulee debuggaustulosteet ja muu debuggauksen takia kirjoitettu ylimääräinen koodi poistaa.</p><p>Esimerkki oli yksinkertainen ja näin lyhyessä ohjelmassa oleva bugi selviäisi varmasti myös koodia lukemalla. Monesti kuitenkin debug-tulostuksilla pääsee huomattavasti nopeammin jyvälle siitä, missä vika piilee. Tulostamalla voidaan usein varmistua siitä, mitkä osat ohjelmasta toimivat \"varmuudella\" oikein, ja bugien jäljitys voidaan nopeasti kohdistaa niihin koodiriveihin, joissa ongelma todennäköisesti piileskelee.</p><p>Debuggaukseen on olemassa muitakin keinoja kuin debug-tulostusten tekeminen. Palaamme asiaan myöhemmin kurssilla. Sinun kannattaa tästä lähtien kurssilla käyttää debug-tulostamista virheiden etsimiseen. Ohjelmoinnin ammattilaiset eivät selviä työstään ilman debug-tulostuksia, joten on vaikea kuvitella, ettei aloittelijoidenkin kannattaisi laajentaa työkalupakkiaan tältä osin.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Korjaa virheet\" tmcname=\"osa02-01_korjaa_virheet\" height=\"400px\"><p>Seuraavassa ohjelmassa on useita <em>syntaksivirheitä</em>. Korjaa ohjelma siten, että syntaksi on kunnossa ja se toimii alla olevien esimerkkien mukaisesti.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">  luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku<span class=\"token operator\">></span><span class=\"token number\">100</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku oli suurempi kuin sata\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>\"Nyt luvun arvo on pienentynyt sadalla<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n     <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Arvo on nyt\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">+</span> luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" taitaa olla onnenlukuni!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>\"Hyvää päivänjatkoa!<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>13</strong>\n13 taitaa olla onnenlukuni!\nHyvää päivänjatkoa!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>101</strong>\nLuku oli suurempi kuin sata\nNyt luvun arvo on pienentynyt sadalla\nArvo on nyt 1\n1 taitaa olla onnenlukuni!\nHyvää päivänjatkoa!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Merkkien määrä\" tmcname=\"osa02-02_merkkien_maara\"><p>Funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">len</code> voidaan laskea (muun muassa) merkkijonon pituus. Funktio palauttaa merkkijonossa olevien merkkien määrän.</p><p>Esimerkkejä funktion toiminnasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"abcd\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"moikka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsana2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"heipparallaa\"</span>\npituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntyhja_merkkijono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span>\npituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tyhja_merkkijono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>4\n6\n12\n0</p></sample-output><p>Tee ohjelma, joka lukee käyttäjältä sanan ja tulostaa sanan merkkien määrän, mikäli niitä on enemmän kuin yksi.</p><p>Esimerkkisuorituksia:</p><sample-output><p>Anna sana: hei\nSanassa hei on 3 kirjainta\nKiitos!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna sana: banaani\nSanassa banaani on 7 kirjainta\nKiitos!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna sana: b\nKiitos!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Tyyppimuunnos\" tmcname=\"osa02-03_tyyppimuunnos\"><p>Pythonissa voidaan usein muuntaa jokin arvo tyypistä toiseen. Esimerkiksi liukuluku voidaan muuntaa kokonaisluvuksi funktion <code class=\"language-text\">int</code> avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\nlampo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna lämpötila: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lämpötila on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lampo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"...eli pyöreästi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lampo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna lämpötila: <strong>5.15</strong>\nLämpötila on 5.15\n...eli pyöreästi 5</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että funktio ei pyöristä arvoa matematiikasta tutulla tavalla, vaan pyöristää luvun alaspäin (kyse on siis ns. <em>lattiafunktiosta</em>):</p><sample-output><p>Anna lämpötila: <strong>8.99</strong>\nLämpötila on 8.99\n...eli pyöreästi 8</p></sample-output><p>Tee int-funktiota hyödyntäen ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä desimaaliluvun ja tulostaa erikseen luvun kokonaisosan ja desimaaliosan.</p><p>Huom! Voit olettaa, että annettu desimaaliluku on suurempi kuin nolla.</p><p>Esimerkiksi</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>1.34</strong>\nKokonaisosa: 1\nDesimaaliosa: 0.34</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"83116ef2-ab65-5403-8721-d6c0ba32f7d4\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-2/1-ohjelmoinnin-termeja","title":"Ohjelmoinnin termejä"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-2/1-ohjelmoinnin-termeja.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea 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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"lattiafunktiosta"}]},{"type":"text","value":"):"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna lämpötila: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"8.99"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nLämpötila on 8.99\n...eli pyöreästi 8"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee int-funktiota hyödyntäen ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä desimaaliluvun ja tulostaa erikseen luvun kokonaisosan ja desimaaliosan."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huom! Voit olettaa, että annettu desimaaliluku on suurempi kuin nolla."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkiksi"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna luku: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1.34"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nKokonaisosa: 1\nDesimaaliosa: 0.34"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"83116ef2-ab65-5403-8721-d6c0ba32f7d4"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tunnet keskeistä ohjelmoinnin termistöä</li>\n<li>Tiedät lauseen ja lausekkeen eron</li>\n<li>Osaat selvittää lausekkeen arvon tyypin</li>\n<li>Opit etsimään virheitä debuggauksen avulla</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Emme vielä kurssin ensimmäisessä osassa kiinnittäneet kovin tarkasti huomiota ohjelmoinnin terminologiaan. Nyt on hyvä hetki tutustua joihinkin käsitteisiin.</p><h2 id=\"lause\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lause<a href=\"#lause\" aria-label=\"lause permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p><em>Lause</em> (engl. <em>statement</em>) tarkoittaa ohjelman osaa, joka suorittaa jonkin toiminnon. Usein lause viittaa yksittäiseen komentoon.</p><p>Esimerkiksi <code class=\"language-text\">print(\"Moi!\")</code> on lause, joka tulostaa rivin tekstiä,\nja <code class=\"language-text\">luku = 2</code> on lause, joka asettaa muuttujalle arvon.</p><p>Lause voi olla myös monimutkaisempi, ja sen sisällä voi olla muita lauseita.\nEsimerkiksi seuraava ehtolause muodostuu kolmesta rivistä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Anna\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span></code></pre></div><p>Tässä tapauksessa ehtolauseen sisällä on kaksi lausetta.</p><h2 id=\"lohko\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lohko<a href=\"#lohko\" aria-label=\"lohko permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p><em>Lohko</em> (engl. <em>block</em>) on joukko peräkkäin sijoitettuja lauseita, jotka ovat samalla tasolla ohjelman rakenteessa. Esimerkiksi ehtolauseessa lohkossa ovat lauseet, jotka suoritetaan ehdon ollessa tosi.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> ika <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">17</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ehtolauseessa oleva lohko alkaa</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olet täysi-ikäinen!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> ika <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nyt vuoden vanhempi...\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># lohko loppuu</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tämä on eri lohkossa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Pythonissa lohko ilmaistaan sisentämällä lohkon koodi eli lauseet samalle tasolle.</p><p>Kannattaa huomata, että Python-ohjelman \"päälohkon\" on oltava sisennetty tiedoston vasempaan reunaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># tämä ohjelma ei toimi sillä koodia ei ole sisennetty vasempaan reunaan</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"hei maailma\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"huono ohjelma...\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"lauseke\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lauseke<a href=\"#lauseke\" aria-label=\"lauseke permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p><em>Lauseke</em> (engl. <em>expression</em>) on koodin osa, jolla on jokin tyyppi. Ohjelman suorituksen aikana lauseke saa arvon, jota voidaan käyttää ohjelmassa.</p><p>Tarkastellaan muutamaa esimerkkiä lausekkeista:</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Lauseke</th>\n<th>Arvo</th>\n<th>Tyyppi</th>\n<th>Tyyppi Pythonissa</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">2 + 4 + 3</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">9</code></td>\n<td>kokonaisluku</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">int</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">\"abc\" + \"de\"</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">\"abcde\"</code></td>\n<td>merkkijono</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">str</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">11 / 2</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">5.5</code></td>\n<td>liukuluku</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">float</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">2 * 5 > 9</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">True</code></td>\n<td>totuusarvo</td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">bool</code></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Koska lausekkeella on arvo, voi sen sijoittaa muuttujaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># muuttuja x saa arvoksi lausekkeen 1 + 2 arvon</span>\nx <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span></code></pre></div><p>Yksinkertaisesta lausekkeesta saa muodostettua monimutkaisempia lausekkeita esim. laskuoperaattorien avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># muuttuja y saa arvoksi lausekkeen '3 kertaa x plus x toiseen' arvon</span>\ny <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> x <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> x<span class=\"token operator\">**</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"funktio\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktio<a href=\"#funktio\" aria-label=\"funktio permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p><em>Funktio</em> (engl. <em>function</em>) suorittaa jonkin toiminnon. Funktiolla voi olla yksi tai useampi <em>parametri</em> (engl. <em>parameter</em>), jotka ilmaisevat, mitä funktion tulee tehdä tarkalleen.</p><p>Funktio suoritetaan, kun sitä <em>kutsutaan</em> eli koodissa on funktion nimi ja funktiolle annettavat parametrit suluissa. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi kutsuu <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-funktiota parametrilla <code class=\"language-text\">\"tämä on parametri\"</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tämä on parametri\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Myös käyttäjältä syötteitä lukeva <code class=\"language-text\">input</code> on funktio. Parametrina funktio saa käyttäjälle näytettävän viestin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kerro nimesi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tässä tapauksessa funktio <em>palauttaa</em> arvon, mikä tarkoittaa, että funktion kutsukohtaan ilmestyy arvo funktion suorituksen jälkeen. Funktion <code class=\"language-text\">input</code> palauttama arvo on käyttäjän syöttämä teksti merkkijonona. Funktion palauttama arvo sijoitetaan usein muuttujan arvoksi, jotta arvoa voidaan hyödyntää ohjelmassa.</p><h2 id=\"tyyppi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tyyppi<a href=\"#tyyppi\" aria-label=\"tyyppi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p><em>Tyyppi</em> (engl. <em>type</em>) tarkoittaa, millainen jokin koodissa esiintyvä arvo on. Esimerkiksi seuraavassa koodissa muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code> tyyppi on merkkijono ja muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">tulos</code> tyyppi on kokonaisluku:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Anna\"</span>\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">type</code> kertoo annetun lausekkeen tyypin. Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">type</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>&#x3C;class 'str'>\n&#x3C;class 'int'></p></sample-output><h2 id=\"syntaksi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Syntaksi<a href=\"#syntaksi\" aria-label=\"syntaksi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p><em>Syntaksi</em> (engl. <em>syntax</em>) määrittää, miten ohjelman koodi tulee kirjoittaa. Jokaisella ohjelmointikielellä on omanlainen syntaksinsa.</p><p>Esimerkiksi Python-kielen syntaksiin kuuluu, että <code class=\"language-text\">if</code>-lauseen aloitusrivin lopussa on kaksoispiste ja ehtoon kuuluva koodi on sisennetty:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Anna\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos ohjelmointikielen syntaksia ei noudateta, seurauksena on virheilmoitus:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Anna\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\n  File \"testi.py\", line 1\n    if nimi == \"Anna\"\n                    ^\nSyntaxError: invalid syntax\n</pre></sample-output><h2 id=\"debuggaaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Debuggaaminen<a href=\"#debuggaaminen\" aria-label=\"debuggaaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kun ohjelman syntaksi on kunnossa mutta ohjelma ei toimi halutulla tavalla, ohjelmassa on <em>bugi</em>.</p><p>Bugit ilmenevät eri tavoin. Jotkin bugit aiheuttavat suoritusaikaisen virheen. Esim. ohjelma</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\ny <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> x <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> y\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> jaettuna </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>aiheuttaa seuraavan virheen:</p><sample-output><pre>\nZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero on line 3\n</pre></sample-output><p>Ongelma on siis siinä, että nollalla jakaminen ei ole sallittua ja se keskeyttää ohjelman suorituksen.</p><p>Suoritusaikaiseen virheeseen johtavat bugit ovat usein helpohkoja korjata, sillä virheen aiheuttava rivi selviää virheilmoituksesta. Tosin virheen varsinainen syy eli bugi on usein muualla kuin virheilmoituksen aiheuttaneessa rivissä.</p><p>Joskus bugi taas ilmenee siten, että koodin tuottama tulos on virheellinen. Tälläisten bugien havaitseminen ja niiden syyn paikallistaminen voi olla haastavaa. Kurssin tehtävissä testit paljastavat usein juuri tämän kategorian bugeja. Ennen kuin ongelma päästään korjaamaan, on bugi paikallistettava.</p><p>Koodarijargonissa bugien syiden selvittämistä kutsutaan <em>debuggaamiseksi</em>. Debuggaaminen on äärimmäisen keskeinen taito, ja ammatikseen ohjelmoivat käyttävät usein enemmän aikaa debuggaamiseen kuin varsinaiseen ohjelmointiin.</p><p>Yksinkertainen mutta tehokas debuggauskeino on lisätä ohjelmaan debug-tulostuksia eli <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komentoja, joiden avulla varmistetaan, että koodissa tapahtuu ohjelmoijan olettamia asioita.</p><p>Seuraavassa on ratkaisuyritys yhteen <a href=\"/osa-1/5-ehtorakenne\">edellisen osan</a> tehtävään:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tuntipalkka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tuntipalkka: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntunnit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Työtunnit: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npaiva <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Viikonpäivä: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npalkka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tuntipalkka <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> tunnit\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> paiva <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"sunnnuntai\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    palkka <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Palkka </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>palkka<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> euroa\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma ei näytä toimivan oikein ja testien suoritus kertoo seuraavaa:</p><sample-output><pre>\nFAIL: PalkkaTest: test_sunnuntai_1\n\nSyötteellä 23.0, 12, sunnuntai oikeaa palkkaa 552.0 ei löydy tulosteestasi Palkka 276.0 euroa\n</pre></sample-output><p>Ensimmäinen askel debuggaamisessa on useimmiten kokeilla ohjelmaa ongelmallisella syötteellä. Kokeilu varmistaa, että tulos ei ole haluttu:</p><sample-output><p>Palkka 276.0 euroa</p></sample-output><p>Debugattaessa ohjelman toimintaa kokeillaan usein. Voikin olla hyödyllisä \"kovakoodata\" ongelman aiheuttavat syötteet suoraan koodiin sen sijaan, että ne kysyttäisiin joka kerta käyttäjältä. Tämä onnistuu esimerkiksi muuttamalla koodia tilapäisesti seuraavalla tavalla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># tuntipalkka = float(input(\"Tuntipalkka: \"))</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># tunnit = int(input(\"Työtunnit: \"))</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># paiva = input(\"Viikonpäivä: \")</span>\ntuntipalkka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">23.0</span>\ntunnit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span>\npaiva <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"sunnuntai\"</span>\n\npalkka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tuntipalkka <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> tunnit\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> paiva <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"sunnnuntai\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    palkka <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Palkka </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>palkka<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> euroa\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Seuraava askel on lisäillä koodiin <em>debug-tulostuksia</em>. Koska nimenomaan sunnuntain palkka lasketaan väärin, laitetaan sen hoitavaan osaan tulostukset korotusta ennen ja sen jälkeen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span>\n\npalkka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tuntipalkka <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> tunnit\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> paiva <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"sunnnuntai\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"palkka alussa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> palkka<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    palkka <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"palkka kasvatuksen jälkeen:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> palkka<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Palkka </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>palkka<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> euroa\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun ohjelma nyt suoritetaan, ei debug-tulostuksia jostain syystä näy ollenkaan. Vaikuttaa siltä, että ohjelman suoritus ei edes mene if-haaraan. Komennon ehdossa täytyy siis olla jokin ongelma. Myös ehdon arvo voidaan tulostaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span>\n\npalkka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tuntipalkka <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> tunnit\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ehto:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> paiva<span class=\"token operator\">==</span><span class=\"token string\">\"sunnnuntai\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> paiva <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"sunnnuntai\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"palkka alussa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> palkka<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    palkka <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"palkka kasvatuksen jälkeen:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> palkka<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Palkka </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>palkka<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> euroa\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ja tosiaan, kun koodi suoritetaan, ehdon arvo on <code class=\"language-text\">False</code> eli koodi hyppää if-lohkon ohi:</p><sample-output><p>ehto:  False\nPalkka 276.0 euroa</p></sample-output><p>Vian täytyy siis olla if-komennon ehdossa, ja kun sitä katsotaan tarkemmin, huomataan, että <em>sunnuntai</em> on vahingossa kirjoitettu väärin. Korjataan typo:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span>\n\npalkka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tuntipalkka <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> tunnit\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ehto:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> paiva<span class=\"token operator\">==</span><span class=\"token string\">\"sunnuntai\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> paiva <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"sunnuntai\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"palkka alussa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> palkka<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    palkka <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"palkka kasvatuksen jälkeen:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> palkka<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Palkka </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>palkka<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> euroa\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Koodin suoritus aiheuttaa nyt seuraavan tulostuksen:</p><sample-output><p>ehto: True\npalkka alussa: 276.0\npalkka kasvatuksen jälkeen: 276.0\nPalkka 276.0 euroa</p></sample-output><p>Koska <code class=\"language-text\">tuntipalkka = 23.0</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">tunnit = 12</code>, vaikuttaa muuttujassa <code class=\"language-text\">palkka</code> olevan oikea arvo aluksi, mutta kasvatuskomento ei kuitenkaan kasvata muuttujan arvoa. Komento on siis mitä ilmeisimmin virheellinen. Ja toden totta, komento</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">palkka <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span></code></pre></div><p>ainoastaan laskee tuplapalkan mutta ei tee tulokselle mitään. Korjataan komento muotoon, joka tallentaa korotetun palkan muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">palkka</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">palkka <span class=\"token operator\">*=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun ohjelma suoritetaan nyt, huomataan että lopputuloskin on oikea:</p><sample-output><p>ehto:  True\npalkka alussa: 276.0\npalkka kasvatuksen jälkeen: 552.0\nPalkka 552.0 euroa</p></sample-output><p>Kun ohjelma on kunnossa, tulee debuggaustulosteet ja muu debuggauksen takia kirjoitettu ylimääräinen koodi poistaa.</p><p>Esimerkki oli yksinkertainen ja näin lyhyessä ohjelmassa oleva bugi selviäisi varmasti myös koodia lukemalla. Monesti kuitenkin debug-tulostuksilla pääsee huomattavasti nopeammin jyvälle siitä, missä vika piilee. Tulostamalla voidaan usein varmistua siitä, mitkä osat ohjelmasta toimivat \"varmuudella\" oikein, ja bugien jäljitys voidaan nopeasti kohdistaa niihin koodiriveihin, joissa ongelma todennäköisesti piileskelee.</p><p>Debuggaukseen on olemassa muitakin keinoja kuin debug-tulostusten tekeminen. Palaamme asiaan myöhemmin kurssilla. Sinun kannattaa tästä lähtien kurssilla käyttää debug-tulostamista virheiden etsimiseen. Ohjelmoinnin ammattilaiset eivät selviä työstään ilman debug-tulostuksia, joten on vaikea kuvitella, ettei aloittelijoidenkin kannattaisi laajentaa työkalupakkiaan tältä osin.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Korjaa virheet\" tmcname=\"osa02-01_korjaa_virheet\" height=\"400px\"><p>Seuraavassa ohjelmassa on useita <em>syntaksivirheitä</em>. Korjaa ohjelma siten, että syntaksi on kunnossa ja se toimii alla olevien esimerkkien mukaisesti.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">  luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku<span class=\"token operator\">></span><span class=\"token number\">100</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku oli suurempi kuin sata\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>\"Nyt luvun arvo on pienentynyt sadalla<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n     <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Arvo on nyt\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">+</span> luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" taitaa olla onnenlukuni!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>\"Hyvää päivänjatkoa!<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>13</strong>\n13 taitaa olla onnenlukuni!\nHyvää päivänjatkoa!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>101</strong>\nLuku oli suurempi kuin sata\nNyt luvun arvo on pienentynyt sadalla\nArvo on nyt 1\n1 taitaa olla onnenlukuni!\nHyvää päivänjatkoa!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Merkkien määrä\" tmcname=\"osa02-02_merkkien_maara\"><p>Funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">len</code> voidaan laskea (muun muassa) merkkijonon pituus. Funktio palauttaa merkkijonossa olevien merkkien määrän.</p><p>Esimerkkejä funktion toiminnasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"abcd\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"moikka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsana2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"heipparallaa\"</span>\npituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntyhja_merkkijono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span>\npituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tyhja_merkkijono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>4\n6\n12\n0</p></sample-output><p>Tee ohjelma, joka lukee käyttäjältä sanan ja tulostaa sanan merkkien määrän, mikäli niitä on enemmän kuin yksi.</p><p>Esimerkkisuorituksia:</p><sample-output><p>Anna sana: hei\nSanassa hei on 3 kirjainta\nKiitos!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna sana: banaani\nSanassa banaani on 7 kirjainta\nKiitos!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna sana: b\nKiitos!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Tyyppimuunnos\" tmcname=\"osa02-03_tyyppimuunnos\"><p>Pythonissa voidaan usein muuntaa jokin arvo tyypistä toiseen. Esimerkiksi liukuluku voidaan muuntaa kokonaisluvuksi funktion <code class=\"language-text\">int</code> avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\nlampo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna lämpötila: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lämpötila on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lampo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"...eli pyöreästi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lampo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna lämpötila: <strong>5.15</strong>\nLämpötila on 5.15\n...eli pyöreästi 5</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että funktio ei pyöristä arvoa matematiikasta tutulla tavalla, vaan pyöristää luvun alaspäin (kyse on siis ns. <em>lattiafunktiosta</em>):</p><sample-output><p>Anna lämpötila: <strong>8.99</strong>\nLämpötila on 8.99\n...eli pyöreästi 8</p></sample-output><p>Tee int-funktiota hyödyntäen ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä desimaaliluvun ja tulostaa erikseen luvun kokonaisosan ja desimaaliosan.</p><p>Huom! Voit olettaa, että annettu desimaaliluku on suurempi kuin nolla.</p><p>Esimerkiksi</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>1.34</strong>\nKokonaisosa: 1\nDesimaaliosa: 0.34</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"83116ef2-ab65-5403-8721-d6c0ba32f7d4\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-2/1-ohjelmoinnin-termeja","title":"Ohjelmoinnin termejä"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-2/1-ohjelmoinnin-termeja.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea 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Ohjelma tulostaa sanoista sen, joka on aakkosjärjestyksessä jälkimmäinen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Voit olettaa, että sanat on syötetty kokonaan pienillä kirjaimilla."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkkisuorituksia eri syötteillä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna 1. sana: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"auto"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna 2. sana: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"mopo"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nmopo on aakkosjärjestyksessä viimeinen."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna 1. sana: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"zorro"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna 2. sana: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"batman"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nzorro on aakkosjärjestyksessä viimeinen."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna 1. sana: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"python"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna 2. sana: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"python"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnnoit saman sanan kahdesti."}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"19327e67-83e3-5534-aab5-db3d25f3f8dc"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat luoda vaihtoehtoisia haaroja toistolauseisiin</li>\n<li>Ymmärrät <code class=\"language-text\">if</code>-, <code class=\"language-text\">elif</code>- ja <code class=\"language-text\">else</code>-lauseiden merkityksen ehtolauseessa</li>\n<li>Osaat soveltaa jakojäännöstä <code class=\"language-text\">%</code> ehdoissa</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Tarkastellaan ohjelmaa, joka tulostaa tiedon siitä, onko käyttäjän syöte negatiivinen vai positiivinen tai nolla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on negatiivinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on positiivinen tai nolla\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma on hiukan kömpelö. Jokaisen mahdollisen syötteen kohdalla halutaan suorittaa vain toinen lohkoista, koska aina pätee joko <code class=\"language-text\">luku &lt; 0</code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">luku >= 0</code>. Ensimmäinen vertailu sisältää tavallaan kaiken olennaisen: jos tulos on tosi, luku on negatiivinen, ja jos se on epätosi, luku on positiivinen tai nolla.</p><p>Toisen vertailun sijasta onkin usein näppärämpää luoda vaihtoehtoinen haara, joka suoritetaan, <em>jos ehto on epätosi</em>. Tätä tarkoitusta varten käytetään <code class=\"language-text\">else</code>-lausetta.</p><p>Edellinen esimerkki kirjoitettuna uudestaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on negatiivinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on positiivinen tai nolla\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun käytetään if-else-rakennetta, suoritetaan vaihtoehtoisista lohkoista aina jompikumpi. Seuraava kuva havainnollistaa asiaa:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 400px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/35830d6bd78153ffe23d80092b0482cb/e17e5/2_2_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 148.2608695652174%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/35830d6bd78153ffe23d80092b0482cb/a0b58/2_2_1.webp 230w,\n/static/35830d6bd78153ffe23d80092b0482cb/7f61c/2_2_1.webp 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/35830d6bd78153ffe23d80092b0482cb/81c8e/2_2_1.png 230w,\n/static/35830d6bd78153ffe23d80092b0482cb/e17e5/2_2_1.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/35830d6bd78153ffe23d80092b0482cb/e17e5/2_2_1.png\" alt=\"2 2 1\" title=\"2 2 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Huomaa, että else-haaraa ei voi olla olemassa ilman edeltävää if-haaraa. Koko if-else-rakenne lohkoineen muodostaa yhden <em>ehtolauseen</em>.</p><p>Seuraava esimerkki tutkii, onko käyttäjän syöttämä luku parillinen vai ei. Parillisuuden selvittämiseen käytetään jakojäännösoperaattoria <code class=\"language-text\">%</code>. Jakojäännöksellä on kätevä testata luvun parillisuutta: jos luvun jakojäännös kahdella on nolla, luku on parillinen, ja muuten pariton.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">%</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on parillinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on pariton\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>5</strong>\nLuku on pariton</p></sample-output><p>Kolmas esimerkki, jossa vertaillaan merkkijonojen samuutta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">oikea <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kissa\"</span>\nsalasana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna salasana: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> salasana <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> oikea<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tervetuloa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pääsy kielletty\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kaksi esimerkkisuoritusta eri syötteillä:</p><sample-output><p>Anna salasana: <strong>kissa</strong>\nTervetuloa</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna salasana: <strong>apina</strong>\nPääsy kielletty</p></sample-output><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Täysi-ikäisyys\" tmcname=\"osa02-04_taysi_ikaisyys\" height=\"400px\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjän ikää ja kertoo, onko tämä täysi-ikäinen (eli 18-vuotias tai vanhempi).</p><p>Esimerkkitulostuksia:</p><sample-output><p>Kuinka vanha olet? <strong>12</strong>\nEt ole täysi-ikäinen!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Kuinka vanha olet? <strong>32</strong>\nOlet täysi-ikäinen!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"vaihtoehtoiset-haarat-elif-lauseella\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vaihtoehtoiset haarat elif-lauseella<a href=\"#vaihtoehtoiset-haarat-elif-lauseella\" aria-label=\"vaihtoehtoiset haarat elif lauseella permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Usein vaihtoehtoja on kuitenkin enemmän kuin kaksi. Esimerkiksi jalkapallo-ottelun lopputulosta käsitellessä olisi hyvä varautua kolmeen vaihtoehtoiseen lopputulokseen kotijoukkueen kannalta: voitto, häviö tai tasapeli.</p><p>Ehtolausetta voidaan laajentaa <code class=\"language-text\">elif</code>-haaralla. Se on lyhenne sanoista \"else if\", ja tarkoittaa nimensä mukaisesti vaihtoehtoa alkuperäiselle ehdolle.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 498px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/22229d7c746f99d073f0131c022eae85/79e1b/2_2_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 168.69565217391306%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/22229d7c746f99d073f0131c022eae85/a0b58/2_2_2.webp 230w,\n/static/22229d7c746f99d073f0131c022eae85/bc10c/2_2_2.webp 460w,\n/static/22229d7c746f99d073f0131c022eae85/71ce1/2_2_2.webp 498w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 498px) 100vw, 498px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/22229d7c746f99d073f0131c022eae85/81c8e/2_2_2.png 230w,\n/static/22229d7c746f99d073f0131c022eae85/08a84/2_2_2.png 460w,\n/static/22229d7c746f99d073f0131c022eae85/79e1b/2_2_2.png 498w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 498px) 100vw, 498px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/22229d7c746f99d073f0131c022eae85/79e1b/2_2_2.png\" alt=\"2 2 2\" title=\"2 2 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkiä, jossa selvitetään ottelun voittaja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">maalit_koti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kotijoukkueen maalimäärä: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmaalit_vieras <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Vierasjoukkueen maalimäärä: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> maalit_koti <span class=\"token operator\">></span> maalit_vieras<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kotijoukkue voitti!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> maalit_vieras <span class=\"token operator\">></span> maalit_koti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Vierasjoukkue voitti!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tasapeli!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kolme esimerkkitulosta eri syötteillä:</p><sample-output><p>Kotijoukkueen maalimäärä: <strong>4</strong>\nVierasjoukkueen maalimäärä: <strong>2</strong>\nKotijoukkue voitti!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Kotijoukkueen maalimäärä: <strong>0</strong>\nVierasjoukkueen maalimäärä: <strong>6</strong>\nVierasjoukkue voitti!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Kotijoukkueen maalimäärä: <strong>3</strong>\nVierasjoukkueen maalimäärä: <strong>3</strong>\nTasapeli!</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkissä ehtolauseessa on siis kolme vaihtoehtoista haaraa, joista suoritetaan aina yksi. Ehtolauseessa <code class=\"language-text\">elif</code>-haaroja voi olla useampia, eikä <code class=\"language-text\">else</code>-haara ole pakollinen.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Joulukalenteri\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npvm <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mikä päivä nyt on? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> pvm <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"24.12.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nyt on jouluaatto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> pvm <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"25.12.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nyt on joulupäivä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> pvm <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"26.12.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nyt on tapaninpäivä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kiitos ja hei.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Joulukalenteri\nMikä päivä nyt on? <strong>25.12.</strong>\nNyt on joulupäivä\nKiitos ja hei.</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että ehtolauseessa ei edellisessä esimerkissä ole ollenkaan else-haaraa. Jos käyttäjä syöttää jonkin sellaisen päivämäärän, joka ei täytä ehtoa jossain <code class=\"language-text\">if</code>- tai <code class=\"language-text\">elif</code>-lauseessa, ohjelmassa ei suoriteta mitään ehtolauseen kolmesta lohkosta.</p><sample-output><p>Joulukalenteri\nMikä päivä nyt on? <strong>1.1.</strong>\nKiitos ja hei.</p></sample-output><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\" Suurempi tai yhtäsuuri\" tmcname=\"osa02-05_suurempi_tai_yhtasuuri\"  height=\"400px\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä kaksi kokonaislukua ja tulostaa niistä suuremman. Jos luvut ovat yhtä suuret, ohjelma huomaa myös tämän.</p><p>Esimerkkitulostuksia:</p><sample-output><p>Anna ensimmäinen luku: <strong>5</strong>\nAnna toinen luku: <strong>3</strong>\nSuurempi luku: 5</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna ensimmäinen luku: <strong>5</strong>\nAnna toinen luku: <strong>8</strong>\nSuurempi luku: 8</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna ensimmäinen luku: <strong>5</strong>\nAnna toinen luku: <strong>5</strong>\nLuvut ovat yhtä suuret!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Vanhempi\" tmcname=\"osa02-06_vanhempi\" height=\"550px\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy kahden henkilön nimen ja iän ja tulostaa vanhemman henkilön nimen.</p><p>Esimerkkisyötteitä</p><sample-output><p>Henkilö 1:\nNimi: <strong>Teppo</strong>\nIkä: <strong>26</strong>\nHenkilö 2:\nNimi: <strong>Tiina</strong>\nIkä: <strong>27</strong>\nVanhempi on Tiina</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Henkilö 1:\nNimi: <strong>Antti</strong>\nIkä: <strong>1</strong>\nHenkilö 2:\nNimi: <strong>Venla</strong>\nIkä: <strong>1</strong>\nAntti ja Venla ovat yhtä vanhoja</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Aakkosjärjestyksessä viimeinen\" tmcname=\"osa02-07_aakkkosjarjestyksessa_viimeinen\"  height=\"500px\"><p>Lukujen lisäksi Python osaa vertailla myös merkkijonojen suuruusjärjestystä. Merkkijono a on pienempi kuin merkkijono b, jos merkkijono a tulee aakkosjärjestyksessä ennen jonoa b.\nHuomaa kuitenkin, että tämä pätee varmasti vain kun</p><ul>\n<li>vertaillaan samankokoisia kirjaimia (eli ISOJA tai pieniä kirjaimia) keskenään ja</li>\n<li>vertailtavissa sanoissa on vain englannin kielestä tuttuja kirjaimia (eli a-z tai A-Z).</li>\n</ul><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä kahta sanaa. Ohjelma tulostaa sanoista sen, joka on aakkosjärjestyksessä jälkimmäinen.</p><p>Voit olettaa, että sanat on syötetty kokonaan pienillä kirjaimilla.</p><p>Esimerkkisuorituksia eri syötteillä:</p><sample-output><p>Anna 1. sana: <strong>auto</strong>\nAnna 2. sana: <strong>mopo</strong>\nmopo on aakkosjärjestyksessä viimeinen.</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna 1. sana: <strong>zorro</strong>\nAnna 2. sana: <strong>batman</strong>\nzorro on aakkosjärjestyksessä viimeinen.</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna 1. sana: <strong>python</strong>\nAnna 2. sana: <strong>python</strong>\nAnnoit saman sanan kahdesti.</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"19327e67-83e3-5534-aab5-db3d25f3f8dc\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-2/2-else-elif","title":"Lisää 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Jos luvut ovat yhtä suuret, ohjelma huomaa myös tämän."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkkitulostuksia:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna ensimmäinen luku: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna toinen luku: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSuurempi luku: 5"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna ensimmäinen luku: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna toinen luku: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"8"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSuurempi luku: 8"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna ensimmäinen luku: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna toinen luku: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nLuvut ovat yhtä suuret!"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Vanhempi","tmcname":"osa02-06_vanhempi","height":"550px"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy kahden henkilön nimen ja iän ja tulostaa vanhemman henkilön nimen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkkisyötteitä"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Henkilö 1:\nNimi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Teppo"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nIkä: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"26"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nHenkilö 2:\nNimi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tiina"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nIkä: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"27"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nVanhempi on Tiina"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Henkilö 1:\nNimi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Antti"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nIkä: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nHenkilö 2:\nNimi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Venla"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nIkä: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAntti ja Venla ovat yhtä vanhoja"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Aakkosjärjestyksessä viimeinen","tmcname":"osa02-07_aakkkosjarjestyksessa_viimeinen","height":"500px"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lukujen lisäksi Python osaa vertailla myös merkkijonojen suuruusjärjestystä. Merkkijono a on pienempi kuin merkkijono b, jos merkkijono a tulee aakkosjärjestyksessä ennen jonoa b.\nHuomaa kuitenkin, että tämä pätee varmasti vain kun"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"vertaillaan samankokoisia kirjaimia (eli ISOJA tai pieniä kirjaimia) keskenään ja"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"vertailtavissa sanoissa on vain englannin kielestä tuttuja kirjaimia (eli a-z tai A-Z)."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä kahta sanaa. Ohjelma tulostaa sanoista sen, joka on aakkosjärjestyksessä jälkimmäinen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Voit olettaa, että sanat on syötetty kokonaan pienillä kirjaimilla."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkkisuorituksia eri syötteillä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna 1. sana: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"auto"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna 2. sana: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"mopo"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nmopo on aakkosjärjestyksessä viimeinen."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna 1. sana: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"zorro"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna 2. sana: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"batman"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nzorro on aakkosjärjestyksessä viimeinen."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna 1. sana: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"python"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna 2. sana: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"python"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnnoit saman sanan kahdesti."}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"19327e67-83e3-5534-aab5-db3d25f3f8dc"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat luoda vaihtoehtoisia haaroja toistolauseisiin</li>\n<li>Ymmärrät <code class=\"language-text\">if</code>-, <code class=\"language-text\">elif</code>- ja <code class=\"language-text\">else</code>-lauseiden merkityksen ehtolauseessa</li>\n<li>Osaat soveltaa jakojäännöstä <code class=\"language-text\">%</code> ehdoissa</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Tarkastellaan ohjelmaa, joka tulostaa tiedon siitä, onko käyttäjän syöte negatiivinen vai positiivinen tai nolla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on negatiivinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on positiivinen tai nolla\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma on hiukan kömpelö. Jokaisen mahdollisen syötteen kohdalla halutaan suorittaa vain toinen lohkoista, koska aina pätee joko <code class=\"language-text\">luku &lt; 0</code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">luku >= 0</code>. Ensimmäinen vertailu sisältää tavallaan kaiken olennaisen: jos tulos on tosi, luku on negatiivinen, ja jos se on epätosi, luku on positiivinen tai nolla.</p><p>Toisen vertailun sijasta onkin usein näppärämpää luoda vaihtoehtoinen haara, joka suoritetaan, <em>jos ehto on epätosi</em>. Tätä tarkoitusta varten käytetään <code class=\"language-text\">else</code>-lausetta.</p><p>Edellinen esimerkki kirjoitettuna uudestaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on negatiivinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on positiivinen tai nolla\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun käytetään if-else-rakennetta, suoritetaan vaihtoehtoisista lohkoista aina jompikumpi. Seuraava kuva havainnollistaa asiaa:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 400px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/35830d6bd78153ffe23d80092b0482cb/e17e5/2_2_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 148.2608695652174%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/35830d6bd78153ffe23d80092b0482cb/a0b58/2_2_1.webp 230w,\n/static/35830d6bd78153ffe23d80092b0482cb/7f61c/2_2_1.webp 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/35830d6bd78153ffe23d80092b0482cb/81c8e/2_2_1.png 230w,\n/static/35830d6bd78153ffe23d80092b0482cb/e17e5/2_2_1.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/35830d6bd78153ffe23d80092b0482cb/e17e5/2_2_1.png\" alt=\"2 2 1\" title=\"2 2 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Huomaa, että else-haaraa ei voi olla olemassa ilman edeltävää if-haaraa. Koko if-else-rakenne lohkoineen muodostaa yhden <em>ehtolauseen</em>.</p><p>Seuraava esimerkki tutkii, onko käyttäjän syöttämä luku parillinen vai ei. Parillisuuden selvittämiseen käytetään jakojäännösoperaattoria <code class=\"language-text\">%</code>. Jakojäännöksellä on kätevä testata luvun parillisuutta: jos luvun jakojäännös kahdella on nolla, luku on parillinen, ja muuten pariton.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">%</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on parillinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on pariton\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>5</strong>\nLuku on pariton</p></sample-output><p>Kolmas esimerkki, jossa vertaillaan merkkijonojen samuutta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">oikea <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kissa\"</span>\nsalasana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna salasana: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> salasana <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> oikea<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tervetuloa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pääsy kielletty\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kaksi esimerkkisuoritusta eri syötteillä:</p><sample-output><p>Anna salasana: <strong>kissa</strong>\nTervetuloa</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna salasana: <strong>apina</strong>\nPääsy kielletty</p></sample-output><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Täysi-ikäisyys\" tmcname=\"osa02-04_taysi_ikaisyys\" height=\"400px\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjän ikää ja kertoo, onko tämä täysi-ikäinen (eli 18-vuotias tai vanhempi).</p><p>Esimerkkitulostuksia:</p><sample-output><p>Kuinka vanha olet? <strong>12</strong>\nEt ole täysi-ikäinen!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Kuinka vanha olet? <strong>32</strong>\nOlet täysi-ikäinen!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"vaihtoehtoiset-haarat-elif-lauseella\" style=\"position:relative;\">Vaihtoehtoiset haarat elif-lauseella<a href=\"#vaihtoehtoiset-haarat-elif-lauseella\" aria-label=\"vaihtoehtoiset haarat elif lauseella permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Usein vaihtoehtoja on kuitenkin enemmän kuin kaksi. Esimerkiksi jalkapallo-ottelun lopputulosta käsitellessä olisi hyvä varautua kolmeen vaihtoehtoiseen lopputulokseen kotijoukkueen kannalta: voitto, häviö tai tasapeli.</p><p>Ehtolausetta voidaan laajentaa <code class=\"language-text\">elif</code>-haaralla. Se on lyhenne sanoista \"else if\", ja tarkoittaa nimensä mukaisesti vaihtoehtoa alkuperäiselle ehdolle.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 498px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/22229d7c746f99d073f0131c022eae85/79e1b/2_2_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 168.69565217391306%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/22229d7c746f99d073f0131c022eae85/a0b58/2_2_2.webp 230w,\n/static/22229d7c746f99d073f0131c022eae85/bc10c/2_2_2.webp 460w,\n/static/22229d7c746f99d073f0131c022eae85/71ce1/2_2_2.webp 498w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 498px) 100vw, 498px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/22229d7c746f99d073f0131c022eae85/81c8e/2_2_2.png 230w,\n/static/22229d7c746f99d073f0131c022eae85/08a84/2_2_2.png 460w,\n/static/22229d7c746f99d073f0131c022eae85/79e1b/2_2_2.png 498w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 498px) 100vw, 498px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/22229d7c746f99d073f0131c022eae85/79e1b/2_2_2.png\" alt=\"2 2 2\" title=\"2 2 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkiä, jossa selvitetään ottelun voittaja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">maalit_koti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kotijoukkueen maalimäärä: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmaalit_vieras <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Vierasjoukkueen maalimäärä: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> maalit_koti <span class=\"token operator\">></span> maalit_vieras<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kotijoukkue voitti!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> maalit_vieras <span class=\"token operator\">></span> maalit_koti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Vierasjoukkue voitti!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tasapeli!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kolme esimerkkitulosta eri syötteillä:</p><sample-output><p>Kotijoukkueen maalimäärä: <strong>4</strong>\nVierasjoukkueen maalimäärä: <strong>2</strong>\nKotijoukkue voitti!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Kotijoukkueen maalimäärä: <strong>0</strong>\nVierasjoukkueen maalimäärä: <strong>6</strong>\nVierasjoukkue voitti!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Kotijoukkueen maalimäärä: <strong>3</strong>\nVierasjoukkueen maalimäärä: <strong>3</strong>\nTasapeli!</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkissä ehtolauseessa on siis kolme vaihtoehtoista haaraa, joista suoritetaan aina yksi. Ehtolauseessa <code class=\"language-text\">elif</code>-haaroja voi olla useampia, eikä <code class=\"language-text\">else</code>-haara ole pakollinen.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Joulukalenteri\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npvm <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mikä päivä nyt on? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> pvm <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"24.12.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nyt on jouluaatto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> pvm <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"25.12.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nyt on joulupäivä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> pvm <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"26.12.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nyt on tapaninpäivä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kiitos ja hei.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Joulukalenteri\nMikä päivä nyt on? <strong>25.12.</strong>\nNyt on joulupäivä\nKiitos ja hei.</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että ehtolauseessa ei edellisessä esimerkissä ole ollenkaan else-haaraa. Jos käyttäjä syöttää jonkin sellaisen päivämäärän, joka ei täytä ehtoa jossain <code class=\"language-text\">if</code>- tai <code class=\"language-text\">elif</code>-lauseessa, ohjelmassa ei suoriteta mitään ehtolauseen kolmesta lohkosta.</p><sample-output><p>Joulukalenteri\nMikä päivä nyt on? <strong>1.1.</strong>\nKiitos ja hei.</p></sample-output><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\" Suurempi tai yhtäsuuri\" tmcname=\"osa02-05_suurempi_tai_yhtasuuri\"  height=\"400px\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä kaksi kokonaislukua ja tulostaa niistä suuremman. Jos luvut ovat yhtä suuret, ohjelma huomaa myös tämän.</p><p>Esimerkkitulostuksia:</p><sample-output><p>Anna ensimmäinen luku: <strong>5</strong>\nAnna toinen luku: <strong>3</strong>\nSuurempi luku: 5</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna ensimmäinen luku: <strong>5</strong>\nAnna toinen luku: <strong>8</strong>\nSuurempi luku: 8</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna ensimmäinen luku: <strong>5</strong>\nAnna toinen luku: <strong>5</strong>\nLuvut ovat yhtä suuret!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Vanhempi\" tmcname=\"osa02-06_vanhempi\" height=\"550px\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy kahden henkilön nimen ja iän ja tulostaa vanhemman henkilön nimen.</p><p>Esimerkkisyötteitä</p><sample-output><p>Henkilö 1:\nNimi: <strong>Teppo</strong>\nIkä: <strong>26</strong>\nHenkilö 2:\nNimi: <strong>Tiina</strong>\nIkä: <strong>27</strong>\nVanhempi on Tiina</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Henkilö 1:\nNimi: <strong>Antti</strong>\nIkä: <strong>1</strong>\nHenkilö 2:\nNimi: <strong>Venla</strong>\nIkä: <strong>1</strong>\nAntti ja Venla ovat yhtä vanhoja</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Aakkosjärjestyksessä viimeinen\" tmcname=\"osa02-07_aakkkosjarjestyksessa_viimeinen\"  height=\"500px\"><p>Lukujen lisäksi Python osaa vertailla myös merkkijonojen suuruusjärjestystä. Merkkijono a on pienempi kuin merkkijono b, jos merkkijono a tulee aakkosjärjestyksessä ennen jonoa b.\nHuomaa kuitenkin, että tämä pätee varmasti vain kun</p><ul>\n<li>vertaillaan samankokoisia kirjaimia (eli ISOJA tai pieniä kirjaimia) keskenään ja</li>\n<li>vertailtavissa sanoissa on vain englannin kielestä tuttuja kirjaimia (eli a-z tai A-Z).</li>\n</ul><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä kahta sanaa. Ohjelma tulostaa sanoista sen, joka on aakkosjärjestyksessä jälkimmäinen.</p><p>Voit olettaa, että sanat on syötetty kokonaan pienillä kirjaimilla.</p><p>Esimerkkisuorituksia eri syötteillä:</p><sample-output><p>Anna 1. sana: <strong>auto</strong>\nAnna 2. sana: <strong>mopo</strong>\nmopo on aakkosjärjestyksessä viimeinen.</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna 1. sana: <strong>zorro</strong>\nAnna 2. sana: <strong>batman</strong>\nzorro on aakkosjärjestyksessä viimeinen.</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna 1. sana: <strong>python</strong>\nAnna 2. sana: <strong>python</strong>\nAnnoit saman sanan kahdesti.</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"19327e67-83e3-5534-aab5-db3d25f3f8dc\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-2/2-else-elif","title":"Lisää 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Lahjasta pitää maksaa lahjaveroa, jos samalta lahjanantajalta saatujen lahjojen arvo on kolmen vuoden aikana 5 000 euroa tai enemmän."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kun lahja tulee lähimmiltä sukulaisilta, lahjaveron määrä määräytyy seuraavan taulukon "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://www.vero.fi/henkiloasiakkaat/omaisuus/lahja/lahjaverolaskuri/","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"mukaan"}]},{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"table","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"thead","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"th","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lahja"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"th","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vero alarajalla"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"th","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Veroprosentti ylimenevästä"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tbody","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5 000 — 25 000"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"100"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"8"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"25 000 — 55 000"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1 700"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"10"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"55 000 — 200 000"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4 700"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"12"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"200 000 — 1 000 000"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"22 100"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"15"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1 000 000 —"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"142 100"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"17"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkiksi 6000 euron lahjasta tulee maksaa veroa 180 euroa (100 + (6000-5000) * 0.08) ja 75000 euron lahjasta tulee maksaa veroa 7100 euroa (4700 + (75000-55000) * 0.12)."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka laskee lahjaveron lähimpien sukulaisten antamalle lahjalle. Alla on muutama esimerkki ohjelman toiminnasta."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lahjan suuruus? "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3500"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nEi veroa!"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lahjan suuruus? "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5000"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nVero: 100.0 euroa"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lahjan suuruus? "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"27500"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nVero: 1950.0 euroa"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"97b08ca9-2b58-51d5-a457-2727652ed83e"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat käyttää <code class=\"language-text\">and</code>-, <code class=\"language-text\">or</code>- ja <code class=\"language-text\">not</code>-operaattoreita ehdoissa</li>\n<li>Osaat kirjoittaa sisäkkäisiä ehtolauseita</li>\n</ul></text-box><h2 id=\"loogiset-operaattorit\" style=\"position:relative;\">Loogiset operaattorit<a href=\"#loogiset-operaattorit\" aria-label=\"loogiset operaattorit permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Ehtojen yhdistämisessä voidaan käyttää loogisia operaattoreita <code class=\"language-text\">and</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">or</code>.\nOperaattori <code class=\"language-text\">and</code> vaatii, että useampi ehto pätee samaan aikaan,\nja operaattori <code class=\"language-text\">or</code> vaatii, että yksi tai useampi ehdoista pätee.</p><p>Esimerkiksi ehto <code class=\"language-text\">luku >= 5 and luku &lt;= 8</code> vaatii,\nettä luku on samaan aikaan ainakin 5 ja enintään 8.\nToisin sanoen luvun tulee olla välillä 5..8.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on välillä 5..8\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ehto <code class=\"language-text\">luku &lt; 5 or luku > 8</code> puolestaan vaatii,\nettä luku on alle 5 tai yli 8.\nToisin sanoen luku ei saa olla välillä 5..8.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">or</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku ei ole välillä 5..8\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Seuraava taulukko näyttää operaattoreiden toiminnan eri tilanteissa:</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"center\">a</th>\n<th align=\"center\">b</th>\n<th align=\"center\">a and b</th>\n<th align=\"center\">a or b</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">False</td>\n<td align=\"center\">False</td>\n<td align=\"center\">False</td>\n<td align=\"center\">False</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">True</td>\n<td align=\"center\">False</td>\n<td align=\"center\">False</td>\n<td align=\"center\">True</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">False</td>\n<td align=\"center\">True</td>\n<td align=\"center\">False</td>\n<td align=\"center\">True</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">True</td>\n<td align=\"center\">True</td>\n<td align=\"center\">True</td>\n<td align=\"center\">True</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Voimme käyttää ehdoissa myös operaattoria <code class=\"language-text\">not</code>, joka muuttaa totuusarvon\nkäänteiseksi:</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"center\">a</th>\n<th align=\"center\">not a</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">True</td>\n<td align=\"center\">False</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">False</td>\n<td align=\"center\">True</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Esimerkiksi voisimme toteuttaa äskeisen koodin myös näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku ei ole välillä 5..8\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><text-box variant='hint' name='Ehtojen ketjuttaminen'><p>Ehto <code class=\"language-text\">x >= a and x &lt;= b</code> on tavallinen tapa testata,\nonko luku <code class=\"language-text\">x</code> välillä <code class=\"language-text\">a</code>..<code class=\"language-text\">b</code>.\nTällainen ehto toimii samalla tavalla eri ohjelmointikielissä.</p><p>Python-kielen erikoisuutena on, että myös lyhyempi ehto\n<code class=\"language-text\">a &lt;= x &lt;= b</code> toimii, eli ehtoja on mahdollista ketjuttaa.\nTällaisia ehtoja käytetään kuitenkin melko harvoin,\nehkä tottumuksesta muihin ohjelmointikieliin.</p></text-box><h2 id=\"lisaa-ehtoja\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lisää ehtoja<a href=\"#lisaa-ehtoja\" aria-label=\"lisaa ehtoja permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraava ohjelma kysyy käyttäjältä neljä lukua ja selvittää sitten\nluvuista suurimman ehtojen avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">n1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku 1: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nn2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku 2: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nn3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku 3: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nn4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku 4: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> n1 <span class=\"token operator\">></span> n2 <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> n1 <span class=\"token operator\">></span> n3 <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> n1 <span class=\"token operator\">></span> n4<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    suurin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> n1\n<span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> n2 <span class=\"token operator\">></span> n3 <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> n2 <span class=\"token operator\">></span> n4<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    suurin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> n2\n<span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> n3 <span class=\"token operator\">></span> n4<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    suurin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> n3\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    suurin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> n4\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\" </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>suurin<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> on suurin luku.\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna luku 1: <strong>2</strong>\nAnna luku 2: <strong>4</strong>\nAnna luku 3: <strong>1</strong>\nAnna luku 4: <strong>1</strong>\n4 on suurin luku.</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkissä ensimmäinen ehto <code class=\"language-text\">n1 > n2 and n1 > n3 and n1 > n4</code> on tosi vain, mikäli kaikki kolme ehtoa ovat tosia.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Iän tarkistus\" tmcname=\"osa02-08_ian_tarkistus\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjän ikää. Jos ikä ei ole uskottava (se on alle 5 tai mahdoton luku iälle), antaa ohjelma siihen liittyvän kommentin.</p><p>Vinkki: tarkastele esimerkkisuorituksia löytääksesi oikean vastineen eri vaihtoehdoille.</p><p>Esimerkkitulostuksia:</p><sample-output><p>Kerro ikäsi? <strong>13</strong>\nOk, olet siis 13-vuotias</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Kerro ikäsi? <strong>2</strong>\nEn usko, että osaat kirjoittaa...</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Kerro ikäsi? <strong>-4</strong>\nTaitaa olla virhe</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Veljenpojat\" tmcname=\"osa02-09_veljenpojat\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjän nimeä. Jos nimeksi syötetään Tupu, Hupu tai Lupu, ohjelma tunnistaa käyttäjän Aku Ankan veljenpojaksi.</p><p>Jos nimeksi annetaan Mortti tai Vertti, ohjelma vastaavasti tunnistaa käyttäjän Mikki Hiiren veljenpojaksi.</p><p>Esimerkkitulostuksia:</p><sample-output><p>Anna nimesi: <strong>Mortti</strong>\nOlet luultavasti Mikki Hiiren veljenpoika.</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna nimesi: <strong>Hupu</strong>\nOlet luultavasti Aku Ankan veljenpoika.</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna nimesi: <strong>Keijo</strong>\nEt ole kenenkään tuntemani hahmon veljenpoika.</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Arvosana ja pisteet\" tmcname=\"osa02-10_arvosana_ja_pisteet\"><p>Alla oleva taulukko kuvaa erään kurssin arvosanan muodostumista. Tee ohjelma, joka ilmoittaa kurssiarvosanan annetun taulukon mukaisesti.</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"center\">pistemäärä</th>\n<th align=\"center\">arvosana</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">&#x3C; 0</td>\n<td align=\"center\">mahdotonta!</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">0-49</td>\n<td align=\"center\">hylätty</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">50-59</td>\n<td align=\"center\">1</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">60-69</td>\n<td align=\"center\">2</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">70-79</td>\n<td align=\"center\">3</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">80-89</td>\n<td align=\"center\">4</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">90-100</td>\n<td align=\"center\">5</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">> 100</td>\n<td align=\"center\">mahdotonta!</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Esimerkkitulostuksia:</p><sample-output><p>Anna pisteet [0-100]: <strong>37</strong>\nArvosana: hylätty</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna pisteet [0-100]: <strong>76</strong>\nArvosana: 3</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna pisteet [0-100]: <strong>-3</strong>\nArvosana: mahdotonta!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"FizzBuzz\" tmcname=\"osa02-11_fizzbuzz\"><p>Ohjelma kysyy käyttäjältä lukua. Jos luku on jaollinen kolmella, tulostetaan Fizz. Jos luku on jaollinen viidellä, tulostetaan Buzz. Jos luku on jaollinen sekä kolmella, että viidellä, tulostetaan FizzBuzz</p><p>Esimerkkitulostuksia:</p><sample-output><p>Luku: <strong>9</strong>\nFizz</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Luku: <strong>7</strong></p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Luku: <strong>20</strong>\nBuzz</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Luku: <strong>45</strong>\nFizzBuzz</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"sisakkaiset-ehtolauseet\" style=\"position:relative;\">Sisäkkäiset ehtolauseet<a href=\"#sisakkaiset-ehtolauseet\" aria-label=\"sisakkaiset ehtolauseet permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Ehtolauseita voidaan kirjoittaa toistensa sisään. Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma tunnistaa positiivisista luvuista parittomat ja parilliset:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">%</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on parillinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on pariton\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on negatiivinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkkitulostus kolmella eri syötteellä:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>3</strong>\nLuku on pariton</p><p>Anna luku: <strong>18</strong>\nLuku on parillinen</p><p>Anna luku: <strong>-4</strong>\nLuku on negatiivinen</p></sample-output><p>Sisäkkäisiä ehtolauseita käytettäessä on tärkeää muistaa oikeat sisennykset. Esimerkiksi <code class=\"language-text\">else</code>-haara yhdistetään oikeaan <code class=\"language-text\">if</code>-lauseeseen juuri saman sisennyksen perusteella.</p><p>Huomaa, että monissa tapauksissa voidaan käyttää joko sisäkkäisiä ehtolauseita tai loogisia operaattoreita. Seuraava esimerkki on toiminnallisesti sama kuin edellinen esimerkki, eli se tulostaa tiedon siitä, onko positiivinen kokonaisluku parillinen vai pariton.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">%</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on parillinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">%</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">!=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on pariton\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on negatiivinen.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tilanteesta riippuu, kumpaa tapaa kannattaa käyttää. Tässä esimerkissä ensimmäinen vaihtoehto tuntuu useimpien mielestä paremmalta.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Karkausvuosi\" tmcname=\"osa02-12_karkausvuosi\"><p>Vuosi on karkausvuosi, jos se on jaollinen 4:llä. Kuitenkin jos vuosi on jaollinen 100:lla, se on karkausvuosi vain silloin, kun se on jaollinen myös 400:lla.</p><p>Tee ohjelma, joka lukee käyttäjältä vuosiluvun, ja tarkistaa, onko vuosi karkausvuosi.</p><sample-output><p>Anna vuosi: <strong>2011</strong>\nVuosi ei ole karkausvuosi.</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna vuosi: <strong>2020</strong>\nVuosi on karkausvuosi.</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna vuosi: <strong>1800</strong>\nVuosi ei ole karkausvuosi.</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Aakkosjärjestyksessä keskimmäinen\" tmcname=\"osa02-13_aakkosjarjestyksessa_keskimmainen\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä kolme kirjainta. Ohjelma tulostaa kirjaimista aakkosjärjestyksessä keskimmäisen.</p><p>Voit olettaa, että kirjaimet ovat joko kaikki isoja tai kaikki pieniä kirjaimia.</p><p>Esimerkkisuorituksia:</p><sample-output><p>Anna 1. kirjain: x\nAnna 2. kirjain: c\nAnna 3. kirjain: p\nKeskimmäinen kirjain on p</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna 1. kirjain: C\nAnna 2. kirjain: B\nAnna 3. kirjain: A\nKeskimmäinen kirjain on B</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Lahjaverolaskuri\" tmcname=\"osa02-14_lahjaverolaskuri\"  height=\"500px\"><p><a href=\"https://www.vero.fi/henkiloasiakkaat/omaisuus/lahja/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Verottajan mukaan</a> lahja tarkoittaa sitä, että omaisuus siirtyy toiselle henkilölle ilman korvausta. Lahjasta pitää maksaa lahjaveroa, jos samalta lahjanantajalta saatujen lahjojen arvo on kolmen vuoden aikana 5 000 euroa tai enemmän.</p><p>Kun lahja tulee lähimmiltä sukulaisilta, lahjaveron määrä määräytyy seuraavan taulukon <a href=\"https://www.vero.fi/henkiloasiakkaat/omaisuus/lahja/lahjaverolaskuri/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mukaan</a>:</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"center\">Lahja</th>\n<th align=\"center\">Vero alarajalla</th>\n<th align=\"center\">Veroprosentti ylimenevästä</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">5 000 — 25 000</td>\n<td align=\"center\">100</td>\n<td align=\"center\">8</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">25 000 — 55 000</td>\n<td align=\"center\">1 700</td>\n<td align=\"center\">10</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">55 000 — 200 000</td>\n<td align=\"center\">4 700</td>\n<td align=\"center\">12</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">200 000 — 1 000 000</td>\n<td align=\"center\">22 100</td>\n<td align=\"center\">15</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">1 000 000 —</td>\n<td align=\"center\">142 100</td>\n<td align=\"center\">17</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Esimerkiksi 6000 euron lahjasta tulee maksaa veroa 180 euroa (100 + (6000-5000) * 0.08) ja 75000 euron lahjasta tulee maksaa veroa 7100 euroa (4700 + (75000-55000) * 0.12).</p><p>Tee ohjelma, joka laskee lahjaveron lähimpien sukulaisten antamalle lahjalle. Alla on muutama esimerkki ohjelman toiminnasta.</p><sample-output><p>Lahjan suuruus? <strong>3500</strong>\nEi veroa!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Lahjan suuruus? <strong>5000</strong>\nVero: 100.0 euroa</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Lahjan suuruus? <strong>27500</strong>\nVero: 1950.0 euroa</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"97b08ca9-2b58-51d5-a457-2727652ed83e\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-2/3-ehtojen-yhdistäminen","title":"Ehtojen yhdistäminen"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-2/3-ehtojen-yhdistaminen.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki 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Tässä esimerkissä ensimmäinen vaihtoehto tuntuu useimpien mielestä paremmalta."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Karkausvuosi","tmcname":"osa02-12_karkausvuosi"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vuosi on karkausvuosi, jos se on jaollinen 4:llä. Kuitenkin jos vuosi on jaollinen 100:lla, se on karkausvuosi vain silloin, kun se on jaollinen myös 400:lla."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka lukee käyttäjältä vuosiluvun, ja tarkistaa, onko vuosi karkausvuosi."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna vuosi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2011"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nVuosi ei ole karkausvuosi."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna vuosi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2020"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nVuosi on karkausvuosi."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna vuosi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1800"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nVuosi ei ole karkausvuosi."}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Aakkosjärjestyksessä keskimmäinen","tmcname":"osa02-13_aakkosjarjestyksessa_keskimmainen"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä kolme kirjainta. Ohjelma tulostaa kirjaimista aakkosjärjestyksessä keskimmäisen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Voit olettaa, että kirjaimet ovat joko kaikki isoja tai kaikki pieniä kirjaimia."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkkisuorituksia:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna 1. kirjain: x\nAnna 2. kirjain: c\nAnna 3. kirjain: p\nKeskimmäinen kirjain on p"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna 1. kirjain: C\nAnna 2. kirjain: B\nAnna 3. kirjain: A\nKeskimmäinen kirjain on B"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Lahjaverolaskuri","tmcname":"osa02-14_lahjaverolaskuri","height":"500px"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://www.vero.fi/henkiloasiakkaat/omaisuus/lahja/","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Verottajan mukaan"}]},{"type":"text","value":" lahja tarkoittaa sitä, että omaisuus siirtyy toiselle henkilölle ilman korvausta. Lahjasta pitää maksaa lahjaveroa, jos samalta lahjanantajalta saatujen lahjojen arvo on kolmen vuoden aikana 5 000 euroa tai enemmän."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kun lahja tulee lähimmiltä sukulaisilta, lahjaveron määrä määräytyy seuraavan taulukon "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://www.vero.fi/henkiloasiakkaat/omaisuus/lahja/lahjaverolaskuri/","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"mukaan"}]},{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"table","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"thead","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"th","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lahja"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"th","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vero alarajalla"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"th","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Veroprosentti ylimenevästä"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tbody","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5 000 — 25 000"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"100"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"8"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"25 000 — 55 000"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1 700"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"10"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"55 000 — 200 000"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4 700"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"12"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"200 000 — 1 000 000"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"22 100"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"15"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1 000 000 —"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"142 100"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"17"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkiksi 6000 euron lahjasta tulee maksaa veroa 180 euroa (100 + (6000-5000) * 0.08) ja 75000 euron lahjasta tulee maksaa veroa 7100 euroa (4700 + (75000-55000) * 0.12)."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka laskee lahjaveron lähimpien sukulaisten antamalle lahjalle. Alla on muutama esimerkki ohjelman toiminnasta."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lahjan suuruus? "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3500"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nEi veroa!"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lahjan suuruus? "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5000"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nVero: 100.0 euroa"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lahjan suuruus? "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"27500"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nVero: 1950.0 euroa"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"97b08ca9-2b58-51d5-a457-2727652ed83e"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat käyttää <code class=\"language-text\">and</code>-, <code class=\"language-text\">or</code>- ja <code class=\"language-text\">not</code>-operaattoreita ehdoissa</li>\n<li>Osaat kirjoittaa sisäkkäisiä ehtolauseita</li>\n</ul></text-box><h2 id=\"loogiset-operaattorit\" style=\"position:relative;\">Loogiset operaattorit<a href=\"#loogiset-operaattorit\" aria-label=\"loogiset operaattorit permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Ehtojen yhdistämisessä voidaan käyttää loogisia operaattoreita <code class=\"language-text\">and</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">or</code>.\nOperaattori <code class=\"language-text\">and</code> vaatii, että useampi ehto pätee samaan aikaan,\nja operaattori <code class=\"language-text\">or</code> vaatii, että yksi tai useampi ehdoista pätee.</p><p>Esimerkiksi ehto <code class=\"language-text\">luku >= 5 and luku &lt;= 8</code> vaatii,\nettä luku on samaan aikaan ainakin 5 ja enintään 8.\nToisin sanoen luvun tulee olla välillä 5..8.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on välillä 5..8\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ehto <code class=\"language-text\">luku &lt; 5 or luku > 8</code> puolestaan vaatii,\nettä luku on alle 5 tai yli 8.\nToisin sanoen luku ei saa olla välillä 5..8.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">or</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku ei ole välillä 5..8\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Seuraava taulukko näyttää operaattoreiden toiminnan eri tilanteissa:</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"center\">a</th>\n<th align=\"center\">b</th>\n<th align=\"center\">a and b</th>\n<th align=\"center\">a or b</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">False</td>\n<td align=\"center\">False</td>\n<td align=\"center\">False</td>\n<td align=\"center\">False</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">True</td>\n<td align=\"center\">False</td>\n<td align=\"center\">False</td>\n<td align=\"center\">True</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">False</td>\n<td align=\"center\">True</td>\n<td align=\"center\">False</td>\n<td align=\"center\">True</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">True</td>\n<td align=\"center\">True</td>\n<td align=\"center\">True</td>\n<td align=\"center\">True</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Voimme käyttää ehdoissa myös operaattoria <code class=\"language-text\">not</code>, joka muuttaa totuusarvon\nkäänteiseksi:</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"center\">a</th>\n<th align=\"center\">not a</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">True</td>\n<td align=\"center\">False</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">False</td>\n<td align=\"center\">True</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Esimerkiksi voisimme toteuttaa äskeisen koodin myös näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku ei ole välillä 5..8\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><text-box variant='hint' name='Ehtojen ketjuttaminen'><p>Ehto <code class=\"language-text\">x >= a and x &lt;= b</code> on tavallinen tapa testata,\nonko luku <code class=\"language-text\">x</code> välillä <code class=\"language-text\">a</code>..<code class=\"language-text\">b</code>.\nTällainen ehto toimii samalla tavalla eri ohjelmointikielissä.</p><p>Python-kielen erikoisuutena on, että myös lyhyempi ehto\n<code class=\"language-text\">a &lt;= x &lt;= b</code> toimii, eli ehtoja on mahdollista ketjuttaa.\nTällaisia ehtoja käytetään kuitenkin melko harvoin,\nehkä tottumuksesta muihin ohjelmointikieliin.</p></text-box><h2 id=\"lisaa-ehtoja\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lisää ehtoja<a href=\"#lisaa-ehtoja\" aria-label=\"lisaa ehtoja permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraava ohjelma kysyy käyttäjältä neljä lukua ja selvittää sitten\nluvuista suurimman ehtojen avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">n1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku 1: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nn2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku 2: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nn3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku 3: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nn4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku 4: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> n1 <span class=\"token operator\">></span> n2 <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> n1 <span class=\"token operator\">></span> n3 <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> n1 <span class=\"token operator\">></span> n4<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    suurin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> n1\n<span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> n2 <span class=\"token operator\">></span> n3 <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> n2 <span class=\"token operator\">></span> n4<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    suurin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> n2\n<span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> n3 <span class=\"token operator\">></span> n4<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    suurin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> n3\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    suurin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> n4\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\" </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>suurin<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> on suurin luku.\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna luku 1: <strong>2</strong>\nAnna luku 2: <strong>4</strong>\nAnna luku 3: <strong>1</strong>\nAnna luku 4: <strong>1</strong>\n4 on suurin luku.</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkissä ensimmäinen ehto <code class=\"language-text\">n1 > n2 and n1 > n3 and n1 > n4</code> on tosi vain, mikäli kaikki kolme ehtoa ovat tosia.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Iän tarkistus\" tmcname=\"osa02-08_ian_tarkistus\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjän ikää. Jos ikä ei ole uskottava (se on alle 5 tai mahdoton luku iälle), antaa ohjelma siihen liittyvän kommentin.</p><p>Vinkki: tarkastele esimerkkisuorituksia löytääksesi oikean vastineen eri vaihtoehdoille.</p><p>Esimerkkitulostuksia:</p><sample-output><p>Kerro ikäsi? <strong>13</strong>\nOk, olet siis 13-vuotias</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Kerro ikäsi? <strong>2</strong>\nEn usko, että osaat kirjoittaa...</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Kerro ikäsi? <strong>-4</strong>\nTaitaa olla virhe</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Veljenpojat\" tmcname=\"osa02-09_veljenpojat\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjän nimeä. Jos nimeksi syötetään Tupu, Hupu tai Lupu, ohjelma tunnistaa käyttäjän Aku Ankan veljenpojaksi.</p><p>Jos nimeksi annetaan Mortti tai Vertti, ohjelma vastaavasti tunnistaa käyttäjän Mikki Hiiren veljenpojaksi.</p><p>Esimerkkitulostuksia:</p><sample-output><p>Anna nimesi: <strong>Mortti</strong>\nOlet luultavasti Mikki Hiiren veljenpoika.</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna nimesi: <strong>Hupu</strong>\nOlet luultavasti Aku Ankan veljenpoika.</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna nimesi: <strong>Keijo</strong>\nEt ole kenenkään tuntemani hahmon veljenpoika.</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Arvosana ja pisteet\" tmcname=\"osa02-10_arvosana_ja_pisteet\"><p>Alla oleva taulukko kuvaa erään kurssin arvosanan muodostumista. Tee ohjelma, joka ilmoittaa kurssiarvosanan annetun taulukon mukaisesti.</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"center\">pistemäärä</th>\n<th align=\"center\">arvosana</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">&#x3C; 0</td>\n<td align=\"center\">mahdotonta!</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">0-49</td>\n<td align=\"center\">hylätty</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">50-59</td>\n<td align=\"center\">1</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">60-69</td>\n<td align=\"center\">2</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">70-79</td>\n<td align=\"center\">3</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">80-89</td>\n<td align=\"center\">4</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">90-100</td>\n<td align=\"center\">5</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">> 100</td>\n<td align=\"center\">mahdotonta!</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Esimerkkitulostuksia:</p><sample-output><p>Anna pisteet [0-100]: <strong>37</strong>\nArvosana: hylätty</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna pisteet [0-100]: <strong>76</strong>\nArvosana: 3</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna pisteet [0-100]: <strong>-3</strong>\nArvosana: mahdotonta!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"FizzBuzz\" tmcname=\"osa02-11_fizzbuzz\"><p>Ohjelma kysyy käyttäjältä lukua. Jos luku on jaollinen kolmella, tulostetaan Fizz. Jos luku on jaollinen viidellä, tulostetaan Buzz. Jos luku on jaollinen sekä kolmella, että viidellä, tulostetaan FizzBuzz</p><p>Esimerkkitulostuksia:</p><sample-output><p>Luku: <strong>9</strong>\nFizz</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Luku: <strong>7</strong></p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Luku: <strong>20</strong>\nBuzz</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Luku: <strong>45</strong>\nFizzBuzz</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"sisakkaiset-ehtolauseet\" style=\"position:relative;\">Sisäkkäiset ehtolauseet<a href=\"#sisakkaiset-ehtolauseet\" aria-label=\"sisakkaiset ehtolauseet permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Ehtolauseita voidaan kirjoittaa toistensa sisään. Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma tunnistaa positiivisista luvuista parittomat ja parilliset:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">%</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on parillinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on pariton\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on negatiivinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkkitulostus kolmella eri syötteellä:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>3</strong>\nLuku on pariton</p><p>Anna luku: <strong>18</strong>\nLuku on parillinen</p><p>Anna luku: <strong>-4</strong>\nLuku on negatiivinen</p></sample-output><p>Sisäkkäisiä ehtolauseita käytettäessä on tärkeää muistaa oikeat sisennykset. Esimerkiksi <code class=\"language-text\">else</code>-haara yhdistetään oikeaan <code class=\"language-text\">if</code>-lauseeseen juuri saman sisennyksen perusteella.</p><p>Huomaa, että monissa tapauksissa voidaan käyttää joko sisäkkäisiä ehtolauseita tai loogisia operaattoreita. Seuraava esimerkki on toiminnallisesti sama kuin edellinen esimerkki, eli se tulostaa tiedon siitä, onko positiivinen kokonaisluku parillinen vai pariton.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">%</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on parillinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">%</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">!=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on pariton\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luku on negatiivinen.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tilanteesta riippuu, kumpaa tapaa kannattaa käyttää. Tässä esimerkissä ensimmäinen vaihtoehto tuntuu useimpien mielestä paremmalta.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Karkausvuosi\" tmcname=\"osa02-12_karkausvuosi\"><p>Vuosi on karkausvuosi, jos se on jaollinen 4:llä. Kuitenkin jos vuosi on jaollinen 100:lla, se on karkausvuosi vain silloin, kun se on jaollinen myös 400:lla.</p><p>Tee ohjelma, joka lukee käyttäjältä vuosiluvun, ja tarkistaa, onko vuosi karkausvuosi.</p><sample-output><p>Anna vuosi: <strong>2011</strong>\nVuosi ei ole karkausvuosi.</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna vuosi: <strong>2020</strong>\nVuosi on karkausvuosi.</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna vuosi: <strong>1800</strong>\nVuosi ei ole karkausvuosi.</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Aakkosjärjestyksessä keskimmäinen\" tmcname=\"osa02-13_aakkosjarjestyksessa_keskimmainen\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä kolme kirjainta. Ohjelma tulostaa kirjaimista aakkosjärjestyksessä keskimmäisen.</p><p>Voit olettaa, että kirjaimet ovat joko kaikki isoja tai kaikki pieniä kirjaimia.</p><p>Esimerkkisuorituksia:</p><sample-output><p>Anna 1. kirjain: x\nAnna 2. kirjain: c\nAnna 3. kirjain: p\nKeskimmäinen kirjain on p</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna 1. kirjain: C\nAnna 2. kirjain: B\nAnna 3. kirjain: A\nKeskimmäinen kirjain on B</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Lahjaverolaskuri\" tmcname=\"osa02-14_lahjaverolaskuri\"  height=\"500px\"><p><a href=\"https://www.vero.fi/henkiloasiakkaat/omaisuus/lahja/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Verottajan mukaan</a> lahja tarkoittaa sitä, että omaisuus siirtyy toiselle henkilölle ilman korvausta. Lahjasta pitää maksaa lahjaveroa, jos samalta lahjanantajalta saatujen lahjojen arvo on kolmen vuoden aikana 5 000 euroa tai enemmän.</p><p>Kun lahja tulee lähimmiltä sukulaisilta, lahjaveron määrä määräytyy seuraavan taulukon <a href=\"https://www.vero.fi/henkiloasiakkaat/omaisuus/lahja/lahjaverolaskuri/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mukaan</a>:</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"center\">Lahja</th>\n<th align=\"center\">Vero alarajalla</th>\n<th align=\"center\">Veroprosentti ylimenevästä</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">5 000 — 25 000</td>\n<td align=\"center\">100</td>\n<td align=\"center\">8</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">25 000 — 55 000</td>\n<td align=\"center\">1 700</td>\n<td align=\"center\">10</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">55 000 — 200 000</td>\n<td align=\"center\">4 700</td>\n<td align=\"center\">12</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">200 000 — 1 000 000</td>\n<td align=\"center\">22 100</td>\n<td align=\"center\">15</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">1 000 000 —</td>\n<td align=\"center\">142 100</td>\n<td align=\"center\">17</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Esimerkiksi 6000 euron lahjasta tulee maksaa veroa 180 euroa (100 + (6000-5000) * 0.08) ja 75000 euron lahjasta tulee maksaa veroa 7100 euroa (4700 + (75000-55000) * 0.12).</p><p>Tee ohjelma, joka laskee lahjaveron lähimpien sukulaisten antamalle lahjalle. Alla on muutama esimerkki ohjelman toiminnasta.</p><sample-output><p>Lahjan suuruus? <strong>3500</strong>\nEi veroa!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Lahjan suuruus? <strong>5000</strong>\nVero: 100.0 euroa</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Lahjan suuruus? <strong>27500</strong>\nVero: 1950.0 euroa</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"97b08ca9-2b58-51d5-a457-2727652ed83e\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-2/3-ehtojen-yhdistäminen","title":"Ehtojen yhdistäminen"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-2/3-ehtojen-yhdistaminen.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu 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Syötteen loppumisesta kertovaa nollaa ei tule ottaa huomioon lukumäärässä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tarvitset tässä uuden muuttujan, jonka avulla pidät kirjaa luettujen lukujen määrästä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"... lukujen kysely\nLukuja yhteensä 4"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"h3","properties":{"id":"osa-2-summa","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Osa 2: summa"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#osa-2-summa","ariaLabel":"osa 2 summa permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Laajenna ohjelmaa siten, että se tulostaa syötettyjen lukujen summa. Syötteen loppumisesta kertovaa nollaa ei tule ottaa huomioon summan laskemisessa."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelman tulostus laajenee seuraavasti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"... lukujen kysely\nLukuja yhteensä 4\nLukujen summa 34"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"h3","properties":{"id":"osa-3-keskiarvo","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Osa 3: keskiarvo"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#osa-3-keskiarvo","ariaLabel":"osa 3 keskiarvo permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Laajenna ohjelmaa siten, että se tulostaa syötettyjen lukujen keskiarvon. Syötteen loppumisesta kertovaa nollaa ei tule ottaa huomioon keskiarvon laskemisessa. Voit olettaa, että käyttäjä syöttää aina vähintään yhden luvun."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"... lukujen kysely\nLukuja yhteensä 4\nLukujen summa 34\nLukujen keskiarvo 8.5"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"h4","properties":{"id":"osa-4-positiiviset-ja-negatiiviset","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Osa 4: positiiviset ja negatiiviset"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#osa-4-positiiviset-ja-negatiiviset","ariaLabel":"osa 4 positiiviset ja negatiiviset permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Laajenna ohjelmaa siten, että se tulostaa positiivisten ja negatiivisten lukujen lukumäärät"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"... lukujen kysely\nLukuja yhteensä 4\nLukujen summa 34\nLukujen keskiarvo 8.5\nPositiivisia 3\nNegatiivisia 1"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"4ba8f15f-2ddd-5630-b244-9b83ca0f0cb6"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa lopuksi koko toista osaa koskevaan loppukyselyyn:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"38336a14-1f2f-59fb-8cc6-5afb36381005"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä silmukka tarkoittaa ohjelmoinnissa</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää <code class=\"language-text\">while True</code> -silmukkaa osana ohjelmaasi</li>\n<li>Tiedät, miten toisto voidaan katkaista <code class=\"language-text\">break</code>-komennolla</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Silmukka eli toistolause on ehtolauseen lisäksi keskeinen ohjausrakenne ohjelmoinnissa. Aloitetaan toistamiseen tutustuminen tarkastelemalla Pythonin <code class=\"language-text\">while</code>-silmukkaa yksinkertaisten esimerkkien kautta. Ensi viikolla tutustutaan sitten monipuolisemmin sen mahdollisuuksiin.</p><p>Periaatteessa silmukka muistuttaa ehtolausetta. Ideana kuitenkin on, että sen avulla voidaan toistaa samaa koodia useamman kerran.</p><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkiä, jossa ohjelma laskee käyttäjän syöttämien lukujen neliöitä, kunnes käyttäjä syöttää luvun -1:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku <span class=\"token operator\">**</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kiitos ja moi!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman esimerkkisuoritus:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>2</strong>\n4\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>4</strong>\n16\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>10</strong>\n100\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>-1</strong>\nKiitos ja moi!</p></sample-output><p>Kuten esimerkistä huomataan, ohjelma kysyy <code class=\"language-text\">while</code>-lauseen ansiosta käyttäjältä useita lukuja. Sitten kun käyttäjän syöte on -1, suoritetaan <code class=\"language-text\">break</code>-komento, jolloin suoritus hyppää ensimmäiselle lohkon jälkeiselle riville.</p><p>Silmukoita käytettäessä on oltava tarkkana, että ei jouduta tilanteeseen, missä silmukan suoritus ei koskaan lopu. Muutetaan edellistä esimerkkiä seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku <span class=\"token operator\">**</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kiitos ja moi!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt siis lukua kysytään <em>silmukan ulkopuolella</em>. Jos käyttäjä antaa minkä tahansa muun luvun kuin -1:n, ei silmukasta tulla koskaan pois, eli syntyy <em>ikuinen silmukka</em>. Tällöin silmukassa olevaa lohkoa suoritetaan ikuisesti:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>2</strong>\n4\n4\n4\n4\n4\n4\n4\n4\n(jatkuu ikuisesti...)</p></sample-output><p>Seuraavassa esimerkkinä ohjelma, joka antaa käyttäjän jatkaa eteenpäin vasta sen jälkeen, kun käyttäjä on syöttänyt oikean PIN-koodin <em>1234</em>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    koodi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna PIN-koodi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> koodi <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1234\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Väärin... yritä uudelleen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"PIN-koodi oikein!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna PIN-koodi: <strong>0000</strong>\nVäärin... yritä uudelleen\nAnna PIN-koodi: <strong>9999</strong>\nVäärin... yritä uudelleen\nAnna PIN-koodi: <strong>1234</strong>\nPIN-koodi oikein!</p></sample-output><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Jatketaanko\" tmcname=\"osa02-15_jatketaanko\"><p>Kirjoita edellä olevaa toistolause-esimerkkiä mukaillen ohjelma, joka tulostaa viestin \"moi\" ja kysyy käyttäjältä \"Jatketaanko?\" kunnes käyttäjä syöttää merkkijonon \"ei\". Tämän jälkeen tulostetaan merkkijono \"ei sitten\" ja suoritus päättyy.</p><p>Esimerkkitulostus</p><sample-output><p>moi\nJatketaanko? <strong>kyllä</strong>\nmoi\nJatketaanko? <strong>yes</strong>\nmoi\nJatketaanko? <strong>jawohl</strong>\nmoi\nJatketaanko? <strong>ei</strong>\nei sitten</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Syötteen rajaus\" tmcname=\"osa02-16_syotteen_rajaus\"><p>Kirjoita ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä lukuja. Mikäli luku on negatiivinen (eli pienempi kuin nolla), käyttäjälle tulostetaan viesti \"Epäkelpo luku\" ja käyttäjältä kysytään uutta lukua. Jos taas luku on nolla, lukujen lukeminen lopetetaan ja ohjelma poistuu toistolauseesta.</p><p>Mikäli luku on positiivinen, ohjelma tulostaa luvun neliöjuuren käyttäen <code class=\"language-text\">sqrt</code>-funktiota, joka on tuotu ohjelmaan <code class=\"language-text\">import</code>-lauseella. Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># Tämä pitää olla ohjelman alussa, jotta sqrt toimii</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> math <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> sqrt\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sqrt<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>3.0</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkki ohjelman suorituksesta:</p><sample-output><p>Syötä luku: <strong>16</strong>\n4.0\nSyötä luku: <strong>4</strong>\n2.0\nSyötä luku: <strong>-3</strong>\nEpäkelpo luku\nSyötä luku: <strong>1</strong>\n1.0\nSyötä luku: <strong>0</strong>\nLopetetaan...</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Lähtölaskenta\" tmcname=\"osa02-17_lahtolaskenta\"><p>Tehtäväpohjassa olevan ohjelman</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lähtölaskenta!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n  luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nyt!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>olisi tarkoitus toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Lähtölaskenta!\n5\n4\n3\n2\n1\nNyt!</p></sample-output><p>Korjaa ohjelmassa oleva ongelma.</p></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Salasana uudelleen\" tmcname=\"osa02-18_salasana_uudelleen\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä salasanaa ja tämän jälkeen pyytää toistamaan salasanan niin kauan, kunnes käyttäjä syöttää ensimmäisenä annetun salasanan uudelleen.</p><sample-output><p>Salasana: <strong>sekred</strong>\nToista salasana: <strong>salainen</strong>\nEi ollut sama!\nToista salasana: <strong>enmuistaenää123</strong>\nEi ollut sama!\nToista salasana: <strong>sekred</strong>\nKäyttäjätunnus luotu!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"silmukka-ja-apumuuttujat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Silmukka ja apumuuttujat<a href=\"#silmukka-ja-apumuuttujat\" aria-label=\"silmukka ja apumuuttujat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tehdään vielä PIN-koodin tarkastavasta ohjelmasta monimutkaisempi versio, joka antaa käyttäjälle vain kolme mahdollisuutta yrittää PIN-koodin syöttämistä.</p><p>Ohjelma käyttää nyt kahta apumuuttujaa. Muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">yritykset</code> pitää kirjaa siitä, montako kertaa käyttäjä on syöttänyt koodin.  Muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">onnistui</code> saa arvokseen joko <code class=\"language-text\">True</code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">False</code> riippuen siitä, onnistuuko kirjautuminen.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna PIN-koodi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1234\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        onnistui <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        onnistui <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># tänne tullaan jos väärin JA ei ole jo kolmea yritystä</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Väärin... yritä uudelleen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> onnistui<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"PIN-koodi oikein!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Liian monta yritystä...\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna PIN-koodi: <strong>0000</strong>\nVäärin... yritä uudelleen\nAnna PIN-koodi: <strong>1234</strong>\nPIN-koodi oikein!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna PIN-koodi: <strong>0000</strong>\nVäärin... yritä uudelleen\nAnna PIN-koodi: <strong>9999</strong>\nVäärin... yritä uudelleen\nAnna PIN-koodi: <strong>4321</strong>\nLiian monta yritystä...</p></sample-output><p>Silmukasta tullaan siis ulos, jos käyttäjä syöttää oikean PIN-koodin <em>tai</em> jos yrityksiä tehdään liian monta. Silmukan jälkeinen if-lause tarkastaa muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">onnistui</code> arvon perusteella, onko kirjautuminen onnistunut vai ei.</p><h2 id=\"debug-tulostus-silmukassa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Debug-tulostus silmukassa<a href=\"#debug-tulostus-silmukassa\" aria-label=\"debug tulostus silmukassa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kun ohjelma sisältää silmukoita, kasvavat mahdolliset bugienkin lähteet uudelle tasolle, ja tämän osan <a href=\"/osa-2/1-ohjelmoinnin-termeja\">ensimmäisessä luvussa</a> mainittujen debug-tulostusten tekeminen muuttuu entistäkin tärkeämmäksi.</p><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkiä, jossa edellinen ohjelma on koodattu hieman väärin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna PIN-koodi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        onnistui <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1234\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        onnistui <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Väärin... yritä uudelleen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> onnistui<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"PIN-koodi oikein!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Liian monta yritystä...\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma toimii kummallisesti: se antaa yrittää PIN-koodia kolmesti mutta valittaa, että yrityksiä on liian monta, vaikka lopussa syötettiin oikea koodi:</p><sample-output><p>Anna PIN-koodi: <strong>0000</strong>\nVäärin... yritä uudelleen\nAnna PIN-koodi: <strong>9999</strong>\nVäärin... yritä uudelleen\nAnna PIN-koodi: <strong>1234</strong>\nLiian monta yritystä...</p></sample-output><p>Bugin syy selviää lisäämällä sopivia debug-tulostuksia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"whilen lohko alkaa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna PIN-koodi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"yritykset:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> yritykset<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ehto1:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        onnistui <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tunnus:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tunnus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ehto2:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1234\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1234\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        onnistui <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Väärin... yritä uudelleen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>whilen lohko alkaa:\nAnna PIN-koodi: <strong>2233</strong>\nyritykset: 1\nehto1: False\ntunnus: 2233\nehto2: False\nVäärin... yritä uudelleen\nwhilen lohko alkaa:\nAnna PIN-koodi: <strong>4545</strong>\nyritykset: 2\nehto1: False\ntunnus: 4545\nehto2: False\nVäärin... yritä uudelleen\nwhilen lohko alkaa:\nAnna PIN-koodi: <strong>1234</strong>\nyritykset: 3\nehto1: True\nLiian monta yritystä...</p></sample-output><p>Tulostuksista huomataan, että kolmannella silmukan kierroksella ensimmäisen <code class=\"language-text\">if</code>-komennon ehto on tosi ja silmukasta poistutaan, ennen kuin ehditään tarkastaa, oliko juuri syötetty salasana oikein:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">  <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ....</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># tämä lohko on liian aikaisin</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        onnistui <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># tänne ei päästä enää kolmannella yrityksellä...</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1234\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        onnistui <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span></code></pre></div><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"PIN ja yritysten määrä\" tmcname=\"osa02-19_pin_ja_yritysten_maara\"><p>Tee sovellus, joka kysyy käyttäjältä PIN-koodia niin kauan, kunnes käyttäjä antaa oikean PIN-koodin <em>4321</em>. Ohjelma kertoo yritysten lukumäärän:</p><sample-output><p>PIN-koodi: <strong>3245</strong>\nVäärin\nPIN-koodi: <strong>1234</strong>\nVäärin\nPIN-koodi: <strong>0000</strong>\nVäärin\nPIN-koodi: <strong>4321</strong>\nOikein, tarvitsit 4 yritystä</p></sample-output><p>Tulostus on hieman erilainen jos PIN-koodi on oikea heti ensimmäisellä yrityksellä:</p><sample-output><p>PIN-koodi: <strong>4321</strong>\nOikein, tarvitsit vain yhden yrityksen!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Seuraava karkausvuosi\" tmcname=\"osa02-20_seuraava_karkausvuosi\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kyselee käyttäjältä vuosilukua ja kertoo, milloin on seuraava karkausvuosi.</p><sample-output><p>Vuosi: <strong>2019</strong>\nVuotta 2019 seuraava karkausvuosi on 2020</p></sample-output><p>Jos käyttäjän syöttämä vuosi on karkausvuosi (kuten 2020), ohjelma ei kerro tätä vuotta vaan sitä seuraavan karkausvuoden:</p><sample-output><p>Vuosi: <strong>2020</strong>\nVuotta 2020 seuraava karkausvuosi on 2024</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"merkkijonon-kokoaminen-plus-operaattorilla\" style=\"position:relative;\">Merkkijonon kokoaminen plus-operaattorilla<a href=\"#merkkijonon-kokoaminen-plus-operaattorilla\" aria-label=\"merkkijonon kokoaminen plus operaattorilla permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>PIN-koodin tarkastavassa esimerkissä käytimme apumuuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">yritykset</code> pitämään kirjaa siitä, montako kertaa PIN-koodi on syötetty:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna PIN-koodi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span></code></pre></div><p>Muuttuja saa arvon nolla silmukan ulkopuolella, ja jokainen silmukan suoritus kasvattaa sen arvoa yhdellä.</p><p>Vastaava idea toimii myös merkkijonoille. Voisimme laajentaa ohjelmaa siten, että se kokoaa yhteen merkkijonoon kaikki käyttäjän syöttämät PIN-koodit:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tunnukset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span>\nyritykset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna PIN-koodi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    tunnukset <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\", \"</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span></code></pre></div><p>Apumuuttuja saa aluksi arvokseen <em>tyhjän merkkijonon</em> eli merkkijonon, jossa ei ole yhtään merkkiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tunnukset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span></code></pre></div><p>Silmukan sisällä merkkijonoa kasvatetaan lisäämällä siihen aina silmukassa syötetty tunnus ja pilkku:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna PIN-koodi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tunnukset <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\", \"</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos käyttäjä syöttäisi tunnukset <em>1111 2222 1234</em> olisi muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">tunnukset</code> arvo lopulta</p><sample-output><p>1111, 2222, 1234,</p></sample-output><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Tarina\" tmcname=\"osa02-21_tarina\"><h3 id=\"osa-1\" style=\"position:relative;\">Osa 1<a href=\"#osa-1\" aria-label=\"osa 1 permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Tee ohjelma, joka pyytää käyttäjää syöttämään sanoja. Kun käyttäjä syöttää sanan <code class=\"language-text\">loppu</code>, ohjelma tulostaa sanoista muodostuneen tarinan ja suoritus päättyy.</p><sample-output><p>Anna sana: <strong>Olipa</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>kerran</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>pieni</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>talo</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>preerialla</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>loppu</strong>\nOlipa kerran pieni talo preerialla</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"osa-2\" style=\"position:relative;\">Osa 2<a href=\"#osa-2\" aria-label=\"osa 2 permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Muokkaa edellisen tehtävän ohjelmaa niin, että sanojen syöttäminen päättyy, jos käyttäjä syöttää sanan <code class=\"language-text\">loppu</code> tai käyttäjä syöttää saman sanan kaksi kertaa peräkkäin.</p><sample-output><p>Anna sana: <strong>Alussa</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>oli</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>suo</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>kuokka</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>ja</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>Jussi</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>Jussi</strong>\nAlussa oli suo kuokka ja Jussi</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Lukujen käsittelyä\" tmcname=\"osa02-22_lukujen_kasittelya\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka pyytää käyttäjää syöttämään kokonaislukuja. Ohjelma pyytää lukuja niin kauan kunnes käyttäjä syöttää nollan.</p><sample-output><p>Syötä kokonaislukuja, 0 lopettaa:\nLuku: <strong>5</strong>\nLuku: <strong>22</strong>\nLuku: <strong>9</strong>\nLuku: <strong>-2</strong>\nLuku: <strong>0</strong></p></sample-output><h3 id=\"osa-1-lukumaara\" style=\"position:relative;\">Osa 1: lukumäärä<a href=\"#osa-1-lukumaara\" aria-label=\"osa 1 lukumaara permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Syötteiden lukemisen jälkeen ohjelman tulee tulostaa syötettyjen lukujen lukumäärä. Syötteen loppumisesta kertovaa nollaa ei tule ottaa huomioon lukumäärässä.</p><p>Tarvitset tässä uuden muuttujan, jonka avulla pidät kirjaa luettujen lukujen määrästä.</p><sample-output><p>... lukujen kysely\nLukuja yhteensä 4</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"osa-2-summa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Osa 2: summa<a href=\"#osa-2-summa\" aria-label=\"osa 2 summa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Laajenna ohjelmaa siten, että se tulostaa syötettyjen lukujen summa. Syötteen loppumisesta kertovaa nollaa ei tule ottaa huomioon summan laskemisessa.</p><p>Ohjelman tulostus laajenee seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>... lukujen kysely\nLukuja yhteensä 4\nLukujen summa 34</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"osa-3-keskiarvo\" style=\"position:relative;\">Osa 3: keskiarvo<a href=\"#osa-3-keskiarvo\" aria-label=\"osa 3 keskiarvo permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Laajenna ohjelmaa siten, että se tulostaa syötettyjen lukujen keskiarvon. Syötteen loppumisesta kertovaa nollaa ei tule ottaa huomioon keskiarvon laskemisessa. Voit olettaa, että käyttäjä syöttää aina vähintään yhden luvun.</p><sample-output><p>... lukujen kysely\nLukuja yhteensä 4\nLukujen summa 34\nLukujen keskiarvo 8.5</p></sample-output><h4 id=\"osa-4-positiiviset-ja-negatiiviset\" style=\"position:relative;\">Osa 4: positiiviset ja negatiiviset<a href=\"#osa-4-positiiviset-ja-negatiiviset\" aria-label=\"osa 4 positiiviset ja negatiiviset permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h4><p>Laajenna ohjelmaa siten, että se tulostaa positiivisten ja negatiivisten lukujen lukumäärät</p><sample-output><p>... lukujen kysely\nLukuja yhteensä 4\nLukujen summa 34\nLukujen keskiarvo 8.5\nPositiivisia 3\nNegatiivisia 1</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"4ba8f15f-2ddd-5630-b244-9b83ca0f0cb6\"></quiz></div><p>Vastaa lopuksi koko toista osaa koskevaan loppukyselyyn:</p><div><quiz id=\"38336a14-1f2f-59fb-8cc6-5afb36381005\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-2/4-yksinkertainen-silmukka","title":"Yksinkertainen silmukka"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-2/4-yksinkertainen-silmukka.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki 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Voit olettaa, että käyttäjä syöttää aina vähintään yhden luvun."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"... lukujen kysely\nLukuja yhteensä 4\nLukujen summa 34\nLukujen keskiarvo 8.5"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"h4","properties":{"id":"osa-4-positiiviset-ja-negatiiviset","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Osa 4: positiiviset ja negatiiviset"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#osa-4-positiiviset-ja-negatiiviset","ariaLabel":"osa 4 positiiviset ja negatiiviset permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Laajenna ohjelmaa siten, että se tulostaa positiivisten ja negatiivisten lukujen lukumäärät"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"... lukujen kysely\nLukuja yhteensä 4\nLukujen summa 34\nLukujen keskiarvo 8.5\nPositiivisia 3\nNegatiivisia 1"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"4ba8f15f-2ddd-5630-b244-9b83ca0f0cb6"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa lopuksi koko toista osaa koskevaan loppukyselyyn:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"38336a14-1f2f-59fb-8cc6-5afb36381005"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä silmukka tarkoittaa ohjelmoinnissa</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää <code class=\"language-text\">while True</code> -silmukkaa osana ohjelmaasi</li>\n<li>Tiedät, miten toisto voidaan katkaista <code class=\"language-text\">break</code>-komennolla</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Silmukka eli toistolause on ehtolauseen lisäksi keskeinen ohjausrakenne ohjelmoinnissa. Aloitetaan toistamiseen tutustuminen tarkastelemalla Pythonin <code class=\"language-text\">while</code>-silmukkaa yksinkertaisten esimerkkien kautta. Ensi viikolla tutustutaan sitten monipuolisemmin sen mahdollisuuksiin.</p><p>Periaatteessa silmukka muistuttaa ehtolausetta. Ideana kuitenkin on, että sen avulla voidaan toistaa samaa koodia useamman kerran.</p><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkiä, jossa ohjelma laskee käyttäjän syöttämien lukujen neliöitä, kunnes käyttäjä syöttää luvun -1:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku <span class=\"token operator\">**</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kiitos ja moi!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman esimerkkisuoritus:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>2</strong>\n4\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>4</strong>\n16\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>10</strong>\n100\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>-1</strong>\nKiitos ja moi!</p></sample-output><p>Kuten esimerkistä huomataan, ohjelma kysyy <code class=\"language-text\">while</code>-lauseen ansiosta käyttäjältä useita lukuja. Sitten kun käyttäjän syöte on -1, suoritetaan <code class=\"language-text\">break</code>-komento, jolloin suoritus hyppää ensimmäiselle lohkon jälkeiselle riville.</p><p>Silmukoita käytettäessä on oltava tarkkana, että ei jouduta tilanteeseen, missä silmukan suoritus ei koskaan lopu. Muutetaan edellistä esimerkkiä seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku <span class=\"token operator\">**</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kiitos ja moi!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt siis lukua kysytään <em>silmukan ulkopuolella</em>. Jos käyttäjä antaa minkä tahansa muun luvun kuin -1:n, ei silmukasta tulla koskaan pois, eli syntyy <em>ikuinen silmukka</em>. Tällöin silmukassa olevaa lohkoa suoritetaan ikuisesti:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>2</strong>\n4\n4\n4\n4\n4\n4\n4\n4\n(jatkuu ikuisesti...)</p></sample-output><p>Seuraavassa esimerkkinä ohjelma, joka antaa käyttäjän jatkaa eteenpäin vasta sen jälkeen, kun käyttäjä on syöttänyt oikean PIN-koodin <em>1234</em>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    koodi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna PIN-koodi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> koodi <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1234\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Väärin... yritä uudelleen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"PIN-koodi oikein!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna PIN-koodi: <strong>0000</strong>\nVäärin... yritä uudelleen\nAnna PIN-koodi: <strong>9999</strong>\nVäärin... yritä uudelleen\nAnna PIN-koodi: <strong>1234</strong>\nPIN-koodi oikein!</p></sample-output><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Jatketaanko\" tmcname=\"osa02-15_jatketaanko\"><p>Kirjoita edellä olevaa toistolause-esimerkkiä mukaillen ohjelma, joka tulostaa viestin \"moi\" ja kysyy käyttäjältä \"Jatketaanko?\" kunnes käyttäjä syöttää merkkijonon \"ei\". Tämän jälkeen tulostetaan merkkijono \"ei sitten\" ja suoritus päättyy.</p><p>Esimerkkitulostus</p><sample-output><p>moi\nJatketaanko? <strong>kyllä</strong>\nmoi\nJatketaanko? <strong>yes</strong>\nmoi\nJatketaanko? <strong>jawohl</strong>\nmoi\nJatketaanko? <strong>ei</strong>\nei sitten</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Syötteen rajaus\" tmcname=\"osa02-16_syotteen_rajaus\"><p>Kirjoita ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä lukuja. Mikäli luku on negatiivinen (eli pienempi kuin nolla), käyttäjälle tulostetaan viesti \"Epäkelpo luku\" ja käyttäjältä kysytään uutta lukua. Jos taas luku on nolla, lukujen lukeminen lopetetaan ja ohjelma poistuu toistolauseesta.</p><p>Mikäli luku on positiivinen, ohjelma tulostaa luvun neliöjuuren käyttäen <code class=\"language-text\">sqrt</code>-funktiota, joka on tuotu ohjelmaan <code class=\"language-text\">import</code>-lauseella. Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># Tämä pitää olla ohjelman alussa, jotta sqrt toimii</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> math <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> sqrt\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sqrt<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>3.0</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkki ohjelman suorituksesta:</p><sample-output><p>Syötä luku: <strong>16</strong>\n4.0\nSyötä luku: <strong>4</strong>\n2.0\nSyötä luku: <strong>-3</strong>\nEpäkelpo luku\nSyötä luku: <strong>1</strong>\n1.0\nSyötä luku: <strong>0</strong>\nLopetetaan...</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Lähtölaskenta\" tmcname=\"osa02-17_lahtolaskenta\"><p>Tehtäväpohjassa olevan ohjelman</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lähtölaskenta!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n  luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nyt!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>olisi tarkoitus toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Lähtölaskenta!\n5\n4\n3\n2\n1\nNyt!</p></sample-output><p>Korjaa ohjelmassa oleva ongelma.</p></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Salasana uudelleen\" tmcname=\"osa02-18_salasana_uudelleen\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä salasanaa ja tämän jälkeen pyytää toistamaan salasanan niin kauan, kunnes käyttäjä syöttää ensimmäisenä annetun salasanan uudelleen.</p><sample-output><p>Salasana: <strong>sekred</strong>\nToista salasana: <strong>salainen</strong>\nEi ollut sama!\nToista salasana: <strong>enmuistaenää123</strong>\nEi ollut sama!\nToista salasana: <strong>sekred</strong>\nKäyttäjätunnus luotu!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"silmukka-ja-apumuuttujat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Silmukka ja apumuuttujat<a href=\"#silmukka-ja-apumuuttujat\" aria-label=\"silmukka ja apumuuttujat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tehdään vielä PIN-koodin tarkastavasta ohjelmasta monimutkaisempi versio, joka antaa käyttäjälle vain kolme mahdollisuutta yrittää PIN-koodin syöttämistä.</p><p>Ohjelma käyttää nyt kahta apumuuttujaa. Muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">yritykset</code> pitää kirjaa siitä, montako kertaa käyttäjä on syöttänyt koodin.  Muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">onnistui</code> saa arvokseen joko <code class=\"language-text\">True</code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">False</code> riippuen siitä, onnistuuko kirjautuminen.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna PIN-koodi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1234\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        onnistui <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        onnistui <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># tänne tullaan jos väärin JA ei ole jo kolmea yritystä</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Väärin... yritä uudelleen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> onnistui<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"PIN-koodi oikein!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Liian monta yritystä...\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna PIN-koodi: <strong>0000</strong>\nVäärin... yritä uudelleen\nAnna PIN-koodi: <strong>1234</strong>\nPIN-koodi oikein!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna PIN-koodi: <strong>0000</strong>\nVäärin... yritä uudelleen\nAnna PIN-koodi: <strong>9999</strong>\nVäärin... yritä uudelleen\nAnna PIN-koodi: <strong>4321</strong>\nLiian monta yritystä...</p></sample-output><p>Silmukasta tullaan siis ulos, jos käyttäjä syöttää oikean PIN-koodin <em>tai</em> jos yrityksiä tehdään liian monta. Silmukan jälkeinen if-lause tarkastaa muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">onnistui</code> arvon perusteella, onko kirjautuminen onnistunut vai ei.</p><h2 id=\"debug-tulostus-silmukassa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Debug-tulostus silmukassa<a href=\"#debug-tulostus-silmukassa\" aria-label=\"debug tulostus silmukassa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kun ohjelma sisältää silmukoita, kasvavat mahdolliset bugienkin lähteet uudelle tasolle, ja tämän osan <a href=\"/osa-2/1-ohjelmoinnin-termeja\">ensimmäisessä luvussa</a> mainittujen debug-tulostusten tekeminen muuttuu entistäkin tärkeämmäksi.</p><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkiä, jossa edellinen ohjelma on koodattu hieman väärin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna PIN-koodi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        onnistui <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1234\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        onnistui <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Väärin... yritä uudelleen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> onnistui<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"PIN-koodi oikein!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Liian monta yritystä...\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma toimii kummallisesti: se antaa yrittää PIN-koodia kolmesti mutta valittaa, että yrityksiä on liian monta, vaikka lopussa syötettiin oikea koodi:</p><sample-output><p>Anna PIN-koodi: <strong>0000</strong>\nVäärin... yritä uudelleen\nAnna PIN-koodi: <strong>9999</strong>\nVäärin... yritä uudelleen\nAnna PIN-koodi: <strong>1234</strong>\nLiian monta yritystä...</p></sample-output><p>Bugin syy selviää lisäämällä sopivia debug-tulostuksia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"whilen lohko alkaa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna PIN-koodi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"yritykset:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> yritykset<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ehto1:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        onnistui <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tunnus:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tunnus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ehto2:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1234\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1234\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        onnistui <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Väärin... yritä uudelleen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>whilen lohko alkaa:\nAnna PIN-koodi: <strong>2233</strong>\nyritykset: 1\nehto1: False\ntunnus: 2233\nehto2: False\nVäärin... yritä uudelleen\nwhilen lohko alkaa:\nAnna PIN-koodi: <strong>4545</strong>\nyritykset: 2\nehto1: False\ntunnus: 4545\nehto2: False\nVäärin... yritä uudelleen\nwhilen lohko alkaa:\nAnna PIN-koodi: <strong>1234</strong>\nyritykset: 3\nehto1: True\nLiian monta yritystä...</p></sample-output><p>Tulostuksista huomataan, että kolmannella silmukan kierroksella ensimmäisen <code class=\"language-text\">if</code>-komennon ehto on tosi ja silmukasta poistutaan, ennen kuin ehditään tarkastaa, oliko juuri syötetty salasana oikein:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">  <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ....</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># tämä lohko on liian aikaisin</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        onnistui <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># tänne ei päästä enää kolmannella yrityksellä...</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1234\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        onnistui <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span></code></pre></div><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"PIN ja yritysten määrä\" tmcname=\"osa02-19_pin_ja_yritysten_maara\"><p>Tee sovellus, joka kysyy käyttäjältä PIN-koodia niin kauan, kunnes käyttäjä antaa oikean PIN-koodin <em>4321</em>. Ohjelma kertoo yritysten lukumäärän:</p><sample-output><p>PIN-koodi: <strong>3245</strong>\nVäärin\nPIN-koodi: <strong>1234</strong>\nVäärin\nPIN-koodi: <strong>0000</strong>\nVäärin\nPIN-koodi: <strong>4321</strong>\nOikein, tarvitsit 4 yritystä</p></sample-output><p>Tulostus on hieman erilainen jos PIN-koodi on oikea heti ensimmäisellä yrityksellä:</p><sample-output><p>PIN-koodi: <strong>4321</strong>\nOikein, tarvitsit vain yhden yrityksen!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Seuraava karkausvuosi\" tmcname=\"osa02-20_seuraava_karkausvuosi\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kyselee käyttäjältä vuosilukua ja kertoo, milloin on seuraava karkausvuosi.</p><sample-output><p>Vuosi: <strong>2019</strong>\nVuotta 2019 seuraava karkausvuosi on 2020</p></sample-output><p>Jos käyttäjän syöttämä vuosi on karkausvuosi (kuten 2020), ohjelma ei kerro tätä vuotta vaan sitä seuraavan karkausvuoden:</p><sample-output><p>Vuosi: <strong>2020</strong>\nVuotta 2020 seuraava karkausvuosi on 2024</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"merkkijonon-kokoaminen-plus-operaattorilla\" style=\"position:relative;\">Merkkijonon kokoaminen plus-operaattorilla<a href=\"#merkkijonon-kokoaminen-plus-operaattorilla\" aria-label=\"merkkijonon kokoaminen plus operaattorilla permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>PIN-koodin tarkastavassa esimerkissä käytimme apumuuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">yritykset</code> pitämään kirjaa siitä, montako kertaa PIN-koodi on syötetty:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna PIN-koodi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span></code></pre></div><p>Muuttuja saa arvon nolla silmukan ulkopuolella, ja jokainen silmukan suoritus kasvattaa sen arvoa yhdellä.</p><p>Vastaava idea toimii myös merkkijonoille. Voisimme laajentaa ohjelmaa siten, että se kokoaa yhteen merkkijonoon kaikki käyttäjän syöttämät PIN-koodit:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tunnukset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span>\nyritykset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna PIN-koodi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    yritykset <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    tunnukset <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\", \"</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span></code></pre></div><p>Apumuuttuja saa aluksi arvokseen <em>tyhjän merkkijonon</em> eli merkkijonon, jossa ei ole yhtään merkkiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tunnukset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span></code></pre></div><p>Silmukan sisällä merkkijonoa kasvatetaan lisäämällä siihen aina silmukassa syötetty tunnus ja pilkku:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">    tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna PIN-koodi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tunnukset <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> tunnus <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\", \"</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos käyttäjä syöttäisi tunnukset <em>1111 2222 1234</em> olisi muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">tunnukset</code> arvo lopulta</p><sample-output><p>1111, 2222, 1234,</p></sample-output><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Tarina\" tmcname=\"osa02-21_tarina\"><h3 id=\"osa-1\" style=\"position:relative;\">Osa 1<a href=\"#osa-1\" aria-label=\"osa 1 permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Tee ohjelma, joka pyytää käyttäjää syöttämään sanoja. Kun käyttäjä syöttää sanan <code class=\"language-text\">loppu</code>, ohjelma tulostaa sanoista muodostuneen tarinan ja suoritus päättyy.</p><sample-output><p>Anna sana: <strong>Olipa</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>kerran</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>pieni</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>talo</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>preerialla</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>loppu</strong>\nOlipa kerran pieni talo preerialla</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"osa-2\" style=\"position:relative;\">Osa 2<a href=\"#osa-2\" aria-label=\"osa 2 permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Muokkaa edellisen tehtävän ohjelmaa niin, että sanojen syöttäminen päättyy, jos käyttäjä syöttää sanan <code class=\"language-text\">loppu</code> tai käyttäjä syöttää saman sanan kaksi kertaa peräkkäin.</p><sample-output><p>Anna sana: <strong>Alussa</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>oli</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>suo</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>kuokka</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>ja</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>Jussi</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>Jussi</strong>\nAlussa oli suo kuokka ja Jussi</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Lukujen käsittelyä\" tmcname=\"osa02-22_lukujen_kasittelya\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka pyytää käyttäjää syöttämään kokonaislukuja. Ohjelma pyytää lukuja niin kauan kunnes käyttäjä syöttää nollan.</p><sample-output><p>Syötä kokonaislukuja, 0 lopettaa:\nLuku: <strong>5</strong>\nLuku: <strong>22</strong>\nLuku: <strong>9</strong>\nLuku: <strong>-2</strong>\nLuku: <strong>0</strong></p></sample-output><h3 id=\"osa-1-lukumaara\" style=\"position:relative;\">Osa 1: lukumäärä<a href=\"#osa-1-lukumaara\" aria-label=\"osa 1 lukumaara permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Syötteiden lukemisen jälkeen ohjelman tulee tulostaa syötettyjen lukujen lukumäärä. Syötteen loppumisesta kertovaa nollaa ei tule ottaa huomioon lukumäärässä.</p><p>Tarvitset tässä uuden muuttujan, jonka avulla pidät kirjaa luettujen lukujen määrästä.</p><sample-output><p>... lukujen kysely\nLukuja yhteensä 4</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"osa-2-summa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Osa 2: summa<a href=\"#osa-2-summa\" aria-label=\"osa 2 summa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Laajenna ohjelmaa siten, että se tulostaa syötettyjen lukujen summa. Syötteen loppumisesta kertovaa nollaa ei tule ottaa huomioon summan laskemisessa.</p><p>Ohjelman tulostus laajenee seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>... lukujen kysely\nLukuja yhteensä 4\nLukujen summa 34</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"osa-3-keskiarvo\" style=\"position:relative;\">Osa 3: keskiarvo<a href=\"#osa-3-keskiarvo\" aria-label=\"osa 3 keskiarvo permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Laajenna ohjelmaa siten, että se tulostaa syötettyjen lukujen keskiarvon. Syötteen loppumisesta kertovaa nollaa ei tule ottaa huomioon keskiarvon laskemisessa. Voit olettaa, että käyttäjä syöttää aina vähintään yhden luvun.</p><sample-output><p>... lukujen kysely\nLukuja yhteensä 4\nLukujen summa 34\nLukujen keskiarvo 8.5</p></sample-output><h4 id=\"osa-4-positiiviset-ja-negatiiviset\" style=\"position:relative;\">Osa 4: positiiviset ja negatiiviset<a href=\"#osa-4-positiiviset-ja-negatiiviset\" aria-label=\"osa 4 positiiviset ja negatiiviset permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h4><p>Laajenna ohjelmaa siten, että se tulostaa positiivisten ja negatiivisten 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Kurssin suorittaminen ei edellytä kyselyyn vastaamista, mutta yliopistoissa tutkimus on luonnollisesti tärkeässä osassa myös opetuksen kehittämisessä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jos sinulta siis löytyy hetki aikaa, niin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://link.webropolsurveys.com/S/EB89556E704FA59B","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"vastaa kyselyyn"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kyselyyn ei ole pakko antaa henkilötietoja (esimerkiksi nimeä), vaikka niitä ensimmäisellä sivulla kysytäänkin."}]},{"type":"comment","value":"vastaava teksti löytyy osioista 3-1, 5-1 ja 6-1, tsekkaa kaikki jos muokkaat tätä"},{"type":"element","tagName":"text-box","properties":{"variant":"hint","name":"Kurssin tehtävien tekemisestä"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelmointitaidon kehittyminen edellyttää vahvaa rutiinia ja myös omaa soveltavaa oivaltamista. Tämän takia kurssilla on paljon tehtäviä. Osa tehtävistä on kohtuullisen suoraviivaisesti materiaalia hyödyntäviä ja osa taas aivan tarkoituksella haastavampia soveltavia tehtäviä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ei kannata huolestua, vaikka osa kurssin tehtävistä tuntuisikin ensiyrittämällä liian vaikealta. Kaikkia tehtäviä ei ole pakko tehdä, kuten "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"arvosteluperusteet"}]},{"type":"text","value":" toteavat, "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"kurssin läpipääsyyn vaaditaan vähintään 25 % jokaisen osan ohjelmointitehtävien pisteistä."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kurssin osien tehtävät eivät etene vaikeusjärjestyksessä."}]},{"type":"text","value":" Jokaisessa aliosassa esitellään yleensä muutama uusi konsepti, joita harjoitellaan sekä helpommilla että soveltavimmilla tehtävillä. "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jos törmäät liian haastavan tuntuiseen tehtävään, hyppää seuraavaan"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Voit palata vaikeimpiin tehtäviin osan lopuksi, jos aikaa vielä jää."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lohdutuksen sanana todettakoon, että tällä viikolla mahdottomalta vaikuttava tehtävä näyttää melko varmasti neljän viikon päästä melko helpolta."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Edellisen osan lopussa opimme käyttämään "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"while True"}]},{"type":"text","value":" -silmukkaa koodin toistamiseen. Tässä tapauksessa silmukan ehtona on "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"True"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka on aina tosi. Esimerkiksi"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","comment"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"# Tulosta lukuja kunnes muuttujan a arvo on 5"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\na "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"while"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","boolean"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"True"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"a"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    a "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"+="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"if"}]},{"type":"text","value":" a "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"=="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n        "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"break"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1\n2\n3\n4"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Silmukan toimintaa voidaan monipuolistaa käyttämällä ehtoa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"while"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-määrittelyssä. Yleisemmin voimme siis käyttää silmukkaa näin:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"while"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"<"}]},{"type":"text","value":"ehtolauseke"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":">"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"<"}]},{"type":"text","value":"lohko"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":">"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ideana on, että silmukka vuorotellen tarkastaa ehdon ja suorittaa lohkossa olevan koodin, jos ehto on tosi. Sitten kun ehto on epätosi, ohjelman suoritus jatkuu silmukan jälkeiseltä riviltä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-wrapper"],"style":"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 417px; margin-bottom: 1rem;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n      "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-link"],"href":"/static/424da59634e40bf73e0e8f025df3bf97/f27fb/3_1_1.png","style":"display: block","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-background-image"],"style":"padding-bottom: 103.04347826086956%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: 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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\nSuoritus valmis."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Koska ehto tarkastetaan aina ennen silmukan koodin suoritusta, on mahdollista, ettei koodia suoriteta kertaakaan. Esimerkiksi:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna luku: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"12"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSuoritus valmis."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Koska 12 ei ole pienempi kuin 10, ohjelma ei tulosta yhtään lukua."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"alustus-testaus-ja-muutos","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Alustus, testaus ja muutos"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#alustus-testaus-ja-muutos","ariaLabel":"alustus testaus ja muutos permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Monessa silmukassa on kolme osaa: alustus, ehto ja muutos."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Alustus"}]},{"type":"text","value":" tarkoittaa silmukassa käytettävän muuttujan tai muuttujien alkuarvojen antamista. 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koodia"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tässä on aloitettu syötteen lukemisesta, minkä jälkeen ruvetaan miettimään silmukan lopetusehtoa sekä silmukan toimintaa."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Todennäköisesti ohjelma ei ensimmäisillä kokeilukerroilla toimi halutulla tavalla ja koodia on testailtava kymmeniä tai jopa satoja kertoja ennen kuin se alkaa toimia."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Koska koodi lukee syötteitä käyttäjältä, sen toiminnan kokeileminen on hidasta ja vaivalloista, koska jokaisella testauskerralla on ohjelmalle annettava näppäimistöltä käsin sen haluamat syötteet."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Yksi tapa toimia on \"kovakoodata\" syöte aluksi:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","comment"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"# kovakoodataan syötteen arvo aluksi"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nasti "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"8"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","comment"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"# int(input(\"Mihin asti\"))"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nluku 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koodia"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kun ohjelma toimii yhdellä syötteellä, sitä on helppo kokeilla muilla kovakoodatuilla syötteillä ja lopulta lukemalla syöte käyttäjältä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaava kikka toimii myös kurssien tehtäviin liittyvien testien ongelmatilanteita selvitellessä. Jos testi kertoo, että ohjelmasi toimii väärin, kun syöte on vaikkapa 42, niin kovakoodataan se syötteeksi bugin etsinnän ajaksi:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","comment"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"# testi ilmoitti että koodi toimii väärin kun syöte on 42"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nasti "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"42"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","comment"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"# int(input(\"Mihin asti\"))"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nluku "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"while"}]},{"type":"text","value":" luku "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"=="}]},{"type":"text","value":" asti"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n   "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","comment"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"# koodia"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kurssin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"/osa-2"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"edellisessä osassa"}]},{"type":"text","value":" oli jo pariinkin otteeseen puhetta tulostuskomennon avulla tapahtuvasta debuggaamisesta. Kurssin aikana vastaan tulevat ohjelmat muuttuvat koko ajan haastavammiksi ja debuggauksen tarve tulee kasvamaan entisestään. Esimerkiksi silmukoiden lopetusehtojen saaminen toimimaan kaikissa tapauksissa voi olla haastavaa."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tulostuskomentoihin perustuva debuggaus kannattaa ottaa omaan työkalupakkiin viimeistään nyt. Kertaa tarvittaessa edellisen osan "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"/osa-2/1-ohjelmoinnin-termeja"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ensimmäisessä "}]},{"type":"text","value":" ja "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"/osa-2/4-yksinkertainen-silmukka"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"neljännessä"}]},{"type":"text","value":" luvussa olleet debuggausohjeet."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tulostamisen lisäksi on olemassa muitakin debuggaukseen sopivia työkaluja. Eräs tälläinen on sivuston "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"http://www.pythontutor.com/","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Python Tutor"}]},{"type":"text","value":" tarjoama "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"visualisointityökalu"}]},{"type":"text","value":", jonka avulla oman ohjelman koodia on mahdollista suorittaa komento komennolta havainnoiden samalla, mitä arvoja ohjelman muuttujat saavat."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Seuraavassa kuvassa Python Tutorilla visualisoidaan "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"/osa-2/4-yksinkertainen-silmukka"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"edellisen osan"}]},{"type":"text","value":" debuggausmateriaalissa olevan hieman rikkinäisen koodin toimintaa:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-wrapper"],"style":"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n      "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-link"],"href":"/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/95fa1/3_1_0.png","style":"display: block","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-background-image"],"style":"padding-bottom: 69.1304347826087%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n  "},{"type":"element","tagName":"picture","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n          "},{"type":"element","tagName":"source","properties":{"srcSet":["/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/a0b58/3_1_0.webp 230w","/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/bc10c/3_1_0.webp 460w","/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/966d8/3_1_0.webp 920w","/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/445df/3_1_0.webp 1380w","/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/a8768/3_1_0.webp 1816w"],"sizes":"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px","type":"image/webp"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n          "},{"type":"element","tagName":"source","properties":{"srcSet":["/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/81c8e/3_1_0.png 230w","/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/08a84/3_1_0.png 460w","/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/c0255/3_1_0.png 920w","/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/b1001/3_1_0.png 1380w","/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/95fa1/3_1_0.png 1816w"],"sizes":"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px","type":"image/png"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n          "},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-image"],"src":"/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/c0255/3_1_0.png","alt":"3 1 0","title":"3 1 0","loading":"lazy","decoding":"async","style":"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n        "}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n  "}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Punainen nuoli kertoo, missä kohtaa ohjelman suoritus on menossa. Visualisaattori näyttää, mitä ohjelma on tulostanut ruudulle ja mitkä ovat ohjelman muuttujien arvot kullakin suorituksen hetkellä. Koodin suoritus etenee komento komennolta painiketta "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Next>"}]},{"type":"text","value":" painellessa."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Visualisaattorin käyttö on erittäin helppoa, koska riittää että tarkasteltava koodi kopioidaan "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"koodi-ikkunaan"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Huomaa, että visualisaattori ei saalli ääkkösten käyttämistä muuttujien eikä funktioiden nimissä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kokeneemmat ohjelmoijat tuskin käyttävät visualisaattoria koskaan, mutta aloittelijalle se voi olla oiva apuväline. Ohjelmointi ei nimittäin voi perustua tuuriin tai sattumaan. Ohjelmoijan on koko ajan tiedettävä tarkalleen, mitä muuttujien arvot ohjelman suorituksen aikana ovat. Jos muuttujien arvot eivät vastaakaan ohjelmoijan olettamaa, on tuloksena mitä suurimmalla todennäköisyydellä bugi."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Visualisaattori ja debuggaustulostukset ovat erinomainen väline siihen, että ohjelmoija voi omin silmin varmistaa, että ohjelma todellakin toimii kuten sen olettaa toimivan."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Kahden potenssit","tmcname":"osa03-03_kahden_potenssit"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka tulostaa ensin luvun 1 ja sen jälkeen kerta toisensa jälkeen aina kaksi kertaa suuremman luvun. Ohjelma siis tulostaa luvun kaksi potensseja."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelman suoritus päättyy, kun on tulostettu luku, joka on korkeintaan käyttäjän syötteen suuruinen. Yhtään käyttäjän syötettä suurempaa lukua ei siis tulosteta!"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mihin asti: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"8"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n1\n2\n4\n8"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mihin asti: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"20"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n1\n2\n4\n8\n16"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mihin asti: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"100"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n1\n2\n4\n8\n16\n32\n64"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Älä käytä tässä tehtävässä "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"while"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-komennon ehtona arvoa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"True"}]},{"type":"text","value":"!"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Miten kahden potenssit lasketaan?"}]},{"type":"text","value":" Ensimmäinen kahden potenssi on luku 1. Seuraava saadaan kertomalla 1 luvulla 2, eli se on 2. Sitä seuraava saadaan taas kertomalla edellinen kahden potenssi kahdella, eli kyseessä on 2 * 2 eli 4, ja seuraava saadaan kertomalla kahdella 4 * 2 eli kyseessä on 8, jne..."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Luvun n potenssit","tmcname":"osa03-04_luvun_n_potenssit"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Muuta edellistä ohjelmaa siten, että käyttäjä saa määrätä kertoimen (edellisessä ohjelmassa kerroin oli aina 2), eli sen, minkä luvun potensseja ohjelma tulostaa."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mihin asti: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"27"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nMikä kerroin: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n1\n3\n9\n27"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mihin asti: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1234567"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nMikä kerroin: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"10"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n1\n10\n100\n1000\n10000\n100000\n1000000"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Älä käytä tässä tehtävässä "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"while"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-komennon ehtona arvoa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"True"}]},{"type":"text","value":"!"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Peräkkäisten summa, versio 1","tmcname":"osa03-04a_perakkaisten_summa_helpompi"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka laskee peräkkäisten lukujen summaa 1 + 2 + 3 + ... kunnes sen arvo on vähintään käyttäjän syöttämä luku. Ohjelma toimii seuraavasti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mihin asti: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n3"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mihin asti: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"10"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n10"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mihin asti: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"18"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n21"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Voit olettaa, että käyttäjän antama luku on 2 tai suurempi."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"merkkijonon-rakentaminen-paloista","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Merkkijonon rakentaminen paloista"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#merkkijonon-rakentaminen-paloista","ariaLabel":"merkkijonon rakentaminen paloista permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jo kurssin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"/osa-1/2-tietoa-kayttajalta"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ensimetreillä"}]},{"type":"text","value":" opimme, että merkkijono on mahdollista \"rakentaa\" useammasta pienemmästä merkkijonosta +-operaattorin avulla. Esimerkiksi"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"sanat "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"suo\""}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nsanat "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" sanat "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"+"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\", kuokka\""}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nsanat "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" sanat "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"+"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\" ja python\""}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"sanat"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"suo, kuokka ja python"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huomaa, että edellinen on mahdollista kirjoittaa hieman tiiviimmin operaattorin += avulla:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"sanat "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"suo\""}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nsanat "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"+="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\", kuokka\""}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nsanat "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"+="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\" ja python\""}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"sanat"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Yhdistettävä merkkijonon pätkä voi olla myös f-merkkijono. Tämä saattaa olla kätevää, jos rakennettavaan merkkijonoon lisätään muuttujissa olevia arvoja. Voimme siis tehdä esim. seuraavasti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"kurssi "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\""}]},{"type":"text","value":"\narvosana "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\nlausunto "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Olet saanut \""}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nlausunto "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"+="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string-interpolation"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"f\"kurssilta "}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","interpolation"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"{"}]},{"type":"text","value":"kurssi"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"}"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" \""}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nlausunto "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"+="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string-interpolation"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"f\"arvosanan "}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","interpolation"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"{"}]},{"type":"text","value":"arvosana"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"}"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\""}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"lausunto"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Olet saanut kurssilta Ohjelmoinnin perusteet arvosanan 4"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Edellisessä tehtävässä laskettiin lukujen summaa kasvattamalla sen arvoa silmukan sisällä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Täsmälleen samalla idealla on mahdollista rakentaa myös merkkijonoa siten, että siihen lisätään yksi osa kerrallaan silmukassa..."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Peräkkäisten summa, versio 2","tmcname":"osa03-05_perakkaisten_summa"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee edellisestä ohjelmasta hieman kehittyneempi versio, joka tulostaa lopputuloksen lisäksi myös sen miten kyseinen summa lasketaan:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mihin asti: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nLaskettiin 1 + 2 = 3"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mihin asti: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"10"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nLaskettiin 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mihin asti: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"18"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nLaskettiin 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 = 21"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Voit olettaa, että käyttäjän antama luku on 2 tai suurempi."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"742577d3-7a6c-5249-a0b8-10bbcaeea044"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat tehdä while-silmukan, jonka alkurivillä on ehto</li>\n<li>Tiedät, mikä merkitys alustuksella, ehdolla ja muutoksella on silmukassa</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää erilaisia ehtoja silmukoissa</li>\n</ul></text-box><h2 id=\"osallistu-tutkimukseen---vastaa-kyselyyn\" style=\"position:relative;\">Osallistu tutkimukseen - vastaa kyselyyn<a href=\"#osallistu-tutkimukseen---vastaa-kyselyyn\" aria-label=\"osallistu tutkimukseen   vastaa kyselyyn permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Alla olevan linkin takaa löytyy Hannu Pesosen väitöskirjatutkimukseen liittyvä kysely. Kurssin suorittaminen ei edellytä kyselyyn vastaamista, mutta yliopistoissa tutkimus on luonnollisesti tärkeässä osassa myös opetuksen kehittämisessä.</p><p>Jos sinulta siis löytyy hetki aikaa, niin <a href=\"https://link.webropolsurveys.com/S/EB89556E704FA59B\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">vastaa kyselyyn</a>.</p><p>Kyselyyn ei ole pakko antaa henkilötietoja (esimerkiksi nimeä), vaikka niitä ensimmäisellä sivulla kysytäänkin.</p><!--vastaava teksti löytyy osioista 3-1, 5-1 ja 6-1, tsekkaa kaikki jos muokkaat tätä--><text-box variant='hint' name='Kurssin tehtävien tekemisestä'><p>Ohjelmointitaidon kehittyminen edellyttää vahvaa rutiinia ja myös omaa soveltavaa oivaltamista. Tämän takia kurssilla on paljon tehtäviä. Osa tehtävistä on kohtuullisen suoraviivaisesti materiaalia hyödyntäviä ja osa taas aivan tarkoituksella haastavampia soveltavia tehtäviä.</p><p>Ei kannata huolestua, vaikka osa kurssin tehtävistä tuntuisikin ensiyrittämällä liian vaikealta. Kaikkia tehtäviä ei ole pakko tehdä, kuten <a href=\"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet\">arvosteluperusteet</a> toteavat, <em>kurssin läpipääsyyn vaaditaan vähintään 25 % jokaisen osan ohjelmointitehtävien pisteistä.</em></p><p><strong>Kurssin osien tehtävät eivät etene vaikeusjärjestyksessä.</strong> Jokaisessa aliosassa esitellään yleensä muutama uusi konsepti, joita harjoitellaan sekä helpommilla että soveltavimmilla tehtävillä. <strong>Jos törmäät liian haastavan tuntuiseen tehtävään, hyppää seuraavaan</strong>. Voit palata vaikeimpiin tehtäviin osan lopuksi, jos aikaa vielä jää.</p><p>Lohdutuksen sanana todettakoon, että tällä viikolla mahdottomalta vaikuttava tehtävä näyttää melko varmasti neljän viikon päästä melko helpolta.</p></text-box><p>Edellisen osan lopussa opimme käyttämään <code class=\"language-text\">while True</code> -silmukkaa koodin toistamiseen. Tässä tapauksessa silmukan ehtona on <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, joka on aina tosi. Esimerkiksi</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># Tulosta lukuja kunnes muuttujan a arvo on 5</span>\na <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    a <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1\n2\n3\n4</p></sample-output><p>Silmukan toimintaa voidaan monipuolistaa käyttämällä ehtoa <code class=\"language-text\">while</code>-määrittelyssä. Yleisemmin voimme siis käyttää silmukkaa näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span>ehtolauseke<span class=\"token operator\">></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span>lohko<span class=\"token operator\">></span></code></pre></div><p>Ideana on, että silmukka vuorotellen tarkastaa ehdon ja suorittaa lohkossa olevan koodin, jos ehto on tosi. Sitten kun ehto on epätosi, ohjelman suoritus jatkuu silmukan jälkeiseltä riviltä.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 417px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/424da59634e40bf73e0e8f025df3bf97/f27fb/3_1_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 103.04347826086956%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/424da59634e40bf73e0e8f025df3bf97/a0b58/3_1_1.webp 230w,\n/static/424da59634e40bf73e0e8f025df3bf97/b6b2f/3_1_1.webp 417w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 417px) 100vw, 417px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/424da59634e40bf73e0e8f025df3bf97/81c8e/3_1_1.png 230w,\n/static/424da59634e40bf73e0e8f025df3bf97/f27fb/3_1_1.png 417w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 417px) 100vw, 417px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/424da59634e40bf73e0e8f025df3bf97/f27fb/3_1_1.png\" alt=\"3 1 1\" title=\"3 1 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Esimerkiksi seuraavassa silmukassa ehtona on <code class=\"language-text\">luku &lt; 10</code> eli silmukan koodi suoritetaan, jos luku on alle 10.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Suoritus valmis.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostus voi olla seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>4</strong>\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\nSuoritus valmis.</p></sample-output><p>Koska ehto tarkastetaan aina ennen silmukan koodin suoritusta, on mahdollista, ettei koodia suoriteta kertaakaan. Esimerkiksi:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>12</strong>\nSuoritus valmis.</p></sample-output><p>Koska 12 ei ole pienempi kuin 10, ohjelma ei tulosta yhtään lukua.</p><h2 id=\"alustus-testaus-ja-muutos\" style=\"position:relative;\">Alustus, testaus ja muutos<a href=\"#alustus-testaus-ja-muutos\" aria-label=\"alustus testaus ja muutos permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Monessa silmukassa on kolme osaa: alustus, ehto ja muutos.</p><p><em>Alustus</em> tarkoittaa silmukassa käytettävän muuttujan tai muuttujien alkuarvojen antamista. Tämä vaihe tehdään ennen silmukkaa. <em>Ehto</em> kirjoitetaan silmukan alkuun, ja se määrittelee, kuinka kauan silmukkaa suoritetaan. Joka kierroksella tapahtuva <em>muutos</em> vie silmukan askeleen lähemmäs sen loppumista. Esimerkiksi:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 508px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/773a3863d322b19f5fceeae0dc3638e2/2fd48/3_1_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 60%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/773a3863d322b19f5fceeae0dc3638e2/a0b58/3_1_2.webp 230w,\n/static/773a3863d322b19f5fceeae0dc3638e2/bc10c/3_1_2.webp 460w,\n/static/773a3863d322b19f5fceeae0dc3638e2/7b066/3_1_2.webp 508w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/773a3863d322b19f5fceeae0dc3638e2/81c8e/3_1_2.png 230w,\n/static/773a3863d322b19f5fceeae0dc3638e2/08a84/3_1_2.png 460w,\n/static/773a3863d322b19f5fceeae0dc3638e2/2fd48/3_1_2.png 508w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/773a3863d322b19f5fceeae0dc3638e2/2fd48/3_1_2.png\" alt=\"3 1 2\" title=\"3 1 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Jos jokin kolmesta osasta puuttuu, silmukka ei toimi oikein. Yksi tyypillinen virhe on muutoksen unohtaminen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Suoritus valmis.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Koska muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">luku</code> arvo ei koskaan muutu, jää ohjelma suoritettaessa ikuiseen silmukkaan eli toistaa samaa koodia, kunnes käyttäjä katkaisee ohjelman suorituksen (esimerkiksi painamalla <code class=\"language-text\">Control</code> + <code class=\"language-text\">C</code>):</p><sample-output><p>1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n(tämä jatkuu ikuisesti...)</p></sample-output><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Tulosta luvut\" tmcname=\"osa03-00_tulosta_luvut\"><p>Kirjoita ohjelma, joka tulostaa silmukassa luvut kahdesta kolmeenkymmeneen kahden luvun välein. Jokainen luku tulostetaan omalle rivilleen.</p><p>Ohjelman tulosteen alku näytää siis tältä:</p><sample-output>\n2\n4\n6\n8\njne...\n</sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Lähtölaskenta\" tmcname=\"osa03-01_lahtolaskenta\"><p>Korjaa tehtäväpohjassa oleva ohjelma</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Valmiina?\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nyt!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>siten että se toimii seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Valmiina?\nAnna luku: <strong>5</strong>\n5\n4\n3\n2\n1\nNyt!</p></sample-output><p>Älä tällä kertaa käytä <code class=\"language-text\">while True</code> -silmukkaa!</p></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"ehdoista-tarkemmin\" style=\"position:relative;\">Ehdoista tarkemmin<a href=\"#ehdoista-tarkemmin\" aria-label=\"ehdoista tarkemmin permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Silmukan ehtona voidaan käyttää mitä tahansa ehtolauseketta. Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma tulostaa lukuja kolmen välein niin kauan kuin luku on pienempi kuin 100 eikä se ole jaollinen 5:llä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">%</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span> <span class=\"token operator\">!=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span></code></pre></div><p>Kaksi esimerkkitulostusta eri syötteillä:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>28</strong>\n28\n31\n34\n37</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>96</strong>\n96\n99</p></sample-output><p>Luvun 28 kohdalla silmukka päättyy lukuun 37, koska seuraava luku 40 on jaollinen 5:llä. Luvun 96 kohdalla silmukka päättyy lukuun 99, koska seuraava luku 102 ei ole alle 100.</p><p>Silmukan ehtoa kirjoittaessa on tärkeä varmistua siitä, että silmukan suoritus päättyy. Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma on joko päättyvä tai ei-päättyvä riippuen alkuarvosta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">!=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos syötteenä on parillinen luku, joka on enintään 10, silmukan suoritus päättyy:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>4</strong>\n4\n6\n8</p></sample-output><p>Muissa tapauksissa silmukka on kuitenkin ikuinen, koska muuttuja ei koskaan saavuta arvoa 10. Tällaisia syötteitä ovat esimerkiksi 3 ja 12.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Luvut\" tmcname=\"osa03-02_luvut\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka tulostaa kaikki käyttäjän antamaa lukua pienemmät luvut alkaen luvusta yksi.</p><sample-output><p>Mihin asti: <strong>5</strong>\n1\n2\n3\n4</p></sample-output><p>Älä käytä tässä tehtävässä while-komennon ehtona arvoa <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>!</p></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"lisaa-debuggauksesta\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lisää debuggauksesta<a href=\"#lisaa-debuggauksesta\" aria-label=\"lisaa debuggauksesta permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Hieman haastavampaa ohjelmaa, esim. seuraavaksi vuorossa olevaa tehtävää <em>Kahden potenssit</em>, koodatessa voitaisiin lähteä liikkeelle seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">asti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mihin asti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> asti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n   <span class=\"token comment\"># koodia</span></code></pre></div><p>Tässä on aloitettu syötteen lukemisesta, minkä jälkeen ruvetaan miettimään silmukan lopetusehtoa sekä silmukan toimintaa.</p><p>Todennäköisesti ohjelma ei ensimmäisillä kokeilukerroilla toimi halutulla tavalla ja koodia on testailtava kymmeniä tai jopa satoja kertoja ennen kuin se alkaa toimia.</p><p>Koska koodi lukee syötteitä käyttäjältä, sen toiminnan kokeileminen on hidasta ja vaivalloista, koska jokaisella testauskerralla on ohjelmalle annettava näppäimistöltä käsin sen haluamat syötteet.</p><p>Yksi tapa toimia on \"kovakoodata\" syöte aluksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># kovakoodataan syötteen arvo aluksi</span>\nasti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># int(input(\"Mihin asti\"))</span>\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> asti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n   <span class=\"token comment\"># koodia</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun ohjelma toimii yhdellä syötteellä, sitä on helppo kokeilla muilla kovakoodatuilla syötteillä ja lopulta lukemalla syöte käyttäjältä.</p><p>Vastaava kikka toimii myös kurssien tehtäviin liittyvien testien ongelmatilanteita selvitellessä. Jos testi kertoo, että ohjelmasi toimii väärin, kun syöte on vaikkapa 42, niin kovakoodataan se syötteeksi bugin etsinnän ajaksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># testi ilmoitti että koodi toimii väärin kun syöte on 42</span>\nasti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">42</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># int(input(\"Mihin asti\"))</span>\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> asti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n   <span class=\"token comment\"># koodia</span></code></pre></div><p>Kurssin <a href=\"/osa-2\">edellisessä osassa</a> oli jo pariinkin otteeseen puhetta tulostuskomennon avulla tapahtuvasta debuggaamisesta. Kurssin aikana vastaan tulevat ohjelmat muuttuvat koko ajan haastavammiksi ja debuggauksen tarve tulee kasvamaan entisestään. Esimerkiksi silmukoiden lopetusehtojen saaminen toimimaan kaikissa tapauksissa voi olla haastavaa.</p><p>Tulostuskomentoihin perustuva debuggaus kannattaa ottaa omaan työkalupakkiin viimeistään nyt. Kertaa tarvittaessa edellisen osan <a href=\"/osa-2/1-ohjelmoinnin-termeja\">ensimmäisessä </a> ja <a href=\"/osa-2/4-yksinkertainen-silmukka\">neljännessä</a> luvussa olleet debuggausohjeet.</p><p>Tulostamisen lisäksi on olemassa muitakin debuggaukseen sopivia työkaluja. Eräs tälläinen on sivuston <a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Python Tutor</a> tarjoama <a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">visualisointityökalu</a>, jonka avulla oman ohjelman koodia on mahdollista suorittaa komento komennolta havainnoiden samalla, mitä arvoja ohjelman muuttujat saavat.</p><p>Seuraavassa kuvassa Python Tutorilla visualisoidaan <a href=\"/osa-2/4-yksinkertainen-silmukka\">edellisen osan</a> debuggausmateriaalissa olevan hieman rikkinäisen koodin toimintaa:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/95fa1/3_1_0.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 69.1304347826087%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/a0b58/3_1_0.webp 230w,\n/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/bc10c/3_1_0.webp 460w,\n/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/966d8/3_1_0.webp 920w,\n/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/445df/3_1_0.webp 1380w,\n/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/a8768/3_1_0.webp 1816w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/81c8e/3_1_0.png 230w,\n/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/08a84/3_1_0.png 460w,\n/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/c0255/3_1_0.png 920w,\n/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/b1001/3_1_0.png 1380w,\n/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/95fa1/3_1_0.png 1816w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/c0255/3_1_0.png\" alt=\"3 1 0\" title=\"3 1 0\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Punainen nuoli kertoo, missä kohtaa ohjelman suoritus on menossa. Visualisaattori näyttää, mitä ohjelma on tulostanut ruudulle ja mitkä ovat ohjelman muuttujien arvot kullakin suorituksen hetkellä. Koodin suoritus etenee komento komennolta painiketta <em>Next></em> painellessa.</p><p>Visualisaattorin käyttö on erittäin helppoa, koska riittää että tarkasteltava koodi kopioidaan <a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">koodi-ikkunaan</a>. Huomaa, että visualisaattori ei saalli ääkkösten käyttämistä muuttujien eikä funktioiden nimissä.</p><p>Kokeneemmat ohjelmoijat tuskin käyttävät visualisaattoria koskaan, mutta aloittelijalle se voi olla oiva apuväline. Ohjelmointi ei nimittäin voi perustua tuuriin tai sattumaan. Ohjelmoijan on koko ajan tiedettävä tarkalleen, mitä muuttujien arvot ohjelman suorituksen aikana ovat. Jos muuttujien arvot eivät vastaakaan ohjelmoijan olettamaa, on tuloksena mitä suurimmalla todennäköisyydellä bugi.</p><p>Visualisaattori ja debuggaustulostukset ovat erinomainen väline siihen, että ohjelmoija voi omin silmin varmistaa, että ohjelma todellakin toimii kuten sen olettaa toimivan.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Kahden potenssit\" tmcname=\"osa03-03_kahden_potenssit\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka tulostaa ensin luvun 1 ja sen jälkeen kerta toisensa jälkeen aina kaksi kertaa suuremman luvun. Ohjelma siis tulostaa luvun kaksi potensseja.</p><p>Ohjelman suoritus päättyy, kun on tulostettu luku, joka on korkeintaan käyttäjän syötteen suuruinen. Yhtään käyttäjän syötettä suurempaa lukua ei siis tulosteta!</p><sample-output><p>Mihin asti: <strong>8</strong>\n1\n2\n4\n8</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Mihin asti: <strong>20</strong>\n1\n2\n4\n8\n16</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Mihin asti: <strong>100</strong>\n1\n2\n4\n8\n16\n32\n64</p></sample-output><p>Älä käytä tässä tehtävässä <code class=\"language-text\">while</code>-komennon ehtona arvoa <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>!</p><p><strong>Miten kahden potenssit lasketaan?</strong> Ensimmäinen kahden potenssi on luku 1. Seuraava saadaan kertomalla 1 luvulla 2, eli se on 2. Sitä seuraava saadaan taas kertomalla edellinen kahden potenssi kahdella, eli kyseessä on 2 * 2 eli 4, ja seuraava saadaan kertomalla kahdella 4 * 2 eli kyseessä on 8, jne...</p></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Luvun n potenssit\" tmcname=\"osa03-04_luvun_n_potenssit\"><p>Muuta edellistä ohjelmaa siten, että käyttäjä saa määrätä kertoimen (edellisessä ohjelmassa kerroin oli aina 2), eli sen, minkä luvun potensseja ohjelma tulostaa.</p><sample-output><p>Mihin asti: <strong>27</strong>\nMikä kerroin: <strong>3</strong>\n1\n3\n9\n27</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Mihin asti: <strong>1234567</strong>\nMikä kerroin: <strong>10</strong>\n1\n10\n100\n1000\n10000\n100000\n1000000</p></sample-output><p>Älä käytä tässä tehtävässä <code class=\"language-text\">while</code>-komennon ehtona arvoa <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>!</p></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Peräkkäisten summa, versio 1\" tmcname=\"osa03-04a_perakkaisten_summa_helpompi\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka laskee peräkkäisten lukujen summaa 1 + 2 + 3 + ... kunnes sen arvo on vähintään käyttäjän syöttämä luku. Ohjelma toimii seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Mihin asti: <strong>2</strong>\n3</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Mihin asti: <strong>10</strong>\n10</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Mihin asti: <strong>18</strong>\n21</p></sample-output><p>Voit olettaa, että käyttäjän antama luku on 2 tai suurempi.</p></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"merkkijonon-rakentaminen-paloista\" style=\"position:relative;\">Merkkijonon rakentaminen paloista<a href=\"#merkkijonon-rakentaminen-paloista\" aria-label=\"merkkijonon rakentaminen paloista permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jo kurssin <a href=\"/osa-1/2-tietoa-kayttajalta\">ensimetreillä</a> opimme, että merkkijono on mahdollista \"rakentaa\" useammasta pienemmästä merkkijonosta +-operaattorin avulla. Esimerkiksi</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"suo\"</span>\nsanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sanat <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\", kuokka\"</span>\nsanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sanat <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" ja python\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>suo, kuokka ja python</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että edellinen on mahdollista kirjoittaa hieman tiiviimmin operaattorin += avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"suo\"</span>\nsanat <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\", kuokka\"</span>\nsanat <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" ja python\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Yhdistettävä merkkijonon pätkä voi olla myös f-merkkijono. Tämä saattaa olla kätevää, jos rakennettavaan merkkijonoon lisätään muuttujissa olevia arvoja. Voimme siis tehdä esim. seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kurssi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span>\narvosana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span>\n\nlausunto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Olet saanut \"</span>\nlausunto <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"kurssilta </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> \"</span></span>\nlausunto <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"arvosanan </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>arvosana<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lausunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Olet saanut kurssilta Ohjelmoinnin perusteet arvosanan 4</p></sample-output><p>Edellisessä tehtävässä laskettiin lukujen summaa kasvattamalla sen arvoa silmukan sisällä.</p><p>Täsmälleen samalla idealla on mahdollista rakentaa myös merkkijonoa siten, että siihen lisätään yksi osa kerrallaan silmukassa...</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Peräkkäisten summa, versio 2\" tmcname=\"osa03-05_perakkaisten_summa\"><p>Tee edellisestä ohjelmasta hieman kehittyneempi versio, joka tulostaa lopputuloksen lisäksi myös sen miten kyseinen summa lasketaan:</p><sample-output><p>Mihin asti: <strong>2</strong>\nLaskettiin 1 + 2 = 3</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Mihin asti: <strong>10</strong>\nLaskettiin 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Mihin asti: <strong>18</strong>\nLaskettiin 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 = 21</p></sample-output><p>Voit olettaa, että käyttäjän antama luku on 2 tai suurempi.</p></in-browser-programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"742577d3-7a6c-5249-a0b8-10bbcaeea044\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-3/1-ehdot-silmukoissa","title":"Ehdot silmukoissa"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-3/1-ehdot-silmukoissa.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki 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Kurssin suorittaminen ei edellytä kyselyyn vastaamista, mutta yliopistoissa tutkimus on luonnollisesti tärkeässä osassa myös opetuksen kehittämisessä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jos sinulta siis löytyy hetki aikaa, niin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://link.webropolsurveys.com/S/EB89556E704FA59B","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"vastaa kyselyyn"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kyselyyn ei ole pakko antaa henkilötietoja (esimerkiksi nimeä), vaikka niitä ensimmäisellä sivulla kysytäänkin."}]},{"type":"comment","value":"vastaava teksti löytyy osioista 3-1, 5-1 ja 6-1, tsekkaa kaikki jos muokkaat tätä"},{"type":"element","tagName":"text-box","properties":{"variant":"hint","name":"Kurssin tehtävien tekemisestä"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelmointitaidon kehittyminen edellyttää vahvaa rutiinia ja myös omaa soveltavaa oivaltamista. Tämän takia kurssilla on paljon tehtäviä. Osa tehtävistä on kohtuullisen suoraviivaisesti materiaalia hyödyntäviä ja osa taas aivan tarkoituksella haastavampia soveltavia tehtäviä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ei kannata huolestua, vaikka osa kurssin tehtävistä tuntuisikin ensiyrittämällä liian vaikealta. Kaikkia tehtäviä ei ole pakko tehdä, kuten "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"arvosteluperusteet"}]},{"type":"text","value":" toteavat, "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"kurssin läpipääsyyn vaaditaan vähintään 25 % jokaisen osan ohjelmointitehtävien pisteistä."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kurssin osien tehtävät eivät etene vaikeusjärjestyksessä."}]},{"type":"text","value":" Jokaisessa aliosassa esitellään yleensä muutama uusi konsepti, joita harjoitellaan sekä helpommilla että soveltavimmilla tehtävillä. "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jos törmäät liian haastavan tuntuiseen tehtävään, hyppää seuraavaan"}]},{"type":"text","value":". 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Sitten kun ehto on epätosi, ohjelman suoritus jatkuu silmukan jälkeiseltä riviltä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-wrapper"],"style":"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 417px; margin-bottom: 1rem;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n      "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-link"],"href":"/static/424da59634e40bf73e0e8f025df3bf97/f27fb/3_1_1.png","style":"display: block","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-background-image"],"style":"padding-bottom: 103.04347826086956%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: 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Eräs tälläinen on sivuston "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"http://www.pythontutor.com/","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Python Tutor"}]},{"type":"text","value":" tarjoama "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"visualisointityökalu"}]},{"type":"text","value":", jonka avulla oman ohjelman koodia on mahdollista suorittaa komento komennolta havainnoiden samalla, mitä arvoja ohjelman muuttujat saavat."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Seuraavassa kuvassa Python Tutorilla visualisoidaan "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"/osa-2/4-yksinkertainen-silmukka"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"edellisen osan"}]},{"type":"text","value":" debuggausmateriaalissa olevan hieman rikkinäisen koodin toimintaa:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-wrapper"],"style":"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n      "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-link"],"href":"/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/95fa1/3_1_0.png","style":"display: block","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-background-image"],"style":"padding-bottom: 69.1304347826087%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n  "},{"type":"element","tagName":"picture","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n          "},{"type":"element","tagName":"source","properties":{"srcSet":["/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/a0b58/3_1_0.webp 230w","/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/bc10c/3_1_0.webp 460w","/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/966d8/3_1_0.webp 920w","/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/445df/3_1_0.webp 1380w","/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/a8768/3_1_0.webp 1816w"],"sizes":"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px","type":"image/webp"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n          "},{"type":"element","tagName":"source","properties":{"srcSet":["/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/81c8e/3_1_0.png 230w","/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/08a84/3_1_0.png 460w","/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/c0255/3_1_0.png 920w","/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/b1001/3_1_0.png 1380w","/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/95fa1/3_1_0.png 1816w"],"sizes":"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px","type":"image/png"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n          "},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-image"],"src":"/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/c0255/3_1_0.png","alt":"3 1 0","title":"3 1 0","loading":"lazy","decoding":"async","style":"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n        "}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n  "}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Punainen nuoli kertoo, missä kohtaa ohjelman suoritus on menossa. Visualisaattori näyttää, mitä ohjelma on tulostanut ruudulle ja mitkä ovat ohjelman muuttujien arvot kullakin suorituksen hetkellä. Koodin suoritus etenee komento komennolta painiketta "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Next>"}]},{"type":"text","value":" painellessa."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Visualisaattorin käyttö on erittäin helppoa, koska riittää että tarkasteltava koodi kopioidaan "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"koodi-ikkunaan"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Huomaa, että visualisaattori ei saalli ääkkösten käyttämistä muuttujien eikä funktioiden nimissä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kokeneemmat ohjelmoijat tuskin käyttävät visualisaattoria koskaan, mutta aloittelijalle se voi olla oiva apuväline. Ohjelmointi ei nimittäin voi perustua tuuriin tai sattumaan. Ohjelmoijan on koko ajan tiedettävä tarkalleen, mitä muuttujien arvot ohjelman suorituksen aikana ovat. Jos muuttujien arvot eivät vastaakaan ohjelmoijan olettamaa, on tuloksena mitä suurimmalla todennäköisyydellä bugi."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Visualisaattori ja debuggaustulostukset ovat erinomainen väline siihen, että ohjelmoija voi omin silmin varmistaa, että ohjelma todellakin toimii kuten sen olettaa toimivan."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Kahden potenssit","tmcname":"osa03-03_kahden_potenssit"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka tulostaa ensin luvun 1 ja sen jälkeen kerta toisensa jälkeen aina kaksi kertaa suuremman luvun. Ohjelma siis tulostaa luvun kaksi potensseja."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelman suoritus päättyy, kun on tulostettu luku, joka on korkeintaan käyttäjän syötteen suuruinen. 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Seuraava saadaan kertomalla 1 luvulla 2, eli se on 2. Sitä seuraava saadaan taas kertomalla edellinen kahden potenssi kahdella, eli kyseessä on 2 * 2 eli 4, ja seuraava saadaan kertomalla kahdella 4 * 2 eli kyseessä on 8, jne..."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Luvun n potenssit","tmcname":"osa03-04_luvun_n_potenssit"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Muuta edellistä ohjelmaa siten, että käyttäjä saa määrätä kertoimen (edellisessä ohjelmassa kerroin oli aina 2), eli sen, minkä luvun potensseja ohjelma tulostaa."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mihin asti: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"27"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nMikä kerroin: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n1\n3\n9\n27"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mihin asti: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1234567"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nMikä kerroin: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"10"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n1\n10\n100\n1000\n10000\n100000\n1000000"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Älä käytä tässä tehtävässä "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"while"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-komennon ehtona arvoa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"True"}]},{"type":"text","value":"!"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Peräkkäisten summa, versio 1","tmcname":"osa03-04a_perakkaisten_summa_helpompi"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka laskee peräkkäisten lukujen summaa 1 + 2 + 3 + ... kunnes sen arvo on vähintään käyttäjän syöttämä luku. Ohjelma toimii seuraavasti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mihin asti: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n3"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mihin asti: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"10"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n10"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mihin asti: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"18"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n21"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Voit olettaa, että käyttäjän antama luku on 2 tai suurempi."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"merkkijonon-rakentaminen-paloista","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Merkkijonon rakentaminen paloista"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#merkkijonon-rakentaminen-paloista","ariaLabel":"merkkijonon rakentaminen paloista permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jo kurssin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"/osa-1/2-tietoa-kayttajalta"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ensimetreillä"}]},{"type":"text","value":" opimme, että merkkijono on mahdollista \"rakentaa\" useammasta pienemmästä merkkijonosta +-operaattorin avulla. 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"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","interpolation"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"{"}]},{"type":"text","value":"kurssi"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"}"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" \""}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nlausunto "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"+="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string-interpolation"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"f\"arvosanan "}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","interpolation"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"{"}]},{"type":"text","value":"arvosana"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"}"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\""}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"lausunto"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Olet saanut kurssilta Ohjelmoinnin perusteet arvosanan 4"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Edellisessä tehtävässä laskettiin lukujen summaa kasvattamalla sen arvoa silmukan sisällä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Täsmälleen samalla idealla on mahdollista rakentaa myös merkkijonoa siten, että siihen lisätään yksi osa kerrallaan silmukassa..."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Peräkkäisten summa, versio 2","tmcname":"osa03-05_perakkaisten_summa"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee edellisestä ohjelmasta hieman kehittyneempi versio, joka tulostaa lopputuloksen lisäksi myös sen miten kyseinen summa lasketaan:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mihin asti: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nLaskettiin 1 + 2 = 3"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mihin asti: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"10"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nLaskettiin 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mihin asti: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"18"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nLaskettiin 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 = 21"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Voit olettaa, että käyttäjän antama luku on 2 tai suurempi."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"742577d3-7a6c-5249-a0b8-10bbcaeea044"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat tehdä while-silmukan, jonka alkurivillä on ehto</li>\n<li>Tiedät, mikä merkitys alustuksella, ehdolla ja muutoksella on silmukassa</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää erilaisia ehtoja silmukoissa</li>\n</ul></text-box><h2 id=\"osallistu-tutkimukseen---vastaa-kyselyyn\" style=\"position:relative;\">Osallistu tutkimukseen - vastaa kyselyyn<a href=\"#osallistu-tutkimukseen---vastaa-kyselyyn\" aria-label=\"osallistu tutkimukseen   vastaa kyselyyn permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Alla olevan linkin takaa löytyy Hannu Pesosen väitöskirjatutkimukseen liittyvä kysely. Kurssin suorittaminen ei edellytä kyselyyn vastaamista, mutta yliopistoissa tutkimus on luonnollisesti tärkeässä osassa myös opetuksen kehittämisessä.</p><p>Jos sinulta siis löytyy hetki aikaa, niin <a href=\"https://link.webropolsurveys.com/S/EB89556E704FA59B\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">vastaa kyselyyn</a>.</p><p>Kyselyyn ei ole pakko antaa henkilötietoja (esimerkiksi nimeä), vaikka niitä ensimmäisellä sivulla kysytäänkin.</p><!--vastaava teksti löytyy osioista 3-1, 5-1 ja 6-1, tsekkaa kaikki jos muokkaat tätä--><text-box variant='hint' name='Kurssin tehtävien tekemisestä'><p>Ohjelmointitaidon kehittyminen edellyttää vahvaa rutiinia ja myös omaa soveltavaa oivaltamista. Tämän takia kurssilla on paljon tehtäviä. Osa tehtävistä on kohtuullisen suoraviivaisesti materiaalia hyödyntäviä ja osa taas aivan tarkoituksella haastavampia soveltavia tehtäviä.</p><p>Ei kannata huolestua, vaikka osa kurssin tehtävistä tuntuisikin ensiyrittämällä liian vaikealta. Kaikkia tehtäviä ei ole pakko tehdä, kuten <a href=\"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet\">arvosteluperusteet</a> toteavat, <em>kurssin läpipääsyyn vaaditaan vähintään 25 % jokaisen osan ohjelmointitehtävien pisteistä.</em></p><p><strong>Kurssin osien tehtävät eivät etene vaikeusjärjestyksessä.</strong> Jokaisessa aliosassa esitellään yleensä muutama uusi konsepti, joita harjoitellaan sekä helpommilla että soveltavimmilla tehtävillä. <strong>Jos törmäät liian haastavan tuntuiseen tehtävään, hyppää seuraavaan</strong>. Voit palata vaikeimpiin tehtäviin osan lopuksi, jos aikaa vielä jää.</p><p>Lohdutuksen sanana todettakoon, että tällä viikolla mahdottomalta vaikuttava tehtävä näyttää melko varmasti neljän viikon päästä melko helpolta.</p></text-box><p>Edellisen osan lopussa opimme käyttämään <code class=\"language-text\">while True</code> -silmukkaa koodin toistamiseen. Tässä tapauksessa silmukan ehtona on <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, joka on aina tosi. Esimerkiksi</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># Tulosta lukuja kunnes muuttujan a arvo on 5</span>\na <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    a <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1\n2\n3\n4</p></sample-output><p>Silmukan toimintaa voidaan monipuolistaa käyttämällä ehtoa <code class=\"language-text\">while</code>-määrittelyssä. Yleisemmin voimme siis käyttää silmukkaa näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span>ehtolauseke<span class=\"token operator\">></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span>lohko<span class=\"token operator\">></span></code></pre></div><p>Ideana on, että silmukka vuorotellen tarkastaa ehdon ja suorittaa lohkossa olevan koodin, jos ehto on tosi. Sitten kun ehto on epätosi, ohjelman suoritus jatkuu silmukan jälkeiseltä riviltä.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 417px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/424da59634e40bf73e0e8f025df3bf97/f27fb/3_1_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 103.04347826086956%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/424da59634e40bf73e0e8f025df3bf97/a0b58/3_1_1.webp 230w,\n/static/424da59634e40bf73e0e8f025df3bf97/b6b2f/3_1_1.webp 417w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 417px) 100vw, 417px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/424da59634e40bf73e0e8f025df3bf97/81c8e/3_1_1.png 230w,\n/static/424da59634e40bf73e0e8f025df3bf97/f27fb/3_1_1.png 417w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 417px) 100vw, 417px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/424da59634e40bf73e0e8f025df3bf97/f27fb/3_1_1.png\" alt=\"3 1 1\" title=\"3 1 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Esimerkiksi seuraavassa silmukassa ehtona on <code class=\"language-text\">luku &lt; 10</code> eli silmukan koodi suoritetaan, jos luku on alle 10.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Suoritus valmis.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostus voi olla seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>4</strong>\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\nSuoritus valmis.</p></sample-output><p>Koska ehto tarkastetaan aina ennen silmukan koodin suoritusta, on mahdollista, ettei koodia suoriteta kertaakaan. Esimerkiksi:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>12</strong>\nSuoritus valmis.</p></sample-output><p>Koska 12 ei ole pienempi kuin 10, ohjelma ei tulosta yhtään lukua.</p><h2 id=\"alustus-testaus-ja-muutos\" style=\"position:relative;\">Alustus, testaus ja muutos<a href=\"#alustus-testaus-ja-muutos\" aria-label=\"alustus testaus ja muutos permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Monessa silmukassa on kolme osaa: alustus, ehto ja muutos.</p><p><em>Alustus</em> tarkoittaa silmukassa käytettävän muuttujan tai muuttujien alkuarvojen antamista. Tämä vaihe tehdään ennen silmukkaa. <em>Ehto</em> kirjoitetaan silmukan alkuun, ja se määrittelee, kuinka kauan silmukkaa suoritetaan. Joka kierroksella tapahtuva <em>muutos</em> vie silmukan askeleen lähemmäs sen loppumista. Esimerkiksi:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 508px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/773a3863d322b19f5fceeae0dc3638e2/2fd48/3_1_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 60%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/773a3863d322b19f5fceeae0dc3638e2/a0b58/3_1_2.webp 230w,\n/static/773a3863d322b19f5fceeae0dc3638e2/bc10c/3_1_2.webp 460w,\n/static/773a3863d322b19f5fceeae0dc3638e2/7b066/3_1_2.webp 508w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/773a3863d322b19f5fceeae0dc3638e2/81c8e/3_1_2.png 230w,\n/static/773a3863d322b19f5fceeae0dc3638e2/08a84/3_1_2.png 460w,\n/static/773a3863d322b19f5fceeae0dc3638e2/2fd48/3_1_2.png 508w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/773a3863d322b19f5fceeae0dc3638e2/2fd48/3_1_2.png\" alt=\"3 1 2\" title=\"3 1 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Jos jokin kolmesta osasta puuttuu, silmukka ei toimi oikein. Yksi tyypillinen virhe on muutoksen unohtaminen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Suoritus valmis.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Koska muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">luku</code> arvo ei koskaan muutu, jää ohjelma suoritettaessa ikuiseen silmukkaan eli toistaa samaa koodia, kunnes käyttäjä katkaisee ohjelman suorituksen (esimerkiksi painamalla <code class=\"language-text\">Control</code> + <code class=\"language-text\">C</code>):</p><sample-output><p>1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n(tämä jatkuu ikuisesti...)</p></sample-output><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Tulosta luvut\" tmcname=\"osa03-00_tulosta_luvut\"><p>Kirjoita ohjelma, joka tulostaa silmukassa luvut kahdesta kolmeenkymmeneen kahden luvun välein. Jokainen luku tulostetaan omalle rivilleen.</p><p>Ohjelman tulosteen alku näytää siis tältä:</p><sample-output>\n2\n4\n6\n8\njne...\n</sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Lähtölaskenta\" tmcname=\"osa03-01_lahtolaskenta\"><p>Korjaa tehtäväpohjassa oleva ohjelma</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Valmiina?\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nyt!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>siten että se toimii seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Valmiina?\nAnna luku: <strong>5</strong>\n5\n4\n3\n2\n1\nNyt!</p></sample-output><p>Älä tällä kertaa käytä <code class=\"language-text\">while True</code> -silmukkaa!</p></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"ehdoista-tarkemmin\" style=\"position:relative;\">Ehdoista tarkemmin<a href=\"#ehdoista-tarkemmin\" aria-label=\"ehdoista tarkemmin permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Silmukan ehtona voidaan käyttää mitä tahansa ehtolauseketta. Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma tulostaa lukuja kolmen välein niin kauan kuin luku on pienempi kuin 100 eikä se ole jaollinen 5:llä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">%</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span> <span class=\"token operator\">!=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span></code></pre></div><p>Kaksi esimerkkitulostusta eri syötteillä:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>28</strong>\n28\n31\n34\n37</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>96</strong>\n96\n99</p></sample-output><p>Luvun 28 kohdalla silmukka päättyy lukuun 37, koska seuraava luku 40 on jaollinen 5:llä. Luvun 96 kohdalla silmukka päättyy lukuun 99, koska seuraava luku 102 ei ole alle 100.</p><p>Silmukan ehtoa kirjoittaessa on tärkeä varmistua siitä, että silmukan suoritus päättyy. Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma on joko päättyvä tai ei-päättyvä riippuen alkuarvosta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">!=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos syötteenä on parillinen luku, joka on enintään 10, silmukan suoritus päättyy:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>4</strong>\n4\n6\n8</p></sample-output><p>Muissa tapauksissa silmukka on kuitenkin ikuinen, koska muuttuja ei koskaan saavuta arvoa 10. Tällaisia syötteitä ovat esimerkiksi 3 ja 12.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Luvut\" tmcname=\"osa03-02_luvut\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka tulostaa kaikki käyttäjän antamaa lukua pienemmät luvut alkaen luvusta yksi.</p><sample-output><p>Mihin asti: <strong>5</strong>\n1\n2\n3\n4</p></sample-output><p>Älä käytä tässä tehtävässä while-komennon ehtona arvoa <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>!</p></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"lisaa-debuggauksesta\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lisää debuggauksesta<a href=\"#lisaa-debuggauksesta\" aria-label=\"lisaa debuggauksesta permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Hieman haastavampaa ohjelmaa, esim. seuraavaksi vuorossa olevaa tehtävää <em>Kahden potenssit</em>, koodatessa voitaisiin lähteä liikkeelle seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">asti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mihin asti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> asti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n   <span class=\"token comment\"># koodia</span></code></pre></div><p>Tässä on aloitettu syötteen lukemisesta, minkä jälkeen ruvetaan miettimään silmukan lopetusehtoa sekä silmukan toimintaa.</p><p>Todennäköisesti ohjelma ei ensimmäisillä kokeilukerroilla toimi halutulla tavalla ja koodia on testailtava kymmeniä tai jopa satoja kertoja ennen kuin se alkaa toimia.</p><p>Koska koodi lukee syötteitä käyttäjältä, sen toiminnan kokeileminen on hidasta ja vaivalloista, koska jokaisella testauskerralla on ohjelmalle annettava näppäimistöltä käsin sen haluamat syötteet.</p><p>Yksi tapa toimia on \"kovakoodata\" syöte aluksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># kovakoodataan syötteen arvo aluksi</span>\nasti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># int(input(\"Mihin asti\"))</span>\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> asti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n   <span class=\"token comment\"># koodia</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun ohjelma toimii yhdellä syötteellä, sitä on helppo kokeilla muilla kovakoodatuilla syötteillä ja lopulta lukemalla syöte käyttäjältä.</p><p>Vastaava kikka toimii myös kurssien tehtäviin liittyvien testien ongelmatilanteita selvitellessä. Jos testi kertoo, että ohjelmasi toimii väärin, kun syöte on vaikkapa 42, niin kovakoodataan se syötteeksi bugin etsinnän ajaksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># testi ilmoitti että koodi toimii väärin kun syöte on 42</span>\nasti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">42</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># int(input(\"Mihin asti\"))</span>\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> asti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n   <span class=\"token comment\"># koodia</span></code></pre></div><p>Kurssin <a href=\"/osa-2\">edellisessä osassa</a> oli jo pariinkin otteeseen puhetta tulostuskomennon avulla tapahtuvasta debuggaamisesta. Kurssin aikana vastaan tulevat ohjelmat muuttuvat koko ajan haastavammiksi ja debuggauksen tarve tulee kasvamaan entisestään. Esimerkiksi silmukoiden lopetusehtojen saaminen toimimaan kaikissa tapauksissa voi olla haastavaa.</p><p>Tulostuskomentoihin perustuva debuggaus kannattaa ottaa omaan työkalupakkiin viimeistään nyt. Kertaa tarvittaessa edellisen osan <a href=\"/osa-2/1-ohjelmoinnin-termeja\">ensimmäisessä </a> ja <a href=\"/osa-2/4-yksinkertainen-silmukka\">neljännessä</a> luvussa olleet debuggausohjeet.</p><p>Tulostamisen lisäksi on olemassa muitakin debuggaukseen sopivia työkaluja. Eräs tälläinen on sivuston <a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Python Tutor</a> tarjoama <a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">visualisointityökalu</a>, jonka avulla oman ohjelman koodia on mahdollista suorittaa komento komennolta havainnoiden samalla, mitä arvoja ohjelman muuttujat saavat.</p><p>Seuraavassa kuvassa Python Tutorilla visualisoidaan <a href=\"/osa-2/4-yksinkertainen-silmukka\">edellisen osan</a> debuggausmateriaalissa olevan hieman rikkinäisen koodin toimintaa:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/95fa1/3_1_0.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 69.1304347826087%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/a0b58/3_1_0.webp 230w,\n/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/bc10c/3_1_0.webp 460w,\n/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/966d8/3_1_0.webp 920w,\n/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/445df/3_1_0.webp 1380w,\n/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/a8768/3_1_0.webp 1816w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/81c8e/3_1_0.png 230w,\n/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/08a84/3_1_0.png 460w,\n/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/c0255/3_1_0.png 920w,\n/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/b1001/3_1_0.png 1380w,\n/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/95fa1/3_1_0.png 1816w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/d0cc22babf6824495497d96f07b56664/c0255/3_1_0.png\" alt=\"3 1 0\" title=\"3 1 0\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Punainen nuoli kertoo, missä kohtaa ohjelman suoritus on menossa. Visualisaattori näyttää, mitä ohjelma on tulostanut ruudulle ja mitkä ovat ohjelman muuttujien arvot kullakin suorituksen hetkellä. Koodin suoritus etenee komento komennolta painiketta <em>Next></em> painellessa.</p><p>Visualisaattorin käyttö on erittäin helppoa, koska riittää että tarkasteltava koodi kopioidaan <a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">koodi-ikkunaan</a>. Huomaa, että visualisaattori ei saalli ääkkösten käyttämistä muuttujien eikä funktioiden nimissä.</p><p>Kokeneemmat ohjelmoijat tuskin käyttävät visualisaattoria koskaan, mutta aloittelijalle se voi olla oiva apuväline. Ohjelmointi ei nimittäin voi perustua tuuriin tai sattumaan. Ohjelmoijan on koko ajan tiedettävä tarkalleen, mitä muuttujien arvot ohjelman suorituksen aikana ovat. Jos muuttujien arvot eivät vastaakaan ohjelmoijan olettamaa, on tuloksena mitä suurimmalla todennäköisyydellä bugi.</p><p>Visualisaattori ja debuggaustulostukset ovat erinomainen väline siihen, että ohjelmoija voi omin silmin varmistaa, että ohjelma todellakin toimii kuten sen olettaa toimivan.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Kahden potenssit\" tmcname=\"osa03-03_kahden_potenssit\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka tulostaa ensin luvun 1 ja sen jälkeen kerta toisensa jälkeen aina kaksi kertaa suuremman luvun. Ohjelma siis tulostaa luvun kaksi potensseja.</p><p>Ohjelman suoritus päättyy, kun on tulostettu luku, joka on korkeintaan käyttäjän syötteen suuruinen. Yhtään käyttäjän syötettä suurempaa lukua ei siis tulosteta!</p><sample-output><p>Mihin asti: <strong>8</strong>\n1\n2\n4\n8</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Mihin asti: <strong>20</strong>\n1\n2\n4\n8\n16</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Mihin asti: <strong>100</strong>\n1\n2\n4\n8\n16\n32\n64</p></sample-output><p>Älä käytä tässä tehtävässä <code class=\"language-text\">while</code>-komennon ehtona arvoa <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>!</p><p><strong>Miten kahden potenssit lasketaan?</strong> Ensimmäinen kahden potenssi on luku 1. Seuraava saadaan kertomalla 1 luvulla 2, eli se on 2. Sitä seuraava saadaan taas kertomalla edellinen kahden potenssi kahdella, eli kyseessä on 2 * 2 eli 4, ja seuraava saadaan kertomalla kahdella 4 * 2 eli kyseessä on 8, jne...</p></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Luvun n potenssit\" tmcname=\"osa03-04_luvun_n_potenssit\"><p>Muuta edellistä ohjelmaa siten, että käyttäjä saa määrätä kertoimen (edellisessä ohjelmassa kerroin oli aina 2), eli sen, minkä luvun potensseja ohjelma tulostaa.</p><sample-output><p>Mihin asti: <strong>27</strong>\nMikä kerroin: <strong>3</strong>\n1\n3\n9\n27</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Mihin asti: <strong>1234567</strong>\nMikä kerroin: <strong>10</strong>\n1\n10\n100\n1000\n10000\n100000\n1000000</p></sample-output><p>Älä käytä tässä tehtävässä <code class=\"language-text\">while</code>-komennon ehtona arvoa <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>!</p></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Peräkkäisten summa, versio 1\" tmcname=\"osa03-04a_perakkaisten_summa_helpompi\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka laskee peräkkäisten lukujen summaa 1 + 2 + 3 + ... kunnes sen arvo on vähintään käyttäjän syöttämä luku. Ohjelma toimii seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Mihin asti: <strong>2</strong>\n3</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Mihin asti: <strong>10</strong>\n10</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Mihin asti: <strong>18</strong>\n21</p></sample-output><p>Voit olettaa, että käyttäjän antama luku on 2 tai suurempi.</p></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"merkkijonon-rakentaminen-paloista\" style=\"position:relative;\">Merkkijonon rakentaminen paloista<a href=\"#merkkijonon-rakentaminen-paloista\" aria-label=\"merkkijonon rakentaminen paloista permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jo kurssin <a href=\"/osa-1/2-tietoa-kayttajalta\">ensimetreillä</a> opimme, että merkkijono on mahdollista \"rakentaa\" useammasta pienemmästä merkkijonosta +-operaattorin avulla. Esimerkiksi</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"suo\"</span>\nsanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sanat <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\", kuokka\"</span>\nsanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sanat <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" ja python\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>suo, kuokka ja python</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että edellinen on mahdollista kirjoittaa hieman tiiviimmin operaattorin += avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"suo\"</span>\nsanat <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\", kuokka\"</span>\nsanat <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" ja python\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Yhdistettävä merkkijonon pätkä voi olla myös f-merkkijono. Tämä saattaa olla kätevää, jos rakennettavaan merkkijonoon lisätään muuttujissa olevia arvoja. Voimme siis tehdä esim. seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kurssi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span>\narvosana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span>\n\nlausunto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Olet saanut \"</span>\nlausunto <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"kurssilta </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> \"</span></span>\nlausunto <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"arvosanan </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>arvosana<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lausunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Olet saanut kurssilta Ohjelmoinnin perusteet arvosanan 4</p></sample-output><p>Edellisessä tehtävässä laskettiin lukujen summaa kasvattamalla sen arvoa silmukan sisällä.</p><p>Täsmälleen samalla idealla on mahdollista rakentaa myös merkkijonoa siten, että siihen lisätään yksi osa kerrallaan silmukassa...</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Peräkkäisten summa, versio 2\" tmcname=\"osa03-05_perakkaisten_summa\"><p>Tee edellisestä ohjelmasta hieman kehittyneempi versio, joka tulostaa lopputuloksen lisäksi myös sen miten kyseinen summa lasketaan:</p><sample-output><p>Mihin asti: <strong>2</strong>\nLaskettiin 1 + 2 = 3</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Mihin asti: <strong>10</strong>\nLaskettiin 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Mihin asti: <strong>18</strong>\nLaskettiin 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 = 21</p></sample-output><p>Voit olettaa, että käyttäjän antama luku on 2 tai suurempi.</p></in-browser-programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"742577d3-7a6c-5249-a0b8-10bbcaeea044\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-3/1-ehdot-silmukoissa","title":"Ehdot silmukoissa"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-3/1-ehdot-silmukoissa.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja 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Jos toista (tai edes ensimmäistä) esiintymää ei löydy, ohjelma tulostaa tästä tiedon."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Määritellään tässä yhteydessä, että esiintymät "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"eivät"}]},{"type":"text","value":" voi mennä päällekkäin, merkkijonossa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"aaaa"}]},{"type":"text","value":" osajonon "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"aa"}]},{"type":"text","value":" toinen esiintymä löytyy siis indeksin 2 kohdalta."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Muutama esimerkkisuoritus:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna merkkijono: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"abcabc"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna osajono: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ab"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nOsajonon toinen esiintymä on kohdassa 3."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna merkkijono: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"saippuakauppias"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna osajono: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"a"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nOsajonon toinen esiintymä on kohdassa 6."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna merkkijono: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"aybabtu"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna osajono: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ba"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nOsajono ei esiinny merkkijonossa kahdesti."}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"e292f94e-9004-5e1b-9149-83a4e810c770"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat käyttää operaattoreita <code class=\"language-text\">+</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">*</code> merkkijonojen kanssa</li>\n<li>Osaat laskea merkkijonon pituuden</li>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä tarkoittaa merkkijonon indeksointi</li>\n<li>Osaat etsiä osajonoja merkkijonosta</li>\n</ul></text-box><h2 id=\"merkkijono-operaatiot\" style=\"position:relative;\">Merkkijono-operaatiot<a href=\"#merkkijono-operaatiot\" aria-label=\"merkkijono operaatiot permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Merkkijonojen yhdistäminen tapahtuu <code class=\"language-text\">+</code>-operaattorin avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">alku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"esi\"</span>\nloppu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"merkki\"</span>\nsana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> alku<span class=\"token operator\">+</span>loppu\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>esimerkki</p></sample-output><p>Myös <code class=\"language-text\">*</code>-operaattoria voidaan käyttää merkkijonojen yhteydessä. Jos toinen operandi kertolaskussa on merkkijono ja toinen kokonaisluku, saadaan merkkijonoa monistettua annettu määrä. Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"apina\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token operator\">*</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>apinaapinaapina</p></sample-output><p>Silmukan ja merkkijono-operaatioiden avulla voimme tehdä ohjelman, joka piirtää pyramidin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">n <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># pyramidin kerrosten määrä</span>\nrivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"*\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    rivi <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"**\"</span>\n    n <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostus on seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"x\"><pre class=\"language-x\"><code class=\"language-x\">          *\n         ***\n        *****\n       *******\n      *********\n     ***********\n    *************\n   ***************\n  *****************\n *******************</code></pre></div><p>Silmukassa oleva <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komento tulostaa rivin, jonka alussa on <code class=\"language-text\">n</code> välilyöntiä ja sitten muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">rivi</code> sisältö. Tämän jälkeen muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">rivi</code> loppuun lisätään kaksi tähteä ja muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">n</code> arvo vähenee yhdellä.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Monta jonoa\" tmcname=\"osa03-05a_monistetut_jonot\"><p>Kirjoita ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä merkkijonon ja määrän ja tulostaa sitten annettua merkkijonoa annetun määrän. Tulostuksen tulee tapahtua yhdelle riville yhteen pötköön.</p><p>Esimerkkisuoritus:</p><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>heippa</strong>\nAnna määrä: <strong>4</strong>\nheippaheippaheippaheippa</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"merkkijonon-pituus-ja-indeksointi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Merkkijonon pituus ja indeksointi<a href=\"#merkkijonon-pituus-ja-indeksointi\" aria-label=\"merkkijonon pituus ja indeksointi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">len</code> palauttaa kokonaisluvun, joka on merkkijonon pituus merkkeinä. Esimerkiksi <code class=\"language-text\">len(\"moi\")</code> palauttaa 3, koska merkkijonossa <code class=\"language-text\">moi</code> on 3 merkkiä.</p><p>Seuraava ohjelma tulostaa käyttäjän syöttämän merkkijonon \"alleviivattuna\" monistamalla merkkiä <code class=\"language-text\">-</code> syötteen pituuden mukaisen määrän:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna merkkijono: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"-\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">*</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>Moi kaikki!</strong></p><pre>\nMoi kaikki!\n-----------\n</pre></sample-output><p>Pituuteen lasketaan mukaan kaikki merkkijonossa olevat merkit, mukaan lukien välilyönnit. Esimerkiksi merkkijonon <code class=\"language-text\">moi moi</code> pituus on 7.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Pidempi jono\" tmcname=\"osa03-05b_pidempi_jono\"><p>Kirjoita ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä kaksi merkkijonoa ja tulostaa jonoista pidemmän (ts. sen, jossa on enemmän merkkejä). Jos jonot ovat yhtä pitkiä tulostetaan viesti \"Jonot ovat yhtä pitkät\"</p><p>Esimerkkisuorituksia:</p><sample-output><p>Anna jono 1: <strong>moi</strong>\nAnna jono 2: <strong>heippa</strong>\nheippa on pidempi</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna jono 1: <strong>moikkelis koikkelis</strong>\nAnna jono 2: <strong>heipparallaa</strong>\nmoikkelis koikkelis on pidempi</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna jono 1: <strong>moi</strong>\nAnna jono 2: <strong>hei</strong>\nJonot ovat yhtä pitkät</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><p>Yksittäinen merkkijonon merkki voidaan hakea operaattorin <code class=\"language-text\">[]</code> avulla. Operaattori kirjoitetaan merkkijonon perään, ja hakasulkeiden väliin kirjoitetaan halutun merkin <em>indeksi</em> eli kohta merkkijonossa.</p><p>Huomaa, että merkkien indeksointi alkaa nollasta: ensimmäinen merkki on indeksin 0 kohdalla, toinen indeksin 1 kohdalla jne.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 436px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/5fd25536ae63a100630f2df0e41f42a2/8574c/3_2_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 27.82608695652174%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAGCAYAAADDl76dAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAv0lEQVQY042QVw7DMAxDff/r5QrZ29mbxRPgoH9tAIK2RFJyXJ7nKstS0zRpXVc7p2lqyLJM9OM4tv7zPD/hEIJ933Vdl87z1DiO6vte3nvrwYj/+RxmwsK3bZtxCDiOwzgMhO/7Nh3DuaOhxwtdFEVKkuQNbNvWGmyGqes6Mw3DoHme7U6dF7AMdfSEVlUl970uwqZpVNe1GWBM1PifMIGAoKIoXgb4HeuDEEgQIjaEqREazPSXZXmHcw6DyPkAEHPQodT6lKAAAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/5fd25536ae63a100630f2df0e41f42a2/a0b58/3_2_1.webp 230w,\n/static/5fd25536ae63a100630f2df0e41f42a2/bfa8c/3_2_1.webp 436w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 436px) 100vw, 436px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/5fd25536ae63a100630f2df0e41f42a2/81c8e/3_2_1.png 230w,\n/static/5fd25536ae63a100630f2df0e41f42a2/8574c/3_2_1.png 436w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 436px) 100vw, 436px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/5fd25536ae63a100630f2df0e41f42a2/8574c/3_2_1.png\" alt=\"3 2 1\" title=\"3 2 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\nmjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna merkkijono: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma tulostaa:</p><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>apina</strong>\na\np\nn</p></sample-output><p>Koska merkkijonon ensimmäinen merkki on indeksin 0 kohdalla, on viimeinen merkki vastaavasti indeksin <em>pituus</em> – 1 kohdalla. Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma tulostaa merkkijonon ensimmäisen ja viimeisen merkin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna merkkijono: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ensimmäinen: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Viimeinen: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>testi</strong>\nEnsimmäinen: t\nViimeinen: i</p></sample-output><p>Seuraava ohjelma puolestaan käy läpi kaikki merkkijonon merkit vasemmalta oikealle silmukan avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna merkkijono: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkohta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> kohta <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>kohta<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    kohta <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>testi</strong>\nt\ne\ns\nt\ni</p></sample-output><p>Pythonissa merkkeihin voi viitata myös alkaen merkkijonon lopusta käyttämällä negatiivisia indeksejä. Merkkijonon viimeinen merkki on indeksin -1 kohdalla, toiseksi viimeinen indeksin -2 kohdalla jne. Onkin kätevämpi kirjoittaa <code class=\"language-text\">mjono[-1]</code> kuin <code class=\"language-text\">mjono[len(mjono) - 1]</code>.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 436px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/8a3725dd40636e3419c7e27e82163b5a/8574c/3_2_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 27.82608695652174%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAGCAYAAADDl76dAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAwUlEQVQY042RVw7DMAxDff/r5QrZ29lbxSPgoH+tAYKyJVFU4vI8t7IsbZomW9dVcZqmQpZlRj6OY+Wf5/kJRyHY992u67LzPG0cR/PeC+Rgiv85jmbEwiG+79uO49A9MO4ZuG2bOBiAMUEddxdFkSVJ8gr2fS9HdV3bPM82DIPEqqqSWNu2cg3zHragDnbfdmlAqGkaFcJsAPMt4a7rBAR4g4ui0MBlWcyxHgiCOAzTYFZClCbu5GnEHQOIYRzzUz7RE9BZcbNucQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8a3725dd40636e3419c7e27e82163b5a/a0b58/3_2_2.webp 230w,\n/static/8a3725dd40636e3419c7e27e82163b5a/bfa8c/3_2_2.webp 436w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 436px) 100vw, 436px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8a3725dd40636e3419c7e27e82163b5a/81c8e/3_2_2.png 230w,\n/static/8a3725dd40636e3419c7e27e82163b5a/8574c/3_2_2.png 436w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 436px) 100vw, 436px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/8a3725dd40636e3419c7e27e82163b5a/8574c/3_2_2.png\" alt=\"3 2 2\" title=\"3 2 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Tämän avulla aiempi ohjelma voidaan toteuttaa paremmin näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna merkkijono: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ensimmäinen: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Viimeinen: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>testi</strong>\nEnsimmäinen: t\nViimeinen: i</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"indexerror-string-index-out-of-range\" style=\"position:relative;\">IndexError: string index out of range<a href=\"#indexerror-string-index-out-of-range\" aria-label=\"indexerror string index out of range permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Merkkijonon käsittelyssä tulee olla tarkkana indeksien kanssa. Jos viitataan merkkijonon ulkopuolelle, on seurauksena virheilmoitus <em>IndexError: string index out of range</em>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna merkkijono: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kymmenes merkki: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>ohjelmoinnin perusteet</strong>\nKymmenes merkki: n</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>python</strong></p><div>Traceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\nIndexError: string index out of range</div></sample-output><p>Joskus virhetilanne johtuu ohjelmointivirheestä. Esimerkiksi merkkijonon viimeistä merkkiä tarkasteltaessa on yleistä indeksoida vahingossa yhtä liian pitkälle:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna merkkijono: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Viimeinen merkki: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Koska merkkijonojen indeksit alkavat nollasta, niin viimeinen merkki on indeksissä <code class=\"language-text\">len(mjono) - 1</code> eikä <code class=\"language-text\">len(mjono)</code>.</p><p>On myös tilanteita, joissa ohjelman on syytä varautua siihen, että virheen lähde on käyttäjän antama syöte:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna merkkijono: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ensimmäinen merkki: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Merkkijono on tyhjä eli ensimmäistä merkkiä ei ole\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tässä koodissa tyhjä syöte (käyttäjä painaa ainoastaan Enter) aiheuttaisi virheen, ellei koodari olisi lisännyt tarkastusta tilanteen varalta.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Lopusta alkuun\" tmcname=\"osa03-05c_lopusta_alkuun\"><p>Kirjoita ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä merkkijonon ja tulostaa sitten merkkijonon merkit allekkain käänteisessä järjestyksessä lopusta alkuun.</p><p>Esimerkkisuoritus:</p><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>heippa</strong>\na\np\np\ni\ne\nh</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Toinen ja toiseksi viimeinen\" tmcname=\"osa03-06_toinen_ja_toiseksi_viimeinen\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä sanan ja kertoo, ovatko sen toinen ja toiseksi viimeinen merkki samoja.</p><sample-output><p>Anna sana: <strong>python</strong>\nToinen ja toiseksi viimeinen kirjain eroavat</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna sana: <strong>pascal</strong>\nToinen ja toiseksi viimeinen kirjain on a</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Risuaitaviiva\" tmcname=\"osa03-09_risuaitaviiva\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka piirtää käyttäjän määräämän levyisen risuaitaviivan.</p><sample-output><p>Leveys: <strong>3</strong></p><pre>\n###\n</pre></sample-output><sample-output><p>Leveys: <strong>8</strong></p><pre>\n########\n</pre></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Risuaitasuorakulmio\" tmcname=\"osa03-10_risuaitanelio\"><p>Laajenna edellistä niin, että käyttäjä syöttää myös piirrettävien rivien määrän</p><sample-output><p>Leveys: <strong>10</strong>\nKorkeus: <strong>3</strong>\n##########\n##########\n##########</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Alleviivaus\" tmcname=\"osa03-11_alleviivaus\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka pyytää käyttäjältä merkkijonoja ja tulostaa kunkin merkkijonon oheisen esimerkin mukaisesti alleviivattuna. Ohjelman suoritus päättyy, kun käyttäjä syöttää tyhjän merkkijonon, eli merkkijonon jonka pituus on 0.</p><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>Moi kaikki!</strong></p><pre>\nMoi kaikki!\n-----------\n</pre><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>Tämä on testijono</strong></p><pre>\nTämä on testijono\n-----------------\n</pre><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>a</strong></p><pre>\na\n-\n</pre><p>Anna merkkijono:</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Tasaus oikeaan\" tmcname=\"osa03-12_tasaus_oikeaan\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä merkkijonon ja tulostaa sen niin, että tulostetuksi tulee tasan 20 merkkiä. Jos merkkijono on lyhyempi, alkuun tulee tarvittava määrä tähtiä <code class=\"language-text\">*</code>.</p><p>Voit olettaa, että syötetyssä merkkijonossa on enintään 20 merkkiä.</p><sample-output><p>Sana: <strong>python</strong></p><pre>\n**************python\n</pre></sample-output><sample-output><p>Sana: <strong>pitkämerkkijono</strong></p><pre>\n*****pitkämerkkijono\n</pre></sample-output><sample-output><p>Sana: <strong>tosipitkämerkkijono</strong></p><pre>\n*tosipitkämerkkijono\n</pre></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Sanalaatikko\" tmcname=\"osa03-13_sanalaatikko\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä sanaa ja tulostaa sanan tähtiraameihin, joissa sana on keskellä. Raamien leveys on 30 merkkiä, ja voit olettaa, että sana mahtuu raameihin.</p><p>Huom! Jos sanan pituus on pariton, voit tulostaa sanan kumpaan tahansa mahdollisista keskikohdista.</p><sample-output><p>Sana: <strong>koe</strong></p><pre>\n******************************\n*            koe             *\n******************************\n</pre></sample-output><sample-output><p>Sana: <strong>python</strong></p><pre>\n******************************\n*           python           *\n******************************\n</pre></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"osajonot\" style=\"position:relative;\">Osajonot<a href=\"#osajonot\" aria-label=\"osajonot permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Merkkijonon <em>osajono</em> muodostuu peräkkäisistä merkeistä, jotka ovat merkkijonon osana. Esimerkiksi merkkijonon <code class=\"language-text\">esimerkki</code> osajonoja ovat <code class=\"language-text\">esi</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">imer</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">merkki</code>.</p><p>Voimme erottaa halutussa kohdassa olevan osajonon syntaksilla <code class=\"language-text\">[a:b]</code>, mikä tarkoittaa, että osajono alkaa kohdasta <code class=\"language-text\">a</code> ja päättyy juuri ennen kohtaa <code class=\"language-text\">b</code>. Voimme ajatella alku- ja loppukohdan merkkien vasemmalle puolelle piirretyiksi viivoiksi alla olevan kuvan mukaisesti:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 436px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/49c600ef1e17a304f10d29a288a47467/8574c/3_2_3.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 33.04347826086957%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAHCAYAAAAIy204AAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAABNklEQVQoz42R3W7CMAxG+/4vtAuYxIaAq0mTENJumCgM2ib9SdOWlqTtmRI2xi4mzZLjWIpP7M+BEIKiKLDW0jQNu92OOI4Jw5AkSfzdvfm2cRzdcY1f+XiXB6fTyRdprcmyzHue5x4mkoTj8YgUgqapfxX/5YFSykMc0IFcl65bYwzG9iQiRcgM24/8x4Ku625J3/fejbWMwwDnE7QhnEPG6h2jtz7aastwllg7YMzl+rkxDMNAsF6vKcvSA123blQXq1LTHlfow4T28Ei7n6L2E/roiWL3QBtvkNLJ8yOR4wT3YjuQW0CapuhS08kX+nzFOXrmksy5pEtsuqTPl5TxBqUqpBQ3mNtFcL8tp5+D1nVNVVUY9YrJFuThlDqaoT5mXNIFnZyjxBu6aihLhZTSjxxFEZ/CpxdM7lQktAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/49c600ef1e17a304f10d29a288a47467/a0b58/3_2_3.webp 230w,\n/static/49c600ef1e17a304f10d29a288a47467/bfa8c/3_2_3.webp 436w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 436px) 100vw, 436px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/49c600ef1e17a304f10d29a288a47467/81c8e/3_2_3.png 230w,\n/static/49c600ef1e17a304f10d29a288a47467/8574c/3_2_3.png 436w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 436px) 100vw, 436px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/49c600ef1e17a304f10d29a288a47467/8574c/3_2_3.png\" alt=\"3 2 3\" title=\"3 2 3\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Seuraava esimerkki esittelee osajonojen hakemista:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"saippuakauppias\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># jos alkukohta puuttuu, se on oletuksena 0</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># jos loppukohta puuttuu, se on oletuksena merkkijonon pituus</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>sai\npuakau\nsai\npuakauppias</p></sample-output><text-box variant='hint' name='Puoliavoimet välit'><p>Merkkijonojen käsittelyssä väli <code class=\"language-text\">[a:b]</code> on <em>puoliavoin</em> eli alkukohta <code class=\"language-text\">a</code>\nkuuluu väliin mutta loppukohta <code class=\"language-text\">b</code> ei kuulu väliin. Miksi näin?</p><p>Tähän ei ole syvällistä syytä, vaan kyseessä on käytäntö, joka esiintyy\nmonessa ohjelmointikielessä.</p><p>Yksi etu tästä on, että osajonon pituus saadaan helposti laskettua kaavalla <code class=\"language-text\">b-a</code>.\nToisaalta täytyy aina muistaa, että kohdassa <code class=\"language-text\">b</code> oleva merkki\nei tule mukaan osajonoon.</p></text-box><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Osajonot 1\" tmcname=\"osa03-07_osajonot1\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä merkkijonon ja tulostaa sitten kaikki sen ensimmäisestä merkistä alkavat osajonot pituusjärjestyksessä.</p><p>Esimerkkitulostus:</p><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>testi</strong>\nt\nte\ntes\ntest\ntesti</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Osajonot 2\" tmcname=\"osa03-08_osajonot2\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä merkkijonon ja tulostaa sitten kaikki sen viimeiseen merkkiin päättyvät osajonot pituusjärjestyksessä.</p><p>Esimerkkitulostus:</p><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>testi</strong>\ni\nti\nsti\nesti\ntesti</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"osajonon-etsiminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Osajonon etsiminen<a href=\"#osajonon-etsiminen\" aria-label=\"osajonon etsiminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Voimme tutkia <code class=\"language-text\">in</code>-operaattorin avulla, onko merkkijonossa tiettyä osajonoa.\nLauseke <code class=\"language-text\">a in b</code> on tosi, jos merkkijonossa <code class=\"language-text\">b</code> on osajono <code class=\"language-text\">a</code>.</p><p>Esimerkiksi</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"testi\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"t\"</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"x\"</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"est\"</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ets\"</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>True\nFalse\nTrue\nFalse</p></sample-output><p>Seuraava ohjelma antaa käyttäjän etsiä merkkijonon osajonoja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"saippuakauppias\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    osa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mitä etsit? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> osa <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Löytyi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ei löytynyt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Mitä etsit? <strong>kaup</strong>\nLöytyi\nMitä etsit? <strong>abc</strong>\nEi löytynyt\nMitä etsit? <strong>ippu</strong>\nLöytyi\n...</p></sample-output><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Löytyvätkö vokaalit\" tmcname=\"osa03-13b_loytyvatko_vokaalit\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä merkkijonon ja tulostaa sitten tiedon löytyvätkö vokaalit a, e ja o merkkijonosta.</p><p>Voit olettaa, että merkkijono on syötetty kokonaan pienillä kirjaimilla. Katso mallia esimerkkitulostuksesta.</p><p>Esimerkkitulostus:</p><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>heippa sulle</strong>\na löytyy\ne löytyy\no ei löydy</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>moi</strong>\na ei löydy\ne ei löydy\no löytyy</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><p>Operaattori <code class=\"language-text\">in</code> palauttaa tiedon osajonon esiintymisestä, muttei tietoa siitä, <em>mistä</em> se löytyy. Tätä varten löytyy Pythonin merkkijonojen <em>metodi</em> <code class=\"language-text\">find</code>, joka saa parametrikseen etsittävän osajonon ja palauttaa joko ensimmäisen indeksin, josta osajono löytyy, tai <code class=\"language-text\">-1</code>, jos osajonoa ei löydy merkkijonosta.</p><p>Metodia käytetään seuraavasti:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 227px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/5ce89dd815f6b20f038005e995598c4f/9b5be/3_2_4.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 62.11453744493392%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/5ce89dd815f6b20f038005e995598c4f/7d72c/3_2_4.webp 227w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 227px) 100vw, 227px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/5ce89dd815f6b20f038005e995598c4f/9b5be/3_2_4.png 227w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 227px) 100vw, 227px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/5ce89dd815f6b20f038005e995598c4f/9b5be/3_2_4.png\" alt=\"3 2 4\" title=\"3 2 4\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Esimerkkejä metodin käyttämisestä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"testi\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>find<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"t\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>find<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"x\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>find<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"est\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>find<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ets\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>0\n-1\n1\n-1</p></sample-output><p>Voimme myös laajentaa hakuohjelmaa näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"saippuakauppias\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    osa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mitä etsit? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    kohta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>find<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> kohta <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Löytyi kohdasta </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>kohta<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ei löytynyt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Mitä etsit? <strong>kaup</strong>\nLöytyi kohdasta 7\nMitä etsit? <strong>abc</strong>\nEi löytynyt\nMitä etsit? <strong>ippu</strong>\nLöytyi kohdasta 2\n...</p></sample-output><text-box variant='hint' name='Metodi'><p>Merkkijonon sisältä merkkijonoa etsivä <code class=\"language-text\">find</code> on siis <em>metodi</em>. Metodit ovat sukua jo meille tutuille asioille eli <em>funktioille</em>. Metodit ovatkin eräänlaisia funktioita, mutta niiden suorittama operaatio kohdistuu siihen <em>olioon</em>, jonka kautta metodia kutsutaan, eli joka esiintyy metodikutsun alussa ennen metodin nimeä. Metodin <code class=\"language-text\">find</code> tapauksessa oliona on merkkijono, jonka osajonoa etsitään.</p></text-box><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Ensimmäisen osajonon haku\" tmcname=\"osa03-13c_osajonon_haku\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä merkkijonoa ja yksittäistä merkkiä. Ohjelma tulostaa merkkijonosta löytyvän ensimmäisen kolmen merkin pituisen osajonon, jonka alkukirjain on käyttäjän syöttämä merkki. Voit olettaa, että merkkijono on vähintään kolmen merkin pituinen.</p><sample-output><p>Sana: <strong>apinatalo</strong>\nMerkki: <strong>a</strong>\napi</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Sana: <strong>banaani</strong>\nMerkki: <strong>n</strong>\nnaa</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Sana: <strong>tomaatti</strong>\nMerkki: <strong>x</strong></p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Sana: <strong>python</strong>\nMerkki: <strong>n</strong></p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Kaikkien osajonojen haku\" tmcname=\"osa03-14_osajonojen_haku\"><p>Tee edellisestä ohjelmasta laajennettu versio, joka tulostaa <em>kaikki merkkijonon sisältämät kolmen merkin pituiset osajonot</em>, joiden alkukirjain on käyttäjän syöttämä merkki. Voit olettaa, että merkkijono on vähintään kolmen merkin pituinen.</p><sample-output><p>Sana: <strong>apinatalo</strong>\nMerkki: <strong>a</strong>\napi\nata\nalo</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Sana: <strong>banaani</strong>\nMerkki: <strong>n</strong>\nnaa</p></sample-output><p><strong>Vihje</strong> seuraava esimerkki saattaa antaa jotain inspiraatiota eräästä tavasta miten tätä tehtävää voi lähestyä</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sana: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    sana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Sana: <strong>apinatalo</strong>\napinatalo\ninatalo\natalo\nalo\no</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Toinen esiintymä\" tmcname=\"osa03-15_toinen_esiintyma\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka etsii merkkijonosta osajonon toisen esiintymän. Jos toista (tai edes ensimmäistä) esiintymää ei löydy, ohjelma tulostaa tästä tiedon.</p><p>Määritellään tässä yhteydessä, että esiintymät <em>eivät</em> voi mennä päällekkäin, merkkijonossa <code class=\"language-text\">aaaa</code> osajonon <code class=\"language-text\">aa</code> toinen esiintymä löytyy siis indeksin 2 kohdalta.</p><p>Muutama esimerkkisuoritus:</p><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>abcabc</strong>\nAnna osajono: <strong>ab</strong>\nOsajonon toinen esiintymä on kohdassa 3.</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>saippuakauppias</strong>\nAnna osajono: <strong>a</strong>\nOsajonon toinen esiintymä on kohdassa 6.</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>aybabtu</strong>\nAnna osajono: <strong>ba</strong>\nOsajono ei esiinny merkkijonossa kahdesti.</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><div><quiz 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Metodit ovat sukua jo meille tutuille asioille eli "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"funktioille"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Metodit ovatkin eräänlaisia funktioita, mutta niiden suorittama operaatio kohdistuu siihen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"olioon"}]},{"type":"text","value":", jonka kautta metodia kutsutaan, eli joka esiintyy metodikutsun alussa ennen metodin nimeä. Metodin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"find"}]},{"type":"text","value":" tapauksessa oliona on merkkijono, jonka osajonoa etsitään."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Ensimmäisen osajonon haku","tmcname":"osa03-13c_osajonon_haku"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä merkkijonoa ja yksittäistä merkkiä. Ohjelma tulostaa merkkijonosta löytyvän ensimmäisen kolmen merkin pituisen osajonon, jonka alkukirjain on käyttäjän syöttämä merkki. Voit olettaa, että merkkijono on vähintään kolmen merkin pituinen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sana: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"apinatalo"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nMerkki: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"a"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\napi"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sana: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"banaani"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nMerkki: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nnaa"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sana: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tomaatti"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nMerkki: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"x"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sana: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"python"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nMerkki: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"n"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Kaikkien osajonojen haku","tmcname":"osa03-14_osajonojen_haku"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee edellisestä ohjelmasta laajennettu versio, joka tulostaa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"kaikki merkkijonon sisältämät kolmen merkin pituiset osajonot"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joiden alkukirjain on käyttäjän syöttämä merkki. Voit olettaa, että merkkijono on vähintään kolmen merkin pituinen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sana: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"apinatalo"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nMerkki: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"a"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\napi\nata\nalo"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sana: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"banaani"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nMerkki: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nnaa"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vihje"}]},{"type":"text","value":" seuraava esimerkki saattaa antaa jotain inspiraatiota eräästä tavasta miten tätä tehtävää voi lähestyä"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"sana "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"input"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Sana: \""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"while"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","boolean"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"True"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"0"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n        "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"break"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"sana"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    sana "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" sana"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sana: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"apinatalo"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\napinatalo\ninatalo\natalo\nalo\no"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Toinen esiintymä","tmcname":"osa03-15_toinen_esiintyma"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka etsii merkkijonosta osajonon toisen esiintymän. Jos toista (tai edes ensimmäistä) esiintymää ei löydy, ohjelma tulostaa tästä tiedon."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Määritellään tässä yhteydessä, että esiintymät "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"eivät"}]},{"type":"text","value":" voi mennä päällekkäin, merkkijonossa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"aaaa"}]},{"type":"text","value":" osajonon "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"aa"}]},{"type":"text","value":" toinen esiintymä löytyy siis indeksin 2 kohdalta."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Muutama esimerkkisuoritus:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna merkkijono: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"abcabc"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna osajono: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ab"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nOsajonon toinen esiintymä on kohdassa 3."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna merkkijono: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"saippuakauppias"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna osajono: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"a"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nOsajonon toinen esiintymä on kohdassa 6."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna merkkijono: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"aybabtu"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna osajono: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ba"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nOsajono ei esiinny merkkijonossa kahdesti."}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"e292f94e-9004-5e1b-9149-83a4e810c770"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat käyttää operaattoreita <code class=\"language-text\">+</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">*</code> merkkijonojen kanssa</li>\n<li>Osaat laskea merkkijonon pituuden</li>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä tarkoittaa merkkijonon indeksointi</li>\n<li>Osaat etsiä osajonoja merkkijonosta</li>\n</ul></text-box><h2 id=\"merkkijono-operaatiot\" style=\"position:relative;\">Merkkijono-operaatiot<a href=\"#merkkijono-operaatiot\" aria-label=\"merkkijono operaatiot permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Merkkijonojen yhdistäminen tapahtuu <code class=\"language-text\">+</code>-operaattorin avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">alku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"esi\"</span>\nloppu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"merkki\"</span>\nsana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> alku<span class=\"token operator\">+</span>loppu\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>esimerkki</p></sample-output><p>Myös <code class=\"language-text\">*</code>-operaattoria voidaan käyttää merkkijonojen yhteydessä. Jos toinen operandi kertolaskussa on merkkijono ja toinen kokonaisluku, saadaan merkkijonoa monistettua annettu määrä. Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"apina\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token operator\">*</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>apinaapinaapina</p></sample-output><p>Silmukan ja merkkijono-operaatioiden avulla voimme tehdä ohjelman, joka piirtää pyramidin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">n <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># pyramidin kerrosten määrä</span>\nrivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"*\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    rivi <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"**\"</span>\n    n <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostus on seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"x\"><pre class=\"language-x\"><code class=\"language-x\">          *\n         ***\n        *****\n       *******\n      *********\n     ***********\n    *************\n   ***************\n  *****************\n *******************</code></pre></div><p>Silmukassa oleva <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komento tulostaa rivin, jonka alussa on <code class=\"language-text\">n</code> välilyöntiä ja sitten muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">rivi</code> sisältö. Tämän jälkeen muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">rivi</code> loppuun lisätään kaksi tähteä ja muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">n</code> arvo vähenee yhdellä.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Monta jonoa\" tmcname=\"osa03-05a_monistetut_jonot\"><p>Kirjoita ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä merkkijonon ja määrän ja tulostaa sitten annettua merkkijonoa annetun määrän. Tulostuksen tulee tapahtua yhdelle riville yhteen pötköön.</p><p>Esimerkkisuoritus:</p><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>heippa</strong>\nAnna määrä: <strong>4</strong>\nheippaheippaheippaheippa</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"merkkijonon-pituus-ja-indeksointi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Merkkijonon pituus ja indeksointi<a href=\"#merkkijonon-pituus-ja-indeksointi\" aria-label=\"merkkijonon pituus ja indeksointi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">len</code> palauttaa kokonaisluvun, joka on merkkijonon pituus merkkeinä. Esimerkiksi <code class=\"language-text\">len(\"moi\")</code> palauttaa 3, koska merkkijonossa <code class=\"language-text\">moi</code> on 3 merkkiä.</p><p>Seuraava ohjelma tulostaa käyttäjän syöttämän merkkijonon \"alleviivattuna\" monistamalla merkkiä <code class=\"language-text\">-</code> syötteen pituuden mukaisen määrän:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna merkkijono: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"-\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">*</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>Moi kaikki!</strong></p><pre>\nMoi kaikki!\n-----------\n</pre></sample-output><p>Pituuteen lasketaan mukaan kaikki merkkijonossa olevat merkit, mukaan lukien välilyönnit. Esimerkiksi merkkijonon <code class=\"language-text\">moi moi</code> pituus on 7.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Pidempi jono\" tmcname=\"osa03-05b_pidempi_jono\"><p>Kirjoita ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä kaksi merkkijonoa ja tulostaa jonoista pidemmän (ts. sen, jossa on enemmän merkkejä). Jos jonot ovat yhtä pitkiä tulostetaan viesti \"Jonot ovat yhtä pitkät\"</p><p>Esimerkkisuorituksia:</p><sample-output><p>Anna jono 1: <strong>moi</strong>\nAnna jono 2: <strong>heippa</strong>\nheippa on pidempi</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna jono 1: <strong>moikkelis koikkelis</strong>\nAnna jono 2: <strong>heipparallaa</strong>\nmoikkelis koikkelis on pidempi</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna jono 1: <strong>moi</strong>\nAnna jono 2: <strong>hei</strong>\nJonot ovat yhtä pitkät</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><p>Yksittäinen merkkijonon merkki voidaan hakea operaattorin <code class=\"language-text\">[]</code> avulla. Operaattori kirjoitetaan merkkijonon perään, ja hakasulkeiden väliin kirjoitetaan halutun merkin <em>indeksi</em> eli kohta merkkijonossa.</p><p>Huomaa, että merkkien indeksointi alkaa nollasta: ensimmäinen merkki on indeksin 0 kohdalla, toinen indeksin 1 kohdalla jne.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 436px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/5fd25536ae63a100630f2df0e41f42a2/8574c/3_2_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 27.82608695652174%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAGCAYAAADDl76dAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAv0lEQVQY042QVw7DMAxDff/r5QrZ29mbxRPgoH9tAIK2RFJyXJ7nKstS0zRpXVc7p2lqyLJM9OM4tv7zPD/hEIJ933Vdl87z1DiO6vte3nvrwYj/+RxmwsK3bZtxCDiOwzgMhO/7Nh3DuaOhxwtdFEVKkuQNbNvWGmyGqes6Mw3DoHme7U6dF7AMdfSEVlUl970uwqZpVNe1GWBM1PifMIGAoKIoXgb4HeuDEEgQIjaEqREazPSXZXmHcw6DyPkAEHPQodT6lKAAAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/5fd25536ae63a100630f2df0e41f42a2/a0b58/3_2_1.webp 230w,\n/static/5fd25536ae63a100630f2df0e41f42a2/bfa8c/3_2_1.webp 436w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 436px) 100vw, 436px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/5fd25536ae63a100630f2df0e41f42a2/81c8e/3_2_1.png 230w,\n/static/5fd25536ae63a100630f2df0e41f42a2/8574c/3_2_1.png 436w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 436px) 100vw, 436px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/5fd25536ae63a100630f2df0e41f42a2/8574c/3_2_1.png\" alt=\"3 2 1\" title=\"3 2 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\nmjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna merkkijono: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma tulostaa:</p><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>apina</strong>\na\np\nn</p></sample-output><p>Koska merkkijonon ensimmäinen merkki on indeksin 0 kohdalla, on viimeinen merkki vastaavasti indeksin <em>pituus</em> – 1 kohdalla. Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma tulostaa merkkijonon ensimmäisen ja viimeisen merkin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna merkkijono: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ensimmäinen: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Viimeinen: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>testi</strong>\nEnsimmäinen: t\nViimeinen: i</p></sample-output><p>Seuraava ohjelma puolestaan käy läpi kaikki merkkijonon merkit vasemmalta oikealle silmukan avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna merkkijono: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkohta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> kohta <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>kohta<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    kohta <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>testi</strong>\nt\ne\ns\nt\ni</p></sample-output><p>Pythonissa merkkeihin voi viitata myös alkaen merkkijonon lopusta käyttämällä negatiivisia indeksejä. Merkkijonon viimeinen merkki on indeksin -1 kohdalla, toiseksi viimeinen indeksin -2 kohdalla jne. Onkin kätevämpi kirjoittaa <code class=\"language-text\">mjono[-1]</code> kuin <code class=\"language-text\">mjono[len(mjono) - 1]</code>.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 436px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/8a3725dd40636e3419c7e27e82163b5a/8574c/3_2_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 27.82608695652174%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAGCAYAAADDl76dAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAwUlEQVQY042RVw7DMAxDff/r5QrZ29lbxSPgoH+tAYKyJVFU4vI8t7IsbZomW9dVcZqmQpZlRj6OY+Wf5/kJRyHY992u67LzPG0cR/PeC+Rgiv85jmbEwiG+79uO49A9MO4ZuG2bOBiAMUEddxdFkSVJ8gr2fS9HdV3bPM82DIPEqqqSWNu2cg3zHragDnbfdmlAqGkaFcJsAPMt4a7rBAR4g4ui0MBlWcyxHgiCOAzTYFZClCbu5GnEHQOIYRzzUz7RE9BZcbNucQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8a3725dd40636e3419c7e27e82163b5a/a0b58/3_2_2.webp 230w,\n/static/8a3725dd40636e3419c7e27e82163b5a/bfa8c/3_2_2.webp 436w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 436px) 100vw, 436px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8a3725dd40636e3419c7e27e82163b5a/81c8e/3_2_2.png 230w,\n/static/8a3725dd40636e3419c7e27e82163b5a/8574c/3_2_2.png 436w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 436px) 100vw, 436px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/8a3725dd40636e3419c7e27e82163b5a/8574c/3_2_2.png\" alt=\"3 2 2\" title=\"3 2 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Tämän avulla aiempi ohjelma voidaan toteuttaa paremmin näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna merkkijono: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ensimmäinen: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Viimeinen: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>testi</strong>\nEnsimmäinen: t\nViimeinen: i</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"indexerror-string-index-out-of-range\" style=\"position:relative;\">IndexError: string index out of range<a href=\"#indexerror-string-index-out-of-range\" aria-label=\"indexerror string index out of range permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Merkkijonon käsittelyssä tulee olla tarkkana indeksien kanssa. Jos viitataan merkkijonon ulkopuolelle, on seurauksena virheilmoitus <em>IndexError: string index out of range</em>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna merkkijono: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kymmenes merkki: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>ohjelmoinnin perusteet</strong>\nKymmenes merkki: n</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>python</strong></p><div>Traceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\nIndexError: string index out of range</div></sample-output><p>Joskus virhetilanne johtuu ohjelmointivirheestä. Esimerkiksi merkkijonon viimeistä merkkiä tarkasteltaessa on yleistä indeksoida vahingossa yhtä liian pitkälle:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna merkkijono: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Viimeinen merkki: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Koska merkkijonojen indeksit alkavat nollasta, niin viimeinen merkki on indeksissä <code class=\"language-text\">len(mjono) - 1</code> eikä <code class=\"language-text\">len(mjono)</code>.</p><p>On myös tilanteita, joissa ohjelman on syytä varautua siihen, että virheen lähde on käyttäjän antama syöte:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna merkkijono: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ensimmäinen merkki: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Merkkijono on tyhjä eli ensimmäistä merkkiä ei ole\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tässä koodissa tyhjä syöte (käyttäjä painaa ainoastaan Enter) aiheuttaisi virheen, ellei koodari olisi lisännyt tarkastusta tilanteen varalta.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Lopusta alkuun\" tmcname=\"osa03-05c_lopusta_alkuun\"><p>Kirjoita ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä merkkijonon ja tulostaa sitten merkkijonon merkit allekkain käänteisessä järjestyksessä lopusta alkuun.</p><p>Esimerkkisuoritus:</p><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>heippa</strong>\na\np\np\ni\ne\nh</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Toinen ja toiseksi viimeinen\" tmcname=\"osa03-06_toinen_ja_toiseksi_viimeinen\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä sanan ja kertoo, ovatko sen toinen ja toiseksi viimeinen merkki samoja.</p><sample-output><p>Anna sana: <strong>python</strong>\nToinen ja toiseksi viimeinen kirjain eroavat</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna sana: <strong>pascal</strong>\nToinen ja toiseksi viimeinen kirjain on a</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Risuaitaviiva\" tmcname=\"osa03-09_risuaitaviiva\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka piirtää käyttäjän määräämän levyisen risuaitaviivan.</p><sample-output><p>Leveys: <strong>3</strong></p><pre>\n###\n</pre></sample-output><sample-output><p>Leveys: <strong>8</strong></p><pre>\n########\n</pre></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Risuaitasuorakulmio\" tmcname=\"osa03-10_risuaitanelio\"><p>Laajenna edellistä niin, että käyttäjä syöttää myös piirrettävien rivien määrän</p><sample-output><p>Leveys: <strong>10</strong>\nKorkeus: <strong>3</strong>\n##########\n##########\n##########</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Alleviivaus\" tmcname=\"osa03-11_alleviivaus\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka pyytää käyttäjältä merkkijonoja ja tulostaa kunkin merkkijonon oheisen esimerkin mukaisesti alleviivattuna. Ohjelman suoritus päättyy, kun käyttäjä syöttää tyhjän merkkijonon, eli merkkijonon jonka pituus on 0.</p><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>Moi kaikki!</strong></p><pre>\nMoi kaikki!\n-----------\n</pre><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>Tämä on testijono</strong></p><pre>\nTämä on testijono\n-----------------\n</pre><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>a</strong></p><pre>\na\n-\n</pre><p>Anna merkkijono:</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Tasaus oikeaan\" tmcname=\"osa03-12_tasaus_oikeaan\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä merkkijonon ja tulostaa sen niin, että tulostetuksi tulee tasan 20 merkkiä. Jos merkkijono on lyhyempi, alkuun tulee tarvittava määrä tähtiä <code class=\"language-text\">*</code>.</p><p>Voit olettaa, että syötetyssä merkkijonossa on enintään 20 merkkiä.</p><sample-output><p>Sana: <strong>python</strong></p><pre>\n**************python\n</pre></sample-output><sample-output><p>Sana: <strong>pitkämerkkijono</strong></p><pre>\n*****pitkämerkkijono\n</pre></sample-output><sample-output><p>Sana: <strong>tosipitkämerkkijono</strong></p><pre>\n*tosipitkämerkkijono\n</pre></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Sanalaatikko\" tmcname=\"osa03-13_sanalaatikko\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä sanaa ja tulostaa sanan tähtiraameihin, joissa sana on keskellä. Raamien leveys on 30 merkkiä, ja voit olettaa, että sana mahtuu raameihin.</p><p>Huom! Jos sanan pituus on pariton, voit tulostaa sanan kumpaan tahansa mahdollisista keskikohdista.</p><sample-output><p>Sana: <strong>koe</strong></p><pre>\n******************************\n*            koe             *\n******************************\n</pre></sample-output><sample-output><p>Sana: <strong>python</strong></p><pre>\n******************************\n*           python           *\n******************************\n</pre></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"osajonot\" style=\"position:relative;\">Osajonot<a href=\"#osajonot\" aria-label=\"osajonot permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Merkkijonon <em>osajono</em> muodostuu peräkkäisistä merkeistä, jotka ovat merkkijonon osana. Esimerkiksi merkkijonon <code class=\"language-text\">esimerkki</code> osajonoja ovat <code class=\"language-text\">esi</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">imer</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">merkki</code>.</p><p>Voimme erottaa halutussa kohdassa olevan osajonon syntaksilla <code class=\"language-text\">[a:b]</code>, mikä tarkoittaa, että osajono alkaa kohdasta <code class=\"language-text\">a</code> ja päättyy juuri ennen kohtaa <code class=\"language-text\">b</code>. Voimme ajatella alku- ja loppukohdan merkkien vasemmalle puolelle piirretyiksi viivoiksi alla olevan kuvan mukaisesti:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 436px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/49c600ef1e17a304f10d29a288a47467/8574c/3_2_3.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 33.04347826086957%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/49c600ef1e17a304f10d29a288a47467/a0b58/3_2_3.webp 230w,\n/static/49c600ef1e17a304f10d29a288a47467/bfa8c/3_2_3.webp 436w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 436px) 100vw, 436px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/49c600ef1e17a304f10d29a288a47467/81c8e/3_2_3.png 230w,\n/static/49c600ef1e17a304f10d29a288a47467/8574c/3_2_3.png 436w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 436px) 100vw, 436px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/49c600ef1e17a304f10d29a288a47467/8574c/3_2_3.png\" alt=\"3 2 3\" title=\"3 2 3\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Seuraava esimerkki esittelee osajonojen hakemista:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"saippuakauppias\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># jos alkukohta puuttuu, se on oletuksena 0</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># jos loppukohta puuttuu, se on oletuksena merkkijonon pituus</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>sai\npuakau\nsai\npuakauppias</p></sample-output><text-box variant='hint' name='Puoliavoimet välit'><p>Merkkijonojen käsittelyssä väli <code class=\"language-text\">[a:b]</code> on <em>puoliavoin</em> eli alkukohta <code class=\"language-text\">a</code>\nkuuluu väliin mutta loppukohta <code class=\"language-text\">b</code> ei kuulu väliin. Miksi näin?</p><p>Tähän ei ole syvällistä syytä, vaan kyseessä on käytäntö, joka esiintyy\nmonessa ohjelmointikielessä.</p><p>Yksi etu tästä on, että osajonon pituus saadaan helposti laskettua kaavalla <code class=\"language-text\">b-a</code>.\nToisaalta täytyy aina muistaa, että kohdassa <code class=\"language-text\">b</code> oleva merkki\nei tule mukaan osajonoon.</p></text-box><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Osajonot 1\" tmcname=\"osa03-07_osajonot1\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä merkkijonon ja tulostaa sitten kaikki sen ensimmäisestä merkistä alkavat osajonot pituusjärjestyksessä.</p><p>Esimerkkitulostus:</p><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>testi</strong>\nt\nte\ntes\ntest\ntesti</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Osajonot 2\" tmcname=\"osa03-08_osajonot2\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä merkkijonon ja tulostaa sitten kaikki sen viimeiseen merkkiin päättyvät osajonot pituusjärjestyksessä.</p><p>Esimerkkitulostus:</p><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>testi</strong>\ni\nti\nsti\nesti\ntesti</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"osajonon-etsiminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Osajonon etsiminen<a href=\"#osajonon-etsiminen\" aria-label=\"osajonon etsiminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Voimme tutkia <code class=\"language-text\">in</code>-operaattorin avulla, onko merkkijonossa tiettyä osajonoa.\nLauseke <code class=\"language-text\">a in b</code> on tosi, jos merkkijonossa <code class=\"language-text\">b</code> on osajono <code class=\"language-text\">a</code>.</p><p>Esimerkiksi</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"testi\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"t\"</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"x\"</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"est\"</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ets\"</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>True\nFalse\nTrue\nFalse</p></sample-output><p>Seuraava ohjelma antaa käyttäjän etsiä merkkijonon osajonoja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"saippuakauppias\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    osa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mitä etsit? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> osa <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Löytyi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ei löytynyt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Mitä etsit? <strong>kaup</strong>\nLöytyi\nMitä etsit? <strong>abc</strong>\nEi löytynyt\nMitä etsit? <strong>ippu</strong>\nLöytyi\n...</p></sample-output><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Löytyvätkö vokaalit\" tmcname=\"osa03-13b_loytyvatko_vokaalit\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä merkkijonon ja tulostaa sitten tiedon löytyvätkö vokaalit a, e ja o merkkijonosta.</p><p>Voit olettaa, että merkkijono on syötetty kokonaan pienillä kirjaimilla. Katso mallia esimerkkitulostuksesta.</p><p>Esimerkkitulostus:</p><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>heippa sulle</strong>\na löytyy\ne löytyy\no ei löydy</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>moi</strong>\na ei löydy\ne ei löydy\no löytyy</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><p>Operaattori <code class=\"language-text\">in</code> palauttaa tiedon osajonon esiintymisestä, muttei tietoa siitä, <em>mistä</em> se löytyy. Tätä varten löytyy Pythonin merkkijonojen <em>metodi</em> <code class=\"language-text\">find</code>, joka saa parametrikseen etsittävän osajonon ja palauttaa joko ensimmäisen indeksin, josta osajono löytyy, tai <code class=\"language-text\">-1</code>, jos osajonoa ei löydy merkkijonosta.</p><p>Metodia käytetään seuraavasti:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 227px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/5ce89dd815f6b20f038005e995598c4f/9b5be/3_2_4.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 62.11453744493392%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/5ce89dd815f6b20f038005e995598c4f/7d72c/3_2_4.webp 227w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 227px) 100vw, 227px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/5ce89dd815f6b20f038005e995598c4f/9b5be/3_2_4.png 227w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 227px) 100vw, 227px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/5ce89dd815f6b20f038005e995598c4f/9b5be/3_2_4.png\" alt=\"3 2 4\" title=\"3 2 4\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Esimerkkejä metodin käyttämisestä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"testi\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>find<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"t\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>find<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"x\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>find<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"est\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>find<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ets\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>0\n-1\n1\n-1</p></sample-output><p>Voimme myös laajentaa hakuohjelmaa näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"saippuakauppias\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    osa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mitä etsit? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    kohta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>find<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> kohta <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Löytyi kohdasta </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>kohta<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ei löytynyt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Mitä etsit? <strong>kaup</strong>\nLöytyi kohdasta 7\nMitä etsit? <strong>abc</strong>\nEi löytynyt\nMitä etsit? <strong>ippu</strong>\nLöytyi kohdasta 2\n...</p></sample-output><text-box variant='hint' name='Metodi'><p>Merkkijonon sisältä merkkijonoa etsivä <code class=\"language-text\">find</code> on siis <em>metodi</em>. Metodit ovat sukua jo meille tutuille asioille eli <em>funktioille</em>. Metodit ovatkin eräänlaisia funktioita, mutta niiden suorittama operaatio kohdistuu siihen <em>olioon</em>, jonka kautta metodia kutsutaan, eli joka esiintyy metodikutsun alussa ennen metodin nimeä. Metodin <code class=\"language-text\">find</code> tapauksessa oliona on merkkijono, jonka osajonoa etsitään.</p></text-box><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Ensimmäisen osajonon haku\" tmcname=\"osa03-13c_osajonon_haku\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä merkkijonoa ja yksittäistä merkkiä. Ohjelma tulostaa merkkijonosta löytyvän ensimmäisen kolmen merkin pituisen osajonon, jonka alkukirjain on käyttäjän syöttämä merkki. Voit olettaa, että merkkijono on vähintään kolmen merkin pituinen.</p><sample-output><p>Sana: <strong>apinatalo</strong>\nMerkki: <strong>a</strong>\napi</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Sana: <strong>banaani</strong>\nMerkki: <strong>n</strong>\nnaa</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Sana: <strong>tomaatti</strong>\nMerkki: <strong>x</strong></p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Sana: <strong>python</strong>\nMerkki: <strong>n</strong></p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Kaikkien osajonojen haku\" tmcname=\"osa03-14_osajonojen_haku\"><p>Tee edellisestä ohjelmasta laajennettu versio, joka tulostaa <em>kaikki merkkijonon sisältämät kolmen merkin pituiset osajonot</em>, joiden alkukirjain on käyttäjän syöttämä merkki. Voit olettaa, että merkkijono on vähintään kolmen merkin pituinen.</p><sample-output><p>Sana: <strong>apinatalo</strong>\nMerkki: <strong>a</strong>\napi\nata\nalo</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Sana: <strong>banaani</strong>\nMerkki: <strong>n</strong>\nnaa</p></sample-output><p><strong>Vihje</strong> seuraava esimerkki saattaa antaa jotain inspiraatiota eräästä tavasta miten tätä tehtävää voi lähestyä</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sana: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    sana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Sana: <strong>apinatalo</strong>\napinatalo\ninatalo\natalo\nalo\no</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Toinen esiintymä\" tmcname=\"osa03-15_toinen_esiintyma\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka etsii merkkijonosta osajonon toisen esiintymän. 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diff --git a/page-data/osa-3/3-lisaa-silmukoista/page-data.json b/page-data/osa-3/3-lisaa-silmukoista/page-data.json
index fce35ede9..4d7a5580d 100644
--- a/page-data/osa-3/3-lisaa-silmukoista/page-data.json
+++ b/page-data/osa-3/3-lisaa-silmukoista/page-data.json
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Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma tulostaa parilliset luvut käyttäjän haluamaan lukuun asti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"raja "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"int"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"input"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Anna luku: \""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\ni "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"0"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"while"}]},{"type":"text","value":" i "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"<"}]},{"type":"text","value":" raja"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"i"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    i "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"+="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna luku: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"8"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n0\n2\n4\n6"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Apumuuttujan "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"i"}]},{"type":"text","value":" arvo on silmukkaan ensimmäistä kertaa mentäessä 0 ja se kasvaa jokaisella silmukan suorituskerralla kahdella."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sisäkkäisten silmukoiden tapauksessa on tilanteita, joissa sisempi silmukka tarvitsee oman indeksimuuttujansa. Seuraava ohjelma tulostaa käyttäjän antamaan lukuun perustuvan \"lukupyramidin\":"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"luku "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" 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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"0"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"while"}]},{"type":"text","value":" i "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"<"}]},{"type":"text","value":" luku"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n        "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string-interpolation"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"f\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","interpolation"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"{"}]},{"type":"text","value":"i"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"}"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":" \""}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" end"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n        i "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"+="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    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1 2 3 4\n0 1 2 3\n0 1 2\n0 1\n0"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Nyt sisemmässä silmukassa on käytössä apumuuttuja "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"i"}]},{"type":"text","value":", jonka arvo on aina sisempään silmukkaan mentäessä 0. Muuttujan "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"i"}]},{"type":"text","value":" arvo kasvaa yhden välein, kunnes se on yhtä suuri kuin muuttujan "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"luku"}]},{"type":"text","value":" nykyinen arvo, joka taas vähenee ulomman silmukan vuoksi kohti nollaa."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sisempi silmukka tulostaa apumuuttujan "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"i"}]},{"type":"text","value":" arvot välilyönnillä eroteltuna samalle riville. Kun sisempi silmukka päättyy, tulostetaan aina rivinvaihto komennolla "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jos et ole täysin varma, että ymmärrät esimerkkikoodin toiminnan, kokeile kopioida koodi Python Tutorin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"visualisaattoriin"}]},{"type":"text","value":" ja tarkastele, mitä ohjelma tulostaa ja miten muuttujien arvot vaihtuvat koodin edetessä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Kertotaulut","tmcname":"osa03-15b_kertotaulut"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä positiivisen kokonaisluvun. Ohjelma tulostaa esimerkkitulostuksen mukaisesti kertolaskuja lukuun asti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkkisuorituksia:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna luku: 2\n1 x 1 = 1\n1 x 2 = 2\n2 x 1 = 2\n2 x 2 = 4"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna luku: 3\n1 x 1 = 1\n1 x 2 = 2\n1 x 3 = 3\n2 x 1 = 2\n2 x 2 = 4\n2 x 3 = 6\n3 x 1 = 3\n3 x 2 = 6\n3 x 3 = 9"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Sanojen ensimmäiset kirjaimet","tmcname":"osa03-16_sanojen_ensimmaiset_kirjaimet"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä lauseen. Ohjelma tulostaa jokaisen sanan ensimmäisen kirjaimen ruudulle omille riveilleen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkkisuoritus:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna lause: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vesihiisi sihisi hississä"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nV\ns\nh"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Kertomat","tmcname":"osa03-17_kertomat"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä kokonaisluvun. Jos käyttäjä syöttää negatiivisen luvun tai nollan, ohjelman suoritus päättyy. Muuten ohjelma tulostaa luvun kertoman."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kertoma lasketaan kertomalla keskenään luku ja kaikki sitä pienemmät positiiviset kokonaisluvut. Esim. luvun 5 kertoma on 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 = 120."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkkisuorituksia:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna luku: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nLuvun 3 kertoma on 6\nAnna luku: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nLuvun 4 kertoma on 24\nAnna luku: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"-1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nKiitos ja moi!"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna luku: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nLuvun 1 kertoma on 1\nAnna luku: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"0"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nKiitos ja moi!"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Parit ympäri","tmcname":"osa03-18_parit_ympari"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka tulostaa luvut 1:stä käyttäjän antamaan lukuun. Luvut on kuitenkin käännetty pareittain ympäri."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna luku: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n2\n1\n4\n3\n5"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna luku: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n2\n1\n4\n3\n6\n5"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Vuorotellen","tmcname":"osa03-19_vuorotellen"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä luvun ja tulostaa sitten lukuja vuorotellen seuraavien esimerkkien mukaisesti."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna luku: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n1\n5\n2\n4\n3"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna luku: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n1\n6\n2\n5\n3\n4"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"c7b69cde-08a4-5de2-9d23-3315903be6ec"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Ymmärrät milloin <code class=\"language-text\">break</code>-komentoa tarvitaan silmukan keskeyttämiseen</li>\n<li>Osaat siirtyä silmukan seuraavalle kierrokselle <code class=\"language-text\">continue</code>-komennolla</li>\n<li>Ymmärrät sisäkkäisen silmukan toiminnan</li>\n</ul></text-box><h2 id=\"break-komento\" style=\"position:relative;\">break-komento<a href=\"#break-komento\" aria-label=\"break komento permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Aiemmin silmukoiden yhteydessä tutustuttiin <code class=\"language-text\">break</code>-komentoon. Komennolla voidaan katkaista silmukan suoritus välittömästi. Tyypillinen esimerkki komennon käytöstä on silmukka, jossa kysytään käyttäjältä syötteitä, ja suoritus päättyy, kun käyttäjä antaa tietyn syötteen.</p><p>Vastaavaan toiminnallisuuteen päästään myös ilman <code class=\"language-text\">break</code>-komentoa sopivan ehdon avulla. Alla olevat esimerkit toteuttavat molemmat ohjelman, joka laskee käyttäjän syötteiden summan kunnes käyttäjä syöttää luvun -1:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># 1. versio break-komennon avulla</span>\n\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n    summa <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> luku\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Summa on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># 2. versio ilman break-komentoa</span>\n\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">!=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">!=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        summa <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> luku\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Summa on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Molempien ohjelmien esimerkkisuoritus voisi näyttää seuraavalta:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>2</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>4</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>5</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>3</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>-1</strong>\nSumma on 14</p></sample-output><p>Molemmat versiot ovat toiminnallisuudeltaan siis käytännössä samanlaisia. Ensimmäinen tapa on kuitenkin usein helpompi, koska ehto <code class=\"language-text\">luku == -1</code> riittää kirjoittaa vain kerran eikä muuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">luku</code> tarvitse alustaa silmukan ulkopuolella.</p><p>Komentoa <code class=\"language-text\">break</code> voidaan käyttää myös silloin, kun silmukassa on annettu jokin muu ehto kuin pelkkä totuusarvo <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>. Esimerkiksi seuraava silmukka jatkuu niin kauan, kuin annettujen lukujen summa on enintään 100. Kuitenkin silmukka katkeaa myös, jos käyttäjä antaa luvun -1.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> summa <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n    summa <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> luku\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Summa on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Mahdollisia suorituksia:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>15</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>8</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>21</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>-1</strong>\nSumma on 44</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>15</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>8</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>21</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>45</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>17</strong>\nSumma on 106</p></sample-output><p>Ensimmäisessä tapauksessa silmukka päättyy, koska käyttäjä antaa luvun -1. Toisessa tapauksessa silmukka päättyy, koska lukujen summa on yli 100.</p><p>Toisaalta voisimme toteuttaa vastaavasti toimivan silmukan myös näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n    summa <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> luku\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> summa <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Summa on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"continue-komento\" style=\"position:relative;\">continue-komento<a href=\"#continue-komento\" aria-label=\"continue komento permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Komento <code class=\"language-text\">continue</code> on toinen tapa vaikuttaa silmukan suoritukseen. Kun silmukan sisällä tulee vastaan komento <code class=\"language-text\">continue</code>, hyppää suoritus välittömästi silmukan alkuun riville, jossa on silmukan ehto. Tämän jälkeen silmukan suoritus jatkuu normaalisti ehdon tarkastamisella:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 546px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/e4c20762d6e18dc80431b1926dfe4222/76aed/3_3.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 78.69565217391303%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/e4c20762d6e18dc80431b1926dfe4222/a0b58/3_3.webp 230w,\n/static/e4c20762d6e18dc80431b1926dfe4222/bc10c/3_3.webp 460w,\n/static/e4c20762d6e18dc80431b1926dfe4222/a3666/3_3.webp 546w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/e4c20762d6e18dc80431b1926dfe4222/81c8e/3_3.png 230w,\n/static/e4c20762d6e18dc80431b1926dfe4222/08a84/3_3.png 460w,\n/static/e4c20762d6e18dc80431b1926dfe4222/76aed/3_3.png 546w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/e4c20762d6e18dc80431b1926dfe4222/76aed/3_3.png\" alt=\"3 3\" title=\"3 3\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma laskee summaan mukaan vain luvut, jotka ovat pienempiä kuin 10. Jos luku on 10 tai suurempi, suoritus palaa silmukan alkuun eikä lukua lisätä summaan.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">continue</span>\n    summa <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> luku\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Summa on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>4</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>7</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>99</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>5</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>-1</strong>\nSumma on 16</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"sisakkaiset-silmukat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Sisäkkäiset silmukat<a href=\"#sisakkaiset-silmukat\" aria-label=\"sisakkaiset silmukat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Silmukoita voidaan kirjoittaa toisten silmukoiden sisään. Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma kysyy käyttäjältä silmukassa luvun ja tulostaa sen avulla lukujonon toisen silmukan avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        luku <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>4</strong>\n4\n3\n2\n1\nAnna luku: <strong>3</strong>\n3\n2\n1\nAnna luku: <strong>6</strong>\n6\n5\n4\n3\n2\n1\nAnna luku: <strong>-1</strong></p></Sample-output><p>Huomaa, että kun silmukoita on sisäkkäin, komennot <code class=\"language-text\">break</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">continue</code> vaikuttavat vain sisimpään silmukkaan. Esimerkiksi voisimme toteuttaa äskeisen ohjelman vähän eri tavalla myös näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        luku <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt jälkimmäinen <code class=\"language-text\">break</code>-komento keskeyttää vain sisimmän silmukan, joka tulostaa lukuja, jos ehto <code class=\"language-text\">luku &lt;= 0</code> pätee.</p><h2 id=\"silmukoiden-apumuuttujat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Silmukoiden apumuuttujat<a href=\"#silmukoiden-apumuuttujat\" aria-label=\"silmukoiden apumuuttujat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Olemme jo monesti käyttäneet silmukoissa apu- tai indeksimuuttujaa, jonka arvo kasvaa tai laskee jokaisella silmukan lohkon suorituskerralla. Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma tulostaa parilliset luvut käyttäjän haluamaan lukuun asti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">raja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ni <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> raja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    i <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>8</strong>\n0\n2\n4\n6</p></sample-output><p>Apumuuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">i</code> arvo on silmukkaan ensimmäistä kertaa mentäessä 0 ja se kasvaa jokaisella silmukan suorituskerralla kahdella.</p><p>Sisäkkäisten silmukoiden tapauksessa on tilanteita, joissa sisempi silmukka tarvitsee oman indeksimuuttujansa. Seuraava ohjelma tulostaa käyttäjän antamaan lukuun perustuvan \"lukupyramidin\":</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    i <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> \"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> end<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        i <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>5</strong>\n0 1 2 3 4\n0 1 2 3\n0 1 2\n0 1\n0</p></sample-output><p>Nyt sisemmässä silmukassa on käytössä apumuuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">i</code>, jonka arvo on aina sisempään silmukkaan mentäessä 0. Muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">i</code> arvo kasvaa yhden välein, kunnes se on yhtä suuri kuin muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">luku</code> nykyinen arvo, joka taas vähenee ulomman silmukan vuoksi kohti nollaa.</p><p>Sisempi silmukka tulostaa apumuuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">i</code> arvot välilyönnillä eroteltuna samalle riville. Kun sisempi silmukka päättyy, tulostetaan aina rivinvaihto komennolla <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>.</p><p>Jos et ole täysin varma, että ymmärrät esimerkkikoodin toiminnan, kokeile kopioida koodi Python Tutorin <a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">visualisaattoriin</a> ja tarkastele, mitä ohjelma tulostaa ja miten muuttujien arvot vaihtuvat koodin edetessä.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Kertotaulut\" tmcname=\"osa03-15b_kertotaulut\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä positiivisen kokonaisluvun. Ohjelma tulostaa esimerkkitulostuksen mukaisesti kertolaskuja lukuun asti:</p><p>Esimerkkisuorituksia:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: 2\n1 x 1 = 1\n1 x 2 = 2\n2 x 1 = 2\n2 x 2 = 4</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: 3\n1 x 1 = 1\n1 x 2 = 2\n1 x 3 = 3\n2 x 1 = 2\n2 x 2 = 4\n2 x 3 = 6\n3 x 1 = 3\n3 x 2 = 6\n3 x 3 = 9</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Sanojen ensimmäiset kirjaimet\" tmcname=\"osa03-16_sanojen_ensimmaiset_kirjaimet\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä lauseen. Ohjelma tulostaa jokaisen sanan ensimmäisen kirjaimen ruudulle omille riveilleen.</p><p>Esimerkkisuoritus:</p><sample-output><p>Anna lause: <strong>Vesihiisi sihisi hississä</strong>\nV\ns\nh</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Kertomat\" tmcname=\"osa03-17_kertomat\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä kokonaisluvun. Jos käyttäjä syöttää negatiivisen luvun tai nollan, ohjelman suoritus päättyy. Muuten ohjelma tulostaa luvun kertoman.</p><p>Kertoma lasketaan kertomalla keskenään luku ja kaikki sitä pienemmät positiiviset kokonaisluvut. Esim. luvun 5 kertoma on 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 = 120.</p><p>Esimerkkisuorituksia:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>3</strong>\nLuvun 3 kertoma on 6\nAnna luku: <strong>4</strong>\nLuvun 4 kertoma on 24\nAnna luku: <strong>-1</strong>\nKiitos ja moi!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>1</strong>\nLuvun 1 kertoma on 1\nAnna luku: <strong>0</strong>\nKiitos ja moi!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Parit ympäri\" tmcname=\"osa03-18_parit_ympari\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka tulostaa luvut 1:stä käyttäjän antamaan lukuun. 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1 2 3 4\n0 1 2 3\n0 1 2\n0 1\n0"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Nyt sisemmässä silmukassa on käytössä apumuuttuja "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"i"}]},{"type":"text","value":", jonka arvo on aina sisempään silmukkaan mentäessä 0. 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Muuten ohjelma tulostaa luvun kertoman."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kertoma lasketaan kertomalla keskenään luku ja kaikki sitä pienemmät positiiviset kokonaisluvut. 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Luvut on kuitenkin käännetty pareittain ympäri."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna luku: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n2\n1\n4\n3\n5"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna luku: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n2\n1\n4\n3\n6\n5"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Vuorotellen","tmcname":"osa03-19_vuorotellen"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä luvun ja tulostaa sitten lukuja vuorotellen seuraavien esimerkkien mukaisesti."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna luku: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n1\n5\n2\n4\n3"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna luku: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n1\n6\n2\n5\n3\n4"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"c7b69cde-08a4-5de2-9d23-3315903be6ec"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Ymmärrät milloin <code class=\"language-text\">break</code>-komentoa tarvitaan silmukan keskeyttämiseen</li>\n<li>Osaat siirtyä silmukan seuraavalle kierrokselle <code class=\"language-text\">continue</code>-komennolla</li>\n<li>Ymmärrät sisäkkäisen silmukan toiminnan</li>\n</ul></text-box><h2 id=\"break-komento\" style=\"position:relative;\">break-komento<a href=\"#break-komento\" aria-label=\"break komento permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Aiemmin silmukoiden yhteydessä tutustuttiin <code class=\"language-text\">break</code>-komentoon. Komennolla voidaan katkaista silmukan suoritus välittömästi. Tyypillinen esimerkki komennon käytöstä on silmukka, jossa kysytään käyttäjältä syötteitä, ja suoritus päättyy, kun käyttäjä antaa tietyn syötteen.</p><p>Vastaavaan toiminnallisuuteen päästään myös ilman <code class=\"language-text\">break</code>-komentoa sopivan ehdon avulla. Alla olevat esimerkit toteuttavat molemmat ohjelman, joka laskee käyttäjän syötteiden summan kunnes käyttäjä syöttää luvun -1:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># 1. versio break-komennon avulla</span>\n\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n    summa <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> luku\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Summa on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># 2. versio ilman break-komentoa</span>\n\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">!=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">!=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        summa <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> luku\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Summa on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Molempien ohjelmien esimerkkisuoritus voisi näyttää seuraavalta:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>2</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>4</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>5</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>3</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>-1</strong>\nSumma on 14</p></sample-output><p>Molemmat versiot ovat toiminnallisuudeltaan siis käytännössä samanlaisia. Ensimmäinen tapa on kuitenkin usein helpompi, koska ehto <code class=\"language-text\">luku == -1</code> riittää kirjoittaa vain kerran eikä muuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">luku</code> tarvitse alustaa silmukan ulkopuolella.</p><p>Komentoa <code class=\"language-text\">break</code> voidaan käyttää myös silloin, kun silmukassa on annettu jokin muu ehto kuin pelkkä totuusarvo <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>. Esimerkiksi seuraava silmukka jatkuu niin kauan, kuin annettujen lukujen summa on enintään 100. Kuitenkin silmukka katkeaa myös, jos käyttäjä antaa luvun -1.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> summa <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n    summa <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> luku\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Summa on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Mahdollisia suorituksia:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>15</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>8</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>21</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>-1</strong>\nSumma on 44</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>15</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>8</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>21</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>45</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>17</strong>\nSumma on 106</p></sample-output><p>Ensimmäisessä tapauksessa silmukka päättyy, koska käyttäjä antaa luvun -1. Toisessa tapauksessa silmukka päättyy, koska lukujen summa on yli 100.</p><p>Toisaalta voisimme toteuttaa vastaavasti toimivan silmukan myös näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n    summa <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> luku\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> summa <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Summa on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"continue-komento\" style=\"position:relative;\">continue-komento<a href=\"#continue-komento\" aria-label=\"continue komento permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Komento <code class=\"language-text\">continue</code> on toinen tapa vaikuttaa silmukan suoritukseen. Kun silmukan sisällä tulee vastaan komento <code class=\"language-text\">continue</code>, hyppää suoritus välittömästi silmukan alkuun riville, jossa on silmukan ehto. Tämän jälkeen silmukan suoritus jatkuu normaalisti ehdon tarkastamisella:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 546px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/e4c20762d6e18dc80431b1926dfe4222/76aed/3_3.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 78.69565217391303%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/e4c20762d6e18dc80431b1926dfe4222/a0b58/3_3.webp 230w,\n/static/e4c20762d6e18dc80431b1926dfe4222/bc10c/3_3.webp 460w,\n/static/e4c20762d6e18dc80431b1926dfe4222/a3666/3_3.webp 546w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/e4c20762d6e18dc80431b1926dfe4222/81c8e/3_3.png 230w,\n/static/e4c20762d6e18dc80431b1926dfe4222/08a84/3_3.png 460w,\n/static/e4c20762d6e18dc80431b1926dfe4222/76aed/3_3.png 546w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/e4c20762d6e18dc80431b1926dfe4222/76aed/3_3.png\" alt=\"3 3\" title=\"3 3\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma laskee summaan mukaan vain luvut, jotka ovat pienempiä kuin 10. Jos luku on 10 tai suurempi, suoritus palaa silmukan alkuun eikä lukua lisätä summaan.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">continue</span>\n    summa <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> luku\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Summa on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>4</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>7</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>99</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>5</strong>\nAnna luku, -1 lopettaa: <strong>-1</strong>\nSumma on 16</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"sisakkaiset-silmukat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Sisäkkäiset silmukat<a href=\"#sisakkaiset-silmukat\" aria-label=\"sisakkaiset silmukat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Silmukoita voidaan kirjoittaa toisten silmukoiden sisään. Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma kysyy käyttäjältä silmukassa luvun ja tulostaa sen avulla lukujonon toisen silmukan avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        luku <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>4</strong>\n4\n3\n2\n1\nAnna luku: <strong>3</strong>\n3\n2\n1\nAnna luku: <strong>6</strong>\n6\n5\n4\n3\n2\n1\nAnna luku: <strong>-1</strong></p></Sample-output><p>Huomaa, että kun silmukoita on sisäkkäin, komennot <code class=\"language-text\">break</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">continue</code> vaikuttavat vain sisimpään silmukkaan. Esimerkiksi voisimme toteuttaa äskeisen ohjelman vähän eri tavalla myös näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        luku <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt jälkimmäinen <code class=\"language-text\">break</code>-komento keskeyttää vain sisimmän silmukan, joka tulostaa lukuja, jos ehto <code class=\"language-text\">luku &lt;= 0</code> pätee.</p><h2 id=\"silmukoiden-apumuuttujat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Silmukoiden apumuuttujat<a href=\"#silmukoiden-apumuuttujat\" aria-label=\"silmukoiden apumuuttujat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Olemme jo monesti käyttäneet silmukoissa apu- tai indeksimuuttujaa, jonka arvo kasvaa tai laskee jokaisella silmukan lohkon suorituskerralla. Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma tulostaa parilliset luvut käyttäjän haluamaan lukuun asti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">raja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ni <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> raja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    i <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>8</strong>\n0\n2\n4\n6</p></sample-output><p>Apumuuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">i</code> arvo on silmukkaan ensimmäistä kertaa mentäessä 0 ja se kasvaa jokaisella silmukan suorituskerralla kahdella.</p><p>Sisäkkäisten silmukoiden tapauksessa on tilanteita, joissa sisempi silmukka tarvitsee oman indeksimuuttujansa. Seuraava ohjelma tulostaa käyttäjän antamaan lukuun perustuvan \"lukupyramidin\":</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    i <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> i <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> \"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> end<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        i <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>5</strong>\n0 1 2 3 4\n0 1 2 3\n0 1 2\n0 1\n0</p></sample-output><p>Nyt sisemmässä silmukassa on käytössä apumuuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">i</code>, jonka arvo on aina sisempään silmukkaan mentäessä 0. Muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">i</code> arvo kasvaa yhden välein, kunnes se on yhtä suuri kuin muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">luku</code> nykyinen arvo, joka taas vähenee ulomman silmukan vuoksi kohti nollaa.</p><p>Sisempi silmukka tulostaa apumuuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">i</code> arvot välilyönnillä eroteltuna samalle riville. Kun sisempi silmukka päättyy, tulostetaan aina rivinvaihto komennolla <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>.</p><p>Jos et ole täysin varma, että ymmärrät esimerkkikoodin toiminnan, kokeile kopioida koodi Python Tutorin <a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">visualisaattoriin</a> ja tarkastele, mitä ohjelma tulostaa ja miten muuttujien arvot vaihtuvat koodin edetessä.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Kertotaulut\" tmcname=\"osa03-15b_kertotaulut\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä positiivisen kokonaisluvun. Ohjelma tulostaa esimerkkitulostuksen mukaisesti kertolaskuja lukuun asti:</p><p>Esimerkkisuorituksia:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: 2\n1 x 1 = 1\n1 x 2 = 2\n2 x 1 = 2\n2 x 2 = 4</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: 3\n1 x 1 = 1\n1 x 2 = 2\n1 x 3 = 3\n2 x 1 = 2\n2 x 2 = 4\n2 x 3 = 6\n3 x 1 = 3\n3 x 2 = 6\n3 x 3 = 9</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Sanojen ensimmäiset kirjaimet\" tmcname=\"osa03-16_sanojen_ensimmaiset_kirjaimet\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä lauseen. Ohjelma tulostaa jokaisen sanan ensimmäisen kirjaimen ruudulle omille riveilleen.</p><p>Esimerkkisuoritus:</p><sample-output><p>Anna lause: <strong>Vesihiisi sihisi hississä</strong>\nV\ns\nh</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Kertomat\" tmcname=\"osa03-17_kertomat\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä kokonaisluvun. Jos käyttäjä syöttää negatiivisen luvun tai nollan, ohjelman suoritus päättyy. Muuten ohjelma tulostaa luvun kertoman.</p><p>Kertoma lasketaan kertomalla keskenään luku ja kaikki sitä pienemmät positiiviset kokonaisluvut. Esim. luvun 5 kertoma on 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 = 120.</p><p>Esimerkkisuorituksia:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>3</strong>\nLuvun 3 kertoma on 6\nAnna luku: <strong>4</strong>\nLuvun 4 kertoma on 24\nAnna luku: <strong>-1</strong>\nKiitos ja moi!</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>1</strong>\nLuvun 1 kertoma on 1\nAnna luku: <strong>0</strong>\nKiitos ja moi!</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Parit ympäri\" tmcname=\"osa03-18_parit_ympari\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka tulostaa luvut 1:stä käyttäjän antamaan lukuun. Luvut on kuitenkin käännetty pareittain ympäri.</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>5</strong>\n2\n1\n4\n3\n5</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>6</strong>\n2\n1\n4\n3\n6\n5</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Vuorotellen\" tmcname=\"osa03-19_vuorotellen\"><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä luvun ja tulostaa sitten lukuja vuorotellen seuraavien esimerkkien mukaisesti.</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>5</strong>\n1\n5\n2\n4\n3</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>6</strong>\n1\n6\n2\n5\n3\n4</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"c7b69cde-08a4-5de2-9d23-3315903be6ec\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-3/3-lisaa-silmukoista","title":"Lisää 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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tulosta_monesti(merkkijono, kertaa)"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka saa parametriksi merkkijonon sekä kokonaisluvun, joka kertoo, montako kertaa funktion tulee tulostaa parametrina saamansa merkkijono:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tulosta_monesti"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"hei\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" 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suo, kuokka ja Python\""}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkertaa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\ntulosta_monesti"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"merkkijono"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" kertaa"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"hei\nhei\nhei\nhei\nhei"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Alussa olivat suo, kuokka ja Python.\nAlussa olivat suo, kuokka ja Python.\nAlussa olivat suo, kuokka ja Python."}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Risuneliö","tmcname":"osa03-23_risunelio"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"risunelio(pituus)"}]},{"type":"text","value":" joka saa parametriksi kokonaisluvun, joka kertoo kuinka suuri risuneliö funktion pitää tulostaa:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"risunelio"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nrisunelio"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"###\n###\n###\n\n#####\n#####\n#####\n#####\n#####\n"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Shakkilauta","tmcname":"osa03-26_shakkilauta"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"shakkilauta"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka tulostaa shakkilaudan numeroista 0 ja 1 alla olevien esimerkkien mukaisesti."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"shakkilauta"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nshakkilauta"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"101\n010\n101\n\n101010\n010101\n101010\n010101\n101010\n010101\n"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Sananeliö","tmcname":"osa03-27_sananelio"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"nelio"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka tulostaa sananeliön alla olevien esimerkkien mukaisesti."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"nelio"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"ab\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nnelio"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"aybabtu\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"aba\nbab\naba\n\naybab\ntuayb\nabtua\nybabt\nuayba\n"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"ecfc4b08-6ee4-514c-a830-a2d846364928"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"3f7c6a3f-40a6-5e2b-ba4a-5acddee4b9b7"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat luoda oman funktion ja kutsua sitä</li>\n<li>Ymmärrät, mikä on funktion parametri</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää parametreja omissa funktioissa</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Aikaisemmissa osissa on käytetty esimerkiksi funktioita <code class=\"language-text\">len</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">print</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">input</code> eri tarkoituksiin. Nämä ovat Pythonin sisäänrakennettuja funktioita, mutta voimme myös määritellä omia funktioita.</p><h2 id=\"funktion-maarittely\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktion määrittely<a href=\"#funktion-maarittely\" aria-label=\"funktion maarittely permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Oma funktio määritellään avainsanalla <code class=\"language-text\">def</code> (lyhenne sanasta define). Funktiolle annetaan jokin <em>nimi</em>, jonka jälkeen on alku- ja loppusulku. Tämän jälkeen annetaan lohkossa funktioon kuuluva koodi.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi määrittelee funktion <code class=\"language-text\">viesti</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">viesti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tämä on oma funktio!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos yllä oleva ohjelma suoritetaan, se ei näytä tekevän mitään. Tämä johtuu siitä, että funktion sisältämä koodi suoritetaan vasta silloin, kun funktiota <em>kutsutaan</em>.</p><p>Funktion kutsuminen tapahtuu funktion nimellä. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi kutsuu funktiota:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">viesti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tämä on oma funktio!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nviesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Tämä on oma funktio!</p></sample-output><p>Samaa funktiota voidaan määrittelyn jälkeen kutsua useita kertoja.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">viesti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tämä on oma funktio!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nviesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nviesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nviesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Tämä on oma funktio!\nTämä on oma funktio!\nTämä on oma funktio!</p></sample-output><text-box variant='hint' name='Omien funktioiden testaaminen'><p>Huom! Tästä eteenpäin valtaosassa kurssin tehtäviä pyydetään kirjoittamaan oma funktio (tai funktioita).</p><p>Kun ohjelma koostuu pelkästään funktiosta, ei sen suorittaminen näytä tekevän mitään. Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma ei tulosta mitään:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">moikkaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktion <code class=\"language-text\">moikkaa</code> sisällä oleva koodi suoritetaan vasta, kun funktiota kutsutaan.</p><p>Funktion alla olevaan \"pääohjelmaan\" kannattaa siis kirjoittaa sopivia funktiokutsuja ohjelman testaamiseksi, esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">moikkaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Pääohjelma on se ohjelman osa, joka ei ole minkään funktion sisällä</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Kutsutaan omaa funktiota</span>\n\nmoikkaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p><strong>Tärkeä huomio</strong>: kurssin tehtävien testit edellyttävät, että funktioita testaava pääohjelma tulee kirjoittaa seuraavasti määriteltyyn <code class=\"language-text\">if</code>-lohkoon:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">moikkaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Kirjoita pääohjelma aina seuraavanlaisen lohkon sisälle</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    moikkaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Lohkon ulkopuolelle jätetty testikoodi aiheuttaa seuraavan virheilmoituksen:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/198bfb36dc5d02ba030280b89c26ecee/7575b/3_4_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 70.43478260869564%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/198bfb36dc5d02ba030280b89c26ecee/a0b58/3_4_1.webp 230w,\n/static/198bfb36dc5d02ba030280b89c26ecee/bc10c/3_4_1.webp 460w,\n/static/198bfb36dc5d02ba030280b89c26ecee/966d8/3_4_1.webp 920w,\n/static/198bfb36dc5d02ba030280b89c26ecee/445df/3_4_1.webp 1380w,\n/static/198bfb36dc5d02ba030280b89c26ecee/40fa0/3_4_1.webp 1608w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/198bfb36dc5d02ba030280b89c26ecee/81c8e/3_4_1.png 230w,\n/static/198bfb36dc5d02ba030280b89c26ecee/08a84/3_4_1.png 460w,\n/static/198bfb36dc5d02ba030280b89c26ecee/c0255/3_4_1.png 920w,\n/static/198bfb36dc5d02ba030280b89c26ecee/b1001/3_4_1.png 1380w,\n/static/198bfb36dc5d02ba030280b89c26ecee/7575b/3_4_1.png 1608w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/198bfb36dc5d02ba030280b89c26ecee/c0255/3_4_1.png\" alt=\"3 4 1\" title=\"3 4 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Kannattaa myös huomata, että testit eivät suorita <code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code> -lohkon sisälle kirjoitettua koodia eikä sinne tule sijoittaa tehtävien edellyttämää koodia.</p></text-box><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Seitsemän veljestä\" tmcname=\"osa03-21_seitseman_veljesta\"><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">seitseman_veljesta</code> jonka kutsuminen tulostaa seitsemän veljeksen nimet aakkosjärjestyksessä:</p><sample-output><p>Aapo\nEero\nJuhani\nLauri\nSimeoni\nTimo\nTuomas</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"funktion-parametri\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktion parametri<a href=\"#funktion-parametri\" aria-label=\"funktion parametri permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Usein funktiolla on yksi tai useampi <em>parametri</em>, jolla sen toimintaan voi vaikuttaa. Esimerkiksi Pythonin valmiissa funktioissa <code class=\"language-text\">print</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">input</code> parametrin avulla annetaan näytettävä teksti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hei!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>                     <span class=\"token comment\"># parametrina merkkijono \"Hei!\"</span>\nnimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kerro nimesi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>    <span class=\"token comment\"># parametrina merkkijono \"Kerro nimesi: \"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>                       <span class=\"token comment\"># parametrina muuttujan nimi arvo</span></code></pre></div><p>Voimme määritellä parametreja myös omille funktioillemme. Parametrit määritellään funktion nimen jälkeen olevien sulkujen sisällä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tervehdi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kohde<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hei\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kohde<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos funktiota kutsutaan kaksi kertaa</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"maailma!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>tulostaa se kaksi erilaista tervehdystä:</p><sample-output><p>Hei Emilia\nHei maailma!</p></sample-output><p>Katsotaan funktion määrittelyä vielä tarkemmin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tervehdi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kohde<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hei\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kohde<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Määrittelimme ensimmäisellä rivillä, että funktion parametri on nimeltään <code class=\"language-text\">kohde</code>. Toisella rivillä <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komento käyttää parametrissa <code class=\"language-text\">kohde</code> olevaa arvoa.</p><p>Kun funktiota kutsutaan, saa parametri <em>funktiokutsussa</em> annettavan arvon. Esimerkiksi kun kutsutaan</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span>\ntervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>niin parametrin <code class=\"language-text\">kohde</code> arvo funktiossa on merkkijono <code class=\"language-text\">Antti</code>.</p><p>Funktioiden ja parametrien nimeämistä koskevat samat periaatteet kuin mitä olemme jo aiemmin käsitelleet, eli nimien kannattaa olla kuvaavia ja käytössä ovat ensisijaisesti pienet kirjaimet sekä alaviiva.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Ensimmäinen merkki\" tmcname=\"osa03-22_ensimmainen_merkki\"><p>Täydennä koodipohjassa oleva funktio <code class=\"language-text\">ensimmainen</code> siten, että se tulostaa parametrinaan saamansa merkkijonon ensimmäisen merkin.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">ensimmainen</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>merkkijono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n     <span class=\"token comment\"># kirjoita koodia tähän</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># kokeillaan funktiota:</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    ensimmainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">'python'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    ensimmainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">'yhtälö'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    ensimmainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">'tieto'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    ensimmainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">'huominen'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    ensimmainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">'omena'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    ensimmainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">'nukkumaanmenoaika'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>p\ny\nt\nh\no\nn</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><text-box variant='hint' name='Omien funktioiden testaaminen: parametrit'><p>Kun omassa funktiossa on määritelty yksi tai useampia parametreja, kannattaa funktiota testata usealla erilaisella parametrilla.</p><p>Kannattaa erityisesti miettiä, toimivatko myös \"erikoistapaukset\": mitä funktio esimerkiksi tekee, jos sille annetaan negatiivinen luku tai liukuluku kokonaisluvun sijasta.</p><p>Jos tehtävänannossa ei ole erityisesti käsketty kirjoittamaan tiettyjä funktiokutsuja, voit vapaasti lisätä omia kutsujasi pääohjelmaan ja testit jättävät nämä huomiotta.</p></text-box><h2 id=\"lisaa-esimerkkeja\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lisää esimerkkejä<a href=\"#lisaa-esimerkkeja\" aria-label=\"lisaa esimerkkeja permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Katsotaan vielä pari muuta esimerkkiä parametrien käyttämisestä. Seuraavassa funktiossa parametri on luku:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">nelio</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Luvun </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> neliö on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>x <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nnelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Luvun 2 neliö on 4\nLuvun 5 neliö on 25</p></sample-output><p>Seuraavassa esimerkissä funktion sisällä on ehtorakenne:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tervehdi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Heippa,\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moikka,\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Matti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Heippa, Emilia\nMoikka, Matti</p></sample-output><p>Seuraavassa funktiossa puolestaan on kaksi parametria:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> x <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> y\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Parametrien </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> ja </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> summa on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> \"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsumma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Parametrien 1 ja 2 summa on 3\nParametrien 5 ja 24 summa on 29</p></sample-output><p>Funktio myös määrittelee \"apumuuttujan\" <em>tulos</em>, mihin se sijoittaa parametriensa summan.</p><p>Huomaa, että parametrien nimillä ei ole mitään tekemistä funktion ulkopuolella olevien muuttujien kanssa. Esimerkiksi jos kutsumme äskeistä funktiota</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span>\ny <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">30</span>\nsumma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>niin tuloksena on:</p><sample-output><p>Parametrien 1 ja 2 summa on 3\nParametrien 130 ja 10 summa on 140</p></sample-output><p>Ensimmäisessä kutsussa parametrien arvot funktion sisällä ovat <code class=\"language-text\">x = 1</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">y = 2</code>, ja toisessa kutsussa arvot ovat <code class=\"language-text\">x = 130</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">y = 10</code>.</p><p>Palaamme funktioihin ja parametrien määrittelyyn tarkemmin seuraavan osan alussa.</p><!--vastaava varoitusteksti löytyy osioista 3-4, 4-6 ja 5-1, tsekkaa kaikki jos muokkaat tätä--><h2 id=\"varoitus-globaalin-muuttujan-kaytto-funktion-sisalla\" style=\"position:relative;\">Varoitus: globaalin muuttujan käyttö funktion sisällä<a href=\"#varoitus-globaalin-muuttujan-kaytto-funktion-sisalla\" aria-label=\"varoitus globaalin muuttujan kaytto funktion sisalla permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kuten olemme nähneet, funktioiden sisällä on mahdollista määritellä muuttujia. Kannattaa myös huomata se, että funktio näkee sen ulkopuolella eli pääohjelmassa määritellyt muuttujat. Tälläisia muuttujia sanotaan <em>globaaleiksi</em> muuttujiksi.</p><p>Globaalien muuttujien käyttämistä funktioista käsin ei useimmiten pidetä hyvänä asiana muun muassa siksi, että ne saattavat johtaa ikäviin bugeihin.</p><p>Seuraavassa on esimerkki funktiosta, joka käyttää \"vahingossa\" globaalia muuttujaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># globaali muuttuja</span>\nnimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tervehdi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>etunimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># tulostetaan vahingossa parametrin sijaan globaalin muuttujan arvo</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hei\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Hei Emilia\nHei Emilia</p></sample-output><p>Vaikka funktiota kutsutaan oikein, se tulostaa aina globaalissa muuttujassa olevan nimen <em>Emilia</em>.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Keskiarvo\" tmcname=\"osa03-25_keskiarvo\"><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">keskiarvo</code>, joka saa parametrina kolme kokonaislukua. Funktio tulostaa parametriensa keskiarvon.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">keskiarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkeskiarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>3.0\n4.0</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Monta tulostusta\" tmcname=\"osa03-24_monta_tulostusta\"><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">tulosta_monesti(merkkijono, kertaa)</code>, joka saa parametriksi merkkijonon sekä kokonaisluvun, joka kertoo, montako kertaa funktion tulee tulostaa parametrina saamansa merkkijono:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tulosta_monesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"hei\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nmerkkijono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Alussa olivat suo, kuokka ja Python\"</span>\nkertaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\ntulosta_monesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>merkkijono<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kertaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>hei\nhei\nhei\nhei\nhei</p><p>Alussa olivat suo, kuokka ja Python.\nAlussa olivat suo, kuokka ja Python.\nAlussa olivat suo, kuokka ja Python.</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Risuneliö\" tmcname=\"osa03-23_risunelio\"><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">risunelio(pituus)</code> joka saa parametriksi kokonaisluvun, joka kertoo kuinka suuri risuneliö funktion pitää tulostaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">risunelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nrisunelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\n###\n###\n###\n\n#####\n#####\n#####\n#####\n#####\n</pre></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Shakkilauta\" tmcname=\"osa03-26_shakkilauta\"><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">shakkilauta</code>, joka tulostaa shakkilaudan numeroista 0 ja 1 alla olevien esimerkkien mukaisesti.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">shakkilauta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nshakkilauta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\n101\n010\n101\n\n101010\n010101\n101010\n010101\n101010\n010101\n</pre></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Sananeliö\" tmcname=\"osa03-27_sananelio\"><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">nelio</code>, joka tulostaa sananeliön alla olevien esimerkkien mukaisesti.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ab\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"aybabtu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\naba\nbab\naba\n\naybab\ntuayb\nabtua\nybabt\nuayba\n</pre></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"ecfc4b08-6ee4-514c-a830-a2d846364928\"></quiz></div><p>Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:</p><div><quiz id=\"3f7c6a3f-40a6-5e2b-ba4a-5acddee4b9b7\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-3/4-omat-funktiot","title":"Omat funktiot"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-3/4-omat-funktiot.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki 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mukaisesti."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"shakkilauta"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nshakkilauta"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"101\n010\n101\n\n101010\n010101\n101010\n010101\n101010\n010101\n"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Sananeliö","tmcname":"osa03-27_sananelio"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"nelio"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka tulostaa sananeliön alla olevien esimerkkien mukaisesti."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"nelio"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"ab\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nnelio"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"aybabtu\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"aba\nbab\naba\n\naybab\ntuayb\nabtua\nybabt\nuayba\n"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"ecfc4b08-6ee4-514c-a830-a2d846364928"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"3f7c6a3f-40a6-5e2b-ba4a-5acddee4b9b7"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat luoda oman funktion ja kutsua sitä</li>\n<li>Ymmärrät, mikä on funktion parametri</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää parametreja omissa funktioissa</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Aikaisemmissa osissa on käytetty esimerkiksi funktioita <code class=\"language-text\">len</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">print</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">input</code> eri tarkoituksiin. Nämä ovat Pythonin sisäänrakennettuja funktioita, mutta voimme myös määritellä omia funktioita.</p><h2 id=\"funktion-maarittely\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktion määrittely<a href=\"#funktion-maarittely\" aria-label=\"funktion maarittely permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Oma funktio määritellään avainsanalla <code class=\"language-text\">def</code> (lyhenne sanasta define). Funktiolle annetaan jokin <em>nimi</em>, jonka jälkeen on alku- ja loppusulku. Tämän jälkeen annetaan lohkossa funktioon kuuluva koodi.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi määrittelee funktion <code class=\"language-text\">viesti</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">viesti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tämä on oma funktio!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos yllä oleva ohjelma suoritetaan, se ei näytä tekevän mitään. Tämä johtuu siitä, että funktion sisältämä koodi suoritetaan vasta silloin, kun funktiota <em>kutsutaan</em>.</p><p>Funktion kutsuminen tapahtuu funktion nimellä. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi kutsuu funktiota:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">viesti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tämä on oma funktio!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nviesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Tämä on oma funktio!</p></sample-output><p>Samaa funktiota voidaan määrittelyn jälkeen kutsua useita kertoja.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">viesti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tämä on oma funktio!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nviesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nviesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nviesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Tämä on oma funktio!\nTämä on oma funktio!\nTämä on oma funktio!</p></sample-output><text-box variant='hint' name='Omien funktioiden testaaminen'><p>Huom! Tästä eteenpäin valtaosassa kurssin tehtäviä pyydetään kirjoittamaan oma funktio (tai funktioita).</p><p>Kun ohjelma koostuu pelkästään funktiosta, ei sen suorittaminen näytä tekevän mitään. Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma ei tulosta mitään:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">moikkaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktion <code class=\"language-text\">moikkaa</code> sisällä oleva koodi suoritetaan vasta, kun funktiota kutsutaan.</p><p>Funktion alla olevaan \"pääohjelmaan\" kannattaa siis kirjoittaa sopivia funktiokutsuja ohjelman testaamiseksi, esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">moikkaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Pääohjelma on se ohjelman osa, joka ei ole minkään funktion sisällä</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Kutsutaan omaa funktiota</span>\n\nmoikkaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p><strong>Tärkeä huomio</strong>: kurssin tehtävien testit edellyttävät, että funktioita testaava pääohjelma tulee kirjoittaa seuraavasti määriteltyyn <code class=\"language-text\">if</code>-lohkoon:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">moikkaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Kirjoita pääohjelma aina seuraavanlaisen lohkon sisälle</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    moikkaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Lohkon ulkopuolelle jätetty testikoodi aiheuttaa seuraavan virheilmoituksen:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/198bfb36dc5d02ba030280b89c26ecee/7575b/3_4_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 70.43478260869564%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAOCAIAAACgpqunAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAABpUlEQVQoz8WTPW8TQRCG7ycixEdFigiQECKipOEn0OQXEIFMESw7HyBEkFKkCDFWFBGwIM7Zudjn+4739nbvbmd3ZsEBghREFCoePZpiRm81M07Gsr7fLwVIWZZClKUEALwcjgJQ2jBWRUGWjkc5m2oNRHixiAbROKDBoOE8LwrOeS5kcTa7QK2hrmtHa20t2d/QJSWis/A/S4T/MWzOh2cgERAZol8tIkvC2B+WpxWQnKU9eWVZzq2Kmy15tcFuPI2vLSULa/njd8XDV/mddn5vlV9virmVotUdNXeG7a7X6IQvtr3NQ+483xO31tX9DZjfwNvPooUnnx8sHjS2sjcfi9aH/GWHtXeyR2/l3ddyfXe00nHXuoPmbrj8frjlcke5B/aob09SmwR2GluWWpZiNIEw0HGo01gbTajJ2op+WqOt0Goip+ztn/Q+HXve5GgY+/5oMDh23WQ8zpN4GoV5moqiYIwRnb+C2Z6r3n729Ys3CcIwGvt+EIaFkELKqq65EAbR/oVZuHQPIYkBUSkFAEopRCQiY8zsSo3Rp5g/+P4Y3wBFRBaDdLVPZAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/198bfb36dc5d02ba030280b89c26ecee/a0b58/3_4_1.webp 230w,\n/static/198bfb36dc5d02ba030280b89c26ecee/bc10c/3_4_1.webp 460w,\n/static/198bfb36dc5d02ba030280b89c26ecee/966d8/3_4_1.webp 920w,\n/static/198bfb36dc5d02ba030280b89c26ecee/445df/3_4_1.webp 1380w,\n/static/198bfb36dc5d02ba030280b89c26ecee/40fa0/3_4_1.webp 1608w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/198bfb36dc5d02ba030280b89c26ecee/81c8e/3_4_1.png 230w,\n/static/198bfb36dc5d02ba030280b89c26ecee/08a84/3_4_1.png 460w,\n/static/198bfb36dc5d02ba030280b89c26ecee/c0255/3_4_1.png 920w,\n/static/198bfb36dc5d02ba030280b89c26ecee/b1001/3_4_1.png 1380w,\n/static/198bfb36dc5d02ba030280b89c26ecee/7575b/3_4_1.png 1608w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/198bfb36dc5d02ba030280b89c26ecee/c0255/3_4_1.png\" alt=\"3 4 1\" title=\"3 4 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Kannattaa myös huomata, että testit eivät suorita <code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code> -lohkon sisälle kirjoitettua koodia eikä sinne tule sijoittaa tehtävien edellyttämää koodia.</p></text-box><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Seitsemän veljestä\" tmcname=\"osa03-21_seitseman_veljesta\"><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">seitseman_veljesta</code> jonka kutsuminen tulostaa seitsemän veljeksen nimet aakkosjärjestyksessä:</p><sample-output><p>Aapo\nEero\nJuhani\nLauri\nSimeoni\nTimo\nTuomas</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><h2 id=\"funktion-parametri\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktion parametri<a href=\"#funktion-parametri\" aria-label=\"funktion parametri permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Usein funktiolla on yksi tai useampi <em>parametri</em>, jolla sen toimintaan voi vaikuttaa. Esimerkiksi Pythonin valmiissa funktioissa <code class=\"language-text\">print</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">input</code> parametrin avulla annetaan näytettävä teksti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hei!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>                     <span class=\"token comment\"># parametrina merkkijono \"Hei!\"</span>\nnimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kerro nimesi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>    <span class=\"token comment\"># parametrina merkkijono \"Kerro nimesi: \"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>                       <span class=\"token comment\"># parametrina muuttujan nimi arvo</span></code></pre></div><p>Voimme määritellä parametreja myös omille funktioillemme. Parametrit määritellään funktion nimen jälkeen olevien sulkujen sisällä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tervehdi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kohde<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hei\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kohde<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos funktiota kutsutaan kaksi kertaa</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"maailma!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>tulostaa se kaksi erilaista tervehdystä:</p><sample-output><p>Hei Emilia\nHei maailma!</p></sample-output><p>Katsotaan funktion määrittelyä vielä tarkemmin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tervehdi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kohde<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hei\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kohde<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Määrittelimme ensimmäisellä rivillä, että funktion parametri on nimeltään <code class=\"language-text\">kohde</code>. Toisella rivillä <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komento käyttää parametrissa <code class=\"language-text\">kohde</code> olevaa arvoa.</p><p>Kun funktiota kutsutaan, saa parametri <em>funktiokutsussa</em> annettavan arvon. Esimerkiksi kun kutsutaan</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span>\ntervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>niin parametrin <code class=\"language-text\">kohde</code> arvo funktiossa on merkkijono <code class=\"language-text\">Antti</code>.</p><p>Funktioiden ja parametrien nimeämistä koskevat samat periaatteet kuin mitä olemme jo aiemmin käsitelleet, eli nimien kannattaa olla kuvaavia ja käytössä ovat ensisijaisesti pienet kirjaimet sekä alaviiva.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Ensimmäinen merkki\" tmcname=\"osa03-22_ensimmainen_merkki\"><p>Täydennä koodipohjassa oleva funktio <code class=\"language-text\">ensimmainen</code> siten, että se tulostaa parametrinaan saamansa merkkijonon ensimmäisen merkin.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">ensimmainen</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>merkkijono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n     <span class=\"token comment\"># kirjoita koodia tähän</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># kokeillaan funktiota:</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    ensimmainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">'python'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    ensimmainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">'yhtälö'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    ensimmainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">'tieto'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    ensimmainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">'huominen'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    ensimmainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">'omena'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    ensimmainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">'nukkumaanmenoaika'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>p\ny\nt\nh\no\nn</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><text-box variant='hint' name='Omien funktioiden testaaminen: parametrit'><p>Kun omassa funktiossa on määritelty yksi tai useampia parametreja, kannattaa funktiota testata usealla erilaisella parametrilla.</p><p>Kannattaa erityisesti miettiä, toimivatko myös \"erikoistapaukset\": mitä funktio esimerkiksi tekee, jos sille annetaan negatiivinen luku tai liukuluku kokonaisluvun sijasta.</p><p>Jos tehtävänannossa ei ole erityisesti käsketty kirjoittamaan tiettyjä funktiokutsuja, voit vapaasti lisätä omia kutsujasi pääohjelmaan ja testit jättävät nämä huomiotta.</p></text-box><h2 id=\"lisaa-esimerkkeja\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lisää esimerkkejä<a href=\"#lisaa-esimerkkeja\" aria-label=\"lisaa esimerkkeja permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Katsotaan vielä pari muuta esimerkkiä parametrien käyttämisestä. Seuraavassa funktiossa parametri on luku:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">nelio</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Luvun </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> neliö on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>x <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nnelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Luvun 2 neliö on 4\nLuvun 5 neliö on 25</p></sample-output><p>Seuraavassa esimerkissä funktion sisällä on ehtorakenne:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tervehdi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Heippa,\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moikka,\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Matti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Heippa, Emilia\nMoikka, Matti</p></sample-output><p>Seuraavassa funktiossa puolestaan on kaksi parametria:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> x <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> y\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Parametrien </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> ja </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> summa on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> \"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsumma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Parametrien 1 ja 2 summa on 3\nParametrien 5 ja 24 summa on 29</p></sample-output><p>Funktio myös määrittelee \"apumuuttujan\" <em>tulos</em>, mihin se sijoittaa parametriensa summan.</p><p>Huomaa, että parametrien nimillä ei ole mitään tekemistä funktion ulkopuolella olevien muuttujien kanssa. Esimerkiksi jos kutsumme äskeistä funktiota</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span>\ny <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">30</span>\nsumma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>niin tuloksena on:</p><sample-output><p>Parametrien 1 ja 2 summa on 3\nParametrien 130 ja 10 summa on 140</p></sample-output><p>Ensimmäisessä kutsussa parametrien arvot funktion sisällä ovat <code class=\"language-text\">x = 1</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">y = 2</code>, ja toisessa kutsussa arvot ovat <code class=\"language-text\">x = 130</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">y = 10</code>.</p><p>Palaamme funktioihin ja parametrien määrittelyyn tarkemmin seuraavan osan alussa.</p><!--vastaava varoitusteksti löytyy osioista 3-4, 4-6 ja 5-1, tsekkaa kaikki jos muokkaat tätä--><h2 id=\"varoitus-globaalin-muuttujan-kaytto-funktion-sisalla\" style=\"position:relative;\">Varoitus: globaalin muuttujan käyttö funktion sisällä<a href=\"#varoitus-globaalin-muuttujan-kaytto-funktion-sisalla\" aria-label=\"varoitus globaalin muuttujan kaytto funktion sisalla permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kuten olemme nähneet, funktioiden sisällä on mahdollista määritellä muuttujia. Kannattaa myös huomata se, että funktio näkee sen ulkopuolella eli pääohjelmassa määritellyt muuttujat. Tälläisia muuttujia sanotaan <em>globaaleiksi</em> muuttujiksi.</p><p>Globaalien muuttujien käyttämistä funktioista käsin ei useimmiten pidetä hyvänä asiana muun muassa siksi, että ne saattavat johtaa ikäviin bugeihin.</p><p>Seuraavassa on esimerkki funktiosta, joka käyttää \"vahingossa\" globaalia muuttujaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># globaali muuttuja</span>\nnimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tervehdi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>etunimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># tulostetaan vahingossa parametrin sijaan globaalin muuttujan arvo</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hei\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Hei Emilia\nHei Emilia</p></sample-output><p>Vaikka funktiota kutsutaan oikein, se tulostaa aina globaalissa muuttujassa olevan nimen <em>Emilia</em>.</p><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Keskiarvo\" tmcname=\"osa03-25_keskiarvo\"><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">keskiarvo</code>, joka saa parametrina kolme kokonaislukua. Funktio tulostaa parametriensa keskiarvon.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">keskiarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkeskiarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>3.0\n4.0</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Monta tulostusta\" tmcname=\"osa03-24_monta_tulostusta\"><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">tulosta_monesti(merkkijono, kertaa)</code>, joka saa parametriksi merkkijonon sekä kokonaisluvun, joka kertoo, montako kertaa funktion tulee tulostaa parametrina saamansa merkkijono:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tulosta_monesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"hei\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nmerkkijono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Alussa olivat suo, kuokka ja Python\"</span>\nkertaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\ntulosta_monesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>merkkijono<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kertaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>hei\nhei\nhei\nhei\nhei</p><p>Alussa olivat suo, kuokka ja Python.\nAlussa olivat suo, kuokka ja Python.\nAlussa olivat suo, kuokka ja Python.</p></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Risuneliö\" tmcname=\"osa03-23_risunelio\"><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">risunelio(pituus)</code> joka saa parametriksi kokonaisluvun, joka kertoo kuinka suuri risuneliö funktion pitää tulostaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">risunelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nrisunelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\n###\n###\n###\n\n#####\n#####\n#####\n#####\n#####\n</pre></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Shakkilauta\" tmcname=\"osa03-26_shakkilauta\"><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">shakkilauta</code>, joka tulostaa shakkilaudan numeroista 0 ja 1 alla olevien esimerkkien mukaisesti.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">shakkilauta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nshakkilauta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\n101\n010\n101\n\n101010\n010101\n101010\n010101\n101010\n010101\n</pre></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><in-browser-programming-exercise name=\"Sananeliö\" tmcname=\"osa03-27_sananelio\"><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">nelio</code>, joka tulostaa sananeliön alla olevien esimerkkien mukaisesti.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ab\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"aybabtu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\naba\nbab\naba\n\naybab\ntuayb\nabtua\nybabt\nuayba\n</pre></sample-output></in-browser-programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"ecfc4b08-6ee4-514c-a830-a2d846364928\"></quiz></div><p>Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:</p><div><quiz id=\"3f7c6a3f-40a6-5e2b-ba4a-5acddee4b9b7\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-3/4-omat-funktiot","title":"Omat funktiot"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-3/4-omat-funktiot.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja 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Voidaan esimerkiksi kokeilla, mikä silmukan lopetusehdon arvo on:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-wrapper"],"style":"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n      "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-link"],"href":"/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/cb1ac/4_1_9.png","style":"display: block","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-background-image"],"style":"padding-bottom: 43.913043478260875%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n  "},{"type":"element","tagName":"picture","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n          "},{"type":"element","tagName":"source","properties":{"srcSet":["/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/a0b58/4_1_9.webp 230w","/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/bc10c/4_1_9.webp 460w","/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/966d8/4_1_9.webp 920w","/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/445df/4_1_9.webp 1380w","/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/78de1/4_1_9.webp 1840w","/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/cb61f/4_1_9.webp 1936w"],"sizes":"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px","type":"image/webp"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n          "},{"type":"element","tagName":"source","properties":{"srcSet":["/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/81c8e/4_1_9.png 230w","/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/08a84/4_1_9.png 460w","/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/c0255/4_1_9.png 920w","/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/b1001/4_1_9.png 1380w","/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/161ec/4_1_9.png 1840w","/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/cb1ac/4_1_9.png 1936w"],"sizes":"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px","type":"image/png"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n          "},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-image"],"src":"/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/c0255/4_1_9.png","alt":"4 1 9","title":"4 1 9","loading":"lazy","decoding":"async","style":"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n        "}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n  "}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelmassa voi olla myös useita breakpointeja. Pysähtymisen jälkeen koodi voidaan taas käynnistää sinisellä kolmiolla ("},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Continue"}]},{"type":"text","value":") ja suoritus jatkuu, kunnes ohjelma törmää seuraavaan breakpointiin."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Visuaalinen debuggeri on vaihtoehto debug-tulostuksille, mutta on mieltymyksistä kiinni, mitä debuggaustekniikoita kukin ohjelmoija käyttää. On hyvä kokeilla erilaisia tapoja ja valita itselle sopiva tapa."}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat käyttää Visual studio Code -editoria kurssin tehtävien tekemiseen</li>\n<li>Osaat suorittaa koodia interaktiivisen Python-tulkin avulla</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Olemme tähän mennessä ohjelmoineet kaikki tehtävät kurssisivuille upotettuihin editori-ikkunoihin. Selaineditorissa tapahtuva ohjelmointi sopii hyvin kurssin alkuun, mutta siirrymme nyt käyttämään erillistä ohjelmointiin tarkoitettua editoria.</p><p>Erilaisia ohjelmointiin sopivia editoreja on kymmeniä. Käytämme kurssilla viime vuosina suureen suosioon noussutta <a href=\"https://code.visualstudio.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Visual Studio Code</a> -editoria.</p><p>Asenna nyt Visual Studio Code ja kurssin tehtävien testien suorittamiseen käytettävä TMC-plugin <a href=\"https://www.mooc.fi/fi/installation/vscode\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tämän ohjeen</a> avulla. Valitse TMC-pluginissa organisaatioksi <strong>MOOC</strong> ja kurssiksi <strong>Ohjelmoinnin MOOC 2023</strong>.</p><programming-exercise name='Hello Visual Studio Code' tmcname='osa04-01_hello_visualstudio_code'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä, mikä editori on käytössä. Ohjelma jatkaa, kunnes vastaus on <em>Visual Studio Code</em>.</p><p>Seuraava käyttöesimerkki havainnollistaa ohjelman haluttua tulostusta:</p><sample-output><p>Editori: <strong>Emacs</strong>\nei ole hyvä\nEditori: <strong>Vim</strong>\nei ole hyvä\nEditori: <strong>Word</strong>\nsurkea\nEditori: <strong>Atom</strong>\nei ole hyvä\nEditori: <strong>Visual Studio Code</strong>\nloistava valinta!</p></sample-output><p>Jos käyttäjä kirjoittaa Word tai Notepad, ohjelma vastaa <em>surkea</em>. Muissa epäkelvoissa tapauksissa vastaus on <em>ei ole hyvä</em>.</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia siten, että \"oikean vastauksen\" kirjoitusasu ei riipu siitä, kirjoitetaanko vastaus isoja vai pieniä kirjaimia käyttämällä:</p><sample-output><p>Editori: <strong>NOTEPAD</strong>\nsurkea\nEditori: <strong>viSUal STudiO cODe</strong>\nloistava valinta!</p></sample-output><p>Kirjainten koon voi jättää huomiotta esim. muuttamalla kirjaimet pieniksi merkkijonojen metodilla <code class=\"language-text\">lower</code>, jota voi käyttää seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Visual Studio CODE\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"visual studio code\"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lower<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"merkkijono oli etsitty!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"koodin-suorittaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Koodin suorittaminen<a href=\"#koodin-suorittaminen\" aria-label=\"koodin suorittaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Visual Studio Codessa koodi suoritetaan painamalla vihreää kolmiota. Joskus koodisi suoritus voi jäädä kesken, esimerkiksi odottamaan käyttäjän syötettä tai ikuiseen silmukkaan, vaikka siirryt jo seuraavaan tehtävään. Kun yrität suorittaa seuraavan tehtävän koodia, esille tuleekin edellisen tehtävän kesken ollut suoritus. Näissä tilanteissa voit joutua sammuttamaan edellisen suorituksen painamalla yhtä aikaa näppäimiä <em>Control</em>+<em>C</em>, jotta saat suoritetuksi uuden tehtävän koodin.</p><h2 id=\"interaktiivinen-python-tulkki\" style=\"position:relative;\">Interaktiivinen Python-tulkki<a href=\"#interaktiivinen-python-tulkki\" aria-label=\"interaktiivinen python tulkki permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Emme ole toistaiseksi puhuneet kurssilla sanallakaan eräästä Python-ohjelmoinnin tärkeimmästä työkalusta, interaktiivisesta komentotulkista.</p><p>Komentotulkki käynnistyy antamalla komentoriviltä komento <code class=\"language-text\">python3</code> (joissain tapauksissa, esim. Windowsilla, komento saattaa olla <code class=\"language-text\">python</code>). Esim. Macilla komentotulkin avaaminen näyttää seuraavalta:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/7267d91f6d4cbf0f25e0a55ca8dea0ce/0f246/4_1_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 17.82608695652174%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAECAIAAAABPYjBAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAArUlEQVQI13XLywqDMBCFYd//tbroMhiYZFppBG/YJAQTN+o4sVS77bc6HPiL2/Pe1E3ftc8HlmWJiFprKWVVVQAgpUT8/gCglBJCGGPatm1ORV2Zruve49s5F2O01nrvnXMppb7vQwjHfwU+cBxHRBRCAIB5GaUUIg7DoLUGgJRSjDGEME2T995aO8/zLyainDMzExEzH8ex7zsz55yvvW0bEW2ndV2XZSGiK/4AItbceE5Q2z8AAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/7267d91f6d4cbf0f25e0a55ca8dea0ce/a0b58/4_1_1.webp 230w,\n/static/7267d91f6d4cbf0f25e0a55ca8dea0ce/bc10c/4_1_1.webp 460w,\n/static/7267d91f6d4cbf0f25e0a55ca8dea0ce/966d8/4_1_1.webp 920w,\n/static/7267d91f6d4cbf0f25e0a55ca8dea0ce/34186/4_1_1.webp 1118w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/7267d91f6d4cbf0f25e0a55ca8dea0ce/81c8e/4_1_1.png 230w,\n/static/7267d91f6d4cbf0f25e0a55ca8dea0ce/08a84/4_1_1.png 460w,\n/static/7267d91f6d4cbf0f25e0a55ca8dea0ce/c0255/4_1_1.png 920w,\n/static/7267d91f6d4cbf0f25e0a55ca8dea0ce/0f246/4_1_1.png 1118w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/7267d91f6d4cbf0f25e0a55ca8dea0ce/c0255/4_1_1.png\" alt=\"4 1 1\" title=\"4 1 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Komentotulkki on myös mahdollista avata Visual Studio Coden sisälle, ensin suorittamalla jokin ohjelma \"vihreällä kolmiolla\" ja sen jälkeen kirjoittamalla avautuvaan <em>Terminal</em>-näkymään <code class=\"language-text\">python3</code> (tai <code class=\"language-text\">python</code>)</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/e431d/4_1_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 49.130434782608695%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAKCAIAAAA7N+mxAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAABF0lEQVQoz52RWW7DIBCGuUcLw2I2Ox42O7hZrtCXqve/SgVOokh5aNVPCM32s8wQjDHFlHIOIRhjnfP78r7ttgVuEWedMuZo58mNNak4e+JHnxYsBXPBcfbaaGOsbSKntZZqMM4111qplGfySyYL4h2AASeUUiG4EJxzAAD6BOs8uwr4G6MUGPQU6Wl2K/wNym4y9hD/GwIAfyyFO7vdxLajtUbEaZqsMcZZLsUDKSXnfBzHdV0Ph8M8z62kt5PUWtd1RcRSSs4ZQ9hy+UjLmkuKMYSwx2OMy7KkNtOcOqUUcr1eL5dLrXXbtvPpVOrxO54/h4jSDEoJIeD+yNdfkG3bEHE/MvarQgiD1koPzjml1GNmrw37AVG5Vxy3ozSFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/a0b58/4_1_2.webp 230w,\n/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/bc10c/4_1_2.webp 460w,\n/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/966d8/4_1_2.webp 920w,\n/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/445df/4_1_2.webp 1380w,\n/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/78de1/4_1_2.webp 1840w,\n/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/609ff/4_1_2.webp 1882w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/81c8e/4_1_2.png 230w,\n/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/08a84/4_1_2.png 460w,\n/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/c0255/4_1_2.png 920w,\n/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/b1001/4_1_2.png 1380w,\n/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/161ec/4_1_2.png 1840w,\n/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/e431d/4_1_2.png 1882w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/c0255/4_1_2.png\" alt=\"4 1 2\" title=\"4 1 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>On olemassa myös selaimessa toimivia interaktiivisia tulkkeja, kuten <a href=\"https://www.python.org/shell/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https://www.python.org/shell/</a>.</p><p>Komentotulkki tarjoaa interaktiivisen tavan suorittaa Python-koodia rivi riviltä sitä mukaa kuin käyttäjä kirjoittaa koodia. Ideana on, että kun käyttäjä kirjoittaa rivin koodia, Python suorittaa rivin välittömästi ja näyttää rivin operaation tuloksen:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/7977922a8e37fd253a7fd34e364e6d58/0f246/4_1_3.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 19.565217391304348%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAECAIAAAABPYjBAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAAkElEQVQI143LwQqDMAwAUP//53qQRq0zKmJALe0wB3HRZtDtOti7v6Kua0QchmEcRwCoqso5BwDOub7vjTFEpKoi8srO8xQRzYppmh4ZESHiuq7HcXjvY4zMHELw3jPzM4sxLsvCzN88z3PTNGVZtm2773tKSUTu+9Y/FETUdZ21FgAQcdu2kF3Xparph09+Az024L8JLoKAAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/7977922a8e37fd253a7fd34e364e6d58/a0b58/4_1_3.webp 230w,\n/static/7977922a8e37fd253a7fd34e364e6d58/bc10c/4_1_3.webp 460w,\n/static/7977922a8e37fd253a7fd34e364e6d58/966d8/4_1_3.webp 920w,\n/static/7977922a8e37fd253a7fd34e364e6d58/34186/4_1_3.webp 1118w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/7977922a8e37fd253a7fd34e364e6d58/81c8e/4_1_3.png 230w,\n/static/7977922a8e37fd253a7fd34e364e6d58/08a84/4_1_3.png 460w,\n/static/7977922a8e37fd253a7fd34e364e6d58/c0255/4_1_3.png 920w,\n/static/7977922a8e37fd253a7fd34e364e6d58/0f246/4_1_3.png 1118w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/7977922a8e37fd253a7fd34e364e6d58/c0255/4_1_3.png\" alt=\"4 1 3\" title=\"4 1 3\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Komentotulkkiin on mahdollista kirjoittaa mitä tahansa Pythonia, muuttujien ja metodienkin määrittely on mahdollista:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> t <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>   <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">3</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">4</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">5</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">itseisarvo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>   <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>      luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span>luku\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>   <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> luku\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> itseisarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nTraceback <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>most recent call last<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  File <span class=\"token string\">\"&lt;stdin>\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> line <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span>module<span class=\"token operator\">></span>\nNameError<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> name <span class=\"token string\">'luku'</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">is</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> defined\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> itseisarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">10</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> itseisarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">7</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span></code></pre></div><p>Parhaimmillaan komentotulkki on pienten tarkistusten tekemiseen, esim. miten tietty metodi toimii tai onko metodia ylipäätään olemassa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token string\">\"TekstIä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>toupper<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nTraceback <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>most recent call last<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  File <span class=\"token string\">\"&lt;stdin>\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> line <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span>module<span class=\"token operator\">></span>\nAttributeError<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">'str'</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">object</span> has no attribute <span class=\"token string\">'toupper'</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token string\">\"TekstIä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>upper<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'TEKSTIÄ'</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span></code></pre></div><p>Jos muistaa melkein jonkin metodin nimen, googlaamisen sijaan voi olla nopeampi käyttää komentotulkkia ja kysyä funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">dir</code>, mitä metodeja tietyllä oliolla on:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token builtin\">dir</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"teksti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">'__add__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__class__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__contains__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__delattr__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__dir__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__doc__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__eq__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'__format__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__ge__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__getattribute__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__getitem__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__getnewargs__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__gt__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'__hash__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__init__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__init_subclass__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__iter__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__le__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__len__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__lt__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'__mod__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__mul__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__ne__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__new__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__reduce__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__reduce_ex__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__repr__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'__rmod__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__rmul__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__setattr__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__sizeof__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__str__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__subclasshook__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'capitalize'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'casefold'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'center'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'count'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'encode'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'endswith'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'expandtabs'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'find'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'format'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'format_map'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'index'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'isalnum'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'isalpha'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'isascii'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'isdecimal'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'isdigit'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'isidentifier'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'islower'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'isnumeric'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'isprintable'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'isspace'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'istitle'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'isupper'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'join'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'ljust'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'lower'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'lstrip'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'maketrans'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'partition'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'replace'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'rfind'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'rindex'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'rjust'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">'rpartition'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'rsplit'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'rstrip'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'split'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'splitlines'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'startswith'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'strip'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'swapcase'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'title'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'translate'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'upper'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'zfill'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Kuten näemme, merkkijonoilla on suuri määrä metodeja. Kurssin tässä vaiheessa ei kannata välittää alaviivoja sisältävistä metodeista, mutta muut voivat olla käyttökelpoisia. Osa metodien toiminnasta voi selvitä kokeilemalla, osan toiminta selviää googlaamalla.</p><p>Listojen metodeista käy ilmi seuraavaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token builtin\">dir</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">'__add__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__class__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__contains__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__delattr__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__delitem__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__dir__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__doc__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'__eq__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__format__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__ge__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__getattribute__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__getitem__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__gt__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__hash__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'__iadd__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__imul__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__init__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__init_subclass__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__iter__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__le__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__len__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'__lt__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__mul__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__ne__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__new__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__reduce__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__reduce_ex__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__repr__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'__reversed__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__rmul__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__setattr__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__setitem__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__sizeof__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__str__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'__subclasshook__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'append'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'clear'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'copy'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'count'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'extend'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'index'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'insert'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'pop'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'remove'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'reverse'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'sort'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span></code></pre></div><p>Tarjolla näyttää siis olevan mm. metodit <code class=\"language-text\">reverse</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">clear</code>. Kokeillaan niitä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>reverse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> luvut\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>clear<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> luvut\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Metodit siis tekevät aika lailla sen, mitä nimen perusteella voi olettaa.</p><p>Huomaa, että komentotulkki ei näytä mitään tulosta, kun kutsutaan esim. metodia <code class=\"language-text\">lista.reverse()</code>. Mistä tämä johtuu? Komentotulkki tekee komentojen suorituksen yhteydessä tulostuksen vain, jos suoritetulla koodirivillä on jokin arvo. Edellisessä esimerkissä saatiin tulostettua listan <code class=\"language-text\">luvut</code> arvo kirjoittamalla komentotulkkiin pelkkä muuttujan nimi. Komentotulkissa ei siis useinkaan ole tarvetta kirjottaa erikseen <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komentoja.</p><p>Tärkeä komento on <code class=\"language-text\">exit()</code>, joka sulkee komentotulkin. Erityisesti jos käytät komentotulkkia Visual Studio Codessa, se tulee muistaa sulkea, ennen kuin suoritat jonkin ohjelman uudelleen \"vihreällä kolmiolla\". Jos tämä unohtuu, on seurauksena hieman erikoinen virheilmoitus:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/966ce/4_1_4.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 28.695652173913043%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAGCAIAAABM9SnKAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAA7klEQVQY023G0W6EIBCFYd9jBQZQgWEERdx1FTdbTd//lZqYthdNT76T/FXOkyMa0phzTikhekRy1nXGInrvyVqrlP4DVBNJVwbtOA8u9tA2QggAkFJKgO+4kv+MMc6uc8YAZKV0E4YQxwRaMyFqzm91fWOXK2rGfoGSoJSQwEEwwatnTFtM52MtcVrD+KA4O8rWz67PjiaDFz9Znwy+0v2dl1ea15BWjNVxnp/HeX4ceynPZdme615KWbfXvpdtC9QTInnfe+o92c5YYwjRIS4uVHcfHxgWGobGRt1FbaI2wyXqLsj2H6oj1S7KfgH1/DpLnHkC8gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/a0b58/4_1_4.webp 230w,\n/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/bc10c/4_1_4.webp 460w,\n/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/966d8/4_1_4.webp 920w,\n/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/445df/4_1_4.webp 1380w,\n/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/78de1/4_1_4.webp 1840w,\n/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/df82e/4_1_4.webp 2050w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/81c8e/4_1_4.png 230w,\n/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/08a84/4_1_4.png 460w,\n/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/c0255/4_1_4.png 920w,\n/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/b1001/4_1_4.png 1380w,\n/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/161ec/4_1_4.png 1840w,\n/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/966ce/4_1_4.png 2050w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/c0255/4_1_4.png\" alt=\"4 1 4\" title=\"4 1 4\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><h2 id=\"debuggeri\" style=\"position:relative;\">Debuggeri<a href=\"#debuggeri\" aria-label=\"debuggeri permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Muutamassa edellisessä osassa on jo korostettu debuggaustaitojen tärkeyttä ja demonstroitu tulostamalla tapahtuvaa debuggausta. Visual Studio Code sisältää debuggausta varten <em>visuaalisen debuggerin</em>.</p><p>Debuggaus aloitetaan määrittelemällä koodiin <em>breakpoint</em> eli kohta, johon debuggeri pysäyttää koodin suorituksen. Breakpoint asetetaan klikkaamalla hiirellä halutun koodirivin vasemmalta puolelta.</p><p>Seuraavassa esimerkissä breakpoint on asetettu <a href=\"/osa-3/1-ehdot-silmukoissa\">edellisen osan</a> tehtävän <em>Peräkkäisten summa</em> hieman virheellisen ratkaisun riville 5:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/b2aa8f4cae6fd0db736f2cf1d62607f9/6e29b/4_1_5.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 39.130434782608695%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAICAIAAAB2/0i6AAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAAv0lEQVQY042NW66DMAwFWQiO47wdY7glJEXd/8Iq+nelVmJ0/o5GM6WUZN3O8zyOo/euuubCXEVk0UVFFpGFuX7dpLrlwr33R2vtHM/R/oRrrarKzKWUlBIAmG9MsqwAUHLWbQUENEAWLV7fPM8A8y/zkpPzAbGyvJ6vozWugmjxHlMM0dEV2x/7GCPmQuSN+Vn7V/YhOu+ttTnmMUZlRgAD9+QQovc+xhBT3PemqvnDXdkYJLJEZD+Qc0R0R34DaJdB2A9pXSUAAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/b2aa8f4cae6fd0db736f2cf1d62607f9/a0b58/4_1_5.webp 230w,\n/static/b2aa8f4cae6fd0db736f2cf1d62607f9/bc10c/4_1_5.webp 460w,\n/static/b2aa8f4cae6fd0db736f2cf1d62607f9/966d8/4_1_5.webp 920w,\n/static/b2aa8f4cae6fd0db736f2cf1d62607f9/445df/4_1_5.webp 1380w,\n/static/b2aa8f4cae6fd0db736f2cf1d62607f9/a9e74/4_1_5.webp 1610w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/b2aa8f4cae6fd0db736f2cf1d62607f9/81c8e/4_1_5.png 230w,\n/static/b2aa8f4cae6fd0db736f2cf1d62607f9/08a84/4_1_5.png 460w,\n/static/b2aa8f4cae6fd0db736f2cf1d62607f9/c0255/4_1_5.png 920w,\n/static/b2aa8f4cae6fd0db736f2cf1d62607f9/b1001/4_1_5.png 1380w,\n/static/b2aa8f4cae6fd0db736f2cf1d62607f9/6e29b/4_1_5.png 1610w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/b2aa8f4cae6fd0db736f2cf1d62607f9/c0255/4_1_5.png\" alt=\"4 1 5\" title=\"4 1 5\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Breakpointin asetuksen jälkeen valitaan valikosta <em>Run</em> kohta <em>Start debugging</em>. Tämä avaa valintanäkymän, josta valitaan <em>Python File</em>:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/4ab241b5d1246646156624044be64914/adef7/4_1_6.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 36.52173913043478%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAHCAIAAACHqfpvAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAA/klEQVQY043PyW6DMBSFYT9HEyZPYBsINpMxeGjSpqCmUt//aaoIRUpX7a9vec/igrxgSspgFzebYJdz8NvH9XNbb9v6/XVb398uwbvZWDO52aim4ZwLIUQpyroCVVnjUsmwnexVTBfSWdq7fPC4tVAtmVwyOaPW3nUuwiw6HqJHQHBR1Kp/3U7mzAcrRi9GX2kP6+FQNLuXfCePkCRJnDwCKINS8ODcYiajR933Y9fpYagFpxjlBD+DaZo8BSDEZVVZ67quH7WWbdtIJVVbMH6/J7+kaRY/BTAmCCFKKUKYMQ4hiuN4fyn+K0AITdMMoYxQUjBGKS0YRxj/Z/wD++1E6Al0/nYAAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/4ab241b5d1246646156624044be64914/a0b58/4_1_6.webp 230w,\n/static/4ab241b5d1246646156624044be64914/bc10c/4_1_6.webp 460w,\n/static/4ab241b5d1246646156624044be64914/966d8/4_1_6.webp 920w,\n/static/4ab241b5d1246646156624044be64914/445df/4_1_6.webp 1380w,\n/static/4ab241b5d1246646156624044be64914/211fa/4_1_6.webp 1716w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/4ab241b5d1246646156624044be64914/81c8e/4_1_6.png 230w,\n/static/4ab241b5d1246646156624044be64914/08a84/4_1_6.png 460w,\n/static/4ab241b5d1246646156624044be64914/c0255/4_1_6.png 920w,\n/static/4ab241b5d1246646156624044be64914/b1001/4_1_6.png 1380w,\n/static/4ab241b5d1246646156624044be64914/adef7/4_1_6.png 1716w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/4ab241b5d1246646156624044be64914/c0255/4_1_6.png\" alt=\"4 1 6\" title=\"4 1 6\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Debuggeri käynnistyy ja alkaa suorittaa koodia normaaliin tapaan, kunnes se törmää breakpointiin ja pysähtyy:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/3145a/4_1_7.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 46.95652173913043%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/a0b58/4_1_7.webp 230w,\n/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/bc10c/4_1_7.webp 460w,\n/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/966d8/4_1_7.webp 920w,\n/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/445df/4_1_7.webp 1380w,\n/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/78de1/4_1_7.webp 1840w,\n/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/407bd/4_1_7.webp 2112w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/81c8e/4_1_7.png 230w,\n/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/08a84/4_1_7.png 460w,\n/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/c0255/4_1_7.png 920w,\n/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/b1001/4_1_7.png 1380w,\n/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/161ec/4_1_7.png 1840w,\n/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/3145a/4_1_7.png 2112w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/c0255/4_1_7.png\" alt=\"4 1 7\" title=\"4 1 7\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Vasempaan reunaan on avautunut näkymä <em>Variables</em>, joka kertoo senhetkisten muuttujien arvot. Koodia voidaan suorittaa rivi riviltä painelemalla alaspäin osoittavaa nuolta (<em>Step into</em>).</p><p>Seuraavassa tilanteessa silmukkaa on suoritettu muutamia kertoja:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/cc418/4_1_8.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 51.73913043478261%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/a0b58/4_1_8.webp 230w,\n/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/bc10c/4_1_8.webp 460w,\n/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/966d8/4_1_8.webp 920w,\n/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/445df/4_1_8.webp 1380w,\n/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/78de1/4_1_8.webp 1840w,\n/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/75f48/4_1_8.webp 1992w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/81c8e/4_1_8.png 230w,\n/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/08a84/4_1_8.png 460w,\n/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/c0255/4_1_8.png 920w,\n/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/b1001/4_1_8.png 1380w,\n/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/161ec/4_1_8.png 1840w,\n/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/cc418/4_1_8.png 1992w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/c0255/4_1_8.png\" alt=\"4 1 8\" title=\"4 1 8\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Debuggerin välilehti <em>Debug console</em> mahdollistaa myös lausekkeiden arvojen näyttämisen debuggaushetken muuttujien arvoilla. Voidaan esimerkiksi kokeilla, mikä silmukan lopetusehdon arvo on:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/cb1ac/4_1_9.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 43.913043478260875%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAJCAIAAAC9o5sfAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAABLUlEQVQoz2WQ207EIBRF+Qs1GW7n1tJSyghMp3WeNPr/n6TTiUmjKysEEnbOBnXdrp9fX+u6nnMehxFZSrtTW4sxxpTnesmvpbQyhgAAeECVc63nGjgwCxEDABGmNDlnrTXGGGuNd87Zx1kfVUM/zDGFPnTSCQsTCMPnR3l/n2uDNL+k9Pzr02F/V01jarn1nYSuYxZEdM5OcSj1zILOa+e039f/qpTmaUpEzCx7mBABAV9LGcfRe2+tM8Zo/VdjrGIWACTiPUbeg3OWCIkZkFjEWqv3u0e01qfTSW3b2+WyxDjV2mpt3b08E9HjY4koxigix7zWGhFzzqrWy7Jsy3Ldttu63sIwxpRDCHthCwAiAgB/JjvnREQ93vmoTcTeQ993BGB+R+kd84+f2t90809R3YMDEQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/a0b58/4_1_9.webp 230w,\n/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/bc10c/4_1_9.webp 460w,\n/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/966d8/4_1_9.webp 920w,\n/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/445df/4_1_9.webp 1380w,\n/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/78de1/4_1_9.webp 1840w,\n/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/cb61f/4_1_9.webp 1936w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/81c8e/4_1_9.png 230w,\n/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/08a84/4_1_9.png 460w,\n/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/c0255/4_1_9.png 920w,\n/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/b1001/4_1_9.png 1380w,\n/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/161ec/4_1_9.png 1840w,\n/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/cb1ac/4_1_9.png 1936w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/c0255/4_1_9.png\" alt=\"4 1 9\" title=\"4 1 9\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Ohjelmassa voi olla myös useita breakpointeja. Pysähtymisen jälkeen koodi voidaan taas käynnistää sinisellä kolmiolla (<em>Continue</em>) ja suoritus jatkuu, kunnes ohjelma törmää seuraavaan breakpointiin.</p><p>Visuaalinen debuggeri on vaihtoehto debug-tulostuksille, mutta on mieltymyksistä kiinni, mitä debuggaustekniikoita kukin ohjelmoija käyttää. 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Selaineditorissa tapahtuva ohjelmointi sopii hyvin kurssin alkuun, mutta siirrymme nyt käyttämään erillistä ohjelmointiin tarkoitettua editoria."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Erilaisia ohjelmointiin sopivia editoreja on kymmeniä. Käytämme kurssilla viime vuosina suureen suosioon noussutta "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://code.visualstudio.com/","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Visual Studio Code"}]},{"type":"text","value":" -editoria."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Asenna nyt Visual Studio Code ja kurssin tehtävien testien suorittamiseen käytettävä TMC-plugin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://www.mooc.fi/fi/installation/vscode","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tämän ohjeen"}]},{"type":"text","value":" avulla. 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Voidaan esimerkiksi kokeilla, mikä silmukan lopetusehdon arvo on:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-wrapper"],"style":"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n      "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-link"],"href":"/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/cb1ac/4_1_9.png","style":"display: block","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-background-image"],"style":"padding-bottom: 43.913043478260875%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n  "},{"type":"element","tagName":"picture","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n          "},{"type":"element","tagName":"source","properties":{"srcSet":["/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/a0b58/4_1_9.webp 230w","/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/bc10c/4_1_9.webp 460w","/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/966d8/4_1_9.webp 920w","/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/445df/4_1_9.webp 1380w","/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/78de1/4_1_9.webp 1840w","/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/cb61f/4_1_9.webp 1936w"],"sizes":"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px","type":"image/webp"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n          "},{"type":"element","tagName":"source","properties":{"srcSet":["/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/81c8e/4_1_9.png 230w","/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/08a84/4_1_9.png 460w","/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/c0255/4_1_9.png 920w","/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/b1001/4_1_9.png 1380w","/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/161ec/4_1_9.png 1840w","/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/cb1ac/4_1_9.png 1936w"],"sizes":"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px","type":"image/png"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n          "},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-image"],"src":"/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/c0255/4_1_9.png","alt":"4 1 9","title":"4 1 9","loading":"lazy","decoding":"async","style":"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n        "}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n  "}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelmassa voi olla myös useita breakpointeja. Pysähtymisen jälkeen koodi voidaan taas käynnistää sinisellä kolmiolla ("},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Continue"}]},{"type":"text","value":") ja suoritus jatkuu, kunnes ohjelma törmää seuraavaan breakpointiin."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Visuaalinen debuggeri on vaihtoehto debug-tulostuksille, mutta on mieltymyksistä kiinni, mitä debuggaustekniikoita kukin ohjelmoija käyttää. On hyvä kokeilla erilaisia tapoja ja valita itselle sopiva tapa."}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat käyttää Visual studio Code -editoria kurssin tehtävien tekemiseen</li>\n<li>Osaat suorittaa koodia interaktiivisen Python-tulkin avulla</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Olemme tähän mennessä ohjelmoineet kaikki tehtävät kurssisivuille upotettuihin editori-ikkunoihin. Selaineditorissa tapahtuva ohjelmointi sopii hyvin kurssin alkuun, mutta siirrymme nyt käyttämään erillistä ohjelmointiin tarkoitettua editoria.</p><p>Erilaisia ohjelmointiin sopivia editoreja on kymmeniä. Käytämme kurssilla viime vuosina suureen suosioon noussutta <a href=\"https://code.visualstudio.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Visual Studio Code</a> -editoria.</p><p>Asenna nyt Visual Studio Code ja kurssin tehtävien testien suorittamiseen käytettävä TMC-plugin <a href=\"https://www.mooc.fi/fi/installation/vscode\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tämän ohjeen</a> avulla. Valitse TMC-pluginissa organisaatioksi <strong>MOOC</strong> ja kurssiksi <strong>Ohjelmoinnin MOOC 2023</strong>.</p><programming-exercise name='Hello Visual Studio Code' tmcname='osa04-01_hello_visualstudio_code'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä, mikä editori on käytössä. Ohjelma jatkaa, kunnes vastaus on <em>Visual Studio Code</em>.</p><p>Seuraava käyttöesimerkki havainnollistaa ohjelman haluttua tulostusta:</p><sample-output><p>Editori: <strong>Emacs</strong>\nei ole hyvä\nEditori: <strong>Vim</strong>\nei ole hyvä\nEditori: <strong>Word</strong>\nsurkea\nEditori: <strong>Atom</strong>\nei ole hyvä\nEditori: <strong>Visual Studio Code</strong>\nloistava valinta!</p></sample-output><p>Jos käyttäjä kirjoittaa Word tai Notepad, ohjelma vastaa <em>surkea</em>. Muissa epäkelvoissa tapauksissa vastaus on <em>ei ole hyvä</em>.</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia siten, että \"oikean vastauksen\" kirjoitusasu ei riipu siitä, kirjoitetaanko vastaus isoja vai pieniä kirjaimia käyttämällä:</p><sample-output><p>Editori: <strong>NOTEPAD</strong>\nsurkea\nEditori: <strong>viSUal STudiO cODe</strong>\nloistava valinta!</p></sample-output><p>Kirjainten koon voi jättää huomiotta esim. muuttamalla kirjaimet pieniksi merkkijonojen metodilla <code class=\"language-text\">lower</code>, jota voi käyttää seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Visual Studio CODE\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"visual studio code\"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lower<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"merkkijono oli etsitty!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"koodin-suorittaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Koodin suorittaminen<a href=\"#koodin-suorittaminen\" aria-label=\"koodin suorittaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Visual Studio Codessa koodi suoritetaan painamalla vihreää kolmiota. Joskus koodisi suoritus voi jäädä kesken, esimerkiksi odottamaan käyttäjän syötettä tai ikuiseen silmukkaan, vaikka siirryt jo seuraavaan tehtävään. Kun yrität suorittaa seuraavan tehtävän koodia, esille tuleekin edellisen tehtävän kesken ollut suoritus. Näissä tilanteissa voit joutua sammuttamaan edellisen suorituksen painamalla yhtä aikaa näppäimiä <em>Control</em>+<em>C</em>, jotta saat suoritetuksi uuden tehtävän koodin.</p><h2 id=\"interaktiivinen-python-tulkki\" style=\"position:relative;\">Interaktiivinen Python-tulkki<a href=\"#interaktiivinen-python-tulkki\" aria-label=\"interaktiivinen python tulkki permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Emme ole toistaiseksi puhuneet kurssilla sanallakaan eräästä Python-ohjelmoinnin tärkeimmästä työkalusta, interaktiivisesta komentotulkista.</p><p>Komentotulkki käynnistyy antamalla komentoriviltä komento <code class=\"language-text\">python3</code> (joissain tapauksissa, esim. Windowsilla, komento saattaa olla <code class=\"language-text\">python</code>). Esim. Macilla komentotulkin avaaminen näyttää seuraavalta:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/7267d91f6d4cbf0f25e0a55ca8dea0ce/0f246/4_1_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 17.82608695652174%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAECAIAAAABPYjBAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAArUlEQVQI13XLywqDMBCFYd//tbroMhiYZFppBG/YJAQTN+o4sVS77bc6HPiL2/Pe1E3ftc8HlmWJiFprKWVVVQAgpUT8/gCglBJCGGPatm1ORV2Zruve49s5F2O01nrvnXMppb7vQwjHfwU+cBxHRBRCAIB5GaUUIg7DoLUGgJRSjDGEME2T995aO8/zLyainDMzExEzH8ex7zsz55yvvW0bEW2ndV2XZSGiK/4AItbceE5Q2z8AAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/7267d91f6d4cbf0f25e0a55ca8dea0ce/a0b58/4_1_1.webp 230w,\n/static/7267d91f6d4cbf0f25e0a55ca8dea0ce/bc10c/4_1_1.webp 460w,\n/static/7267d91f6d4cbf0f25e0a55ca8dea0ce/966d8/4_1_1.webp 920w,\n/static/7267d91f6d4cbf0f25e0a55ca8dea0ce/34186/4_1_1.webp 1118w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/7267d91f6d4cbf0f25e0a55ca8dea0ce/81c8e/4_1_1.png 230w,\n/static/7267d91f6d4cbf0f25e0a55ca8dea0ce/08a84/4_1_1.png 460w,\n/static/7267d91f6d4cbf0f25e0a55ca8dea0ce/c0255/4_1_1.png 920w,\n/static/7267d91f6d4cbf0f25e0a55ca8dea0ce/0f246/4_1_1.png 1118w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/7267d91f6d4cbf0f25e0a55ca8dea0ce/c0255/4_1_1.png\" alt=\"4 1 1\" title=\"4 1 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Komentotulkki on myös mahdollista avata Visual Studio Coden sisälle, ensin suorittamalla jokin ohjelma \"vihreällä kolmiolla\" ja sen jälkeen kirjoittamalla avautuvaan <em>Terminal</em>-näkymään <code class=\"language-text\">python3</code> (tai <code class=\"language-text\">python</code>)</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/e431d/4_1_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 49.130434782608695%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAKCAIAAAA7N+mxAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAABF0lEQVQoz52RWW7DIBCGuUcLw2I2Ox42O7hZrtCXqve/SgVOokh5aNVPCM32s8wQjDHFlHIOIRhjnfP78r7ttgVuEWedMuZo58mNNak4e+JHnxYsBXPBcfbaaGOsbSKntZZqMM4111qplGfySyYL4h2AASeUUiG4EJxzAAD6BOs8uwr4G6MUGPQU6Wl2K/wNym4y9hD/GwIAfyyFO7vdxLajtUbEaZqsMcZZLsUDKSXnfBzHdV0Ph8M8z62kt5PUWtd1RcRSSs4ZQ9hy+UjLmkuKMYSwx2OMy7KkNtOcOqUUcr1eL5dLrXXbtvPpVOrxO54/h4jSDEoJIeD+yNdfkG3bEHE/MvarQgiD1koPzjml1GNmrw37AVG5Vxy3ozSFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/a0b58/4_1_2.webp 230w,\n/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/bc10c/4_1_2.webp 460w,\n/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/966d8/4_1_2.webp 920w,\n/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/445df/4_1_2.webp 1380w,\n/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/78de1/4_1_2.webp 1840w,\n/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/609ff/4_1_2.webp 1882w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/81c8e/4_1_2.png 230w,\n/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/08a84/4_1_2.png 460w,\n/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/c0255/4_1_2.png 920w,\n/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/b1001/4_1_2.png 1380w,\n/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/161ec/4_1_2.png 1840w,\n/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/e431d/4_1_2.png 1882w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/895b071970fc467ecad71d69e6d70d5a/c0255/4_1_2.png\" alt=\"4 1 2\" title=\"4 1 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>On olemassa myös selaimessa toimivia interaktiivisia tulkkeja, kuten <a href=\"https://www.python.org/shell/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https://www.python.org/shell/</a>.</p><p>Komentotulkki tarjoaa interaktiivisen tavan suorittaa Python-koodia rivi riviltä sitä mukaa kuin käyttäjä kirjoittaa koodia. Ideana on, että kun käyttäjä kirjoittaa rivin koodia, Python suorittaa rivin välittömästi ja näyttää rivin operaation tuloksen:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/7977922a8e37fd253a7fd34e364e6d58/0f246/4_1_3.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 19.565217391304348%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAECAIAAAABPYjBAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAAkElEQVQI143LwQqDMAwAUP//53qQRq0zKmJALe0wB3HRZtDtOti7v6Kua0QchmEcRwCoqso5BwDOub7vjTFEpKoi8srO8xQRzYppmh4ZESHiuq7HcXjvY4zMHELw3jPzM4sxLsvCzN88z3PTNGVZtm2773tKSUTu+9Y/FETUdZ21FgAQcdu2kF3Xparph09+Az024L8JLoKAAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/7977922a8e37fd253a7fd34e364e6d58/a0b58/4_1_3.webp 230w,\n/static/7977922a8e37fd253a7fd34e364e6d58/bc10c/4_1_3.webp 460w,\n/static/7977922a8e37fd253a7fd34e364e6d58/966d8/4_1_3.webp 920w,\n/static/7977922a8e37fd253a7fd34e364e6d58/34186/4_1_3.webp 1118w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/7977922a8e37fd253a7fd34e364e6d58/81c8e/4_1_3.png 230w,\n/static/7977922a8e37fd253a7fd34e364e6d58/08a84/4_1_3.png 460w,\n/static/7977922a8e37fd253a7fd34e364e6d58/c0255/4_1_3.png 920w,\n/static/7977922a8e37fd253a7fd34e364e6d58/0f246/4_1_3.png 1118w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/7977922a8e37fd253a7fd34e364e6d58/c0255/4_1_3.png\" alt=\"4 1 3\" title=\"4 1 3\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Komentotulkkiin on mahdollista kirjoittaa mitä tahansa Pythonia, muuttujien ja metodienkin määrittely on mahdollista:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> t <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> t<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>   <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">3</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">4</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">5</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">itseisarvo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>   <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku<span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>      luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span>luku\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>   <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> luku\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> itseisarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nTraceback <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>most recent call last<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  File <span class=\"token string\">\"&lt;stdin>\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> line <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span>module<span class=\"token operator\">></span>\nNameError<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> name <span class=\"token string\">'luku'</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">is</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> defined\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> itseisarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">10</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> itseisarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">7</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span></code></pre></div><p>Parhaimmillaan komentotulkki on pienten tarkistusten tekemiseen, esim. miten tietty metodi toimii tai onko metodia ylipäätään olemassa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token string\">\"TekstIä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>toupper<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nTraceback <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>most recent call last<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  File <span class=\"token string\">\"&lt;stdin>\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> line <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span>module<span class=\"token operator\">></span>\nAttributeError<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">'str'</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">object</span> has no attribute <span class=\"token string\">'toupper'</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token string\">\"TekstIä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>upper<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'TEKSTIÄ'</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span></code></pre></div><p>Jos muistaa melkein jonkin metodin nimen, googlaamisen sijaan voi olla nopeampi käyttää komentotulkkia ja kysyä funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">dir</code>, mitä metodeja tietyllä oliolla on:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token builtin\">dir</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"teksti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">'__add__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__class__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__contains__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__delattr__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__dir__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__doc__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__eq__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'__format__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__ge__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__getattribute__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__getitem__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__getnewargs__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__gt__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'__hash__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__init__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__init_subclass__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__iter__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__le__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__len__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__lt__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'__mod__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__mul__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__ne__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__new__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__reduce__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__reduce_ex__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__repr__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'__rmod__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__rmul__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__setattr__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__sizeof__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__str__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__subclasshook__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'capitalize'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'casefold'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'center'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'count'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'encode'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'endswith'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'expandtabs'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'find'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'format'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'format_map'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'index'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'isalnum'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'isalpha'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'isascii'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'isdecimal'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'isdigit'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'isidentifier'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'islower'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'isnumeric'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'isprintable'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'isspace'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'istitle'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'isupper'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'join'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'ljust'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'lower'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'lstrip'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'maketrans'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'partition'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'replace'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'rfind'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'rindex'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'rjust'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">'rpartition'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'rsplit'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'rstrip'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'split'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'splitlines'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'startswith'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'strip'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'swapcase'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'title'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'translate'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'upper'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'zfill'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Kuten näemme, merkkijonoilla on suuri määrä metodeja. Kurssin tässä vaiheessa ei kannata välittää alaviivoja sisältävistä metodeista, mutta muut voivat olla käyttökelpoisia. Osa metodien toiminnasta voi selvitä kokeilemalla, osan toiminta selviää googlaamalla.</p><p>Listojen metodeista käy ilmi seuraavaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token builtin\">dir</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">'__add__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__class__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__contains__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__delattr__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__delitem__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__dir__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__doc__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'__eq__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__format__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__ge__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__getattribute__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__getitem__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__gt__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__hash__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'__iadd__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__imul__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__init__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__init_subclass__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__iter__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__le__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__len__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'__lt__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__mul__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__ne__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__new__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__reduce__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__reduce_ex__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__repr__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'__reversed__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__rmul__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__setattr__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__setitem__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__sizeof__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'__str__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'__subclasshook__'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'append'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'clear'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'copy'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'count'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'extend'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'index'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'insert'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'pop'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'remove'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'reverse'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'sort'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span></code></pre></div><p>Tarjolla näyttää siis olevan mm. metodit <code class=\"language-text\">reverse</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">clear</code>. Kokeillaan niitä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>reverse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> luvut\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>clear<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> luvut\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Metodit siis tekevät aika lailla sen, mitä nimen perusteella voi olettaa.</p><p>Huomaa, että komentotulkki ei näytä mitään tulosta, kun kutsutaan esim. metodia <code class=\"language-text\">lista.reverse()</code>. Mistä tämä johtuu? Komentotulkki tekee komentojen suorituksen yhteydessä tulostuksen vain, jos suoritetulla koodirivillä on jokin arvo. Edellisessä esimerkissä saatiin tulostettua listan <code class=\"language-text\">luvut</code> arvo kirjoittamalla komentotulkkiin pelkkä muuttujan nimi. Komentotulkissa ei siis useinkaan ole tarvetta kirjottaa erikseen <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komentoja.</p><p>Tärkeä komento on <code class=\"language-text\">exit()</code>, joka sulkee komentotulkin. Erityisesti jos käytät komentotulkkia Visual Studio Codessa, se tulee muistaa sulkea, ennen kuin suoritat jonkin ohjelman uudelleen \"vihreällä kolmiolla\". Jos tämä unohtuu, on seurauksena hieman erikoinen virheilmoitus:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/966ce/4_1_4.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 28.695652173913043%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAGCAIAAABM9SnKAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAA7klEQVQY023G0W6EIBCFYd9jBQZQgWEERdx1FTdbTd//lZqYthdNT76T/FXOkyMa0phzTikhekRy1nXGInrvyVqrlP4DVBNJVwbtOA8u9tA2QggAkFJKgO+4kv+MMc6uc8YAZKV0E4YQxwRaMyFqzm91fWOXK2rGfoGSoJSQwEEwwatnTFtM52MtcVrD+KA4O8rWz67PjiaDFz9Znwy+0v2dl1ea15BWjNVxnp/HeX4ceynPZdme615KWbfXvpdtC9QTInnfe+o92c5YYwjRIS4uVHcfHxgWGobGRt1FbaI2wyXqLsj2H6oj1S7KfgH1/DpLnHkC8gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/a0b58/4_1_4.webp 230w,\n/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/bc10c/4_1_4.webp 460w,\n/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/966d8/4_1_4.webp 920w,\n/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/445df/4_1_4.webp 1380w,\n/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/78de1/4_1_4.webp 1840w,\n/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/df82e/4_1_4.webp 2050w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/81c8e/4_1_4.png 230w,\n/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/08a84/4_1_4.png 460w,\n/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/c0255/4_1_4.png 920w,\n/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/b1001/4_1_4.png 1380w,\n/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/161ec/4_1_4.png 1840w,\n/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/966ce/4_1_4.png 2050w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/030410f1be5c4a9d02209afb96fe30e4/c0255/4_1_4.png\" alt=\"4 1 4\" title=\"4 1 4\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><h2 id=\"debuggeri\" style=\"position:relative;\">Debuggeri<a href=\"#debuggeri\" aria-label=\"debuggeri permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Muutamassa edellisessä osassa on jo korostettu debuggaustaitojen tärkeyttä ja demonstroitu tulostamalla tapahtuvaa debuggausta. Visual Studio Code sisältää debuggausta varten <em>visuaalisen debuggerin</em>.</p><p>Debuggaus aloitetaan määrittelemällä koodiin <em>breakpoint</em> eli kohta, johon debuggeri pysäyttää koodin suorituksen. Breakpoint asetetaan klikkaamalla hiirellä halutun koodirivin vasemmalta puolelta.</p><p>Seuraavassa esimerkissä breakpoint on asetettu <a href=\"/osa-3/1-ehdot-silmukoissa\">edellisen osan</a> tehtävän <em>Peräkkäisten summa</em> hieman virheellisen ratkaisun riville 5:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/b2aa8f4cae6fd0db736f2cf1d62607f9/6e29b/4_1_5.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 39.130434782608695%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAICAIAAAB2/0i6AAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAAv0lEQVQY042NW66DMAwFWQiO47wdY7glJEXd/8Iq+nelVmJ0/o5GM6WUZN3O8zyOo/euuubCXEVk0UVFFpGFuX7dpLrlwr33R2vtHM/R/oRrrarKzKWUlBIAmG9MsqwAUHLWbQUENEAWLV7fPM8A8y/zkpPzAbGyvJ6vozWugmjxHlMM0dEV2x/7GCPmQuSN+Vn7V/YhOu+ttTnmMUZlRgAD9+QQovc+xhBT3PemqvnDXdkYJLJEZD+Qc0R0R34DaJdB2A9pXSUAAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/b2aa8f4cae6fd0db736f2cf1d62607f9/a0b58/4_1_5.webp 230w,\n/static/b2aa8f4cae6fd0db736f2cf1d62607f9/bc10c/4_1_5.webp 460w,\n/static/b2aa8f4cae6fd0db736f2cf1d62607f9/966d8/4_1_5.webp 920w,\n/static/b2aa8f4cae6fd0db736f2cf1d62607f9/445df/4_1_5.webp 1380w,\n/static/b2aa8f4cae6fd0db736f2cf1d62607f9/a9e74/4_1_5.webp 1610w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/b2aa8f4cae6fd0db736f2cf1d62607f9/81c8e/4_1_5.png 230w,\n/static/b2aa8f4cae6fd0db736f2cf1d62607f9/08a84/4_1_5.png 460w,\n/static/b2aa8f4cae6fd0db736f2cf1d62607f9/c0255/4_1_5.png 920w,\n/static/b2aa8f4cae6fd0db736f2cf1d62607f9/b1001/4_1_5.png 1380w,\n/static/b2aa8f4cae6fd0db736f2cf1d62607f9/6e29b/4_1_5.png 1610w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/b2aa8f4cae6fd0db736f2cf1d62607f9/c0255/4_1_5.png\" alt=\"4 1 5\" title=\"4 1 5\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Breakpointin asetuksen jälkeen valitaan valikosta <em>Run</em> kohta <em>Start debugging</em>. Tämä avaa valintanäkymän, josta valitaan <em>Python File</em>:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/4ab241b5d1246646156624044be64914/adef7/4_1_6.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 36.52173913043478%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAHCAIAAACHqfpvAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAA/klEQVQY043PyW6DMBSFYT9HEyZPYBsINpMxeGjSpqCmUt//aaoIRUpX7a9vec/igrxgSspgFzebYJdz8NvH9XNbb9v6/XVb398uwbvZWDO52aim4ZwLIUQpyroCVVnjUsmwnexVTBfSWdq7fPC4tVAtmVwyOaPW3nUuwiw6HqJHQHBR1Kp/3U7mzAcrRi9GX2kP6+FQNLuXfCePkCRJnDwCKINS8ODcYiajR933Y9fpYagFpxjlBD+DaZo8BSDEZVVZ67quH7WWbdtIJVVbMH6/J7+kaRY/BTAmCCFKKUKYMQ4hiuN4fyn+K0AITdMMoYxQUjBGKS0YRxj/Z/wD++1E6Al0/nYAAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/4ab241b5d1246646156624044be64914/a0b58/4_1_6.webp 230w,\n/static/4ab241b5d1246646156624044be64914/bc10c/4_1_6.webp 460w,\n/static/4ab241b5d1246646156624044be64914/966d8/4_1_6.webp 920w,\n/static/4ab241b5d1246646156624044be64914/445df/4_1_6.webp 1380w,\n/static/4ab241b5d1246646156624044be64914/211fa/4_1_6.webp 1716w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/4ab241b5d1246646156624044be64914/81c8e/4_1_6.png 230w,\n/static/4ab241b5d1246646156624044be64914/08a84/4_1_6.png 460w,\n/static/4ab241b5d1246646156624044be64914/c0255/4_1_6.png 920w,\n/static/4ab241b5d1246646156624044be64914/b1001/4_1_6.png 1380w,\n/static/4ab241b5d1246646156624044be64914/adef7/4_1_6.png 1716w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/4ab241b5d1246646156624044be64914/c0255/4_1_6.png\" alt=\"4 1 6\" title=\"4 1 6\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Debuggeri käynnistyy ja alkaa suorittaa koodia normaaliin tapaan, kunnes se törmää breakpointiin ja pysähtyy:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/3145a/4_1_7.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 46.95652173913043%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/a0b58/4_1_7.webp 230w,\n/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/bc10c/4_1_7.webp 460w,\n/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/966d8/4_1_7.webp 920w,\n/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/445df/4_1_7.webp 1380w,\n/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/78de1/4_1_7.webp 1840w,\n/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/407bd/4_1_7.webp 2112w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/81c8e/4_1_7.png 230w,\n/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/08a84/4_1_7.png 460w,\n/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/c0255/4_1_7.png 920w,\n/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/b1001/4_1_7.png 1380w,\n/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/161ec/4_1_7.png 1840w,\n/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/3145a/4_1_7.png 2112w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/8a01f8e6fba73266b2dd512d79dfb681/c0255/4_1_7.png\" alt=\"4 1 7\" title=\"4 1 7\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Vasempaan reunaan on avautunut näkymä <em>Variables</em>, joka kertoo senhetkisten muuttujien arvot. Koodia voidaan suorittaa rivi riviltä painelemalla alaspäin osoittavaa nuolta (<em>Step into</em>).</p><p>Seuraavassa tilanteessa silmukkaa on suoritettu muutamia kertoja:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/cc418/4_1_8.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 51.73913043478261%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAKCAIAAAA7N+mxAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAABbElEQVQoz3WP7Y6jMAxFeY62gUmcLyctJAETKKCWoWjf/41WVNpqd6U5Orp/ri3LxTB20zKv6zcRpRCNxZjaIR8QUUtE40x5HMecQmMRjbEfiybEcbjffG2UUUoJAVqbJkTjvbNGAwhQnENVccaq0+lyPrOPRVPXjWsa36BBpbSWEvgXdYG6G6JQkkk4w1spL/9ZhH7sQ3fzN3VgjJJSVCnq16tLrfT+7P3pJ4tIg0M02mqljdIAEqT8qngI0TlfspKx6ieLEKKQGpSGd3JQXHClQBt7fGEM55yxC2OsLNnflCUrunx/bL8i3euUh3mtU2+MtcYgYgjBe3+9XhFRvlFKAQAiTtO0LEvRtl1ThxhSjG3b0tVfu66bpomIcs79m6Mg6vv+kznnY7mua865ECAEAEghxLLM+74/n89931+v17Zt67ouy/L9h23b5vmYKVJKj8eDqHfOaW2U0p/LMUb8F+ccIlprtdaI+Bvm42YuwG95FAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/a0b58/4_1_8.webp 230w,\n/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/bc10c/4_1_8.webp 460w,\n/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/966d8/4_1_8.webp 920w,\n/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/445df/4_1_8.webp 1380w,\n/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/78de1/4_1_8.webp 1840w,\n/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/75f48/4_1_8.webp 1992w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/81c8e/4_1_8.png 230w,\n/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/08a84/4_1_8.png 460w,\n/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/c0255/4_1_8.png 920w,\n/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/b1001/4_1_8.png 1380w,\n/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/161ec/4_1_8.png 1840w,\n/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/cc418/4_1_8.png 1992w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/748cafbc68941c7eaaebec0f9b422806/c0255/4_1_8.png\" alt=\"4 1 8\" title=\"4 1 8\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Debuggerin välilehti <em>Debug console</em> mahdollistaa myös lausekkeiden arvojen näyttämisen debuggaushetken muuttujien arvoilla. Voidaan esimerkiksi kokeilla, mikä silmukan lopetusehdon arvo on:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/cb1ac/4_1_9.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 43.913043478260875%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/a0b58/4_1_9.webp 230w,\n/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/bc10c/4_1_9.webp 460w,\n/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/966d8/4_1_9.webp 920w,\n/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/445df/4_1_9.webp 1380w,\n/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/78de1/4_1_9.webp 1840w,\n/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/cb61f/4_1_9.webp 1936w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/81c8e/4_1_9.png 230w,\n/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/08a84/4_1_9.png 460w,\n/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/c0255/4_1_9.png 920w,\n/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/b1001/4_1_9.png 1380w,\n/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/161ec/4_1_9.png 1840w,\n/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/cb1ac/4_1_9.png 1936w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/cb417e312ed6b45c9910c5a50d7fa175/c0255/4_1_9.png\" alt=\"4 1 9\" title=\"4 1 9\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Ohjelmassa voi olla myös useita breakpointeja. Pysähtymisen jälkeen koodi voidaan taas käynnistää sinisellä kolmiolla (<em>Continue</em>) ja suoritus jatkuu, kunnes ohjelma törmää seuraavaan breakpointiin.</p><p>Visuaalinen debuggeri on vaihtoehto debug-tulostuksille, mutta on mieltymyksistä kiinni, mitä debuggaustekniikoita kukin ohjelmoija käyttää. 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määrittelyssä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"def"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","function"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"kysy_nimi"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":" 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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"input"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Mikä on nimesi? \""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"return"}]},{"type":"text","value":" nimi"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tämä kertoo funktion käyttäjälle, että funktion on tarkoitus palauttaa merkkijono."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huomaa kuitenkin, että tyyppivihje ainoastaan neuvoo, mikä tyypin tulisi olla, mutta ei valvo sitä. Jos funktiolle annetaan väärän tyyppinen parametri tai se palauttaa väärän tyyppisen arvon, funktio suoritetaan kuitenkin, mutta se toimii mahdollisesti väärin."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"8e93e885-fda8-5930-8232-80dd3dc01642"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät lisää funktion parametrien käyttämisestä</li>\n<li>Osaat palauttaa arvon funktiosta ja käyttää sitä kutsukohdassa</li>\n<li>Osaat merkitä tyyppivihjeet parametreille ja paluuarvolle</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Funktioiden määrittely tapahtuu avainsanan <code class=\"language-text\">def</code> avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">viesti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tämä tulee funktiosta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Näin määriteltyä funktiota nimeltä <code class=\"language-text\">viesti</code> kutsutaan seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">viesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tällöin ohjelman tulostus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>Tämä tulee funktiosta</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"funktion-parametrit\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktion parametrit<a href=\"#funktion-parametrit\" aria-label=\"funktion parametrit permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktiolla voi olla yksi tai useampi parametri. Parametrit määritellään suluissa funktion nimen jälkeen.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraavassa koodissa funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">tervehdi</code> on yksi parametri ja funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">summa</code> on kaksi parametria.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tervehdi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moikka,\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Parametrien summa on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Moikka, Emilia\nParametrien summa on 5</p></sample-output><text-box variant='hint' name='Muodollinen ja todellinen parametri'><p>Mitä oikeastaan tapahtuu, kun suoritetaan funktiokutsu <code class=\"language-text\">tervehdi(\"Emilia\")</code>?</p><p>Funktion määrittelyssä <code class=\"language-text\">tervehdi(nimi)</code> oleva <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code> on funktion\n<em>muodollinen parametri</em>. Parametrin nimi on annettu funktion alussa,\nja sitä voidaan käyttää funktiossa muuttujan tavoin.</p><p>Funktion kutsussa <code class=\"language-text\">tervehdi(\"Emilia\")</code> oleva <code class=\"language-text\">\"Emilia\"</code> on funktion\n<em>todellinen parametri</em>. Kun funktiota kutsutaan, todellinen parametri\nsijoitetaan muodollisen parametrin arvoksi.</p><p>Joskus termillä <em>parametri</em> viitataan muodolliseen parametriin ja\ntermillä <em>argumentti</em> viitataan todelliseen parametriin,\nmutta monet myös käyttävät termejä sekaisin.</p></text-box><h2 id=\"testien-virheilmoitukset\" style=\"position:relative;\">Testien virheilmoitukset<a href=\"#testien-virheilmoitukset\" aria-label=\"testien virheilmoitukset permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos ohjelmasi ei toimi oikein, antavat testit enemmän tai vähemmän hyvän virheilmoituksen. Virheilmoitus kannattaa ehdottomasti lukea huolellisesti.</p><p>Joissain tilanteissa virheilmoitus ei kerro tarkemmin, mistä on kyse. Esimerkiksi seuraavassa tehtävässä saatat törmätä seuraavaan virheeseen:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/fd084faad6510920cd24630f3868f652/76435/4_2_0a.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 41.73913043478261%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/fd084faad6510920cd24630f3868f652/a0b58/4_2_0a.webp 230w,\n/static/fd084faad6510920cd24630f3868f652/bc10c/4_2_0a.webp 460w,\n/static/fd084faad6510920cd24630f3868f652/966d8/4_2_0a.webp 920w,\n/static/fd084faad6510920cd24630f3868f652/445df/4_2_0a.webp 1380w,\n/static/fd084faad6510920cd24630f3868f652/97499/4_2_0a.webp 1742w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/fd084faad6510920cd24630f3868f652/81c8e/4_2_0a.png 230w,\n/static/fd084faad6510920cd24630f3868f652/08a84/4_2_0a.png 460w,\n/static/fd084faad6510920cd24630f3868f652/c0255/4_2_0a.png 920w,\n/static/fd084faad6510920cd24630f3868f652/b1001/4_2_0a.png 1380w,\n/static/fd084faad6510920cd24630f3868f652/76435/4_2_0a.png 1742w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/fd084faad6510920cd24630f3868f652/c0255/4_2_0a.png\" alt=\"4 2 0a\" title=\"4 2 0a\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Virhe kertoo, että tehtävän funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">viiva</code> pitäisi pystyä kutsumaan seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">viiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Varsinainen ongelma paljastuu, kun kokeillaan, mitä funktiokutsu tekee, eli kopioidaan virheilmoituksen kertoma funktiokutsu koodiin ja painetaan vihreää kolmiota:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/5a22494efd4d5af2a80255c7ee6431f3/701e9/4_2_0b.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 42.173913043478265%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/5a22494efd4d5af2a80255c7ee6431f3/a0b58/4_2_0b.webp 230w,\n/static/5a22494efd4d5af2a80255c7ee6431f3/bc10c/4_2_0b.webp 460w,\n/static/5a22494efd4d5af2a80255c7ee6431f3/966d8/4_2_0b.webp 920w,\n/static/5a22494efd4d5af2a80255c7ee6431f3/445df/4_2_0b.webp 1380w,\n/static/5a22494efd4d5af2a80255c7ee6431f3/e11e5/4_2_0b.webp 1780w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/5a22494efd4d5af2a80255c7ee6431f3/81c8e/4_2_0b.png 230w,\n/static/5a22494efd4d5af2a80255c7ee6431f3/08a84/4_2_0b.png 460w,\n/static/5a22494efd4d5af2a80255c7ee6431f3/c0255/4_2_0b.png 920w,\n/static/5a22494efd4d5af2a80255c7ee6431f3/b1001/4_2_0b.png 1380w,\n/static/5a22494efd4d5af2a80255c7ee6431f3/701e9/4_2_0b.png 1780w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/5a22494efd4d5af2a80255c7ee6431f3/c0255/4_2_0b.png\" alt=\"4 2 0b\" title=\"4 2 0b\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Koodin suorituksen viimeiset rivit kertovat, mikä on vikana: koodin rivi 4 aiheuttaa virheen <em>IndexError: string index out of range</em>. Kuten <a href=\"/osa-3/2-merkkijonojen-kasittely\">edellisessä osassa</a> mainittiin, syy tälle on se, että koodissa yritetään indeksoida merkkijonon ulkopuolelle. Tällä kertaa syynä on se, että yritetään hakea nollan pituisen merkkijonon ensimmäistä merkkiä.</p><programming-exercise name='Viiva' tmcname='osa04-02_viiva'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">viiva</code>, joka saa kaksi parametria (leveys, merkkijono). Funktio tulostaa ensimmäisen parametrin määrittämän pituisen viivan käyttäen toisena parametrina olevan merkkijonon ensimmäistä merkkiä. Jos parametrina oleva merkkijono on tyhjä, tulostuu viiva tähtinä.</p><p>Käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">viiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"%\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nviiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"LOL\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nviiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\n%%%%%%%\nLLLLLLLLLL\n***\n</pre></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"sisakkaiset-kutsut\" style=\"position:relative;\">Sisäkkäiset kutsut<a href=\"#sisakkaiset-kutsut\" aria-label=\"sisakkaiset kutsut permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Voimme kutsua funktiota myös toisen funktion sisältä. Esimerkiksi seuraavassa ohjelmassa funktio\n<code class=\"language-text\">tervehdi_monesti</code> kutsuu funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">tervehdi</code> halutun määrän kertoja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tervehdi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moikka,\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tervehdi_monesti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kerrat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> kerrat <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        tervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        kerrat <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\ntervehdi_monesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Moikka, Emilia\nMoikka, Emilia\nMoikka, Emilia</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Risulaatikko' tmcname='osa04-02a_risulaatikko'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">risulaatikko</code>, joka piirtää risuaitamerkkiä käyttäen parametrinsa korkuisen, kymmenen merkkiä leveän risulaatikon.</p><p>Funktion tulee kutsua edellisen tehtävän funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">viiva</code> kaiken tulostuksen tekemiseen! Kopioi edellisen tehtävän funktion koodi tämän tehtävän funktion koodin yläpuolelle. Älä muuta funktiota mitenkään!</p><p>Pari käyttöesimerkkiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">risulaatikko<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nrisulaatikko<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\n##########\n##########\n##########\n##########\n##########\n\n##########\n##########\n</pre></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Risuneliö' tmcname='osa04-02b_risunelio'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">risunelio</code>, joka piirtää risuaitamerkkiä käyttäen parametrinsa kokoisen risuneliön.</p><p>Funktion tulee kutsua edellisen tehtävän funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">viiva</code> kaiken tulostuksen tekemiseen! Kopioi edellisen tehtävän funktion koodi tämän tehtävän funktion koodin yläpuolelle. Älä muuta funktiota mitenkaan!</p><p>Pari käyttöesimerkkiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">risunelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nrisunelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\n#####\n#####\n#####\n#####\n#####\n\n###\n###\n###\n</pre></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Neliö' tmcname='osa04-02c_nelio'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">nelio</code>, joka saa kaksi parametria. Funktio tulostaa neliön jonka korkeuden ja leveyden kertoo ensimmäinen parametri.  Toinen parametri määrittelee mitä merkkiä käyttäen neliö piirretään.</p><p>Funktion tulee kutsua edellisen tehtävän funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">viiva</code> kaiken tulostuksen tekemiseen! Kopioi edellisen tehtävän funktion koodi tämän tehtävän funktion koodin yläpuolelle. Älä muuta funktiota mitenkaan!</p><p>Pari käyttöesimerkkiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"*\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"o\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\n*****\n*****\n*****\n*****\n*****\n\nooo\nooo\nooo\n</pre></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kolmio' tmcname='osa04-02d_kolmio'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kolmio</code>, joka piirtää risuaitamerkkiä käyttäen parametrinsa korkuisen ja levyisen, risuaitakolmion.</p><p>Funktion tulee kutsua edellisen tehtävän funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">viiva</code> kaiken tulostuksen tekemiseen! Kopioi edellisen tehtävän funktion koodi tämän tehtävän funktion koodin yläpuolelle. Älä muuta funktiota mitenkaan!</p><p>Pari käyttöesimerkkiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kolmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkolmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\n#\n##\n###\n####\n#####\n######\n\n#\n##\n###\n</pre></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kuvio' tmcname='osa04-03_kuvio'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kuvio</code>, joka saa neljä parametria. Funktio tulostaa kuvion, jonka yläosana on kahden ensimmäisen parametrin määrittelemä kolmio ja alaosana ensimmäisen ja kahden jälkimmäisen parametrin määrittelemä suorakulmio.</p><p>Funktion tulee kutsua edellisen tehtävän funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">viiva</code> kaiken tulostuksen tekemiseen! Kopioi edellisen tehtävän funktion koodi tämän tehtävän funktion koodin yläpuolelle.</p><p>Pari käyttöesimerkkiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kuvio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"X\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"*\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkuvio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"o\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkuvio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\".\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\",\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\nX\nXX\nXXX\nXXXX\nXXXXX\n*****\n*****\n*****\n\no\noo\n++\n++\n++\n++\n\n.\n..\n...\n</pre></sample-output><p><strong>Vihje</strong></p><p>Älä yritä ratkaista tehtävässä \"kaikkia asioita\" yhtä aikaa. Keskity ensin esim. siihen että saat kuvion yläosan kolmion piirtymään oikein, ja vasta sen jälkeen jatka kuvion täydentämistä alaosan suorakulmiolla.</p><p>Tämä on ylipäätänsäkin ohjelmoinnissa erittäin tärkeää: <strong>keskity pieniin osiin kerrallaan</strong>, varmista että ne toimivat ennen kuin laajennat ratkaisuasi.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Joulukuusi' tmcname='osa04-04_joulukuusi'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">joulukuusi</code>, joka saa yhden parametrin. Funktio tulostaa tekstin joulukuusi! ja parametrinsa kokoisen joulukuusen.</p><p>Esim. kutsuttaessa <code class=\"language-text\">joulukuusi(3)</code> tulostuu</p><sample-output><pre>\njoulukuusi!\n  *\n ***\n*****\n  *\n</pre></sample-output><p>Esim. kutsuttaessa <code class=\"language-text\">joulukuusi(5)</code> tulostuu</p><sample-output><pre>\njoulukuusi!\n    *\n   ***\n  *****\n *******\n*********\n    *\n</pre></sample-output><p><strong>Huomaa, että joulukuusen vasemmalla puolella pitää olla täsmälleen oikea määrä välilyöntejä</strong>. Eli vaikka kuusen muoto olisi täysin oikea, mutta sen alin \"neulastaso\" ei lähde ruudun vasemmasta reunasta, ei vastaus kelpaa testeille.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"funktion-paluuarvo\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktion paluuarvo<a href=\"#funktion-paluuarvo\" aria-label=\"funktion paluuarvo permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktiot voivat myös palauttaa arvoja. Esimerkiksi Pythonin valmis funktio <code class=\"language-text\">input</code> <em>palauttaa</em> käyttäjän antaman syötteen. Funktion palauttama arvo voidaan esimerkiksi sijoittaa muuttujaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna sana: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Myös kokonaislukujen lukemisessa yhdessä funktion <code class=\"language-text\">input</code> kanssa käytettävä funktio <code class=\"language-text\">int</code> palauttaa arvon:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna kokonaisluku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">int</code> saa parametrinaan funktion <code class=\"language-text\">input</code> palauttaman merkkijonon ja palauttaa sen kokonaislukutyyppisenä.</p><h2 id=\"funktion-arvon-palauttaminen-return-komennolla\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktion arvon palauttaminen return-komennolla<a href=\"#funktion-arvon-palauttaminen-return-komennolla\" aria-label=\"funktion arvon palauttaminen return komennolla permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Myös itse määrittelemämme funktiot voivat palauttaa arvoja käyttämällä komentoa <code class=\"language-text\">return</code>. Esimerkiksi seuraava funktio <code class=\"language-text\">summa</code> palauttaa annettujen lukujen summan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> b\n\nvastaus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Summa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vastaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Summa: 5</p></sample-output><p>Seuraavassa on vielä toinen esimerkki, jossa funktio kysyy käyttäjän nimen ja palauttaa sen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kysy_nimi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mikä on nimesi? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> nimi\n\nnimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kysy_nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moikka,\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Mikä on nimesi? <strong>Anna</strong>\nMoikka, Anna</p></sample-output><p>Kannattaa huomata, että komento <code class=\"language-text\">return</code> lopettaa funktion suorituksen saman tien. Niinpä voimme tehdä seuraavan funktion:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pienin</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> a\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> b\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pienin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pienin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tässä ideana on, että jos <code class=\"language-text\">a</code> on pienempi kuin <code class=\"language-text\">b</code>, niin funktio palauttaa arvon <code class=\"language-text\">a</code> ja päättyy. Muuten funktion suoritus jatkuu eteenpäin, jolloin se palauttaa arvon <code class=\"language-text\">b</code>.</p><sample-output><p>3\n2</p></sample-output><p>Voimme myös käyttää <code class=\"language-text\">return</code>-komentoa siihen, että poistumme funktiosta palauttamatta mitään:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tervehdi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"???\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moikka,\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Matti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code> on tyhjä merkkijono, niin funktio tulostaa <code class=\"language-text\">???</code> ja päättyy.</p><sample-output><p>Moikka, Emilia\n???\nMoikka, Matti</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"funktion-paluuarvojen-kaytto\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktion paluuarvojen käyttö<a href=\"#funktion-paluuarvojen-kaytto\" aria-label=\"funktion paluuarvojen kaytto permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kuten olemme jo nähneet, funktioiden paluuarvoja on mahdollista sijoittaa muuttujiin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> b\n\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Summa on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Summa on 10</p></sample-output><p>Koska funktion paluuarvo käyttäytyy kuten mikä tahansa arvo, ei apumuuttuja ole tarpeen ja paluuarvoa on mahdollista käyttää suoraan komennon <code class=\"language-text\">print</code> parametrina:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Summa on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Voimme myös antaa funktion palauttaman arvon toiselle funktiolle:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> a<span class=\"token operator\">+</span>b\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">erotus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> a<span class=\"token operator\">-</span>b\n\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> erotus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Vastaus on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Vastaus on 2</p></sample-output><p>Tässä tapauksessa suoritetaan ensin sisemmät funktiokutsut <code class=\"language-text\">summa(5, 2)</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">summa(2, 3)</code>, joiden  palauttamat arvot 7 ja 5 käytetään ulomman funktiokutsun parametreina.</p><p>Ulompi funktiokutsu <code class=\"language-text\">erotus(7, 5)</code> palauttaa arvon 2, joka sijoitetaan muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">tulos</code> arvoksi ja tulostetaan ruudulle.</p><p>Funktioiden palauttamat arvot toimivat täysin samalla tavalla kuin mitkä tahansa arvot Pythonissa. Niitä voidaan tulostaa, sijoittaa muuttujaan, käyttää osana lausekkeita tai käyttää parametreina muissa funktiokutsuissa.</p><h2 id=\"arvon-palauttaminen-return-ja-print\" style=\"position:relative;\">Arvon palauttaminen, return ja print<a href=\"#arvon-palauttaminen-return-ja-print\" aria-label=\"arvon palauttaminen return ja print permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Joskus aloittelija hämmentyy funktioiden paluuarvon ja funktiossa tapahtuvan tulostuksen välistä eroa. Tarkastellaan kahta versiota funktiosta, joka selvittää kahden parametrinsa maksimiarvon:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">maksimi1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">></span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> a\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> b\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">maksimi2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">></span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nvastaus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> maksimi1<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vastaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nmaksimi2<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>5\n7</p></sample-output><p>Molemmat funktiot näyttävät toimivan hyvin, kumpikin selvittää maksimiarvon. Funktioissa on kuitenkin eräs ratkaiseva ero. Funktioista ensimmäinen <code class=\"language-text\">maksimi1</code> <em>palauttaa</em> selvittämänsä arvon. Se ei itse tulosta mitään, eli jos suoritetaan koodi</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">maksimi1<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>ei näytä tapahtuvan mitään. Funktion paluuarvo on siis otettava talteen muuttujaan, jos se halutaan tulostaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">vastaus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> maksimi1<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vastaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktioista toinen <code class=\"language-text\">maksimi2</code> taas tulostaa itse <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komentoa käyttäen lukujen maksimin, eli riittää kutsua</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">maksimi2<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>ja maksimi tulostuu ruudulle. Tämän funktion huono puoli on kuitenkin se, että funktion selvittämää arvoa ei ole mahdollista saada funktion ulkopuolelle muun ohjelman käsiteltäväksi. Tämän takia arvon palauttava funktio on useimmiten parempi vaihtoehto.</p><programming-exercise name='Luvuista suurin' tmcname='osa04-05_luvuista_suurin'><p>Tee funktio  <code class=\"language-text\">luvuista_suurin</code>, joka saa parametriksi kolme kokonaislukua. Funktio palauttaa return-lausetta käyttäen luvuista suurimman.</p><p>Käyttöesimerkki</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvuista_suurin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># 4</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvuista_suurin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">99</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># 99</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvuista_suurin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># 0</span></code></pre></div></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Merkit samat' tmcname='osa04-06_merkit_samat'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">samat</code>, joka saa parametriksi merkkijonon ja kaksi merkkijonon indeksejä kuvaavaa kokonaislukua. Funktio palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">return</code>-lausetta käyttäen tiedon (<code class=\"language-text\">True</code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">False</code>) siitä, ovatko merkkijonon parametreina olevien indeksien osoittamissa paikoissa olevat merkit samat. Jos jompikumpi indekseistä ei osu merkkijonon sisälle, palauttaa metodi <code class=\"language-text\">False</code>.</p><p>Muutama esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># samat merkit o ja o</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>samat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"koodari\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># True</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># eri merkit k ja a</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>samat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"koodari\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># False</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># toinen indeksi ei ole merkkijonon sisällä</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>samat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"koodari\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># False</span></code></pre></div></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Eka, toka ja vika sana' tmcname='osa04-07_eka_toka_vika_sana'><p>Tee kolme funktiota: <code class=\"language-text\">eka_sana</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">toka_sana</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">vika_sana</code>. Jokainen funktioista saa parametrikseen lauseen (eli merkkijonon).</p><p>Funktiot palauttavat nimensä mukaisesti lauseen ensimmäisen, toisen tai viimeisen sanan.</p><p>Voit olettaa jokaisessa tapauksessa, että merkkijono koostuu vähintään kahdesta sanasta, ja että sanojen välillä on aina täsmälleen yksi välilyönti, ja että merkkijonon alussa ja lopussa ei ole välilyöntejä.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lause <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"olipa kerran kauan sitten ohjelmoija\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eka_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># olipa</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>toka_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># kerran</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vika_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># ohjelmoija</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>olipa\nkerran\nohjelmoija</p></sample-output><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lause <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"olipa kerran\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>toka_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># kerran</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vika_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># kerran</span></code></pre></div></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"parametrin-tyyppi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Parametrin tyyppi<a href=\"#parametrin-tyyppi\" aria-label=\"parametrin tyyppi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kerrataan vielä tähän mennessä läpikäydyt tyypit:</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Tyyppi</th>\n<th align=\"center\">Pythonissa</th>\n<th>Esimerkki</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Kokonaisluku</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">int</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">23</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Liukuluku</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">float</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">-0.45</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Merkkijono</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">str</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">\"Pekka Python\"</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Totuusarvo</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">bool</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">True</code></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Kun kutsumme funktiota, funktio toimii oikein vain,\njos annamme sille sopivan tyyppiset parametrit.\nTarkastellaan esimerkkinä seuraavaa funktiota:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta_monesti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>viesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kerrat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> kerrat <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>viesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        kerrat <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktio toimii mainiosti, jos kutsumme sitä näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tulosta_monesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moikka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Moikka\nMoikka\nMoikka\nMoikka\nMoikka</p></sample-output><p>Kuitenkaan funktio ei toimi, jos annamme sille väärän tyyppisen parametrin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tulosta_monesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moikka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>TypeError: '>' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'</p></sample-output><p>Tässä ongelmaksi tulee, että funktion jälkimmäistä parametria <code class=\"language-text\">kerrat</code> vertaillaan kokonaislukuun 0. Kun parametri on <code class=\"language-text\">\"Emilia\"</code> eikä kokonaisluku, tämä aiheuttaa virheen.</p><p>Voimme antaa funktion määrittelyssä <em>tyyppivihjeen</em>, joka ilmaisee, millaista tietoa parametreihin on tarkoitus sijoittaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta_monesti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>viesti <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kerrat <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> kerrat <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>viesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        kerrat <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämä kertoo funktion käyttäjälle, että parametrin <code class=\"language-text\">viesti</code> on tarkoitus olla merkkijono, kun taas parametrin <code class=\"language-text\">kerrat</code> on tarkoitus olla kokonaisluku.</p><p>Vastaavasti funktion paluuarvon tyypin voi vihjata funktion määrittelyssä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kysy_nimi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mikä on nimesi? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> nimi</code></pre></div><p>Tämä kertoo funktion käyttäjälle, että funktion on tarkoitus palauttaa merkkijono.</p><p>Huomaa kuitenkin, että tyyppivihje ainoastaan neuvoo, mikä tyypin tulisi olla, mutta ei valvo sitä. Jos funktiolle annetaan väärän tyyppinen parametri tai se palauttaa väärän tyyppisen arvon, funktio suoritetaan kuitenkin, mutta se toimii mahdollisesti väärin.</p><div><quiz id=\"8e93e885-fda8-5930-8232-80dd3dc01642\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-4/2-lisaa-funktioista","title":"Lisää funktioista"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-4/2-lisaa-funktioista.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea 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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Emilia\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"TypeError: '>' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tässä ongelmaksi tulee, että funktion jälkimmäistä parametria "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"kerrat"}]},{"type":"text","value":" vertaillaan kokonaislukuun 0. Kun parametri on "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Emilia\""}]},{"type":"text","value":" eikä kokonaisluku, tämä aiheuttaa virheen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Voimme antaa funktion määrittelyssä "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tyyppivihjeen"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka ilmaisee, millaista tietoa parametreihin on tarkoitus sijoittaa:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"def"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","function"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tulosta_monesti"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"viesti "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"str"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" kerrat "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"int"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"while"}]},{"type":"text","value":" kerrat "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":">"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"0"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n        "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"viesti"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n        kerrat "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"-="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tämä kertoo funktion käyttäjälle, että parametrin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"viesti"}]},{"type":"text","value":" on tarkoitus olla merkkijono, kun taas parametrin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"kerrat"}]},{"type":"text","value":" on tarkoitus olla kokonaisluku."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaavasti funktion paluuarvon tyypin voi vihjata funktion määrittelyssä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"def"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","function"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"kysy_nimi"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"-"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":">"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"str"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    nimi "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"input"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Mikä on nimesi? \""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"return"}]},{"type":"text","value":" nimi"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tämä kertoo funktion käyttäjälle, että funktion on tarkoitus palauttaa merkkijono."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huomaa kuitenkin, että tyyppivihje ainoastaan neuvoo, mikä tyypin tulisi olla, mutta ei valvo sitä. Jos funktiolle annetaan väärän tyyppinen parametri tai se palauttaa väärän tyyppisen arvon, funktio suoritetaan kuitenkin, mutta se toimii mahdollisesti väärin."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"8e93e885-fda8-5930-8232-80dd3dc01642"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät lisää funktion parametrien käyttämisestä</li>\n<li>Osaat palauttaa arvon funktiosta ja käyttää sitä kutsukohdassa</li>\n<li>Osaat merkitä tyyppivihjeet parametreille ja paluuarvolle</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Funktioiden määrittely tapahtuu avainsanan <code class=\"language-text\">def</code> avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">viesti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tämä tulee funktiosta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Näin määriteltyä funktiota nimeltä <code class=\"language-text\">viesti</code> kutsutaan seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">viesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tällöin ohjelman tulostus on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>Tämä tulee funktiosta</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"funktion-parametrit\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktion parametrit<a href=\"#funktion-parametrit\" aria-label=\"funktion parametrit permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktiolla voi olla yksi tai useampi parametri. Parametrit määritellään suluissa funktion nimen jälkeen.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraavassa koodissa funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">tervehdi</code> on yksi parametri ja funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">summa</code> on kaksi parametria.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tervehdi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moikka,\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Parametrien summa on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Moikka, Emilia\nParametrien summa on 5</p></sample-output><text-box variant='hint' name='Muodollinen ja todellinen parametri'><p>Mitä oikeastaan tapahtuu, kun suoritetaan funktiokutsu <code class=\"language-text\">tervehdi(\"Emilia\")</code>?</p><p>Funktion määrittelyssä <code class=\"language-text\">tervehdi(nimi)</code> oleva <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code> on funktion\n<em>muodollinen parametri</em>. Parametrin nimi on annettu funktion alussa,\nja sitä voidaan käyttää funktiossa muuttujan tavoin.</p><p>Funktion kutsussa <code class=\"language-text\">tervehdi(\"Emilia\")</code> oleva <code class=\"language-text\">\"Emilia\"</code> on funktion\n<em>todellinen parametri</em>. Kun funktiota kutsutaan, todellinen parametri\nsijoitetaan muodollisen parametrin arvoksi.</p><p>Joskus termillä <em>parametri</em> viitataan muodolliseen parametriin ja\ntermillä <em>argumentti</em> viitataan todelliseen parametriin,\nmutta monet myös käyttävät termejä sekaisin.</p></text-box><h2 id=\"testien-virheilmoitukset\" style=\"position:relative;\">Testien virheilmoitukset<a href=\"#testien-virheilmoitukset\" aria-label=\"testien virheilmoitukset permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos ohjelmasi ei toimi oikein, antavat testit enemmän tai vähemmän hyvän virheilmoituksen. Virheilmoitus kannattaa ehdottomasti lukea huolellisesti.</p><p>Joissain tilanteissa virheilmoitus ei kerro tarkemmin, mistä on kyse. Esimerkiksi seuraavassa tehtävässä saatat törmätä seuraavaan virheeseen:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/fd084faad6510920cd24630f3868f652/76435/4_2_0a.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 41.73913043478261%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/fd084faad6510920cd24630f3868f652/a0b58/4_2_0a.webp 230w,\n/static/fd084faad6510920cd24630f3868f652/bc10c/4_2_0a.webp 460w,\n/static/fd084faad6510920cd24630f3868f652/966d8/4_2_0a.webp 920w,\n/static/fd084faad6510920cd24630f3868f652/445df/4_2_0a.webp 1380w,\n/static/fd084faad6510920cd24630f3868f652/97499/4_2_0a.webp 1742w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/fd084faad6510920cd24630f3868f652/81c8e/4_2_0a.png 230w,\n/static/fd084faad6510920cd24630f3868f652/08a84/4_2_0a.png 460w,\n/static/fd084faad6510920cd24630f3868f652/c0255/4_2_0a.png 920w,\n/static/fd084faad6510920cd24630f3868f652/b1001/4_2_0a.png 1380w,\n/static/fd084faad6510920cd24630f3868f652/76435/4_2_0a.png 1742w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/fd084faad6510920cd24630f3868f652/c0255/4_2_0a.png\" alt=\"4 2 0a\" title=\"4 2 0a\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Virhe kertoo, että tehtävän funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">viiva</code> pitäisi pystyä kutsumaan seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">viiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Varsinainen ongelma paljastuu, kun kokeillaan, mitä funktiokutsu tekee, eli kopioidaan virheilmoituksen kertoma funktiokutsu koodiin ja painetaan vihreää kolmiota:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/5a22494efd4d5af2a80255c7ee6431f3/701e9/4_2_0b.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 42.173913043478265%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/5a22494efd4d5af2a80255c7ee6431f3/a0b58/4_2_0b.webp 230w,\n/static/5a22494efd4d5af2a80255c7ee6431f3/bc10c/4_2_0b.webp 460w,\n/static/5a22494efd4d5af2a80255c7ee6431f3/966d8/4_2_0b.webp 920w,\n/static/5a22494efd4d5af2a80255c7ee6431f3/445df/4_2_0b.webp 1380w,\n/static/5a22494efd4d5af2a80255c7ee6431f3/e11e5/4_2_0b.webp 1780w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/5a22494efd4d5af2a80255c7ee6431f3/81c8e/4_2_0b.png 230w,\n/static/5a22494efd4d5af2a80255c7ee6431f3/08a84/4_2_0b.png 460w,\n/static/5a22494efd4d5af2a80255c7ee6431f3/c0255/4_2_0b.png 920w,\n/static/5a22494efd4d5af2a80255c7ee6431f3/b1001/4_2_0b.png 1380w,\n/static/5a22494efd4d5af2a80255c7ee6431f3/701e9/4_2_0b.png 1780w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/5a22494efd4d5af2a80255c7ee6431f3/c0255/4_2_0b.png\" alt=\"4 2 0b\" title=\"4 2 0b\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Koodin suorituksen viimeiset rivit kertovat, mikä on vikana: koodin rivi 4 aiheuttaa virheen <em>IndexError: string index out of range</em>. Kuten <a href=\"/osa-3/2-merkkijonojen-kasittely\">edellisessä osassa</a> mainittiin, syy tälle on se, että koodissa yritetään indeksoida merkkijonon ulkopuolelle. Tällä kertaa syynä on se, että yritetään hakea nollan pituisen merkkijonon ensimmäistä merkkiä.</p><programming-exercise name='Viiva' tmcname='osa04-02_viiva'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">viiva</code>, joka saa kaksi parametria (leveys, merkkijono). Funktio tulostaa ensimmäisen parametrin määrittämän pituisen viivan käyttäen toisena parametrina olevan merkkijonon ensimmäistä merkkiä. Jos parametrina oleva merkkijono on tyhjä, tulostuu viiva tähtinä.</p><p>Käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">viiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"%\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nviiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"LOL\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nviiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\n%%%%%%%\nLLLLLLLLLL\n***\n</pre></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"sisakkaiset-kutsut\" style=\"position:relative;\">Sisäkkäiset kutsut<a href=\"#sisakkaiset-kutsut\" aria-label=\"sisakkaiset kutsut permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Voimme kutsua funktiota myös toisen funktion sisältä. Esimerkiksi seuraavassa ohjelmassa funktio\n<code class=\"language-text\">tervehdi_monesti</code> kutsuu funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">tervehdi</code> halutun määrän kertoja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tervehdi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moikka,\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tervehdi_monesti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kerrat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> kerrat <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        tervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        kerrat <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\ntervehdi_monesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Moikka, Emilia\nMoikka, Emilia\nMoikka, Emilia</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Risulaatikko' tmcname='osa04-02a_risulaatikko'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">risulaatikko</code>, joka piirtää risuaitamerkkiä käyttäen parametrinsa korkuisen, kymmenen merkkiä leveän risulaatikon.</p><p>Funktion tulee kutsua edellisen tehtävän funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">viiva</code> kaiken tulostuksen tekemiseen! Kopioi edellisen tehtävän funktion koodi tämän tehtävän funktion koodin yläpuolelle. Älä muuta funktiota mitenkään!</p><p>Pari käyttöesimerkkiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">risulaatikko<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nrisulaatikko<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\n##########\n##########\n##########\n##########\n##########\n\n##########\n##########\n</pre></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Risuneliö' tmcname='osa04-02b_risunelio'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">risunelio</code>, joka piirtää risuaitamerkkiä käyttäen parametrinsa kokoisen risuneliön.</p><p>Funktion tulee kutsua edellisen tehtävän funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">viiva</code> kaiken tulostuksen tekemiseen! Kopioi edellisen tehtävän funktion koodi tämän tehtävän funktion koodin yläpuolelle. Älä muuta funktiota mitenkaan!</p><p>Pari käyttöesimerkkiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">risunelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nrisunelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\n#####\n#####\n#####\n#####\n#####\n\n###\n###\n###\n</pre></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Neliö' tmcname='osa04-02c_nelio'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">nelio</code>, joka saa kaksi parametria. Funktio tulostaa neliön jonka korkeuden ja leveyden kertoo ensimmäinen parametri.  Toinen parametri määrittelee mitä merkkiä käyttäen neliö piirretään.</p><p>Funktion tulee kutsua edellisen tehtävän funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">viiva</code> kaiken tulostuksen tekemiseen! Kopioi edellisen tehtävän funktion koodi tämän tehtävän funktion koodin yläpuolelle. Älä muuta funktiota mitenkaan!</p><p>Pari käyttöesimerkkiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"*\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnelio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"o\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\n*****\n*****\n*****\n*****\n*****\n\nooo\nooo\nooo\n</pre></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kolmio' tmcname='osa04-02d_kolmio'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kolmio</code>, joka piirtää risuaitamerkkiä käyttäen parametrinsa korkuisen ja levyisen, risuaitakolmion.</p><p>Funktion tulee kutsua edellisen tehtävän funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">viiva</code> kaiken tulostuksen tekemiseen! Kopioi edellisen tehtävän funktion koodi tämän tehtävän funktion koodin yläpuolelle. Älä muuta funktiota mitenkaan!</p><p>Pari käyttöesimerkkiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kolmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkolmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\n#\n##\n###\n####\n#####\n######\n\n#\n##\n###\n</pre></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kuvio' tmcname='osa04-03_kuvio'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kuvio</code>, joka saa neljä parametria. Funktio tulostaa kuvion, jonka yläosana on kahden ensimmäisen parametrin määrittelemä kolmio ja alaosana ensimmäisen ja kahden jälkimmäisen parametrin määrittelemä suorakulmio.</p><p>Funktion tulee kutsua edellisen tehtävän funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">viiva</code> kaiken tulostuksen tekemiseen! Kopioi edellisen tehtävän funktion koodi tämän tehtävän funktion koodin yläpuolelle.</p><p>Pari käyttöesimerkkiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kuvio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"X\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"*\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkuvio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"o\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"+\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkuvio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\".\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\",\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\nX\nXX\nXXX\nXXXX\nXXXXX\n*****\n*****\n*****\n\no\noo\n++\n++\n++\n++\n\n.\n..\n...\n</pre></sample-output><p><strong>Vihje</strong></p><p>Älä yritä ratkaista tehtävässä \"kaikkia asioita\" yhtä aikaa. Keskity ensin esim. siihen että saat kuvion yläosan kolmion piirtymään oikein, ja vasta sen jälkeen jatka kuvion täydentämistä alaosan suorakulmiolla.</p><p>Tämä on ylipäätänsäkin ohjelmoinnissa erittäin tärkeää: <strong>keskity pieniin osiin kerrallaan</strong>, varmista että ne toimivat ennen kuin laajennat ratkaisuasi.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Joulukuusi' tmcname='osa04-04_joulukuusi'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">joulukuusi</code>, joka saa yhden parametrin. Funktio tulostaa tekstin joulukuusi! ja parametrinsa kokoisen joulukuusen.</p><p>Esim. kutsuttaessa <code class=\"language-text\">joulukuusi(3)</code> tulostuu</p><sample-output><pre>\njoulukuusi!\n  *\n ***\n*****\n  *\n</pre></sample-output><p>Esim. kutsuttaessa <code class=\"language-text\">joulukuusi(5)</code> tulostuu</p><sample-output><pre>\njoulukuusi!\n    *\n   ***\n  *****\n *******\n*********\n    *\n</pre></sample-output><p><strong>Huomaa, että joulukuusen vasemmalla puolella pitää olla täsmälleen oikea määrä välilyöntejä</strong>. Eli vaikka kuusen muoto olisi täysin oikea, mutta sen alin \"neulastaso\" ei lähde ruudun vasemmasta reunasta, ei vastaus kelpaa testeille.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"funktion-paluuarvo\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktion paluuarvo<a href=\"#funktion-paluuarvo\" aria-label=\"funktion paluuarvo permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktiot voivat myös palauttaa arvoja. Esimerkiksi Pythonin valmis funktio <code class=\"language-text\">input</code> <em>palauttaa</em> käyttäjän antaman syötteen. Funktion palauttama arvo voidaan esimerkiksi sijoittaa muuttujaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna sana: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Myös kokonaislukujen lukemisessa yhdessä funktion <code class=\"language-text\">input</code> kanssa käytettävä funktio <code class=\"language-text\">int</code> palauttaa arvon:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna kokonaisluku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">int</code> saa parametrinaan funktion <code class=\"language-text\">input</code> palauttaman merkkijonon ja palauttaa sen kokonaislukutyyppisenä.</p><h2 id=\"funktion-arvon-palauttaminen-return-komennolla\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktion arvon palauttaminen return-komennolla<a href=\"#funktion-arvon-palauttaminen-return-komennolla\" aria-label=\"funktion arvon palauttaminen return komennolla permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Myös itse määrittelemämme funktiot voivat palauttaa arvoja käyttämällä komentoa <code class=\"language-text\">return</code>. Esimerkiksi seuraava funktio <code class=\"language-text\">summa</code> palauttaa annettujen lukujen summan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> b\n\nvastaus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Summa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vastaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Summa: 5</p></sample-output><p>Seuraavassa on vielä toinen esimerkki, jossa funktio kysyy käyttäjän nimen ja palauttaa sen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kysy_nimi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mikä on nimesi? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> nimi\n\nnimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kysy_nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moikka,\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Mikä on nimesi? <strong>Anna</strong>\nMoikka, Anna</p></sample-output><p>Kannattaa huomata, että komento <code class=\"language-text\">return</code> lopettaa funktion suorituksen saman tien. Niinpä voimme tehdä seuraavan funktion:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pienin</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> a\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> b\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pienin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pienin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tässä ideana on, että jos <code class=\"language-text\">a</code> on pienempi kuin <code class=\"language-text\">b</code>, niin funktio palauttaa arvon <code class=\"language-text\">a</code> ja päättyy. Muuten funktion suoritus jatkuu eteenpäin, jolloin se palauttaa arvon <code class=\"language-text\">b</code>.</p><sample-output><p>3\n2</p></sample-output><p>Voimme myös käyttää <code class=\"language-text\">return</code>-komentoa siihen, että poistumme funktiosta palauttamatta mitään:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tervehdi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"???\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moikka,\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Matti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code> on tyhjä merkkijono, niin funktio tulostaa <code class=\"language-text\">???</code> ja päättyy.</p><sample-output><p>Moikka, Emilia\n???\nMoikka, Matti</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"funktion-paluuarvojen-kaytto\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktion paluuarvojen käyttö<a href=\"#funktion-paluuarvojen-kaytto\" aria-label=\"funktion paluuarvojen kaytto permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kuten olemme jo nähneet, funktioiden paluuarvoja on mahdollista sijoittaa muuttujiin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> b\n\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Summa on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Summa on 10</p></sample-output><p>Koska funktion paluuarvo käyttäytyy kuten mikä tahansa arvo, ei apumuuttuja ole tarpeen ja paluuarvoa on mahdollista käyttää suoraan komennon <code class=\"language-text\">print</code> parametrina:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Summa on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Voimme myös antaa funktion palauttaman arvon toiselle funktiolle:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> a<span class=\"token operator\">+</span>b\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">erotus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> a<span class=\"token operator\">-</span>b\n\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> erotus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Vastaus on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Vastaus on 2</p></sample-output><p>Tässä tapauksessa suoritetaan ensin sisemmät funktiokutsut <code class=\"language-text\">summa(5, 2)</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">summa(2, 3)</code>, joiden  palauttamat arvot 7 ja 5 käytetään ulomman funktiokutsun parametreina.</p><p>Ulompi funktiokutsu <code class=\"language-text\">erotus(7, 5)</code> palauttaa arvon 2, joka sijoitetaan muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">tulos</code> arvoksi ja tulostetaan ruudulle.</p><p>Funktioiden palauttamat arvot toimivat täysin samalla tavalla kuin mitkä tahansa arvot Pythonissa. Niitä voidaan tulostaa, sijoittaa muuttujaan, käyttää osana lausekkeita tai käyttää parametreina muissa funktiokutsuissa.</p><h2 id=\"arvon-palauttaminen-return-ja-print\" style=\"position:relative;\">Arvon palauttaminen, return ja print<a href=\"#arvon-palauttaminen-return-ja-print\" aria-label=\"arvon palauttaminen return ja print permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Joskus aloittelija hämmentyy funktioiden paluuarvon ja funktiossa tapahtuvan tulostuksen välistä eroa. Tarkastellaan kahta versiota funktiosta, joka selvittää kahden parametrinsa maksimiarvon:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">maksimi1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">></span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> a\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> b\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">maksimi2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">></span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nvastaus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> maksimi1<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vastaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nmaksimi2<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>5\n7</p></sample-output><p>Molemmat funktiot näyttävät toimivan hyvin, kumpikin selvittää maksimiarvon. Funktioissa on kuitenkin eräs ratkaiseva ero. Funktioista ensimmäinen <code class=\"language-text\">maksimi1</code> <em>palauttaa</em> selvittämänsä arvon. Se ei itse tulosta mitään, eli jos suoritetaan koodi</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">maksimi1<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>ei näytä tapahtuvan mitään. Funktion paluuarvo on siis otettava talteen muuttujaan, jos se halutaan tulostaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">vastaus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> maksimi1<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vastaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktioista toinen <code class=\"language-text\">maksimi2</code> taas tulostaa itse <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komentoa käyttäen lukujen maksimin, eli riittää kutsua</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">maksimi2<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>ja maksimi tulostuu ruudulle. Tämän funktion huono puoli on kuitenkin se, että funktion selvittämää arvoa ei ole mahdollista saada funktion ulkopuolelle muun ohjelman käsiteltäväksi. Tämän takia arvon palauttava funktio on useimmiten parempi vaihtoehto.</p><programming-exercise name='Luvuista suurin' tmcname='osa04-05_luvuista_suurin'><p>Tee funktio  <code class=\"language-text\">luvuista_suurin</code>, joka saa parametriksi kolme kokonaislukua. Funktio palauttaa return-lausetta käyttäen luvuista suurimman.</p><p>Käyttöesimerkki</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvuista_suurin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># 4</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvuista_suurin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">99</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># 99</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvuista_suurin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># 0</span></code></pre></div></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Merkit samat' tmcname='osa04-06_merkit_samat'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">samat</code>, joka saa parametriksi merkkijonon ja kaksi merkkijonon indeksejä kuvaavaa kokonaislukua. Funktio palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">return</code>-lausetta käyttäen tiedon (<code class=\"language-text\">True</code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">False</code>) siitä, ovatko merkkijonon parametreina olevien indeksien osoittamissa paikoissa olevat merkit samat. Jos jompikumpi indekseistä ei osu merkkijonon sisälle, palauttaa metodi <code class=\"language-text\">False</code>.</p><p>Muutama esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># samat merkit o ja o</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>samat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"koodari\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># True</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># eri merkit k ja a</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>samat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"koodari\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># False</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># toinen indeksi ei ole merkkijonon sisällä</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>samat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"koodari\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># False</span></code></pre></div></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Eka, toka ja vika sana' tmcname='osa04-07_eka_toka_vika_sana'><p>Tee kolme funktiota: <code class=\"language-text\">eka_sana</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">toka_sana</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">vika_sana</code>. Jokainen funktioista saa parametrikseen lauseen (eli merkkijonon).</p><p>Funktiot palauttavat nimensä mukaisesti lauseen ensimmäisen, toisen tai viimeisen sanan.</p><p>Voit olettaa jokaisessa tapauksessa, että merkkijono koostuu vähintään kahdesta sanasta, ja että sanojen välillä on aina täsmälleen yksi välilyönti, ja että merkkijonon alussa ja lopussa ei ole välilyöntejä.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lause <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"olipa kerran kauan sitten ohjelmoija\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eka_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># olipa</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>toka_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># kerran</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vika_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># ohjelmoija</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>olipa\nkerran\nohjelmoija</p></sample-output><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lause <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"olipa kerran\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>toka_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># kerran</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vika_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># kerran</span></code></pre></div></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"parametrin-tyyppi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Parametrin tyyppi<a href=\"#parametrin-tyyppi\" aria-label=\"parametrin tyyppi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kerrataan vielä tähän mennessä läpikäydyt tyypit:</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Tyyppi</th>\n<th align=\"center\">Pythonissa</th>\n<th>Esimerkki</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Kokonaisluku</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">int</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">23</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Liukuluku</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">float</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">-0.45</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Merkkijono</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">str</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">\"Pekka Python\"</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Totuusarvo</td>\n<td align=\"center\"><code class=\"language-text\">bool</code></td>\n<td><code class=\"language-text\">True</code></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Kun kutsumme funktiota, funktio toimii oikein vain,\njos annamme sille sopivan tyyppiset parametrit.\nTarkastellaan esimerkkinä seuraavaa funktiota:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta_monesti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>viesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kerrat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> kerrat <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>viesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        kerrat <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktio toimii mainiosti, jos kutsumme sitä näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tulosta_monesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moikka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Moikka\nMoikka\nMoikka\nMoikka\nMoikka</p></sample-output><p>Kuitenkaan funktio ei toimi, jos annamme sille väärän tyyppisen parametrin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tulosta_monesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moikka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>TypeError: '>' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'</p></sample-output><p>Tässä ongelmaksi tulee, että funktion jälkimmäistä parametria <code class=\"language-text\">kerrat</code> vertaillaan kokonaislukuun 0. Kun parametri on <code class=\"language-text\">\"Emilia\"</code> eikä kokonaisluku, tämä aiheuttaa virheen.</p><p>Voimme antaa funktion määrittelyssä <em>tyyppivihjeen</em>, joka ilmaisee, millaista tietoa parametreihin on tarkoitus sijoittaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta_monesti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>viesti <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kerrat <span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> kerrat <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>viesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        kerrat <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämä kertoo funktion käyttäjälle, että parametrin <code class=\"language-text\">viesti</code> on tarkoitus olla merkkijono, kun taas parametrin <code class=\"language-text\">kerrat</code> on tarkoitus olla kokonaisluku.</p><p>Vastaavasti funktion paluuarvon tyypin voi vihjata funktion määrittelyssä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kysy_nimi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mikä on nimesi? \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> nimi</code></pre></div><p>Tämä kertoo funktion käyttäjälle, että funktion on tarkoitus palauttaa merkkijono.</p><p>Huomaa kuitenkin, että tyyppivihje ainoastaan neuvoo, mikä tyypin tulisi olla, mutta ei valvo sitä. 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diff --git a/page-data/osa-4/3-listat/page-data.json b/page-data/osa-4/3-listat/page-data.json
index a6eff926b..3af7810bf 100644
--- a/page-data/osa-4/3-listat/page-data.json
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vastaus"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"vastaus 4"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"lisaa-listan-kasittelysta","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lisää listan käsittelystä"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#lisaa-listan-kasittelysta","ariaLabel":"lisaa listan kasittelysta permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pythonissa on paljon muitakin mahdollisuuksia listan käsittelyyn. Voit tutustua niihin Pythonin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/datastructures.html","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"dokumentaation"}]},{"type":"text","value":" kautta."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"3974e1bb-cd83-52b3-85d2-a16223773ce7"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä lista tarkoittaa ohjelmoinnissa</li>\n<li>Osaat viitata listan yksittäisiin alkioihin</li>\n<li>Osaat lisätä ja poistaa listan alkioita</li>\n<li>Osaat hyödyntää valmiita funktioita ja metodeita listojen käsittelyyn</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Tähän asti olemme tallentaneet ohjelmissa käytettävää tietoa muuttujien avulla. Yksittäisillä muuttujilla on kuitenkin rajoituksensa. Jos ohjelman käsittelemä tiedon määrä on vaihteleva ja saattaa olla suuri, olisi vaivalloista määritellä jokaiselle arvolle erillinen muuttuja.</p><p><em>Lista</em> on kokoelma tietoa, johon viitataan yhteisen nimen kautta. Listan sisältö kirjoitetaan hakasulkeiden sisään, ja jokaista listalla olevaa arvoa kutsutaan <em>alkioksi</em>.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi luo uuden tyhjän listan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Seuraava koodi puolestaan luo listan, jossa on valmiina viisi alkiota:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"listan-alkioihin-viittaaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Listan alkioihin viittaaminen<a href=\"#listan-alkioihin-viittaaminen\" aria-label=\"listan alkioihin viittaaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Listan alkiot on indeksoitu samalla tavalla kuin merkkijonon yksittäiset merkit. Tässäkin tapauksessa indeksointi alkaa nollasta:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 581px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/0c718cff85e5c83bbec15a7ce1a29896/92d15/4_2_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 26.08695652173913%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAFCAYAAABFA8wzAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAvUlEQVQY031QWQqEMBTr/a/jWQQFFxRBtIL7vkQS6DDzM4WQvjRN36tZlgVt22IcR5zniXmesW0b1nUV9n3HcRwfjfW/Zb4LmnnpeR7c9y12e4LL6eTrurRnI87zE1jXNZIkkYkd0UiwQz7GADI19zhDOCVr3jMccZomgWMT1lqZhmEQ86zve32Hq93X0N91nYJ934cpyxJFUUhsmkZh7DLLMoRhiDRNEUURgiCQTsRxLM7zXGcMqqoKnufhBUAvgMcmbGmAAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/0c718cff85e5c83bbec15a7ce1a29896/a0b58/4_2_1.webp 230w,\n/static/0c718cff85e5c83bbec15a7ce1a29896/bc10c/4_2_1.webp 460w,\n/static/0c718cff85e5c83bbec15a7ce1a29896/39daa/4_2_1.webp 581w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 581px) 100vw, 581px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/0c718cff85e5c83bbec15a7ce1a29896/81c8e/4_2_1.png 230w,\n/static/0c718cff85e5c83bbec15a7ce1a29896/08a84/4_2_1.png 460w,\n/static/0c718cff85e5c83bbec15a7ce1a29896/92d15/4_2_1.png 581w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 581px) 100vw, 581px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/0c718cff85e5c83bbec15a7ce1a29896/92d15/4_2_1.png\" alt=\"Lista indeksoidaan nollasta alkaen\" title=\"Lista indeksoidaan nollasta alkaen\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Yksittäiseen listan alkioon voidaan viitata samalla tavalla kuin merkkijonon yksittäisiin merkkeihin hakasulkujen avulla. Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kahden ekan summa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>7\n2\n5\nKahden ekan summa: 9</p></sample-output><p>Voimme tulostaa listan koko sisällön näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[7, 2, 2, 5, 2]</p></sample-output><p>Listan alkioita voidaan myös muuttaa. Alkion arvon muuttaminen tapahtuu sijoittamalla uusi arvo vanhan paikalle – siis samalla tavalla kuin muuttujia käytettäessä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[7, 2, 2, 5, 2]\n[7, 3, 2, 5, 2]</p></sample-output><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">len</code> antaa listan alkioiden määrän:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>5</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Alkioiden arvojen muutokset' tmcname='osa04-07a_alkioiden_arvojen_muutokset'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka alustaa listan jossa on arvot <code class=\"language-text\">[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]</code>. Tämän jälkeen ohjelma kysyy käyttäjältä alkion indeksin ja uuden arvon, vaihtaa kyseisen alkion arvon ja tulostaa listan uudelleen. Ohjelman suoritus päättyy, jos käyttäjä antaa alkion indeksiksi -1.</p><p>Esimerkkisuoritus:</p><sample-output><p>Anna indeksi: <strong>0</strong>\nAnna arvo: <strong>10</strong>\n[10, 2, 3, 4, 5]\nAnna indeksi: <strong>2</strong>\nAnna arvo: <strong>250</strong>\n[10, 2, 250, 4, 5]\nAnna indeksi: <strong>4</strong>\nAnna arvo: <strong>-45</strong>\n[10, 2, 250, 4, -45]\nAnna indeksi: <strong>-1</strong></p></sample-output><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"alkioiden-lisaaminen-ja-poistaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Alkioiden lisääminen ja poistaminen<a href=\"#alkioiden-lisaaminen-ja-poistaminen\" aria-label=\"alkioiden lisaaminen ja poistaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Listan loppuun voidaan lisätä uusia alkioita <code class=\"language-text\">append</code>-metodin avulla. Metodia käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nluvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[5, 10, 3]</p></sample-output><p>Seuraavassa esimerkissä ohjelman käytössä on kaksi erillistä listaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nkengannumerot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nluvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkengannumerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">37</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkengannumerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">44</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkengannumerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">40</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkengannumerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">28</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luvut:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kengännumerot:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kengannumerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Lisäys menee siis siihen listaan, mihin metodikutsu kohdistetaan:</p><sample-output><p>Luvut:\n[5, 10, 3]\nKengännumerot:\n[37, 44, 40, 28]</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Alkioiden lisäys listaan' tmcname='osa04-07b_alkoiden_lisays_listaan'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä ensin lukujen määrän. Sen jälkeen ohjelma pyytää käyttäjää syöttämään annetun määrän lukuja yksitellen ja lisää ne listaan samassa järjestyksessä.</p><p>Lopuksi lista tulostetaan.</p><p>Esimerkkisuoritus:</p><sample-output><p>Kuinka monta lukua: <strong>3</strong>\nAnna luku 1: <strong>10</strong>\nAnna luku 2: <strong>250</strong>\nAnna luku 3: <strong>34</strong>\n[10, 250, 34]</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><p>Mikäli halutaan lisätä alkio johonkin muualle kuin listan loppuun, voidaan käyttää <code class=\"language-text\">insert</code>-metodia. Metodi lisää alkion halutun indeksin paikalle. Kaikkia listalla valmiina olevia alkioita lisäyspaikasta alkaen siirretään yhdellä askeleella eteenpäin:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 632px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/fbc699b555a562e011de8d156d23ff29/084e2/4_2_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 65.21739130434783%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/fbc699b555a562e011de8d156d23ff29/a0b58/4_2_2.webp 230w,\n/static/fbc699b555a562e011de8d156d23ff29/bc10c/4_2_2.webp 460w,\n/static/fbc699b555a562e011de8d156d23ff29/59680/4_2_2.webp 632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 632px) 100vw, 632px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/fbc699b555a562e011de8d156d23ff29/81c8e/4_2_2.png 230w,\n/static/fbc699b555a562e011de8d156d23ff29/08a84/4_2_2.png 460w,\n/static/fbc699b555a562e011de8d156d23ff29/084e2/4_2_2.png 632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 632px) 100vw, 632px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/fbc699b555a562e011de8d156d23ff29/084e2/4_2_2.png\" alt=\"Alkion lisäys listaan\" title=\"Alkion lisäys listaan\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Esimerkiksi</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nluvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>insert<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>insert<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[10, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]\n[10, 1, 20, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]</p></sample-output><p>Alkioita voidaan poistaa listasta kahden eri lähtökohdan mukaisesti:</p><ul>\n<li>Jos tiedetään, <em>missä</em> poistettava alkio sijaitsee, voidaan käyttää metodia <code class=\"language-text\">pop</code>.</li>\n<li>Jos tiedetään, <em>mikä</em> poistettavan alkion arvo on, käytetään metodia <code class=\"language-text\">remove</code>.</li>\n</ul><p>Metodille <code class=\"language-text\">pop</code> annetaan poistettavan alkion indeksi. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi poistaa listalta alkiot kohdista 2 ja 3. Huomaa, että alkioiden indeksit muuttuvat poiston jälkeen.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pop<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pop<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 2, 4, 5, 6]\n[1, 2, 4, 6]</p></sample-output><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">pop</code> myös <em>palauttaa</em> poistetun listan alkion:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pop<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>7\n[4, 2, 2, 5]</p></sample-output><p>Metodille <code class=\"language-text\">remove</code> annetaan indeksin sijasta poistettavan alkion arvo. Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>remove<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>remove<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 3, 4, 5, 6]\n[1, 3, 4, 6]</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että metodi poistaa listalta <em>ensimmäisen</em> alkion, jolla on annettu arvo:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>remove<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>remove<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[2, 1, 2]\n[2, 2]</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Lisäys ja poisto' tmcname='osa04-07c_lisays_ja_poisto'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka pyytää käyttäjää valitsemaan alkion lisäyksen tai poiston. Sekä lisäys että poisto tehdään listan loppuun. Lisättävän alkion arvo on aina yhtä suurempi kuin listan viimeinen alkio (tai 1, jos listassa ei ole alkioita).</p><p>Joka operaation välissä lista tulostetaan. Katso esimerkkiä seuraavasta tulosteesta:</p><sample-output><p>Lista on nyt []\n(l)isää, (p)oista vai e(x)it: <strong>l</strong>\nLista on nyt [1]\n(l)isää, (p)oista vai e(x)it: <strong>l</strong>\nLista on nyt [1, 2]\n(l)isää, (p)oista vai e(x)it: <strong>l</strong>\nLista on nyt [1, 2, 3]\n(l)isää, (p)oista vai e(x)it: <strong>p</strong>\nLista on nyt [1, 2]\n(l)isää, (p)oista vai e(x)it: <strong>l</strong>\nLista on nyt [1, 2, 3]\n(l)isää, (p)oista vai e(x)it: <strong>x</strong>\nMoi!</p></sample-output><p>Voit olettaa, että listalta ei yritetä poistaa alkioita, jos lista on tyhjä.</p><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><p>Jos listalla ei ole poistettavaa alkiota, seuraa virhe. Merkkijonoista tutulla tavalla alkion olemassaolon listalla voi testata <code class=\"language-text\">in</code>-operaattorin avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Listalla on alkio 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"listalla on alkio 2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Listalla on alkio 1</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Sama sana kahdesti' tmcname='osa04-08_sama_sana_kahdesti'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kyselee käyttäjältä sanoja. Kun käyttäjä syöttää jonkin sanan kahdesti, ohjelma tulostaa eri sanojen määrän ja lopettaa toimintansa.</p><sample-output><p>sana: <strong>olipa</strong>\nsana: <strong>kerran</strong>\nsana: <strong>kauan</strong>\nsana: <strong>sitten</strong>\nsana: <strong>kerran</strong>\nAnnoit 4 eri sanaa</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"listan-jarjestaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Listan järjestäminen<a href=\"#listan-jarjestaminen\" aria-label=\"listan jarjestaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Listan alkiot voidaan <em>järjestää</em> pienimmästä suurimpaan metodin <code class=\"language-text\">sort</code> avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sort<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 2, 2, 4, 5]</p></sample-output><p>Toinen tapa on käyttää funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">sorted</code>, joka <em>palauttaa</em> järjestetyn listan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 2, 2, 4, 5]</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa ero näissä tavoissa: <code class=\"language-text\">sort</code> muuttaa listan sisällön järjestetyksi, kun taas <code class=\"language-text\">sorted</code> luo uuden järjestetyn listan. Jälkimmäisessä tavassa voimme säilyttää myös listan alkuperäisen järjestyksen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">alkuperainen <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\njarjestetty <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkuperainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkuperainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jarjestetty<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[2, 5, 1, 2, 4]\n[1, 2, 2, 4, 5]</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Lista kahdesti' tmcname='osa04-08b_lista_kahdesti'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä lukuja ja lisää niitä listaan. Lista tulostetaan jokaisen luvun lisäyksen jälkeen kahdella eri tavalla:</p><ul>\n<li>alkiot lisäysjärjestyksessä ja</li>\n<li>järjestettynä pienimmästä suurimpaan alkioon</li>\n</ul><p>Ohjelman suoritus päättyy, kun käyttäjä syöttää luvun 0.</p><p>Esimerkkisuoritus:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>3</strong>\nLista: [3]\nJärjestettynä: [3]\nAnna luku: <strong>1</strong>\nLista: [3, 1]\nJärjestettynä: [1, 3]\nAnna luku: <strong>9</strong>\nLista: [3, 1, 9]\nJärjestettynä: [1, 3, 9]\nAnna luku: <strong>5</strong>\nLista: [3, 1, 9, 5]\nJärjestettynä: [1, 3, 5, 9]\nAnna luku: <strong>0</strong>\nMoi!</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"suurin-pienin-ja-summa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Suurin, pienin ja summa<a href=\"#suurin-pienin-ja-summa\" aria-label=\"suurin pienin ja summa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktiot <code class=\"language-text\">max</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">min</code> antavat listan suurimman ja pienimmän alkion.\nFunktio <code class=\"language-text\">sum</code> puolestaan laskee listan alkioiden summan.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nsuurin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">max</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npienin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">min</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sum</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pienin:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pienin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Suurin:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> suurin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Summa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pienin: 1\nSuurin: 5\nSumma: 15</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"metodit-vs-funktiot\" style=\"position:relative;\">Metodit vs. funktiot<a href=\"#metodit-vs-funktiot\" aria-label=\"metodit vs funktiot permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Pythonissa on ehkä hieman hämmentävästi käytössä kaksi eri tapaa listojen käsittelyyn.</p><p>Suurin osa käsittelystä tapahtuu <em>metodien</em> avulla. Esimerkiksi <code class=\"language-text\">append</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">sort</code> ovat metodeja, joita kutsutaan listamuuttujan kautta pistenotaatiolla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># metodikutsuja</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># metodikutsu</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sort<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Sen sijaan esimerkiksi <code class=\"language-text\">max</code>,  <code class=\"language-text\">min</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">len</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">sorted</code> ovat <em>funktioita</em>, joille lista annetaan parametrina:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># funktiokutsuissa lista on parametrina</span>\nsuurin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">max</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npienin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">min</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pienin:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pienin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Suurin:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> suurin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Listan pituus:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># funktiokutsu: lista on parametrina, järjestetty lista paluuarvona</span>\njarjestyksessa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jarjestyksessa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pienin: 1\nSuurin: 7\nListan pituus: 4\n[1, 2, 3, 7]</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"lista-funktion-parametrina-ja-paluuarvona\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lista funktion parametrina ja paluuarvona<a href=\"#lista-funktion-parametrina-ja-paluuarvona\" aria-label=\"lista funktion parametrina ja paluuarvona permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Itse tekemiemme funktioiden parametreina voi olla myös listoja. Seuraavassa on funktio, joka selvittää parametrina listan <em>mediaanin</em> eli keskimmäisen alkion järjestetyssä listassa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">mediaani</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    jarjestetty <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    keskikohta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jarjestetty<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">//</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> jarjestetty<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>keskikohta<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktio selvittää mediaanin tekemällä parametrinaan saamasta listasta järjestetyn version ja palauttamalla sen keskimmäisen alkion. Huomaa, että käytössä on kokonaislukujakolasku <code class=\"language-text\">//</code>, koska listan indeksin tulee olla kokonaisluku.</p><p>Seuraavassa on esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kengannumerot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">45</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">44</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">36</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">39</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">40</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kengännumeroiden mediaani on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> mediaani<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kengannumerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\niat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">56</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">34</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">22</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">77</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ikien mediaani on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> mediaani<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>iat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Kengännumeroiden mediaani on 40\nIkien mediaani on 22</p></sample-output><p>Funktio voi myös palauttaa listan. Seuraavassa on funktio, joka palauttaa listan käyttäjän syöttämiä kokonaislukuja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lue_luvut</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        syote <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku (tyhjä lopettaa): \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n        luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> luvut</code></pre></div><p>Funktio käyttää lista-tyyppistä apumuuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">luvut</code>, johon se lisää kaikki käyttäjän antamat luvut. Silmukan jälkeen funktio palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">return</code>-komennon avulla listan <code class=\"language-text\">luvut</code>.</p><p>Funktiota käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue_luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Suurin luku on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">max</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lukujen mediaani on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> mediaani<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna luku (tyhjä lopettaa): <strong>5</strong>\nAnna luku (tyhjä lopettaa): <strong>-22</strong>\nAnna luku (tyhjä lopettaa): <strong>4</strong>\nAnna luku (tyhjä lopettaa): <strong>35</strong>\nAnna luku (tyhjä lopettaa): <strong>1</strong>\nAnna luku (tyhjä lopettaa):\nSuurin luku on 35\nLukujen mediaani on 4</p></sample-output><p>Pieni esimerkkiohjelmamme demonstroi jo yhtä funktioiden tärkeimmistä käyttötarkoituksista: niiden avulla ohjelma saadaan jaettua loogisiin selkeästi ymmärrettäviin kokonaisuuksiin.</p><p>Sinänsä sama ohjelma olisi voitu tehdä myös ilman funktiota:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    syote <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku (tyhjä lopettaa): \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n    luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\njarjestetty <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkeskikohta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jarjestetty<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">//</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\nmediaani <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> jarjestetty<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>keskikohta<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Suurin luku on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">max</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lukujen mediaani on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> mediaani<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt kuitenkin ohjelman logiikan seuraaminen on vaikeampaa, koska ei ole enää yhtä selvää, mitkä komennot liittyvät minkäkin kokonaisuuden (syötteiden lukeminen, mediaanin laskeminen, ohjelman muu toiminta) toteuttamiseen.</p><p>Jako funktioiksi siis selkeyttää koodin rakennetta ja tuo esille loogisia kokonaisuuksia. Tämän ansiosta on myös helpompaa varmistaa, että ohjelma toimii halutulla tavalla, koska voimme testata erikseen tiettyä funktiota (esim. toimiiko funktio <code class=\"language-text\">mediaani</code> oikein).</p><p>Ohjelman rakenteen loogisen jakamisen lisäksi funktioiden toinen käyttötarkoitus on koodin <em>uusiokäyttö</em>. Jos ohjelmassa on tarvetta tehdä samankaltainen operaatio useaan kertaan, kannattaa sitä varten luoda oma selkeästi nimetty funktio:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kengännumerot:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkengat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue_luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Painot:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npainot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue_luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pituudet:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npituudet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue_luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Listan pituus' tmcname='osa04-09_listan_pituus'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pituus</code>, joka palauttaa parametrinaan saamansa listan pituuden.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nvastaus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vastaus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vastaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># huomaa, että voit kutsua funktiota myös antamalla listan suoraan funktion parametriksi</span>\nvastaus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vastaus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vastaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>vastaus 5\nvastaus 4</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Keskiarvo' tmcname='osa04-10_keskiarvo'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">keskiarvo</code>, joka palauttaa parametrinaan saamansa kokonaislukuja sisältävän listan alkioiden keskiarvon.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nvastaus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> keskiarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vastaus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vastaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>vastaus 3.0</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Vaihteluväli' tmcname='osa04-11_vaihteluvali'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">vaihteluvali</code>, joka palauttaa parametrinaan saamansa kokonaislukuja sisältävän listan vaihteluvälin (eli suurimman ja pienimmän alkion erotuksen).</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nvastaus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> vaihteluvali<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vastaus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vastaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>vastaus 4</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"lisaa-listan-kasittelysta\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lisää listan käsittelystä<a href=\"#lisaa-listan-kasittelysta\" aria-label=\"lisaa listan kasittelysta permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Pythonissa on paljon muitakin mahdollisuuksia listan käsittelyyn. Voit tutustua niihin Pythonin <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/datastructures.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dokumentaation</a> kautta.</p><div><quiz id=\"3974e1bb-cd83-52b3-85d2-a16223773ce7\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-4/3-listat","title":"Listat"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-4/3-listat.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea 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vastaus"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"vastaus 4"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"lisaa-listan-kasittelysta","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lisää listan käsittelystä"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#lisaa-listan-kasittelysta","ariaLabel":"lisaa listan kasittelysta permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pythonissa on paljon muitakin mahdollisuuksia listan käsittelyyn. Voit tutustua niihin Pythonin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/datastructures.html","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"dokumentaation"}]},{"type":"text","value":" kautta."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"3974e1bb-cd83-52b3-85d2-a16223773ce7"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä lista tarkoittaa ohjelmoinnissa</li>\n<li>Osaat viitata listan yksittäisiin alkioihin</li>\n<li>Osaat lisätä ja poistaa listan alkioita</li>\n<li>Osaat hyödyntää valmiita funktioita ja metodeita listojen käsittelyyn</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Tähän asti olemme tallentaneet ohjelmissa käytettävää tietoa muuttujien avulla. Yksittäisillä muuttujilla on kuitenkin rajoituksensa. Jos ohjelman käsittelemä tiedon määrä on vaihteleva ja saattaa olla suuri, olisi vaivalloista määritellä jokaiselle arvolle erillinen muuttuja.</p><p><em>Lista</em> on kokoelma tietoa, johon viitataan yhteisen nimen kautta. Listan sisältö kirjoitetaan hakasulkeiden sisään, ja jokaista listalla olevaa arvoa kutsutaan <em>alkioksi</em>.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi luo uuden tyhjän listan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Seuraava koodi puolestaan luo listan, jossa on valmiina viisi alkiota:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"listan-alkioihin-viittaaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Listan alkioihin viittaaminen<a href=\"#listan-alkioihin-viittaaminen\" aria-label=\"listan alkioihin viittaaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Listan alkiot on indeksoitu samalla tavalla kuin merkkijonon yksittäiset merkit. Tässäkin tapauksessa indeksointi alkaa nollasta:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 581px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/0c718cff85e5c83bbec15a7ce1a29896/92d15/4_2_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 26.08695652173913%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAFCAYAAABFA8wzAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAvUlEQVQY031QWQqEMBTr/a/jWQQFFxRBtIL7vkQS6DDzM4WQvjRN36tZlgVt22IcR5zniXmesW0b1nUV9n3HcRwfjfW/Zb4LmnnpeR7c9y12e4LL6eTrurRnI87zE1jXNZIkkYkd0UiwQz7GADI19zhDOCVr3jMccZomgWMT1lqZhmEQ86zve32Hq93X0N91nYJ934cpyxJFUUhsmkZh7DLLMoRhiDRNEUURgiCQTsRxLM7zXGcMqqoKnufhBUAvgMcmbGmAAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/0c718cff85e5c83bbec15a7ce1a29896/a0b58/4_2_1.webp 230w,\n/static/0c718cff85e5c83bbec15a7ce1a29896/bc10c/4_2_1.webp 460w,\n/static/0c718cff85e5c83bbec15a7ce1a29896/39daa/4_2_1.webp 581w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 581px) 100vw, 581px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/0c718cff85e5c83bbec15a7ce1a29896/81c8e/4_2_1.png 230w,\n/static/0c718cff85e5c83bbec15a7ce1a29896/08a84/4_2_1.png 460w,\n/static/0c718cff85e5c83bbec15a7ce1a29896/92d15/4_2_1.png 581w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 581px) 100vw, 581px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/0c718cff85e5c83bbec15a7ce1a29896/92d15/4_2_1.png\" alt=\"Lista indeksoidaan nollasta alkaen\" title=\"Lista indeksoidaan nollasta alkaen\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Yksittäiseen listan alkioon voidaan viitata samalla tavalla kuin merkkijonon yksittäisiin merkkeihin hakasulkujen avulla. Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kahden ekan summa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>7\n2\n5\nKahden ekan summa: 9</p></sample-output><p>Voimme tulostaa listan koko sisällön näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[7, 2, 2, 5, 2]</p></sample-output><p>Listan alkioita voidaan myös muuttaa. Alkion arvon muuttaminen tapahtuu sijoittamalla uusi arvo vanhan paikalle – siis samalla tavalla kuin muuttujia käytettäessä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[7, 2, 2, 5, 2]\n[7, 3, 2, 5, 2]</p></sample-output><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">len</code> antaa listan alkioiden määrän:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>5</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Alkioiden arvojen muutokset' tmcname='osa04-07a_alkioiden_arvojen_muutokset'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka alustaa listan jossa on arvot <code class=\"language-text\">[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]</code>. Tämän jälkeen ohjelma kysyy käyttäjältä alkion indeksin ja uuden arvon, vaihtaa kyseisen alkion arvon ja tulostaa listan uudelleen. Ohjelman suoritus päättyy, jos käyttäjä antaa alkion indeksiksi -1.</p><p>Esimerkkisuoritus:</p><sample-output><p>Anna indeksi: <strong>0</strong>\nAnna arvo: <strong>10</strong>\n[10, 2, 3, 4, 5]\nAnna indeksi: <strong>2</strong>\nAnna arvo: <strong>250</strong>\n[10, 2, 250, 4, 5]\nAnna indeksi: <strong>4</strong>\nAnna arvo: <strong>-45</strong>\n[10, 2, 250, 4, -45]\nAnna indeksi: <strong>-1</strong></p></sample-output><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"alkioiden-lisaaminen-ja-poistaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Alkioiden lisääminen ja poistaminen<a href=\"#alkioiden-lisaaminen-ja-poistaminen\" aria-label=\"alkioiden lisaaminen ja poistaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Listan loppuun voidaan lisätä uusia alkioita <code class=\"language-text\">append</code>-metodin avulla. Metodia käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nluvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[5, 10, 3]</p></sample-output><p>Seuraavassa esimerkissä ohjelman käytössä on kaksi erillistä listaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nkengannumerot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nluvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkengannumerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">37</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkengannumerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">44</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkengannumerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">40</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkengannumerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">28</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luvut:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kengännumerot:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kengannumerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Lisäys menee siis siihen listaan, mihin metodikutsu kohdistetaan:</p><sample-output><p>Luvut:\n[5, 10, 3]\nKengännumerot:\n[37, 44, 40, 28]</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Alkioiden lisäys listaan' tmcname='osa04-07b_alkoiden_lisays_listaan'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä ensin lukujen määrän. Sen jälkeen ohjelma pyytää käyttäjää syöttämään annetun määrän lukuja yksitellen ja lisää ne listaan samassa järjestyksessä.</p><p>Lopuksi lista tulostetaan.</p><p>Esimerkkisuoritus:</p><sample-output><p>Kuinka monta lukua: <strong>3</strong>\nAnna luku 1: <strong>10</strong>\nAnna luku 2: <strong>250</strong>\nAnna luku 3: <strong>34</strong>\n[10, 250, 34]</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><p>Mikäli halutaan lisätä alkio johonkin muualle kuin listan loppuun, voidaan käyttää <code class=\"language-text\">insert</code>-metodia. Metodi lisää alkion halutun indeksin paikalle. Kaikkia listalla valmiina olevia alkioita lisäyspaikasta alkaen siirretään yhdellä askeleella eteenpäin:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 632px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/fbc699b555a562e011de8d156d23ff29/084e2/4_2_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 65.21739130434783%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/fbc699b555a562e011de8d156d23ff29/a0b58/4_2_2.webp 230w,\n/static/fbc699b555a562e011de8d156d23ff29/bc10c/4_2_2.webp 460w,\n/static/fbc699b555a562e011de8d156d23ff29/59680/4_2_2.webp 632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 632px) 100vw, 632px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/fbc699b555a562e011de8d156d23ff29/81c8e/4_2_2.png 230w,\n/static/fbc699b555a562e011de8d156d23ff29/08a84/4_2_2.png 460w,\n/static/fbc699b555a562e011de8d156d23ff29/084e2/4_2_2.png 632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 632px) 100vw, 632px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/fbc699b555a562e011de8d156d23ff29/084e2/4_2_2.png\" alt=\"Alkion lisäys listaan\" title=\"Alkion lisäys listaan\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Esimerkiksi</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nluvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>insert<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>insert<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[10, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]\n[10, 1, 20, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]</p></sample-output><p>Alkioita voidaan poistaa listasta kahden eri lähtökohdan mukaisesti:</p><ul>\n<li>Jos tiedetään, <em>missä</em> poistettava alkio sijaitsee, voidaan käyttää metodia <code class=\"language-text\">pop</code>.</li>\n<li>Jos tiedetään, <em>mikä</em> poistettavan alkion arvo on, käytetään metodia <code class=\"language-text\">remove</code>.</li>\n</ul><p>Metodille <code class=\"language-text\">pop</code> annetaan poistettavan alkion indeksi. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi poistaa listalta alkiot kohdista 2 ja 3. Huomaa, että alkioiden indeksit muuttuvat poiston jälkeen.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pop<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pop<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 2, 4, 5, 6]\n[1, 2, 4, 6]</p></sample-output><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">pop</code> myös <em>palauttaa</em> poistetun listan alkion:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pop<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>7\n[4, 2, 2, 5]</p></sample-output><p>Metodille <code class=\"language-text\">remove</code> annetaan indeksin sijasta poistettavan alkion arvo. Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>remove<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>remove<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 3, 4, 5, 6]\n[1, 3, 4, 6]</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että metodi poistaa listalta <em>ensimmäisen</em> alkion, jolla on annettu arvo:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>remove<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>remove<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[2, 1, 2]\n[2, 2]</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Lisäys ja poisto' tmcname='osa04-07c_lisays_ja_poisto'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka pyytää käyttäjää valitsemaan alkion lisäyksen tai poiston. Sekä lisäys että poisto tehdään listan loppuun. Lisättävän alkion arvo on aina yhtä suurempi kuin listan viimeinen alkio (tai 1, jos listassa ei ole alkioita).</p><p>Joka operaation välissä lista tulostetaan. Katso esimerkkiä seuraavasta tulosteesta:</p><sample-output><p>Lista on nyt []\n(l)isää, (p)oista vai e(x)it: <strong>l</strong>\nLista on nyt [1]\n(l)isää, (p)oista vai e(x)it: <strong>l</strong>\nLista on nyt [1, 2]\n(l)isää, (p)oista vai e(x)it: <strong>l</strong>\nLista on nyt [1, 2, 3]\n(l)isää, (p)oista vai e(x)it: <strong>p</strong>\nLista on nyt [1, 2]\n(l)isää, (p)oista vai e(x)it: <strong>l</strong>\nLista on nyt [1, 2, 3]\n(l)isää, (p)oista vai e(x)it: <strong>x</strong>\nMoi!</p></sample-output><p>Voit olettaa, että listalta ei yritetä poistaa alkioita, jos lista on tyhjä.</p><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><p>Jos listalla ei ole poistettavaa alkiota, seuraa virhe. Merkkijonoista tutulla tavalla alkion olemassaolon listalla voi testata <code class=\"language-text\">in</code>-operaattorin avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Listalla on alkio 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"listalla on alkio 2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Listalla on alkio 1</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Sama sana kahdesti' tmcname='osa04-08_sama_sana_kahdesti'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kyselee käyttäjältä sanoja. Kun käyttäjä syöttää jonkin sanan kahdesti, ohjelma tulostaa eri sanojen määrän ja lopettaa toimintansa.</p><sample-output><p>sana: <strong>olipa</strong>\nsana: <strong>kerran</strong>\nsana: <strong>kauan</strong>\nsana: <strong>sitten</strong>\nsana: <strong>kerran</strong>\nAnnoit 4 eri sanaa</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"listan-jarjestaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Listan järjestäminen<a href=\"#listan-jarjestaminen\" aria-label=\"listan jarjestaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Listan alkiot voidaan <em>järjestää</em> pienimmästä suurimpaan metodin <code class=\"language-text\">sort</code> avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sort<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 2, 2, 4, 5]</p></sample-output><p>Toinen tapa on käyttää funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">sorted</code>, joka <em>palauttaa</em> järjestetyn listan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 2, 2, 4, 5]</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa ero näissä tavoissa: <code class=\"language-text\">sort</code> muuttaa listan sisällön järjestetyksi, kun taas <code class=\"language-text\">sorted</code> luo uuden järjestetyn listan. Jälkimmäisessä tavassa voimme säilyttää myös listan alkuperäisen järjestyksen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">alkuperainen <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\njarjestetty <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkuperainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkuperainen<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jarjestetty<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[2, 5, 1, 2, 4]\n[1, 2, 2, 4, 5]</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Lista kahdesti' tmcname='osa04-08b_lista_kahdesti'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjältä lukuja ja lisää niitä listaan. Lista tulostetaan jokaisen luvun lisäyksen jälkeen kahdella eri tavalla:</p><ul>\n<li>alkiot lisäysjärjestyksessä ja</li>\n<li>järjestettynä pienimmästä suurimpaan alkioon</li>\n</ul><p>Ohjelman suoritus päättyy, kun käyttäjä syöttää luvun 0.</p><p>Esimerkkisuoritus:</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>3</strong>\nLista: [3]\nJärjestettynä: [3]\nAnna luku: <strong>1</strong>\nLista: [3, 1]\nJärjestettynä: [1, 3]\nAnna luku: <strong>9</strong>\nLista: [3, 1, 9]\nJärjestettynä: [1, 3, 9]\nAnna luku: <strong>5</strong>\nLista: [3, 1, 9, 5]\nJärjestettynä: [1, 3, 5, 9]\nAnna luku: <strong>0</strong>\nMoi!</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"suurin-pienin-ja-summa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Suurin, pienin ja summa<a href=\"#suurin-pienin-ja-summa\" aria-label=\"suurin pienin ja summa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktiot <code class=\"language-text\">max</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">min</code> antavat listan suurimman ja pienimmän alkion.\nFunktio <code class=\"language-text\">sum</code> puolestaan laskee listan alkioiden summan.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nsuurin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">max</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npienin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">min</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sum</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pienin:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pienin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Suurin:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> suurin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Summa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pienin: 1\nSuurin: 5\nSumma: 15</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"metodit-vs-funktiot\" style=\"position:relative;\">Metodit vs. funktiot<a href=\"#metodit-vs-funktiot\" aria-label=\"metodit vs funktiot permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Pythonissa on ehkä hieman hämmentävästi käytössä kaksi eri tapaa listojen käsittelyyn.</p><p>Suurin osa käsittelystä tapahtuu <em>metodien</em> avulla. Esimerkiksi <code class=\"language-text\">append</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">sort</code> ovat metodeja, joita kutsutaan listamuuttujan kautta pistenotaatiolla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># metodikutsuja</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># metodikutsu</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sort<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Sen sijaan esimerkiksi <code class=\"language-text\">max</code>,  <code class=\"language-text\">min</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">len</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">sorted</code> ovat <em>funktioita</em>, joille lista annetaan parametrina:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># funktiokutsuissa lista on parametrina</span>\nsuurin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">max</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npienin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">min</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pienin:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pienin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Suurin:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> suurin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Listan pituus:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># funktiokutsu: lista on parametrina, järjestetty lista paluuarvona</span>\njarjestyksessa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jarjestyksessa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pienin: 1\nSuurin: 7\nListan pituus: 4\n[1, 2, 3, 7]</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"lista-funktion-parametrina-ja-paluuarvona\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lista funktion parametrina ja paluuarvona<a href=\"#lista-funktion-parametrina-ja-paluuarvona\" aria-label=\"lista funktion parametrina ja paluuarvona permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Itse tekemiemme funktioiden parametreina voi olla myös listoja. Seuraavassa on funktio, joka selvittää parametrina listan <em>mediaanin</em> eli keskimmäisen alkion järjestetyssä listassa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">mediaani</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    jarjestetty <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    keskikohta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jarjestetty<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">//</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> jarjestetty<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>keskikohta<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktio selvittää mediaanin tekemällä parametrinaan saamasta listasta järjestetyn version ja palauttamalla sen keskimmäisen alkion. Huomaa, että käytössä on kokonaislukujakolasku <code class=\"language-text\">//</code>, koska listan indeksin tulee olla kokonaisluku.</p><p>Seuraavassa on esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kengannumerot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">45</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">44</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">36</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">39</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">40</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kengännumeroiden mediaani on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> mediaani<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kengannumerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\niat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">56</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">34</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">22</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">77</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ikien mediaani on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> mediaani<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>iat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Kengännumeroiden mediaani on 40\nIkien mediaani on 22</p></sample-output><p>Funktio voi myös palauttaa listan. Seuraavassa on funktio, joka palauttaa listan käyttäjän syöttämiä kokonaislukuja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lue_luvut</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        syote <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku (tyhjä lopettaa): \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n        luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> luvut</code></pre></div><p>Funktio käyttää lista-tyyppistä apumuuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">luvut</code>, johon se lisää kaikki käyttäjän antamat luvut. Silmukan jälkeen funktio palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">return</code>-komennon avulla listan <code class=\"language-text\">luvut</code>.</p><p>Funktiota käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue_luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Suurin luku on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">max</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lukujen mediaani on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> mediaani<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna luku (tyhjä lopettaa): <strong>5</strong>\nAnna luku (tyhjä lopettaa): <strong>-22</strong>\nAnna luku (tyhjä lopettaa): <strong>4</strong>\nAnna luku (tyhjä lopettaa): <strong>35</strong>\nAnna luku (tyhjä lopettaa): <strong>1</strong>\nAnna luku (tyhjä lopettaa):\nSuurin luku on 35\nLukujen mediaani on 4</p></sample-output><p>Pieni esimerkkiohjelmamme demonstroi jo yhtä funktioiden tärkeimmistä käyttötarkoituksista: niiden avulla ohjelma saadaan jaettua loogisiin selkeästi ymmärrettäviin kokonaisuuksiin.</p><p>Sinänsä sama ohjelma olisi voitu tehdä myös ilman funktiota:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    syote <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku (tyhjä lopettaa): \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n    luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\njarjestetty <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkeskikohta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jarjestetty<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">//</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\nmediaani <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> jarjestetty<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>keskikohta<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Suurin luku on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">max</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lukujen mediaani on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> mediaani<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt kuitenkin ohjelman logiikan seuraaminen on vaikeampaa, koska ei ole enää yhtä selvää, mitkä komennot liittyvät minkäkin kokonaisuuden (syötteiden lukeminen, mediaanin laskeminen, ohjelman muu toiminta) toteuttamiseen.</p><p>Jako funktioiksi siis selkeyttää koodin rakennetta ja tuo esille loogisia kokonaisuuksia. Tämän ansiosta on myös helpompaa varmistaa, että ohjelma toimii halutulla tavalla, koska voimme testata erikseen tiettyä funktiota (esim. toimiiko funktio <code class=\"language-text\">mediaani</code> oikein).</p><p>Ohjelman rakenteen loogisen jakamisen lisäksi funktioiden toinen käyttötarkoitus on koodin <em>uusiokäyttö</em>. Jos ohjelmassa on tarvetta tehdä samankaltainen operaatio useaan kertaan, kannattaa sitä varten luoda oma selkeästi nimetty funktio:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kengännumerot:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkengat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue_luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Painot:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npainot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue_luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pituudet:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npituudet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue_luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Listan pituus' tmcname='osa04-09_listan_pituus'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pituus</code>, joka palauttaa parametrinaan saamansa listan pituuden.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nvastaus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vastaus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vastaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># huomaa, että voit kutsua funktiota myös antamalla listan suoraan funktion parametriksi</span>\nvastaus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vastaus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vastaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>vastaus 5\nvastaus 4</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Keskiarvo' tmcname='osa04-10_keskiarvo'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">keskiarvo</code>, joka palauttaa parametrinaan saamansa kokonaislukuja sisältävän listan alkioiden keskiarvon.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nvastaus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> keskiarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vastaus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vastaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>vastaus 3.0</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Vaihteluväli' tmcname='osa04-11_vaihteluvali'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">vaihteluvali</code>, joka palauttaa parametrinaan saamansa kokonaislukuja sisältävän listan vaihteluvälin (eli suurimman ja pienimmän alkion erotuksen).</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nvastaus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> vaihteluvali<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vastaus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vastaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>vastaus 4</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"lisaa-listan-kasittelysta\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lisää listan käsittelystä<a href=\"#lisaa-listan-kasittelysta\" aria-label=\"lisaa listan kasittelysta permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Pythonissa on paljon muitakin mahdollisuuksia listan käsittelyyn. Voit tutustua niihin Pythonin <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/datastructures.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dokumentaation</a> kautta.</p><div><quiz id=\"3974e1bb-cd83-52b3-85d2-a16223773ce7\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-4/3-listat","title":"Listat"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-4/3-listat.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea 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index c5c5ced4c..0640550de 100644
--- a/page-data/osa-4/4-silmukat-ja-iterointi/page-data.json
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'juhani']"}]}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"ddf4bfa0-6a65-5efa-ba7d-e3e0cd3217fc"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä tarkoitetaan iteroinnilla</li>\n<li>Tiedät, miten <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukka toimii</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukkaa listojen ja merkkijonojen läpikäyntiin</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Voimme käydä listan alkiot läpi <code class=\"language-text\">while</code>-silmukalla samaan tapaan kuin olemme aiemmin käyneet läpi merkkijonon merkkejä. Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma tulostaa kaikki listan alkiot omille riveilleen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nkohta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> kohta <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>kohta<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    kohta <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>3\n2\n4\n5\n2</p></sample-output><p>Tämä on kuitenkin melko vaivalloinen tapa, sillä joudumme käyttämään indeksimuuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">kohta</code>, joka \"muistaa\", missä kohtaa listaa ollaan menossa. Nyt on aika opetella parempi tapa listan, merkkijonon tai muun vastaavan rakenteen läpikäyntiin.</p><h2 id=\"for-silmukka\" style=\"position:relative;\">for-silmukka<a href=\"#for-silmukka\" aria-label=\"for silmukka permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Pythonin <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukka käy läpi annetun rakenteen sisällön. Esimerkiksi voimme käydä läpi kaikki listalla olevat alkiot vasemmalta oikealle. Ohjelmoinnissa tällaista läpikäyntiä kutsutaan myös nimellä <em>iterointi</em>.</p><p>Ideana on, että <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukka poimii yksi kerrallaan kunkin alkion ja suorittaa kaikille saman operaation. Näin ohjelmoijan ei tarvitse itse huolehtia, mistä kohdasta alkio haetaan missäkin vaiheessa. Silmukan syntaksi on seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span>muuttuja<span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span>rakenne<span class=\"token operator\">></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span>lohko<span class=\"token operator\">></span></code></pre></div><p>Kun <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukka käy listan läpi, se poimii vuorollaan kunkin alkion, sijoittaa sen muuttujaan ja suorittaa lohkon. Kun silmukka on käynyt kaikki alkiot läpi, ohjelman suoritus jatkuu silmukan jälkeiseltä riviltä.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 327px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/d00a7a558297b987a466855819434573/00e65/4_3_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 214.3478260869565%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/d00a7a558297b987a466855819434573/a0b58/4_3_1.webp 230w,\n/static/d00a7a558297b987a466855819434573/e25e9/4_3_1.webp 327w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 327px) 100vw, 327px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/d00a7a558297b987a466855819434573/81c8e/4_3_1.png 230w,\n/static/d00a7a558297b987a466855819434573/00e65/4_3_1.png 327w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 327px) 100vw, 327px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/d00a7a558297b987a466855819434573/00e65/4_3_1.png\" alt=\"Listan iterointi\" title=\"Listan iterointi\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Seuraava ohjelma tulostaa listan kaikki alkiot <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukan avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>3\n2\n4\n5\n2</p></sample-output><p>Jos verrataan tätä edelliseen esimerkkiin, huomataan, että <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukka selkeyttää suoraviivaista listan alkioiden läpikäyntiä huomattavasti.</p><p>Voimme käydä samalla idealla läpi myös merkkijonon merkit:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna nimesi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>merkki<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna nimesi: <strong>Pekka</strong>\nP\ne\nk\nk\na</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Tulostus tähdillä' tmcname='osa04-11a_tulostus_tahdilla'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka pyytää käyttäjää syöttämään merkkijonon ja tulostaa sitten merkkijonon kirjaimet yksitellen allekkain.</p><p>Jokaisen kirjaimen jälkeen tulostetaan lisäksi tähti (*) omalle rivilleen.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>Python</strong>\nP\n*\ny\n*\nt\n*\nh\n*\no\n*\nn\n*</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"funktio-range\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">range</code><a href=\"#funktio-range\" aria-label=\"funktio range permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Silmukkaa tarvitaan usein myös siihen, että haluamme toistaa jonkin asian tietyn määrän kertoja tai käydä läpi tietyn lukuvälin (esimerkiksi kaikki luvut väliltä 1–100). Myös tämä onnistuu kätevästi <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukalla funktion <code class=\"language-text\">range</code> avulla.</p><p>Voimme kutsua <code class=\"language-text\">range</code>-funktiota monella tavalla. Yksinkertaisin tapa on <code class=\"language-text\">range(n)</code>, jolloin silmukka käy läpi kokonaisluvut 0:sta lukuun <code class=\"language-text\">n</code>–1:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>0\n1\n2\n3\n4</p></sample-output><p>Kun annamme kaksi parametria, <code class=\"language-text\">range(a, b)</code> aloittaa luvusta <code class=\"language-text\">a</code> ja lopettaa lukuun <code class=\"language-text\">b</code>–1:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>3\n4\n5\n6</p></sample-output><p>Kun annamme kolme parametria, <code class=\"language-text\">range(a, b, c)</code> aloittaa luvusta <code class=\"language-text\">a</code>, lopettaa lukuun <code class=\"language-text\">b</code>–1 ja muuttaa lukua <code class=\"language-text\">c</code>:llä joka askeleella:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1\n3\n5\n7</p></sample-output><p>Voimme myös antaa negatiivisen askeleen, jolloin luvut käydään läpi käänteisesti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>6\n5\n4\n3</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Negatiivisesta positiiviseen' tmcname='osa04-11b_negatiivisesta_positiiviseen'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka lukee käyttäjältä positiivisen kokonaisluvun N. Ohjelma tulostaa sen jälkeen luvut väliltä -N...N <em>nollaa lukuunottamatta</em>. Jokainen luku tulostetaan omalle rivilleen.</p><p>Esimerkiksi</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>4</strong>\n-4\n-3\n-2\n-1\n1\n2\n3\n4</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"lukuvali-listaksi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lukuväli listaksi<a href=\"#lukuvali-listaksi\" aria-label=\"lukuvali listaksi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">range</code> palauttaa lukuvälin, joka voidaan käydä läpi listan kaltaisesti mutta joka ei kuitenkaan ole lista. Tämän näkee siitä, että jos tulostamme funktion palauttaman arvon, näemme vain kuvauksen lukuvälistä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>range(2, 7)</p></sample-output><p>Tutustumme asiaan tarkemmin Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssilla, mutta on hyvä tietää, että voimme muuttaa lukuvälin listaksi funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">list</code>. Tällöin listaan tulevat kaikki lukuväliin kuuluvat arvot:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[2, 3, 4, 5, 6]</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"muistutus-tehtavien-funktioita-testaavasta-omasta-koodista\" style=\"position:relative;\">Muistutus tehtävien funktioita testaavasta omasta koodista<a href=\"#muistutus-tehtavien-funktioita-testaavasta-omasta-koodista\" aria-label=\"muistutus tehtavien funktioita testaavasta omasta koodista permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktiotehtävien tehtäväpohjat ovat tähän asti näyttäneet seuraavilta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># tee ratkaisu tänne</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># funktiota kannattaa testata kutsumalla sitä täällä seuraavasti</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    lause <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"olipa kerran kauan sitten ohjelmoija\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eka_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>toka_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vika_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tästä eteenpäin muistutusta siitä, että testikoodi on sijoitettava <code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code> -lohkoon, jota ei tehtäväpohjissa enää ole. Testit kuitenkin vaativat lohkon edelleen, eli joudut lisäämään sen itse.</p><p><strong>Huomaa kuitenkin</strong>, että jotkut tehtävät, esim. hetken kuluttua vuorossa oleva <em>Palindromit</em>, edellyttävät funktioiden lisäksi myös funktiota kutsuvaa koodia. Tätä koodia <em>ei tule</em> sijoittaa  <code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code> -lohkon sisälle. Testit eivät nimittäin suorita mitään kyseisen lohkon koodista.</p><programming-exercise name='Tähdet' tmcname='osa04-12_tahdet'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lista_tahtina</code>, joka saa parametriksi listan kokonaislukuja. Funktio tulostaa joukon tähtirivejä siten, että listalla olevat luvut kertovat kunkin rivin tähtimäärän.</p><p>Esim. kutsuttaessa <code class=\"language-text\">lista_tahtina([3, 7, 1, 1, 2])</code> tulostus on:</p><sample-output><pre>\n***\n*******\n*\n*\n**\n</pre></sample-output><!-- **Huomaa** että tällä hetkellä Windowsissa on ongelmia joidenkin tehtävien testien suorittamisessa. Jos törmäät seuraavaan virheilmoitukseen\n\n<img src=\"4_3_2.png\" alt=\"Listan iterointi\">\n\nvoit suorittaa testit lähettämällä ne palvelimelle valitsemalla testien suoritusnapin oikealla puolella olevasta symbolista avautuvasta TMC-valikosta _Submit solutions_.\n\nOngelman saa korjattua menemällä laajennuksen asennusvalikkoon ja muuttamalla \"TMC Data\" -kohdassa tehtävien sijainnin johonkin toiseen sijaintiin, jonka tiedostopolku on lyhempi, allaolevassa kuvassa nappi _change path_. Siirrossa saattaa kestää hetken, joten odotathan operaation päättymistä.\n\n<img src=\"4_3_3.png\" alt=\"Listan iterointi\">\n\nOngelmaan pyritään saamaan parempi ratkaisu lähipäivinä. --></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Anagrammi' tmcname='osa04-13_anagrammi'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">anagrammi</code> joka saa parametriksi kaksi merkkijonoa. Funktio palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, jos merkkijonot ovat anagrammeja eli ne muodostuvat täsmälleen samoista kirjaimista.</p><p>Esimerkiksi funktiota voisi käyttää näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>anagrammi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"talo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tola\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># True</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>anagrammi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"talo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lato\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># True</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>anagrammi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"talo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"olat\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># True</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>anagrammi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tammi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"mitta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># False</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>anagrammi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"java\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># False</span></code></pre></div><p>Vihje: funktio <code class=\"language-text\">sorted</code> toimii myös merkkijonoille.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Palindromit' tmcname='osa04-14_palindromit'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">palindromi</code>, joka saa parametriksi merkkijonon ja palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, jos merkkijono on palindromi (eli samansisältöinen luettuna alusta loppuun tai lopusta alkuun).</p><p>Tee myös funktiota hyödyntävä pääohjelma, joka kyselee käyttäjältä sanoja niin kauan, kunnes käyttäjä syöttää palindromin:</p><sample-output><p>Anna palindromi: <strong>python</strong>\nei ollut palindromi\nAnna palindromi: <strong>java</strong>\nei ollut palindromi\nAnna palindromi: <strong>kauppias</strong>\nei ollut palindromi\nAnna palindromi: <strong>saippuakauppias</strong>\nsaippuakauppias on palindromi!</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huomaa</strong>, että pääohjelmaa <strong>ei tule kirjoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\":</code>-lohkon sisälle</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Positiivisten summa' tmcname='osa04-15_positiivisten_summa'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">positiivisten_summa</code>, joka saa parametriksi kokonaislukuja sisältävän listan.</p><p>Funktio palauttaa listan positiivisten lukujen summan.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nvastaus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> positiivisten_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vastaus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vastaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>vastaus 9</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><p>Kertaa nyt tarvittaessa <a href=\"/osa-4/3-listat\">edellisen osion</a> luku <em>Lista funktion parametrina ja paluuarvona</em>!</p><programming-exercise name='Parilliset' tmcname='osa04-16_parilliset'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">parilliset</code>, joka saa parametriksi kokonaislukuja sisältävän listan.</p><p>Funktio palauttaa uuden listan, jolla on parametrina olevan listan sisältämät parilliset luvut.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nuusi_lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> parilliset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"alkuperäinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"uusi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> uusi_lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>alkuperäinen [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\nuusi [2, 4]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Summalista' tmcname='osa04-17_summalista'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">summa</code>, joka saa parametriksi kaksi kokonaislukuja sisältävää listaa. Molemmissa listoissa on sama määrä alkioita.</p><p>Funktio palauttaa uuden listan, jonka alkiot muodostuvat parametreina olevien listojen alkioiden summista.</p><p>Esim:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">a <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nb <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># [8, 10, 12]</span></code></pre></div></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Uniikit' tmcname='osa04-18_uniikit'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">uniikit</code>, joka saa parametriksi kokonaislukuja sisältävän listan.</p><p>Funktio palauttaa uuden listan, joka sisältää parametrina annetun listan luvut suuruusjärjestyksessä siten, että jokainen luku on listalla vain kerran.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>uniikit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># [1, 2, 3]</span></code></pre></div></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"parhaan-tai-huonoimman-etsiminen-listalta\" style=\"position:relative;\">Parhaan tai huonoimman etsiminen listalta<a href=\"#parhaan-tai-huonoimman-etsiminen-listalta\" aria-label=\"parhaan tai huonoimman etsiminen listalta permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Ohjelmoinnissa tulee usein esiin tilanne, missä listalta on löydettävä jonkin kriteerin mukaan paras tai huonoin alkio. Ratkaisu onnistuu käyttämällä sopivaa apumuuttujaa, jonka avulla voidaan \"muistaa\" läpikäynnin aikana siihen mennessä löytynyt paras alkio. Tätä muistettavaa alkiota verrataan sitten yksi kerrallaan jokaiseen vastaantulevaan alkioon, ja lopulta on tiedossa koko listan paras.</p><p>Algoritmin \"luonnos\" on seuraavassa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">paras <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> alkuarvo <span class=\"token comment\"># sopiva alkuarvo riippuu tilanteesta</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> alkio parempi kuin paras<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        paras <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> alkio\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># paras on nyt tiedossa!</span></code></pre></div><p>Koodin yksityiskohdat riippuvat siitä minkä tyyppisiä alkioita listalla on ja mikä parhauden/huonouden vertailukriteeri on käytössä. Joissain tilanteissa myös apumuuttujia saatetaan tarvita useampia.</p><p>Harjoitellaan hieman tämän ratkaisumenetelmän käyttöä.</p><programming-exercise name='Listan pisimmän pituus' tmcname='osa04-18a_listan_pimman_pituus'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pisimman_pituus</code>, joka saa parametriksi listan merkkijonoja. Funktio palauttaa tiedon mikä on listan pisimmän merkkijonon pituus.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"eka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kolmas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"seitsemäs\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pisimman_pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"venla\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"eero\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"juhani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pisimman_pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>9\n6</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Listan lyhin' tmcname='osa04-18b_listan_lyhin'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lyhin</code>, joka saa parametriksi listan merkkijonoja. Funktio palauttaa listan lyhimmän merkkijonon. Jos samanpituisia on useita (testeissä näin ei ole), voi funktio palauttaa niistä minkä vaan. Funktio voi olettaa että listalla ei ole tyhjiä eli nollan pituisia merkkijonoja.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"eka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kolmas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"seitsemäs\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lyhin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"johanna\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"venla\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"eero\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lyhin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>eka\neero</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Listan pisimmät' tmcname='osa04-19_listan_pisimmat'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pisimmat</code>, joka saa parametriksi listan merkkijonoja. Funktio palauttaa listan, joka sisältää parametrina annetun listan pisimmän merkkijonon. Jos pisimpiä merkkijonoja on useampia, funktio palauttaa ne kaikki listassa.</p><p>Merkkijonojen järjestyksen tuloslistassa tulee noudattaa merkkijonojen järjestystä alkuperäisessä listassa.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"eka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kolmas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"seitsemäs\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pisimmat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># ['seitsemäs']</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"venla\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"eero\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"juhani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pisimmat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># ['emilia', 'juhani']</span></code></pre></div></programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"ddf4bfa0-6a65-5efa-ba7d-e3e0cd3217fc\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-4/4-silmukat-ja-iterointi","title":"Silmukat ja iterointi"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-4/4-silmukat-ja-iterointi.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea 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pisimmat"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"lista"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"tulos"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","comment"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"# ['emilia', 'juhani']"}]}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"ddf4bfa0-6a65-5efa-ba7d-e3e0cd3217fc"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä tarkoitetaan iteroinnilla</li>\n<li>Tiedät, miten <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukka toimii</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukkaa listojen ja merkkijonojen läpikäyntiin</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Voimme käydä listan alkiot läpi <code class=\"language-text\">while</code>-silmukalla samaan tapaan kuin olemme aiemmin käyneet läpi merkkijonon merkkejä. Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma tulostaa kaikki listan alkiot omille riveilleen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nkohta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> kohta <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>kohta<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    kohta <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>3\n2\n4\n5\n2</p></sample-output><p>Tämä on kuitenkin melko vaivalloinen tapa, sillä joudumme käyttämään indeksimuuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">kohta</code>, joka \"muistaa\", missä kohtaa listaa ollaan menossa. Nyt on aika opetella parempi tapa listan, merkkijonon tai muun vastaavan rakenteen läpikäyntiin.</p><h2 id=\"for-silmukka\" style=\"position:relative;\">for-silmukka<a href=\"#for-silmukka\" aria-label=\"for silmukka permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Pythonin <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukka käy läpi annetun rakenteen sisällön. Esimerkiksi voimme käydä läpi kaikki listalla olevat alkiot vasemmalta oikealle. Ohjelmoinnissa tällaista läpikäyntiä kutsutaan myös nimellä <em>iterointi</em>.</p><p>Ideana on, että <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukka poimii yksi kerrallaan kunkin alkion ja suorittaa kaikille saman operaation. Näin ohjelmoijan ei tarvitse itse huolehtia, mistä kohdasta alkio haetaan missäkin vaiheessa. Silmukan syntaksi on seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span>muuttuja<span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span>rakenne<span class=\"token operator\">></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span>lohko<span class=\"token operator\">></span></code></pre></div><p>Kun <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukka käy listan läpi, se poimii vuorollaan kunkin alkion, sijoittaa sen muuttujaan ja suorittaa lohkon. Kun silmukka on käynyt kaikki alkiot läpi, ohjelman suoritus jatkuu silmukan jälkeiseltä riviltä.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 327px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/d00a7a558297b987a466855819434573/00e65/4_3_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 214.3478260869565%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/d00a7a558297b987a466855819434573/a0b58/4_3_1.webp 230w,\n/static/d00a7a558297b987a466855819434573/e25e9/4_3_1.webp 327w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 327px) 100vw, 327px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/d00a7a558297b987a466855819434573/81c8e/4_3_1.png 230w,\n/static/d00a7a558297b987a466855819434573/00e65/4_3_1.png 327w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 327px) 100vw, 327px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/d00a7a558297b987a466855819434573/00e65/4_3_1.png\" alt=\"Listan iterointi\" title=\"Listan iterointi\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Seuraava ohjelma tulostaa listan kaikki alkiot <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukan avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>3\n2\n4\n5\n2</p></sample-output><p>Jos verrataan tätä edelliseen esimerkkiin, huomataan, että <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukka selkeyttää suoraviivaista listan alkioiden läpikäyntiä huomattavasti.</p><p>Voimme käydä samalla idealla läpi myös merkkijonon merkit:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna nimesi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>merkki<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna nimesi: <strong>Pekka</strong>\nP\ne\nk\nk\na</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Tulostus tähdillä' tmcname='osa04-11a_tulostus_tahdilla'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka pyytää käyttäjää syöttämään merkkijonon ja tulostaa sitten merkkijonon kirjaimet yksitellen allekkain.</p><p>Jokaisen kirjaimen jälkeen tulostetaan lisäksi tähti (*) omalle rivilleen.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><sample-output><p>Anna merkkijono: <strong>Python</strong>\nP\n*\ny\n*\nt\n*\nh\n*\no\n*\nn\n*</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"funktio-range\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">range</code><a href=\"#funktio-range\" aria-label=\"funktio range permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Silmukkaa tarvitaan usein myös siihen, että haluamme toistaa jonkin asian tietyn määrän kertoja tai käydä läpi tietyn lukuvälin (esimerkiksi kaikki luvut väliltä 1–100). Myös tämä onnistuu kätevästi <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukalla funktion <code class=\"language-text\">range</code> avulla.</p><p>Voimme kutsua <code class=\"language-text\">range</code>-funktiota monella tavalla. Yksinkertaisin tapa on <code class=\"language-text\">range(n)</code>, jolloin silmukka käy läpi kokonaisluvut 0:sta lukuun <code class=\"language-text\">n</code>–1:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>0\n1\n2\n3\n4</p></sample-output><p>Kun annamme kaksi parametria, <code class=\"language-text\">range(a, b)</code> aloittaa luvusta <code class=\"language-text\">a</code> ja lopettaa lukuun <code class=\"language-text\">b</code>–1:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>3\n4\n5\n6</p></sample-output><p>Kun annamme kolme parametria, <code class=\"language-text\">range(a, b, c)</code> aloittaa luvusta <code class=\"language-text\">a</code>, lopettaa lukuun <code class=\"language-text\">b</code>–1 ja muuttaa lukua <code class=\"language-text\">c</code>:llä joka askeleella:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1\n3\n5\n7</p></sample-output><p>Voimme myös antaa negatiivisen askeleen, jolloin luvut käydään läpi käänteisesti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>6\n5\n4\n3</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Negatiivisesta positiiviseen' tmcname='osa04-11b_negatiivisesta_positiiviseen'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka lukee käyttäjältä positiivisen kokonaisluvun N. Ohjelma tulostaa sen jälkeen luvut väliltä -N...N <em>nollaa lukuunottamatta</em>. Jokainen luku tulostetaan omalle rivilleen.</p><p>Esimerkiksi</p><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>4</strong>\n-4\n-3\n-2\n-1\n1\n2\n3\n4</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"lukuvali-listaksi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lukuväli listaksi<a href=\"#lukuvali-listaksi\" aria-label=\"lukuvali listaksi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">range</code> palauttaa lukuvälin, joka voidaan käydä läpi listan kaltaisesti mutta joka ei kuitenkaan ole lista. Tämän näkee siitä, että jos tulostamme funktion palauttaman arvon, näemme vain kuvauksen lukuvälistä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>range(2, 7)</p></sample-output><p>Tutustumme asiaan tarkemmin Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssilla, mutta on hyvä tietää, että voimme muuttaa lukuvälin listaksi funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">list</code>. Tällöin listaan tulevat kaikki lukuväliin kuuluvat arvot:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[2, 3, 4, 5, 6]</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"muistutus-tehtavien-funktioita-testaavasta-omasta-koodista\" style=\"position:relative;\">Muistutus tehtävien funktioita testaavasta omasta koodista<a href=\"#muistutus-tehtavien-funktioita-testaavasta-omasta-koodista\" aria-label=\"muistutus tehtavien funktioita testaavasta omasta koodista permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktiotehtävien tehtäväpohjat ovat tähän asti näyttäneet seuraavilta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># tee ratkaisu tänne</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># funktiota kannattaa testata kutsumalla sitä täällä seuraavasti</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    lause <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"olipa kerran kauan sitten ohjelmoija\"</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eka_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>toka_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vika_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tästä eteenpäin muistutusta siitä, että testikoodi on sijoitettava <code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code> -lohkoon, jota ei tehtäväpohjissa enää ole. Testit kuitenkin vaativat lohkon edelleen, eli joudut lisäämään sen itse.</p><p><strong>Huomaa kuitenkin</strong>, että jotkut tehtävät, esim. hetken kuluttua vuorossa oleva <em>Palindromit</em>, edellyttävät funktioiden lisäksi myös funktiota kutsuvaa koodia. Tätä koodia <em>ei tule</em> sijoittaa  <code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code> -lohkon sisälle. Testit eivät nimittäin suorita mitään kyseisen lohkon koodista.</p><programming-exercise name='Tähdet' tmcname='osa04-12_tahdet'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lista_tahtina</code>, joka saa parametriksi listan kokonaislukuja. Funktio tulostaa joukon tähtirivejä siten, että listalla olevat luvut kertovat kunkin rivin tähtimäärän.</p><p>Esim. kutsuttaessa <code class=\"language-text\">lista_tahtina([3, 7, 1, 1, 2])</code> tulostus on:</p><sample-output><pre>\n***\n*******\n*\n*\n**\n</pre></sample-output><!-- **Huomaa** että tällä hetkellä Windowsissa on ongelmia joidenkin tehtävien testien suorittamisessa. Jos törmäät seuraavaan virheilmoitukseen\n\n<img src=\"4_3_2.png\" alt=\"Listan iterointi\">\n\nvoit suorittaa testit lähettämällä ne palvelimelle valitsemalla testien suoritusnapin oikealla puolella olevasta symbolista avautuvasta TMC-valikosta _Submit solutions_.\n\nOngelman saa korjattua menemällä laajennuksen asennusvalikkoon ja muuttamalla \"TMC Data\" -kohdassa tehtävien sijainnin johonkin toiseen sijaintiin, jonka tiedostopolku on lyhempi, allaolevassa kuvassa nappi _change path_. Siirrossa saattaa kestää hetken, joten odotathan operaation päättymistä.\n\n<img src=\"4_3_3.png\" alt=\"Listan iterointi\">\n\nOngelmaan pyritään saamaan parempi ratkaisu lähipäivinä. --></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Anagrammi' tmcname='osa04-13_anagrammi'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">anagrammi</code> joka saa parametriksi kaksi merkkijonoa. Funktio palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, jos merkkijonot ovat anagrammeja eli ne muodostuvat täsmälleen samoista kirjaimista.</p><p>Esimerkiksi funktiota voisi käyttää näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>anagrammi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"talo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tola\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># True</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>anagrammi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"talo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lato\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># True</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>anagrammi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"talo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"olat\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># True</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>anagrammi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tammi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"mitta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># False</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>anagrammi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"java\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># False</span></code></pre></div><p>Vihje: funktio <code class=\"language-text\">sorted</code> toimii myös merkkijonoille.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Palindromit' tmcname='osa04-14_palindromit'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">palindromi</code>, joka saa parametriksi merkkijonon ja palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, jos merkkijono on palindromi (eli samansisältöinen luettuna alusta loppuun tai lopusta alkuun).</p><p>Tee myös funktiota hyödyntävä pääohjelma, joka kyselee käyttäjältä sanoja niin kauan, kunnes käyttäjä syöttää palindromin:</p><sample-output><p>Anna palindromi: <strong>python</strong>\nei ollut palindromi\nAnna palindromi: <strong>java</strong>\nei ollut palindromi\nAnna palindromi: <strong>kauppias</strong>\nei ollut palindromi\nAnna palindromi: <strong>saippuakauppias</strong>\nsaippuakauppias on palindromi!</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huomaa</strong>, että pääohjelmaa <strong>ei tule kirjoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\":</code>-lohkon sisälle</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Positiivisten summa' tmcname='osa04-15_positiivisten_summa'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">positiivisten_summa</code>, joka saa parametriksi kokonaislukuja sisältävän listan.</p><p>Funktio palauttaa listan positiivisten lukujen summan.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nvastaus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> positiivisten_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vastaus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vastaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>vastaus 9</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><p>Kertaa nyt tarvittaessa <a href=\"/osa-4/3-listat\">edellisen osion</a> luku <em>Lista funktion parametrina ja paluuarvona</em>!</p><programming-exercise name='Parilliset' tmcname='osa04-16_parilliset'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">parilliset</code>, joka saa parametriksi kokonaislukuja sisältävän listan.</p><p>Funktio palauttaa uuden listan, jolla on parametrina olevan listan sisältämät parilliset luvut.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nuusi_lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> parilliset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"alkuperäinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"uusi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> uusi_lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>alkuperäinen [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\nuusi [2, 4]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Summalista' tmcname='osa04-17_summalista'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">summa</code>, joka saa parametriksi kaksi kokonaislukuja sisältävää listaa. Molemmissa listoissa on sama määrä alkioita.</p><p>Funktio palauttaa uuden listan, jonka alkiot muodostuvat parametreina olevien listojen alkioiden summista.</p><p>Esim:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">a <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nb <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># [8, 10, 12]</span></code></pre></div></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Uniikit' tmcname='osa04-18_uniikit'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">uniikit</code>, joka saa parametriksi kokonaislukuja sisältävän listan.</p><p>Funktio palauttaa uuden listan, joka sisältää parametrina annetun listan luvut suuruusjärjestyksessä siten, että jokainen luku on listalla vain kerran.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>uniikit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># [1, 2, 3]</span></code></pre></div></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"parhaan-tai-huonoimman-etsiminen-listalta\" style=\"position:relative;\">Parhaan tai huonoimman etsiminen listalta<a href=\"#parhaan-tai-huonoimman-etsiminen-listalta\" aria-label=\"parhaan tai huonoimman etsiminen listalta permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Ohjelmoinnissa tulee usein esiin tilanne, missä listalta on löydettävä jonkin kriteerin mukaan paras tai huonoin alkio. Ratkaisu onnistuu käyttämällä sopivaa apumuuttujaa, jonka avulla voidaan \"muistaa\" läpikäynnin aikana siihen mennessä löytynyt paras alkio. Tätä muistettavaa alkiota verrataan sitten yksi kerrallaan jokaiseen vastaantulevaan alkioon, ja lopulta on tiedossa koko listan paras.</p><p>Algoritmin \"luonnos\" on seuraavassa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">paras <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> alkuarvo <span class=\"token comment\"># sopiva alkuarvo riippuu tilanteesta</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> alkio parempi kuin paras<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        paras <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> alkio\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># paras on nyt tiedossa!</span></code></pre></div><p>Koodin yksityiskohdat riippuvat siitä minkä tyyppisiä alkioita listalla on ja mikä parhauden/huonouden vertailukriteeri on käytössä. Joissain tilanteissa myös apumuuttujia saatetaan tarvita useampia.</p><p>Harjoitellaan hieman tämän ratkaisumenetelmän käyttöä.</p><programming-exercise name='Listan pisimmän pituus' tmcname='osa04-18a_listan_pimman_pituus'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pisimman_pituus</code>, joka saa parametriksi listan merkkijonoja. Funktio palauttaa tiedon mikä on listan pisimmän merkkijonon pituus.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"eka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kolmas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"seitsemäs\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pisimman_pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"venla\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"eero\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"juhani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pisimman_pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>9\n6</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Listan lyhin' tmcname='osa04-18b_listan_lyhin'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lyhin</code>, joka saa parametriksi listan merkkijonoja. Funktio palauttaa listan lyhimmän merkkijonon. Jos samanpituisia on useita (testeissä näin ei ole), voi funktio palauttaa niistä minkä vaan. Funktio voi olettaa että listalla ei ole tyhjiä eli nollan pituisia merkkijonoja.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"eka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kolmas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"seitsemäs\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lyhin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"johanna\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"venla\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"eero\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lyhin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>eka\neero</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Listan pisimmät' tmcname='osa04-19_listan_pisimmat'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pisimmat</code>, joka saa parametriksi listan merkkijonoja. Funktio palauttaa listan, joka sisältää parametrina annetun listan pisimmän merkkijonon. Jos pisimpiä merkkijonoja on useampia, funktio palauttaa ne kaikki listassa.</p><p>Merkkijonojen järjestyksen tuloslistassa tulee noudattaa merkkijonojen järjestystä alkuperäisessä listassa.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"eka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kolmas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"seitsemäs\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pisimmat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># ['seitsemäs']</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"venla\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"eero\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"juhani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pisimmat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># ['emilia', 'juhani']</span></code></pre></div></programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"ddf4bfa0-6a65-5efa-ba7d-e3e0cd3217fc\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-4/4-silmukat-ja-iterointi","title":"Silmukat ja iterointi"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-4/4-silmukat-ja-iterointi.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea 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Niitä voi esimerkiksi sijoittaa muuttujiin ja sekä yhdistellä normaaleihin merkkijonoihin:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"nimi "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Pekka\""}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nika "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" 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eräänlainen funktio, joka tuottaa normaalin merkkijonon aaltosuluissa olevien \"parametrien\" perusteella."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Lukulistasta merkkijonolistaksi","tmcname":"osa04-20_lukulistasta_merkkijonolistaksi"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kirjoita funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"muotoile"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka saa parametrikseen liukulukuja sisältävän listan. Funktio muodostaa listan perusteella uuden merkkijonoja sisältävän listan, jossa jokainen liukulukulistan alkio esitetään pyöristettynä kahden desimaalin tarkkuuteen. Listan alkioiden järjestyksen tulee säilyä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vinkki: Käytä liukulukujen muotoiluun merkkijonoiksi f-merkkijonoa."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"lista "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1.234"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"0.3333"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"0.11111"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3.446"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nlista2 "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" muotoile"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"lista"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"lista2"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"['1.23', '0.33', '0.11', '3.45']"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"92e6d079-80c1-5914-8cf7-abd181a418dd"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, miten <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennon tulostusta saa muokattua parametrien avulla</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää f-merkkijonoja tulosteen muotoilussa</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Olemme tähän mennessä yhdistelleet tulostettavaa tietoa <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennossa kolmella eri tavalla.</p><p>Ensimmäinen tapa on käyttää merkkijonojen <code class=\"language-text\">+</code>-operaattoria ja muodostaa näin yksittäinen merkkijono, jonka print saa parametrikseen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span>\nika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">39</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hei \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" ikäsi on \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" vuotta\"</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämä tapa edellyttää, että kaikki yhdistettävät osat ovat merkkijonoja. Koska muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">ika</code> on tyypiltään kokonaisluku, se on muutettu yhdistämistä varten merkkijonoksi funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">str</code>.</p><p>Toinen käyttämämme tapa on eritellä tulostuksen osat pilkulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hei\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ikäsi on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"vuotta\"</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämän koodin lopputulos on sama kuin edellisen esimerkin. Näin käytettynä <code class=\"language-text\">print</code> tulostaa kaikki parametrinsa välilyönnillä eroteltuna. Etuna tässä tavassa on, että tulostettavat osat voivat olla eri tyyppisiä eli tyyppimuunnosta merkkijonoksi ei tarvita.</p><p>Automaattisesta välilyönnistä pilkulla eriteltyjen osien välillä on mahdollista päästä eroon antamalla funktiolle parametri <code class=\"language-text\">sep</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hei\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ikäsi on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"vuotta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sep<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tulostus on nyt seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>HeiErkkiikäsi on39vuotta</p></sample-output><p>Parametri <code class=\"language-text\">sep=\"\"</code> on <em>nimetty parametri</em>, joka määrittelee, että pilkulla eroteltujen osien väliin laitetaan ainoastaan tyhjä merkkijono. Voisimme myös saada jokaisen osan tulostumaan omalle rivilleen määrittelemällä erottimeksi <code class=\"language-text\">\"\\n\"</code> eli rivinvaihtoa kuvaavan merkin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hei\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ikäsi on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"vuotta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sep<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Hei\nErkki\nikäsi on\n39\nvuotta</p></sample-output><p>Oletusarvoisesti print-komento päättyy rivinvaihtoon, mutta tätä voidaan muokata parametrin <code class=\"language-text\">end</code> avulla. Esim. jos <code class=\"language-text\">end</code> saa arvoksi tyhjän merkkijonon, <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komento ei aiheuta automaattista rivinvaihtoa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> end<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"kaikki!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Moi kaikki!</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"f-merkkijonot\" style=\"position:relative;\">f-merkkijonot<a href=\"#f-merkkijonot\" aria-label=\"f merkkijonot permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kolmas käyttämämme tapa on f-merkkijonot. Aiempi nimen ja iän tulostava esimerkki tehtäisiin f-merkkijonojen avulla seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span>\nika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">39</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Hei </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> ikäsi on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> vuotta\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Olemme toistaiseksi käyttäneet f-merkkijonoja vain niiden yksinkertaisimmassa muodossa. F-merkkijonot tarjoavat kuitenkin monia muitakin mahdollisuuksia tulostuksen muotoiluun. Yksi tavallinen käyttötapa on antaa liukuluvun tulostuksessa näytettävien desimaalien määrä. Oletusarvoisesti tulostuu jokin määrä desimaaleja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token operator\">/</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Luku on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Luku on 0.333333333333333</p></sample-output><p>Saamme määriteltyä tulostuvien desimaalien määrän f-merkkijonon avulla. Tulostuksen muoto määritellään lisäämällä aaltosulkeiden sisään tulostettavan muuttujan jälkeen kaksoispiste ja <em>muotoiluohje</em>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token operator\">/</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Luku on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token format-spec\">.2f</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">Luku on <span class=\"token number\">0.33</span></code></pre></div><p>Muotoiluohje <code class=\"language-text\">.2f</code> siis määrittelee, että desimaaliluku tulostetaan <em>kahden desimaalin</em> tarkkuudella. Kirjain <em>f</em> luvun 2 jälkeen tarkoittaa, että muotoiluohje koskee desimaalilukua eli <code class=\"language-text\">float</code>-tyyppistä arvoa!</p><p>Tässä on vielä toisenlainen esimerkki, jossa tulostetaan nimiä 15 merkin levyiseen tekstialueeseen, ensin vasemmalle sisennettynä ja sen jälkeen oikealle sisennettynä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span>  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Juha-Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Maya\"</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token format-spec\">15</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> keskellä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token format-spec\">>15</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">Antti           keskellä           Antti\nEmilia          keskellä          Emilia\nJuha<span class=\"token operator\">-</span>Pekka      keskellä      Juha<span class=\"token operator\">-</span>Pekka\nMaya            keskellä            Maya</code></pre></div><p>F-merkkijonoja voi käyttää muuallakin kuin tulostuskomennossa. Niitä voi esimerkiksi sijoittaa muuttujiin ja sekä yhdistellä normaaleihin merkkijonoihin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span>\nika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">59</span>\nkaupunki <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Lappeenranta\"</span>\ntervehdys <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Hei </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, olet </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">-vuotias\"</span></span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tervehdys <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\", asuinpaikkasi on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>kaupunki<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Hei Pekka, olet 59-vuotias, asuinpaikkasi on Lappeenranta</p></sample-output><p>F-merkkijonon voi ajatella olevan eräänlainen funktio, joka tuottaa normaalin merkkijonon aaltosuluissa olevien \"parametrien\" perusteella.</p><programming-exercise name='Lukulistasta merkkijonolistaksi' tmcname='osa04-20_lukulistasta_merkkijonolistaksi'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">muotoile</code>, joka saa parametrikseen liukulukuja sisältävän listan. Funktio muodostaa listan perusteella uuden merkkijonoja sisältävän listan, jossa jokainen liukulukulistan alkio esitetään pyöristettynä kahden desimaalin tarkkuuteen. Listan alkioiden järjestyksen tulee säilyä.</p><p><em>Vinkki: Käytä liukulukujen muotoiluun merkkijonoiksi f-merkkijonoa.</em></p><p>Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1.234</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.3333</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.11111</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.446</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nlista2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> muotoile<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>['1.23', '0.33', '0.11', '3.45']</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"92e6d079-80c1-5914-8cf7-abd181a418dd\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-4/5-tulostuksen-muotoilu","title":"Tulostuksen muotoilu"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-4/5-tulostuksen-muotoilu.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea 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eräänlainen funktio, joka tuottaa normaalin merkkijonon aaltosuluissa olevien \"parametrien\" perusteella."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Lukulistasta merkkijonolistaksi","tmcname":"osa04-20_lukulistasta_merkkijonolistaksi"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kirjoita funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"muotoile"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka saa parametrikseen liukulukuja sisältävän listan. Funktio muodostaa listan perusteella uuden merkkijonoja sisältävän listan, jossa jokainen liukulukulistan alkio esitetään pyöristettynä kahden desimaalin tarkkuuteen. Listan alkioiden järjestyksen tulee säilyä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vinkki: Käytä liukulukujen muotoiluun merkkijonoiksi f-merkkijonoa."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"lista "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1.234"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"0.3333"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"0.11111"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3.446"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nlista2 "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" muotoile"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"lista"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"lista2"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"['1.23', '0.33', '0.11', '3.45']"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"92e6d079-80c1-5914-8cf7-abd181a418dd"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, miten <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennon tulostusta saa muokattua parametrien avulla</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää f-merkkijonoja tulosteen muotoilussa</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Olemme tähän mennessä yhdistelleet tulostettavaa tietoa <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennossa kolmella eri tavalla.</p><p>Ensimmäinen tapa on käyttää merkkijonojen <code class=\"language-text\">+</code>-operaattoria ja muodostaa näin yksittäinen merkkijono, jonka print saa parametrikseen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span>\nika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">39</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hei \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" ikäsi on \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" vuotta\"</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämä tapa edellyttää, että kaikki yhdistettävät osat ovat merkkijonoja. Koska muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">ika</code> on tyypiltään kokonaisluku, se on muutettu yhdistämistä varten merkkijonoksi funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">str</code>.</p><p>Toinen käyttämämme tapa on eritellä tulostuksen osat pilkulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hei\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ikäsi on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"vuotta\"</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämän koodin lopputulos on sama kuin edellisen esimerkin. Näin käytettynä <code class=\"language-text\">print</code> tulostaa kaikki parametrinsa välilyönnillä eroteltuna. Etuna tässä tavassa on, että tulostettavat osat voivat olla eri tyyppisiä eli tyyppimuunnosta merkkijonoksi ei tarvita.</p><p>Automaattisesta välilyönnistä pilkulla eriteltyjen osien välillä on mahdollista päästä eroon antamalla funktiolle parametri <code class=\"language-text\">sep</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hei\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ikäsi on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"vuotta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sep<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tulostus on nyt seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>HeiErkkiikäsi on39vuotta</p></sample-output><p>Parametri <code class=\"language-text\">sep=\"\"</code> on <em>nimetty parametri</em>, joka määrittelee, että pilkulla eroteltujen osien väliin laitetaan ainoastaan tyhjä merkkijono. Voisimme myös saada jokaisen osan tulostumaan omalle rivilleen määrittelemällä erottimeksi <code class=\"language-text\">\"\\n\"</code> eli rivinvaihtoa kuvaavan merkin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hei\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ikäsi on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"vuotta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sep<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Hei\nErkki\nikäsi on\n39\nvuotta</p></sample-output><p>Oletusarvoisesti print-komento päättyy rivinvaihtoon, mutta tätä voidaan muokata parametrin <code class=\"language-text\">end</code> avulla. Esim. jos <code class=\"language-text\">end</code> saa arvoksi tyhjän merkkijonon, <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komento ei aiheuta automaattista rivinvaihtoa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> end<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"kaikki!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Moi kaikki!</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"f-merkkijonot\" style=\"position:relative;\">f-merkkijonot<a href=\"#f-merkkijonot\" aria-label=\"f merkkijonot permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kolmas käyttämämme tapa on f-merkkijonot. Aiempi nimen ja iän tulostava esimerkki tehtäisiin f-merkkijonojen avulla seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span>\nika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">39</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Hei </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> ikäsi on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> vuotta\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Olemme toistaiseksi käyttäneet f-merkkijonoja vain niiden yksinkertaisimmassa muodossa. F-merkkijonot tarjoavat kuitenkin monia muitakin mahdollisuuksia tulostuksen muotoiluun. Yksi tavallinen käyttötapa on antaa liukuluvun tulostuksessa näytettävien desimaalien määrä. Oletusarvoisesti tulostuu jokin määrä desimaaleja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token operator\">/</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Luku on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Luku on 0.333333333333333</p></sample-output><p>Saamme määriteltyä tulostuvien desimaalien määrän f-merkkijonon avulla. Tulostuksen muoto määritellään lisäämällä aaltosulkeiden sisään tulostettavan muuttujan jälkeen kaksoispiste ja <em>muotoiluohje</em>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token operator\">/</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Luku on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token format-spec\">.2f</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">Luku on <span class=\"token number\">0.33</span></code></pre></div><p>Muotoiluohje <code class=\"language-text\">.2f</code> siis määrittelee, että desimaaliluku tulostetaan <em>kahden desimaalin</em> tarkkuudella. Kirjain <em>f</em> luvun 2 jälkeen tarkoittaa, että muotoiluohje koskee desimaalilukua eli <code class=\"language-text\">float</code>-tyyppistä arvoa!</p><p>Tässä on vielä toisenlainen esimerkki, jossa tulostetaan nimiä 15 merkin levyiseen tekstialueeseen, ensin vasemmalle sisennettynä ja sen jälkeen oikealle sisennettynä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span>  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Juha-Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Maya\"</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token format-spec\">15</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> keskellä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token format-spec\">>15</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">Antti           keskellä           Antti\nEmilia          keskellä          Emilia\nJuha<span class=\"token operator\">-</span>Pekka      keskellä      Juha<span class=\"token operator\">-</span>Pekka\nMaya            keskellä            Maya</code></pre></div><p>F-merkkijonoja voi käyttää muuallakin kuin tulostuskomennossa. Niitä voi esimerkiksi sijoittaa muuttujiin ja sekä yhdistellä normaaleihin merkkijonoihin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span>\nika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">59</span>\nkaupunki <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Lappeenranta\"</span>\ntervehdys <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Hei </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, olet </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">-vuotias\"</span></span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tervehdys <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\", asuinpaikkasi on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>kaupunki<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Hei Pekka, olet 59-vuotias, asuinpaikkasi on Lappeenranta</p></sample-output><p>F-merkkijonon voi ajatella olevan eräänlainen funktio, joka tuottaa normaalin merkkijonon aaltosuluissa olevien \"parametrien\" perusteella.</p><programming-exercise name='Lukulistasta merkkijonolistaksi' tmcname='osa04-20_lukulistasta_merkkijonolistaksi'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">muotoile</code>, joka saa parametrikseen liukulukuja sisältävän listan. Funktio muodostaa listan perusteella uuden merkkijonoja sisältävän listan, jossa jokainen liukulukulistan alkio esitetään pyöristettynä kahden desimaalin tarkkuuteen. Listan alkioiden järjestyksen tulee säilyä.</p><p><em>Vinkki: Käytä liukulukujen muotoiluun merkkijonoiksi f-merkkijonoa.</em></p><p>Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1.234</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.3333</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.11111</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3.446</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nlista2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> muotoile<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>['1.23', '0.33', '0.11', '3.45']</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"92e6d079-80c1-5914-8cf7-abd181a418dd\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-4/5-tulostuksen-muotoilu","title":"Tulostuksen muotoilu"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-4/5-tulostuksen-muotoilu.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea 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Näin tapahtuu funktioissa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tulosta"}]},{"type":"text","value":" ja "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"analysoi"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Jos taas funktio tuottaa tietoa, jota muut ohjelman osat tarvitsevat, palauttaa funktio datan "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"return"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-komennolla. Näin tekevät käyttäjän syötteen lukeva funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"lue_kayttajalta"}]},{"type":"text","value":" sekä analyysin tekevä funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"analysoi"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Olisi periaatteessa mahdollista, että funktiot käyttäisivät suoraan \"pääohjelman\" globaalia muuttujaa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"syotteet"}]},{"type":"text","value":". 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siirrettäisiin ohjelman käsittelemä data pääohjelmaa edustavan funktion sisäiseksi muuttujaksi:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","comment"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"# pääohjelmaa edustava funktio"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"def"}]},{"type":"text","value":" 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käynnistys"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nmain"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Arvosanatilasto","tmcname":"osa04-26_arvosanatilasto"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tässä tehtävässä toteutetaan ohjelma kurssin arvosanatilastojen tulostamiseen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelmalle syötetään rivejä, jotka sisältävät yhden opiskelijan koepistemäärän sekä tehtyjen harjoitustehtävien määrän. Ohjelma tulostaa niiden perusteella arvosanoihin liittyviä tilastoja."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Koepisteet ovat kokonaislukuja väliltä 0–20. Tehtyjen harjoitustehtävien lukumäärät taas kokonaislukuja väliltä 0–100."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelma kyselee käyttäjältä rivejä niin kauan, kunnes käyttäjä syöttää tyhjän rivin. Voit olettaa, että kaikki rivit on syötetty \"oikein\", eli rivillä on joko kaksi kokonaislukua tai rivi on tyhjä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Koepisteiden ja harjoitustehtävien syöttäminen etenee seuraavasti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Koepisteet ja harjoitusten määrä: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"15 87"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nKoepisteet ja harjoitusten määrä: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"10 55"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nKoepisteet ja harjoitusten määrä: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"11 40"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nKoepisteet ja harjoitusten määrä: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4 17"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nKoepisteet ja harjoitusten määrä:\nTilasto:"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kun käyttäjä on syöttänyt tyhjän rivin, tulostaa ohjelma tilastot."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tilastot muodostuvat seuraavasti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tehtyjen harjoitustehtävien lukumäärästä saa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"harjoituspisteitä"}]},{"type":"text","value":" siten, että vähintään 10 % tehtävämäärästä tuo yhden harjoituspisteen, 20 % tuo 2 harjoituspistettä, jne., ja 100 % eli 100 harjoitustehtävää tuo 10 harjoituspistettä. Harjoitustehtävistä saatava pistemäärä on kokonaisluku."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kurssin arvosana määräytyy kokeen pistemäärän ja harjoitustehtävistä saatavien pisteiden summasta seuraavan taulukon mukaan:"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"table","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"thead","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"th","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"koepisteet+harjoituspisteet"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"th","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"arvosana"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tbody","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"0–14"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"0 (eli hylätty)"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"15–17"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"18–20"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"21–23"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"24–27"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"28–30"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Edelliseen on kuitenkin poikkeus: jos kokeen pistemäärä on alle 10, on arvosana kokonaispistemäärästä riippumatta 0 eli hylätty."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Yllä olevalla esimerkkisyötteellä ohjelma tulostaa seuraavat tilastot:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tilasto:\nPisteiden keskiarvo: 14.5\nHyväksymisprosentti: 75.0\nArvosanajakauma:\n  5:\n  4:\n  3: *\n  2:\n  1: **\n  0: *\n"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Desimaaliluvut tulostetaan yhden desimaalin tarkkuudella."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huom:"}]},{"type":"text","value":" tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ei"}]},{"type":"text","value":" erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ei tule sijoittaa"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"if __name__ == \"__main__\""}]},{"type":"text","value":"-lohkoon! Eli jos ohjelmasi toiminnallisuus on esim. funktiossa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"main"}]},{"type":"text","value":", tulee sitä kutsuva koodi kirjoittaa normaaliin tapaan, eikä ym. if-lohkoon kuten on tehtävä niissä tehtävissä, joissa edellytetään funktioiden toteuttamista."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vihje:"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelman syöte koostuu riveistä joilla on peräkkäin kaksi numeroa:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Koepisteet ja harjoitusten määrä: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"15 87"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Syöterivi pitää pilkkoa ensin kahtia ja muuttaa palaset kokonaisluvuksi "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"int"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-funktiolla. Rivin pilkkominen onnistuu samalla tavalla kun tehtävässä "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"/osa-4/2-lisaa-funktioista"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Eka, toka ja vika sana"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Siihen on olemassa myös hieman helpompi keino, merkkijonojen metodi "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"split"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Googlaa jos haluat, käytä esim. hakusanoja "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"python string split"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"comment","value":" **Huomaa** että tällä hetkellä Windowsissa on ongelmia joidenkin tehtävien testien suorittamisessa. Jos törmäät seuraavaan virheilmoitukseen\n\n<img src=\"4_3_2.png\" alt=\"Listan iterointi\">\n\nvoit suorittaa testit lähettämällä ne palvelimelle valitsemalla testien suoritusnapin oikealla puolella olevasta symbolista avautuvasta TMC-valikosta _Submit solutions_.\n\nOngelman saa korjattua menemällä laajennuksen asennusvalikkoon ja muuttamalla \"TMC Data\" -kohdassa tehtävien sijainnin johonkin toiseen sijaintiin, jonka tiedostopolku on lyhempi, allaolevassa kuvassa nappi _change path_. Siirrossa saattaa kestää hetken, joten odotathan operaation päättymistä.\n\n<img src=\"4_3_3.png\" alt=\"Listan iterointi\">\n\nOngelmaan pyritään saamaan parempi ratkaisu lähipäivinä. "}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"00a23e8f-ecc1-59b7-bd22-a78c4c3e2d4b"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"a0b1296c-99b2-5bed-accc-2872ad2f59b6"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tunnet lisää tapoja erottaa osia merkkijonosta tai listasta</li>\n<li>Ymmärrät, mitä tarkoittaa merkkijonon muuttumattomuus</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää metodeita <code class=\"language-text\">count</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">replace</code></li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Olemme käyttäneet aiemmin <code class=\"language-text\">[]</code>-syntaksia merkkijonon osajonon erottamiseen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"esimerkki\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>merk</p></sample-output><p>Sama syntaksi toimii myös listoissa, ja voimme erottaa sen avulla listan osan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[4, 6, 1, 2]</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"lisaa-erottamisesta\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lisää erottamisesta<a href=\"#lisaa-erottamisesta\" aria-label=\"lisaa erottamisesta permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Itse asiassa <code class=\"language-text\">[]</code>-syntaksi toimii hyvin samalla periaatteella kuin <code class=\"language-text\">range</code>-funktio, eli voimme antaa sille myös askeleen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"esimerkki\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>eiek\n[7, 6, 5, 4]</p></sample-output><p>Jos emme anna jotain arvoa, oletuksena koko sisältö valitaan mukaan. Tämän avulla voimme tehdä seuraavan lyhyen ohjelman, joka kääntää merkkijonon:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kirjoita merkkijono: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Kirjoita merkkijono: <strong>esimerkki</strong>\nikkremise</p></sample-output><!--vastaava varoitusteksti löytyy osioista 3-4, 4-6 ja 5-1, tsekkaa kaikki jos muokkaat--><h2 id=\"varoitus-globaalin-muuttujan-kaytto-funktion-sisalla\" style=\"position:relative;\">Varoitus: globaalin muuttujan käyttö funktion sisällä<a href=\"#varoitus-globaalin-muuttujan-kaytto-funktion-sisalla\" aria-label=\"varoitus globaalin muuttujan kaytto funktion sisalla permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktioiden sisällä on mahdollista määritellä muuttujia, mutta tämän lisäksi funktio näkee sen ulkopuolella pääohjelmassa määritellyt muuttujat. Tälläisia muuttujia sanotaan <em>globaaleiksi</em> muuttujiksi.</p><p>Globaalien muuttujien käyttämistä funktioista käsin ei useimmiten pidetä hyvänä asiana muun muassa siksi, että ne saattavat johtaa ikäviin bugeihin.</p><p>Seuraavassa on esimerkki funktiosta, joka käyttää \"vahingossa\" globaalia muuttujaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta_vaarinpain</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># käytetään vahingossa parametrin sijaan globaalia muuttujaa nimilista</span>\n    i <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> i <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        i <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># globaali muuttuja</span>\nnimilista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Margaret\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\ntulosta_vaarinpain<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulosta_vaarinpain<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tupu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Hupu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Lupu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Margaret\nErkki\nEmilia\nAntti</p><p>Margaret\nErkki\nEmilia\nAntti</p></sample-output><p>Vaikka funktiota kutsutaan oikein, se tulostaa aina globaalissa muuttujassa <em>nimilista</em> olevat nimet.</p><p>Kaikki funktioita testaava koodi on kirjoitettava erillisen lohkon sisälle, jotta TMC-testit hyväksyisivät koodin. Edellinen esimerkki siis tulisi toteuttaa seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta_vaarinpain</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># käytetään vahingossa parametrin sijaan globaalia muuttujaa nimilista</span>\n    i <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> i<span class=\"token operator\">>=</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        i <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># kaikki funktiota testaava koodi tämän lohkon sisälle</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># globaali muuttuja</span>\n    nimilista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Margaret\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    tulosta_vaarinpain<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tulosta_vaarinpain<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tupu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Hupu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Lupu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt myös globaalin muuttujan määrittely on siirtynyt <code class=\"language-text\">if</code>-lohkoon.</p><p>TMC-testit suoritetaan aina siten, että mitään <code class=\"language-text\">if</code>-lohkon sisällä olevaa koodia ei suoriteta. Tämän takia funktio ei voi edes teoriassa toimia, sillä se viittaa muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">nimilista</code>, jota ei testejä suoritettaessa ole lainkaan olemassa.</p><programming-exercise name='Kaikki väärinpäin' tmcname='osa04-21_kaikki_vaarinpain'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kaikki_vaarinpain</code>, joka saa parametrikseen listan merkkijonoja. Funktio luo ja palauttaa uuden listan, jossa kaikki alkuperäisellä listalla olevat merkkijonot on käännetty. Myös listan alkioiden järjestys muutetaan käänteiseksi.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kaikki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"esimerkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"vielä yksi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nlista2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kaikki_vaarinpain<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>['isky äleiv', 'ikkremise', 'ikkiak', 'ioM']</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"merkkijonoa-ei-voi-muuttaa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Merkkijonoa ei voi muuttaa<a href=\"#merkkijonoa-ei-voi-muuttaa\" aria-label=\"merkkijonoa ei voi muuttaa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Merkkijonoilla ja listoilla on paljon yhteistä, ja useimmat operaatiot toimivat samalla tavalla sekä merkkijonoille että listoille. Kuitenkin erona on, että merkkijonoa <em>ei voi muuttaa</em>. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi ei toimi tarkoitetulla tavalla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"esimerkki\"</span>\nmjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"a\"</span></code></pre></div><p>Koska merkkijonoa ei voi muuttaa, ohjelman suoritus aiheuttaa virheen:</p><sample-output><p>TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment</p></sample-output><p>Samankaltainen virhe seuraa, jos yritetään esimerkiksi järjestää merkkijonoa järjestykseen <code class=\"language-text\">sort</code>-metodilla.</p><p>Vaikka merkkijonoa ei voi muuttaa, voimme silti sijoittaa merkkijonon paikalle toisen merkkijonon.</p><p>Onkin tärkeää huomata ero seuraavien esimerkkien välillä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span></code></pre></div><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 271px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/5fce1/4_4_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 70.43478260869564%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/a0b58/4_4_1.webp 230w,\n/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/cadab/4_4_1.webp 271w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 271px) 100vw, 271px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/81c8e/4_4_1.png 230w,\n/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/5fce1/4_4_1.png 271w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 271px) 100vw, 271px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/5fce1/4_4_1.png\" alt=\"4 4 1\" title=\"4 4 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Moi\"</span>\nmjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"!\"</span></code></pre></div><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 281px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/e24d125e0a5ab22b6d68096ab4edaa6d/6b1e2/4_4_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 85.65217391304348%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/e24d125e0a5ab22b6d68096ab4edaa6d/a0b58/4_4_2.webp 230w,\n/static/e24d125e0a5ab22b6d68096ab4edaa6d/f44a8/4_4_2.webp 281w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 281px) 100vw, 281px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/e24d125e0a5ab22b6d68096ab4edaa6d/81c8e/4_4_2.png 230w,\n/static/e24d125e0a5ab22b6d68096ab4edaa6d/6b1e2/4_4_2.png 281w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 281px) 100vw, 281px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/e24d125e0a5ab22b6d68096ab4edaa6d/6b1e2/4_4_2.png\" alt=\"4 4 2\" title=\"4 4 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Ensimmäisessä esimerkissä listan sisältö muuttuu. Toisessa esimerkissä alkuperäinen merkkijono korvataan toisella merkkijonolla. Alkuperäinen merkkijono jää muistiin, mutta siihen ei enää ole viittausta, joten sitä ei voi enää käyttää ohjelmassa.</p><p>Tähän palataan tarkemmin ensi viikolla, kun viittauksia listoihin käsitellään tarkemmin.</p><h2 id=\"lisaa-metodeita\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lisää metodeita<a href=\"#lisaa-metodeita\" aria-label=\"lisaa metodeita permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Metodin <code class=\"language-text\">count</code> avulla voidaan laskea osajonon esiintymien määrä. Metodi toimii samaan tapaan sekä merkkijonon että listan kanssa. Esimerkiksi näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Vesihiisi sihisi hississä\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>count<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"si\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nlista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>count<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>5\n3</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että metodi <code class=\"language-text\">count</code> ei laske päällekkäisiä esiintymiä. Esimerkiksi metodin mukaan merkkijonossa <code class=\"language-text\">aaaa</code> esiintyy kaksi kertaa osajono <code class=\"language-text\">aa</code>, vaikka oikeastaan esiintymiä olisi kolme, jos päällekkäiset esiintymät sallitaan.</p><p>Metodin <code class=\"language-text\">replace</code> avulla voidaan muodostaa uusi merkkijono, jossa tietty merkkijono on korvattu toisella merkkijonolla. Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Moi kaikki\"</span>\nuusi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>replace<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Hei\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>uusi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Hei kaikki</p></sample-output><p>Metodi korvaa kaikki merkkijonon esiintymät:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lause <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"hei heilan löysin minä heinikosta hei\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>replace<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"hei\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"HEI\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>HEI HEIlan löysin minä HEInikosta HEI</p></sample-output><p>Tyypillinen virhe <code class=\"language-text\">replace</code>-metodia käytettäessä on unohtaa, että merkkijonot ovat muuttumattomia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Python on kivaa\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Korvataan alijono, muttei tallenneta tulosta mihinkään...</span>\nmjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>replace<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Java\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Python on kivaa</p></sample-output><p>Jos vanhaa jonoa ei tarvita, voidaan uusi jono sijoittaa samaan muuttujaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Python on kivaa\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Korvataan alijono, tallennetaan tulos samaan muuttujaan</span>\nmjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>replace<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Java\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Java on kivaa</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Eniten kirjaimia' tmcname='osa04-22_eniten_kirjaimia'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">eniten_kirjainta</code>, joka saa parametrikseen merkkijonon. Funktio palauttaa kirjaimen, jota esiintyy eniten merkkijonossa. Jos yhtä yleisiä kirjaimia on monta, funktion tulee palauttaa niistä ensimmäisenä merkkijonossa esiintyvä.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"abcbdbe\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eniten_kirjainta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntoinen_jono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"esimerkkimerkkijonokki\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eniten_kirjainta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>toinen_jono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>b\nk</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Vokaalit pois' tmcname='osa04-23_vokaalit_pois'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">ilman_vokaaleja</code>, joka saa parametrikseen merkkijonon. Funktio palauttaa uuden merkkijonon, jossa alkuperäisen merkkijonon vokaalit on poistettu.</p><p>Voit olettaa, että merkkijono koostuu pelkästään pienistä suomen kielen kirjaimista a...ö.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tämä on esimerkki\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ilman_vokaaleja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>tm n smrkk</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Poista isot' tmcname='osa04-24_poista_isot'><p>Pythonin merkkijonometodi <code class=\"language-text\">isupper()</code> palauttaa arvon <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, jos merkkijono koostuu <em>pelkästään isoista kirjaimista</em>.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"XYZ\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>isupper<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nonko_iso <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Abc\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>isupper<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>onko_iso<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>True\nFalse</p></sample-output><p>Kirjoita metodia hyödyntäen funktio <code class=\"language-text\">poista_isot</code>, joka saa parametrikseen listan merkkijonoja. Funktio palauttaa uuden listan, jolla on sen parametrina olevasta listasta ne merkkijonot, jotka eivät koostu kokonaan isoista kirjaimista.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ABC\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"def\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ISO\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"TOINENISO\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pieni\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toinen pieni\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Osittain Iso\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nkarsittu_lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> poista_isot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>karsittu_lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>['def', 'pieni', 'toinen pieni', 'Osittain Iso']</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Naapureita listassa' tmcname='osa04-25_naapureita_listassa'><p>Määritellään, että listan alkiot ovat naapureita, jos niiden erotus on 1. Naapureita olisivat siis esim alkiot 1 ja 2 tai alkiot 56 ja 55.</p><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pisin_naapurijono</code>, joka etsii listasta pisimmän peräkkäisiä naapureita sisältävän osalistan ja palauttaa sen pituuden.</p><p>Esimerkiksi listassa <code class=\"language-text\">[1, 2, 5, 4, 3, 4]</code> pisin tällainen osalista olisi <code class=\"language-text\">[5, 4, 3, 4]</code>, ja sen pituus 4.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pisin_naapurijono<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>4</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"laajemman-ohjelman-tekeminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Laajemman ohjelman tekeminen<a href=\"#laajemman-ohjelman-tekeminen\" aria-label=\"laajemman ohjelman tekeminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tämän osan huipentaa ensimmäinen hieman laajempi ohjelma, jota tehdessäsi pääset soveltamaan kaikkea tähän asti opeteltua.</p><p>Sääntö numero yksi isompaa tai oikeastaan mitä tahansa ohjelmaa tehdessä on se, että ei kannata yrittää ratkaista kaikkia ongelmia yhtä aikaa. Ohjelma kannattaa rakentaa pienistä paloista kuten sopivista apufunktioista, ja kunkin palan toimivuus kannattaa varmistaa ennen kun alkaa rakentaa seuraavaa palaa. Jos näin ei tee, on aika varmaa että edessä on suuri kaaos.</p><p>Isompaa ohjelmaa rakentaessa on järkevää testailla ohjelman funktioita aluksi erillään pääohjelmasta. Yksi helppo tapa on tehdä myös pääohjelmasta oma funktio, esimerkiksi nimeltään <code class=\"language-text\">main</code>, jonka ohjelman funktioiden ulkopuoleinen osa käynnistää. Esimerkiksi seuraavaa tehtävää voitaisiin ruveta lähestymään näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">main</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ohjelman koodi tänne</span>\n\nmain<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Näin ohjelman apufunktioita on mahdollista testata ilman pääohjelman suorittamista:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># apufunktio, joka laskee arvosanan pisteiden perusteella</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">arvosana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># koodia</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">main</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ohjelman koodi tänne</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># kommentoidaan pääohjelma pois</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\">#main()</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># testataan apufunktiota</span>\npistemaara <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">35</span>\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> arvosana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pistemaara<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"tiedon-valittaminen-funktiosta-toiseen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tiedon välittäminen funktiosta toiseen<a href=\"#tiedon-valittaminen-funktiosta-toiseen\" aria-label=\"tiedon valittaminen funktiosta toiseen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos ohjelma koostuu useista funktioista, nousee esiin kysymys, miten tietoa siirretään funktiosta toiseen.</p><p>Seuraavassa on esimerkki ohjelmasta, joka lukee käyttäjältä joukon kokonaislukuarvoja. Sen jälkeen ohjelma tulostaa arvot ja tekee niille vielä \"analyysin\". Ohjelma on jaettu kolmeen erilliseen funktioon:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lue_kayttajalta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Syötä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> lukua:\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> luvut\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luvut ovat: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">analysoi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    keskiarvo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sum</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Lukuja yhteensä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, keskiarvo </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>keskiarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, pienin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token builtin\">min</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> ja suurin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token builtin\">max</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># funktioita käyttävä \"pääohjelma\"</span>\nsyotteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue_kayttajalta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nanalyysin_tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> analysoi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>analyysin_tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkkisuoritus:</p><sample-output><p>Syötä 5 lukua:\nAnna luku: <strong>10</strong>\nAnna luku: <strong>34</strong>\nAnna luku: <strong>-32</strong>\nAnna luku: <strong>99</strong>\nAnna luku: <strong>-53</strong>\nLuvut ovat:\n10\n34\n-32\n99\n-53\nLukuja yhteensä 5, keskiarvo 11.6, pienin -53 ja suurin 99</p></sample-output><p>Perusperiaatteena ohjelmassa on se, että pääohjelma \"tallentaa\" ohjelman käsittelemän tiedon eli tässä tapauksessa käyttäjän syöttämät luvut muuttujassa <code class=\"language-text\">syotteet</code>.</p><p>Jos lukuja on tarve käsitellä jossain funktiossa, ne välitetään sinne parametrina. Näin tapahtuu funktioissa <code class=\"language-text\">tulosta</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">analysoi</code>. Jos taas funktio tuottaa tietoa, jota muut ohjelman osat tarvitsevat, palauttaa funktio datan <code class=\"language-text\">return</code>-komennolla. Näin tekevät käyttäjän syötteen lukeva funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lue_kayttajalta</code> sekä analyysin tekevä funktio <code class=\"language-text\">analysoi</code>.</p><p>Olisi periaatteessa mahdollista, että funktiot käyttäisivät suoraan \"pääohjelman\" globaalia muuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">syotteet</code>. Se <a href=\"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/148108/why-is-global-state-so-evil\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ei kuitenkaan ole järkevää</a>, sillä jos funktiot pystyvät muuttamaan globaalia muuttujaa, voi ohjelmassa alkaa tapahtua jotain hallitsematonta, varsinkin kun funktioiden määrä kasvaa.</p><p>Tiedon välitys funktioihin ja niistä ulos on siis järkevintä hoitaa parametrien ja paluuarvojen avulla.</p><p>Jos haluaisimme tehdä edellisen esimerkin ohjelman siten, että sen pääohjelma eriytettäisiin omaan funktioon <code class=\"language-text\">main</code>, siirrettäisiin ohjelman käsittelemä data pääohjelmaa edustavan funktion sisäiseksi muuttujaksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># pääohjelmaa edustava funktio</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">main</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    syotteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue_kayttajalta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    analyysin_tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> analysoi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>analyysin_tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># ohjelman käynnistys</span>\nmain<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Arvosanatilasto' tmcname='osa04-26_arvosanatilasto'><p>Tässä tehtävässä toteutetaan ohjelma kurssin arvosanatilastojen tulostamiseen.</p><p>Ohjelmalle syötetään rivejä, jotka sisältävät yhden opiskelijan koepistemäärän sekä tehtyjen harjoitustehtävien määrän. Ohjelma tulostaa niiden perusteella arvosanoihin liittyviä tilastoja.</p><p>Koepisteet ovat kokonaislukuja väliltä 0–20. Tehtyjen harjoitustehtävien lukumäärät taas kokonaislukuja väliltä 0–100.</p><p>Ohjelma kyselee käyttäjältä rivejä niin kauan, kunnes käyttäjä syöttää tyhjän rivin. Voit olettaa, että kaikki rivit on syötetty \"oikein\", eli rivillä on joko kaksi kokonaislukua tai rivi on tyhjä.</p><p>Koepisteiden ja harjoitustehtävien syöttäminen etenee seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Koepisteet ja harjoitusten määrä: <strong>15 87</strong>\nKoepisteet ja harjoitusten määrä: <strong>10 55</strong>\nKoepisteet ja harjoitusten määrä: <strong>11 40</strong>\nKoepisteet ja harjoitusten määrä: <strong>4 17</strong>\nKoepisteet ja harjoitusten määrä:\nTilasto:</p></sample-output><p>Kun käyttäjä on syöttänyt tyhjän rivin, tulostaa ohjelma tilastot.</p><p>Tilastot muodostuvat seuraavasti:</p><p>Tehtyjen harjoitustehtävien lukumäärästä saa <em>harjoituspisteitä</em> siten, että vähintään 10 % tehtävämäärästä tuo yhden harjoituspisteen, 20 % tuo 2 harjoituspistettä, jne., ja 100 % eli 100 harjoitustehtävää tuo 10 harjoituspistettä. Harjoitustehtävistä saatava pistemäärä on kokonaisluku.</p><p>Kurssin arvosana määräytyy kokeen pistemäärän ja harjoitustehtävistä saatavien pisteiden summasta seuraavan taulukon mukaan:</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"center\">koepisteet+harjoituspisteet</th>\n<th align=\"center\">arvosana</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">0–14</td>\n<td align=\"center\">0 (eli hylätty)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">15–17</td>\n<td align=\"center\">1</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">18–20</td>\n<td align=\"center\">2</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">21–23</td>\n<td align=\"center\">3</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">24–27</td>\n<td align=\"center\">4</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">28–30</td>\n<td align=\"center\">5</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Edelliseen on kuitenkin poikkeus: jos kokeen pistemäärä on alle 10, on arvosana kokonaispistemäärästä riippumatta 0 eli hylätty.</p><p>Yllä olevalla esimerkkisyötteellä ohjelma tulostaa seuraavat tilastot:</p><sample-output><pre>\nTilasto:\nPisteiden keskiarvo: 14.5\nHyväksymisprosentti: 75.0\nArvosanajakauma:\n  5:\n  4:\n  3: *\n  2:\n  1: **\n  0: *\n</pre></sample-output><p>Desimaaliluvut tulostetaan yhden desimaalin tarkkuudella.</p><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon! Eli jos ohjelmasi toiminnallisuus on esim. funktiossa <code class=\"language-text\">main</code>, tulee sitä kutsuva koodi kirjoittaa normaaliin tapaan, eikä ym. if-lohkoon kuten on tehtävä niissä tehtävissä, joissa edellytetään funktioiden toteuttamista.</p><p><strong>Vihje:</strong></p><p>Ohjelman syöte koostuu riveistä joilla on peräkkäin kaksi numeroa:</p><sample-output><p>Koepisteet ja harjoitusten määrä: <strong>15 87</strong></p></sample-output><p>Syöterivi pitää pilkkoa ensin kahtia ja muuttaa palaset kokonaisluvuksi <code class=\"language-text\">int</code>-funktiolla. Rivin pilkkominen onnistuu samalla tavalla kun tehtävässä <a href=\"/osa-4/2-lisaa-funktioista\">Eka, toka ja vika sana</a>. Siihen on olemassa myös hieman helpompi keino, merkkijonojen metodi <code class=\"language-text\">split</code>. Googlaa jos haluat, käytä esim. hakusanoja <em>python string split</em>.</p><!-- **Huomaa** että tällä hetkellä Windowsissa on ongelmia joidenkin tehtävien testien suorittamisessa. Jos törmäät seuraavaan virheilmoitukseen\n\n<img src=\"4_3_2.png\" alt=\"Listan iterointi\">\n\nvoit suorittaa testit lähettämällä ne palvelimelle valitsemalla testien suoritusnapin oikealla puolella olevasta symbolista avautuvasta TMC-valikosta _Submit solutions_.\n\nOngelman saa korjattua menemällä laajennuksen asennusvalikkoon ja muuttamalla \"TMC Data\" -kohdassa tehtävien sijainnin johonkin toiseen sijaintiin, jonka tiedostopolku on lyhempi, allaolevassa kuvassa nappi _change path_. 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Näin tapahtuu funktioissa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tulosta"}]},{"type":"text","value":" ja "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"analysoi"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Jos taas funktio tuottaa tietoa, jota muut ohjelman osat tarvitsevat, palauttaa funktio datan "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"return"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-komennolla. Näin tekevät käyttäjän syötteen lukeva funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"lue_kayttajalta"}]},{"type":"text","value":" sekä analyysin tekevä funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"analysoi"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Olisi periaatteessa mahdollista, että funktiot käyttäisivät suoraan \"pääohjelman\" globaalia muuttujaa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"syotteet"}]},{"type":"text","value":". 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siirrettäisiin ohjelman käsittelemä data pääohjelmaa edustavan funktion sisäiseksi muuttujaksi:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","comment"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"# pääohjelmaa edustava funktio"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"def"}]},{"type":"text","value":" 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käynnistys"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nmain"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Arvosanatilasto","tmcname":"osa04-26_arvosanatilasto"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tässä tehtävässä toteutetaan ohjelma kurssin arvosanatilastojen tulostamiseen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelmalle syötetään rivejä, jotka sisältävät yhden opiskelijan koepistemäärän sekä tehtyjen harjoitustehtävien määrän. Ohjelma tulostaa niiden perusteella arvosanoihin liittyviä tilastoja."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Koepisteet ovat kokonaislukuja väliltä 0–20. Tehtyjen harjoitustehtävien lukumäärät taas kokonaislukuja väliltä 0–100."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelma kyselee käyttäjältä rivejä niin kauan, kunnes käyttäjä syöttää tyhjän rivin. Voit olettaa, että kaikki rivit on syötetty \"oikein\", eli rivillä on joko kaksi kokonaislukua tai rivi on tyhjä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Koepisteiden ja harjoitustehtävien syöttäminen etenee seuraavasti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Koepisteet ja harjoitusten määrä: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"15 87"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nKoepisteet ja harjoitusten määrä: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"10 55"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nKoepisteet ja harjoitusten määrä: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"11 40"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nKoepisteet ja harjoitusten määrä: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4 17"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nKoepisteet ja harjoitusten määrä:\nTilasto:"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kun käyttäjä on syöttänyt tyhjän rivin, tulostaa ohjelma tilastot."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tilastot muodostuvat seuraavasti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tehtyjen harjoitustehtävien lukumäärästä saa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"harjoituspisteitä"}]},{"type":"text","value":" siten, että vähintään 10 % tehtävämäärästä tuo yhden harjoituspisteen, 20 % tuo 2 harjoituspistettä, jne., ja 100 % eli 100 harjoitustehtävää tuo 10 harjoituspistettä. Harjoitustehtävistä saatava pistemäärä on kokonaisluku."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kurssin arvosana määräytyy kokeen pistemäärän ja harjoitustehtävistä saatavien pisteiden summasta seuraavan taulukon mukaan:"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"table","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"thead","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"th","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"koepisteet+harjoituspisteet"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"th","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"arvosana"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tbody","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"0–14"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"0 (eli hylätty)"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"15–17"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"18–20"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"21–23"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"24–27"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"28–30"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Edelliseen on kuitenkin poikkeus: jos kokeen pistemäärä on alle 10, on arvosana kokonaispistemäärästä riippumatta 0 eli hylätty."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Yllä olevalla esimerkkisyötteellä ohjelma tulostaa seuraavat tilastot:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tilasto:\nPisteiden keskiarvo: 14.5\nHyväksymisprosentti: 75.0\nArvosanajakauma:\n  5:\n  4:\n  3: *\n  2:\n  1: **\n  0: *\n"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Desimaaliluvut tulostetaan yhden desimaalin tarkkuudella."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huom:"}]},{"type":"text","value":" tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ei"}]},{"type":"text","value":" erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ei tule sijoittaa"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"if __name__ == \"__main__\""}]},{"type":"text","value":"-lohkoon! Eli jos ohjelmasi toiminnallisuus on esim. funktiossa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"main"}]},{"type":"text","value":", tulee sitä kutsuva koodi kirjoittaa normaaliin tapaan, eikä ym. if-lohkoon kuten on tehtävä niissä tehtävissä, joissa edellytetään funktioiden toteuttamista."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vihje:"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelman syöte koostuu riveistä joilla on peräkkäin kaksi numeroa:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Koepisteet ja harjoitusten määrä: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"15 87"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Syöterivi pitää pilkkoa ensin kahtia ja muuttaa palaset kokonaisluvuksi "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"int"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-funktiolla. Rivin pilkkominen onnistuu samalla tavalla kun tehtävässä "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"/osa-4/2-lisaa-funktioista"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Eka, toka ja vika sana"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Siihen on olemassa myös hieman helpompi keino, merkkijonojen metodi "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"split"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Googlaa jos haluat, käytä esim. hakusanoja "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"python string split"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"comment","value":" **Huomaa** että tällä hetkellä Windowsissa on ongelmia joidenkin tehtävien testien suorittamisessa. Jos törmäät seuraavaan virheilmoitukseen\n\n<img src=\"4_3_2.png\" alt=\"Listan iterointi\">\n\nvoit suorittaa testit lähettämällä ne palvelimelle valitsemalla testien suoritusnapin oikealla puolella olevasta symbolista avautuvasta TMC-valikosta _Submit solutions_.\n\nOngelman saa korjattua menemällä laajennuksen asennusvalikkoon ja muuttamalla \"TMC Data\" -kohdassa tehtävien sijainnin johonkin toiseen sijaintiin, jonka tiedostopolku on lyhempi, allaolevassa kuvassa nappi _change path_. Siirrossa saattaa kestää hetken, joten odotathan operaation päättymistä.\n\n<img src=\"4_3_3.png\" alt=\"Listan iterointi\">\n\nOngelmaan pyritään saamaan parempi ratkaisu lähipäivinä. "}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"00a23e8f-ecc1-59b7-bd22-a78c4c3e2d4b"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"a0b1296c-99b2-5bed-accc-2872ad2f59b6"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tunnet lisää tapoja erottaa osia merkkijonosta tai listasta</li>\n<li>Ymmärrät, mitä tarkoittaa merkkijonon muuttumattomuus</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää metodeita <code class=\"language-text\">count</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">replace</code></li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Olemme käyttäneet aiemmin <code class=\"language-text\">[]</code>-syntaksia merkkijonon osajonon erottamiseen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"esimerkki\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>merk</p></sample-output><p>Sama syntaksi toimii myös listoissa, ja voimme erottaa sen avulla listan osan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[4, 6, 1, 2]</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"lisaa-erottamisesta\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lisää erottamisesta<a href=\"#lisaa-erottamisesta\" aria-label=\"lisaa erottamisesta permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Itse asiassa <code class=\"language-text\">[]</code>-syntaksi toimii hyvin samalla periaatteella kuin <code class=\"language-text\">range</code>-funktio, eli voimme antaa sille myös askeleen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"esimerkki\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>eiek\n[7, 6, 5, 4]</p></sample-output><p>Jos emme anna jotain arvoa, oletuksena koko sisältö valitaan mukaan. Tämän avulla voimme tehdä seuraavan lyhyen ohjelman, joka kääntää merkkijonon:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kirjoita merkkijono: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Kirjoita merkkijono: <strong>esimerkki</strong>\nikkremise</p></sample-output><!--vastaava varoitusteksti löytyy osioista 3-4, 4-6 ja 5-1, tsekkaa kaikki jos muokkaat--><h2 id=\"varoitus-globaalin-muuttujan-kaytto-funktion-sisalla\" style=\"position:relative;\">Varoitus: globaalin muuttujan käyttö funktion sisällä<a href=\"#varoitus-globaalin-muuttujan-kaytto-funktion-sisalla\" aria-label=\"varoitus globaalin muuttujan kaytto funktion sisalla permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktioiden sisällä on mahdollista määritellä muuttujia, mutta tämän lisäksi funktio näkee sen ulkopuolella pääohjelmassa määritellyt muuttujat. Tälläisia muuttujia sanotaan <em>globaaleiksi</em> muuttujiksi.</p><p>Globaalien muuttujien käyttämistä funktioista käsin ei useimmiten pidetä hyvänä asiana muun muassa siksi, että ne saattavat johtaa ikäviin bugeihin.</p><p>Seuraavassa on esimerkki funktiosta, joka käyttää \"vahingossa\" globaalia muuttujaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta_vaarinpain</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># käytetään vahingossa parametrin sijaan globaalia muuttujaa nimilista</span>\n    i <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> i <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        i <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># globaali muuttuja</span>\nnimilista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Margaret\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\ntulosta_vaarinpain<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulosta_vaarinpain<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tupu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Hupu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Lupu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Margaret\nErkki\nEmilia\nAntti</p><p>Margaret\nErkki\nEmilia\nAntti</p></sample-output><p>Vaikka funktiota kutsutaan oikein, se tulostaa aina globaalissa muuttujassa <em>nimilista</em> olevat nimet.</p><p>Kaikki funktioita testaava koodi on kirjoitettava erillisen lohkon sisälle, jotta TMC-testit hyväksyisivät koodin. Edellinen esimerkki siis tulisi toteuttaa seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta_vaarinpain</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># käytetään vahingossa parametrin sijaan globaalia muuttujaa nimilista</span>\n    i <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> i<span class=\"token operator\">>=</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        i <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># kaikki funktiota testaava koodi tämän lohkon sisälle</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># globaali muuttuja</span>\n    nimilista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Margaret\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    tulosta_vaarinpain<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tulosta_vaarinpain<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tupu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Hupu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Lupu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt myös globaalin muuttujan määrittely on siirtynyt <code class=\"language-text\">if</code>-lohkoon.</p><p>TMC-testit suoritetaan aina siten, että mitään <code class=\"language-text\">if</code>-lohkon sisällä olevaa koodia ei suoriteta. Tämän takia funktio ei voi edes teoriassa toimia, sillä se viittaa muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">nimilista</code>, jota ei testejä suoritettaessa ole lainkaan olemassa.</p><programming-exercise name='Kaikki väärinpäin' tmcname='osa04-21_kaikki_vaarinpain'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kaikki_vaarinpain</code>, joka saa parametrikseen listan merkkijonoja. Funktio luo ja palauttaa uuden listan, jossa kaikki alkuperäisellä listalla olevat merkkijonot on käännetty. Myös listan alkioiden järjestys muutetaan käänteiseksi.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kaikki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"esimerkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"vielä yksi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nlista2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kaikki_vaarinpain<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>['isky äleiv', 'ikkremise', 'ikkiak', 'ioM']</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"merkkijonoa-ei-voi-muuttaa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Merkkijonoa ei voi muuttaa<a href=\"#merkkijonoa-ei-voi-muuttaa\" aria-label=\"merkkijonoa ei voi muuttaa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Merkkijonoilla ja listoilla on paljon yhteistä, ja useimmat operaatiot toimivat samalla tavalla sekä merkkijonoille että listoille. Kuitenkin erona on, että merkkijonoa <em>ei voi muuttaa</em>. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi ei toimi tarkoitetulla tavalla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"esimerkki\"</span>\nmjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"a\"</span></code></pre></div><p>Koska merkkijonoa ei voi muuttaa, ohjelman suoritus aiheuttaa virheen:</p><sample-output><p>TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment</p></sample-output><p>Samankaltainen virhe seuraa, jos yritetään esimerkiksi järjestää merkkijonoa järjestykseen <code class=\"language-text\">sort</code>-metodilla.</p><p>Vaikka merkkijonoa ei voi muuttaa, voimme silti sijoittaa merkkijonon paikalle toisen merkkijonon.</p><p>Onkin tärkeää huomata ero seuraavien esimerkkien välillä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span></code></pre></div><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 271px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/5fce1/4_4_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 70.43478260869564%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/a0b58/4_4_1.webp 230w,\n/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/cadab/4_4_1.webp 271w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 271px) 100vw, 271px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/81c8e/4_4_1.png 230w,\n/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/5fce1/4_4_1.png 271w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 271px) 100vw, 271px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/5fce1/4_4_1.png\" alt=\"4 4 1\" title=\"4 4 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Moi\"</span>\nmjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"!\"</span></code></pre></div><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 281px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/e24d125e0a5ab22b6d68096ab4edaa6d/6b1e2/4_4_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 85.65217391304348%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/e24d125e0a5ab22b6d68096ab4edaa6d/a0b58/4_4_2.webp 230w,\n/static/e24d125e0a5ab22b6d68096ab4edaa6d/f44a8/4_4_2.webp 281w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 281px) 100vw, 281px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/e24d125e0a5ab22b6d68096ab4edaa6d/81c8e/4_4_2.png 230w,\n/static/e24d125e0a5ab22b6d68096ab4edaa6d/6b1e2/4_4_2.png 281w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 281px) 100vw, 281px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/e24d125e0a5ab22b6d68096ab4edaa6d/6b1e2/4_4_2.png\" alt=\"4 4 2\" title=\"4 4 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Ensimmäisessä esimerkissä listan sisältö muuttuu. Toisessa esimerkissä alkuperäinen merkkijono korvataan toisella merkkijonolla. Alkuperäinen merkkijono jää muistiin, mutta siihen ei enää ole viittausta, joten sitä ei voi enää käyttää ohjelmassa.</p><p>Tähän palataan tarkemmin ensi viikolla, kun viittauksia listoihin käsitellään tarkemmin.</p><h2 id=\"lisaa-metodeita\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lisää metodeita<a href=\"#lisaa-metodeita\" aria-label=\"lisaa metodeita permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Metodin <code class=\"language-text\">count</code> avulla voidaan laskea osajonon esiintymien määrä. Metodi toimii samaan tapaan sekä merkkijonon että listan kanssa. Esimerkiksi näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Vesihiisi sihisi hississä\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>count<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"si\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nlista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>count<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>5\n3</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että metodi <code class=\"language-text\">count</code> ei laske päällekkäisiä esiintymiä. Esimerkiksi metodin mukaan merkkijonossa <code class=\"language-text\">aaaa</code> esiintyy kaksi kertaa osajono <code class=\"language-text\">aa</code>, vaikka oikeastaan esiintymiä olisi kolme, jos päällekkäiset esiintymät sallitaan.</p><p>Metodin <code class=\"language-text\">replace</code> avulla voidaan muodostaa uusi merkkijono, jossa tietty merkkijono on korvattu toisella merkkijonolla. Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Moi kaikki\"</span>\nuusi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>replace<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Hei\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>uusi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Hei kaikki</p></sample-output><p>Metodi korvaa kaikki merkkijonon esiintymät:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lause <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"hei heilan löysin minä heinikosta hei\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>replace<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"hei\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"HEI\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>HEI HEIlan löysin minä HEInikosta HEI</p></sample-output><p>Tyypillinen virhe <code class=\"language-text\">replace</code>-metodia käytettäessä on unohtaa, että merkkijonot ovat muuttumattomia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Python on kivaa\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Korvataan alijono, muttei tallenneta tulosta mihinkään...</span>\nmjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>replace<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Java\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Python on kivaa</p></sample-output><p>Jos vanhaa jonoa ei tarvita, voidaan uusi jono sijoittaa samaan muuttujaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Python on kivaa\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Korvataan alijono, tallennetaan tulos samaan muuttujaan</span>\nmjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>replace<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Java\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Java on kivaa</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Eniten kirjaimia' tmcname='osa04-22_eniten_kirjaimia'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">eniten_kirjainta</code>, joka saa parametrikseen merkkijonon. Funktio palauttaa kirjaimen, jota esiintyy eniten merkkijonossa. Jos yhtä yleisiä kirjaimia on monta, funktion tulee palauttaa niistä ensimmäisenä merkkijonossa esiintyvä.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"abcbdbe\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eniten_kirjainta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntoinen_jono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"esimerkkimerkkijonokki\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eniten_kirjainta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>toinen_jono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>b\nk</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Vokaalit pois' tmcname='osa04-23_vokaalit_pois'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">ilman_vokaaleja</code>, joka saa parametrikseen merkkijonon. Funktio palauttaa uuden merkkijonon, jossa alkuperäisen merkkijonon vokaalit on poistettu.</p><p>Voit olettaa, että merkkijono koostuu pelkästään pienistä suomen kielen kirjaimista a...ö.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tämä on esimerkki\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ilman_vokaaleja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>tm n smrkk</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Poista isot' tmcname='osa04-24_poista_isot'><p>Pythonin merkkijonometodi <code class=\"language-text\">isupper()</code> palauttaa arvon <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, jos merkkijono koostuu <em>pelkästään isoista kirjaimista</em>.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"XYZ\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>isupper<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nonko_iso <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Abc\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>isupper<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>onko_iso<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>True\nFalse</p></sample-output><p>Kirjoita metodia hyödyntäen funktio <code class=\"language-text\">poista_isot</code>, joka saa parametrikseen listan merkkijonoja. Funktio palauttaa uuden listan, jolla on sen parametrina olevasta listasta ne merkkijonot, jotka eivät koostu kokonaan isoista kirjaimista.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ABC\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"def\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ISO\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"TOINENISO\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pieni\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toinen pieni\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Osittain Iso\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nkarsittu_lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> poista_isot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>karsittu_lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>['def', 'pieni', 'toinen pieni', 'Osittain Iso']</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Naapureita listassa' tmcname='osa04-25_naapureita_listassa'><p>Määritellään, että listan alkiot ovat naapureita, jos niiden erotus on 1. Naapureita olisivat siis esim alkiot 1 ja 2 tai alkiot 56 ja 55.</p><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pisin_naapurijono</code>, joka etsii listasta pisimmän peräkkäisiä naapureita sisältävän osalistan ja palauttaa sen pituuden.</p><p>Esimerkiksi listassa <code class=\"language-text\">[1, 2, 5, 4, 3, 4]</code> pisin tällainen osalista olisi <code class=\"language-text\">[5, 4, 3, 4]</code>, ja sen pituus 4.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pisin_naapurijono<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>4</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"laajemman-ohjelman-tekeminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Laajemman ohjelman tekeminen<a href=\"#laajemman-ohjelman-tekeminen\" aria-label=\"laajemman ohjelman tekeminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tämän osan huipentaa ensimmäinen hieman laajempi ohjelma, jota tehdessäsi pääset soveltamaan kaikkea tähän asti opeteltua.</p><p>Sääntö numero yksi isompaa tai oikeastaan mitä tahansa ohjelmaa tehdessä on se, että ei kannata yrittää ratkaista kaikkia ongelmia yhtä aikaa. Ohjelma kannattaa rakentaa pienistä paloista kuten sopivista apufunktioista, ja kunkin palan toimivuus kannattaa varmistaa ennen kun alkaa rakentaa seuraavaa palaa. Jos näin ei tee, on aika varmaa että edessä on suuri kaaos.</p><p>Isompaa ohjelmaa rakentaessa on järkevää testailla ohjelman funktioita aluksi erillään pääohjelmasta. Yksi helppo tapa on tehdä myös pääohjelmasta oma funktio, esimerkiksi nimeltään <code class=\"language-text\">main</code>, jonka ohjelman funktioiden ulkopuoleinen osa käynnistää. Esimerkiksi seuraavaa tehtävää voitaisiin ruveta lähestymään näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">main</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ohjelman koodi tänne</span>\n\nmain<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Näin ohjelman apufunktioita on mahdollista testata ilman pääohjelman suorittamista:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># apufunktio, joka laskee arvosanan pisteiden perusteella</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">arvosana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># koodia</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">main</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ohjelman koodi tänne</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># kommentoidaan pääohjelma pois</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\">#main()</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># testataan apufunktiota</span>\npistemaara <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">35</span>\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> arvosana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pistemaara<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"tiedon-valittaminen-funktiosta-toiseen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tiedon välittäminen funktiosta toiseen<a href=\"#tiedon-valittaminen-funktiosta-toiseen\" aria-label=\"tiedon valittaminen funktiosta toiseen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos ohjelma koostuu useista funktioista, nousee esiin kysymys, miten tietoa siirretään funktiosta toiseen.</p><p>Seuraavassa on esimerkki ohjelmasta, joka lukee käyttäjältä joukon kokonaislukuarvoja. Sen jälkeen ohjelma tulostaa arvot ja tekee niille vielä \"analyysin\". Ohjelma on jaettu kolmeen erilliseen funktioon:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lue_kayttajalta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Syötä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> lukua:\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> luvut\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Luvut ovat: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">analysoi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    keskiarvo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sum</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Lukuja yhteensä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, keskiarvo </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>keskiarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, pienin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token builtin\">min</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> ja suurin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token builtin\">max</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># funktioita käyttävä \"pääohjelma\"</span>\nsyotteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue_kayttajalta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nanalyysin_tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> analysoi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>analyysin_tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkkisuoritus:</p><sample-output><p>Syötä 5 lukua:\nAnna luku: <strong>10</strong>\nAnna luku: <strong>34</strong>\nAnna luku: <strong>-32</strong>\nAnna luku: <strong>99</strong>\nAnna luku: <strong>-53</strong>\nLuvut ovat:\n10\n34\n-32\n99\n-53\nLukuja yhteensä 5, keskiarvo 11.6, pienin -53 ja suurin 99</p></sample-output><p>Perusperiaatteena ohjelmassa on se, että pääohjelma \"tallentaa\" ohjelman käsittelemän tiedon eli tässä tapauksessa käyttäjän syöttämät luvut muuttujassa <code class=\"language-text\">syotteet</code>.</p><p>Jos lukuja on tarve käsitellä jossain funktiossa, ne välitetään sinne parametrina. Näin tapahtuu funktioissa <code class=\"language-text\">tulosta</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">analysoi</code>. Jos taas funktio tuottaa tietoa, jota muut ohjelman osat tarvitsevat, palauttaa funktio datan <code class=\"language-text\">return</code>-komennolla. Näin tekevät käyttäjän syötteen lukeva funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lue_kayttajalta</code> sekä analyysin tekevä funktio <code class=\"language-text\">analysoi</code>.</p><p>Olisi periaatteessa mahdollista, että funktiot käyttäisivät suoraan \"pääohjelman\" globaalia muuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">syotteet</code>. Se <a href=\"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/148108/why-is-global-state-so-evil\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ei kuitenkaan ole järkevää</a>, sillä jos funktiot pystyvät muuttamaan globaalia muuttujaa, voi ohjelmassa alkaa tapahtua jotain hallitsematonta, varsinkin kun funktioiden määrä kasvaa.</p><p>Tiedon välitys funktioihin ja niistä ulos on siis järkevintä hoitaa parametrien ja paluuarvojen avulla.</p><p>Jos haluaisimme tehdä edellisen esimerkin ohjelman siten, että sen pääohjelma eriytettäisiin omaan funktioon <code class=\"language-text\">main</code>, siirrettäisiin ohjelman käsittelemä data pääohjelmaa edustavan funktion sisäiseksi muuttujaksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># pääohjelmaa edustava funktio</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">main</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    syotteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue_kayttajalta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    analyysin_tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> analysoi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>analyysin_tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># ohjelman käynnistys</span>\nmain<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Arvosanatilasto' tmcname='osa04-26_arvosanatilasto'><p>Tässä tehtävässä toteutetaan ohjelma kurssin arvosanatilastojen tulostamiseen.</p><p>Ohjelmalle syötetään rivejä, jotka sisältävät yhden opiskelijan koepistemäärän sekä tehtyjen harjoitustehtävien määrän. Ohjelma tulostaa niiden perusteella arvosanoihin liittyviä tilastoja.</p><p>Koepisteet ovat kokonaislukuja väliltä 0–20. Tehtyjen harjoitustehtävien lukumäärät taas kokonaislukuja väliltä 0–100.</p><p>Ohjelma kyselee käyttäjältä rivejä niin kauan, kunnes käyttäjä syöttää tyhjän rivin. Voit olettaa, että kaikki rivit on syötetty \"oikein\", eli rivillä on joko kaksi kokonaislukua tai rivi on tyhjä.</p><p>Koepisteiden ja harjoitustehtävien syöttäminen etenee seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Koepisteet ja harjoitusten määrä: <strong>15 87</strong>\nKoepisteet ja harjoitusten määrä: <strong>10 55</strong>\nKoepisteet ja harjoitusten määrä: <strong>11 40</strong>\nKoepisteet ja harjoitusten määrä: <strong>4 17</strong>\nKoepisteet ja harjoitusten määrä:\nTilasto:</p></sample-output><p>Kun käyttäjä on syöttänyt tyhjän rivin, tulostaa ohjelma tilastot.</p><p>Tilastot muodostuvat seuraavasti:</p><p>Tehtyjen harjoitustehtävien lukumäärästä saa <em>harjoituspisteitä</em> siten, että vähintään 10 % tehtävämäärästä tuo yhden harjoituspisteen, 20 % tuo 2 harjoituspistettä, jne., ja 100 % eli 100 harjoitustehtävää tuo 10 harjoituspistettä. Harjoitustehtävistä saatava pistemäärä on kokonaisluku.</p><p>Kurssin arvosana määräytyy kokeen pistemäärän ja harjoitustehtävistä saatavien pisteiden summasta seuraavan taulukon mukaan:</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"center\">koepisteet+harjoituspisteet</th>\n<th align=\"center\">arvosana</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">0–14</td>\n<td align=\"center\">0 (eli hylätty)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">15–17</td>\n<td align=\"center\">1</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">18–20</td>\n<td align=\"center\">2</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">21–23</td>\n<td align=\"center\">3</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">24–27</td>\n<td align=\"center\">4</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">28–30</td>\n<td align=\"center\">5</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Edelliseen on kuitenkin poikkeus: jos kokeen pistemäärä on alle 10, on arvosana kokonaispistemäärästä riippumatta 0 eli hylätty.</p><p>Yllä olevalla esimerkkisyötteellä ohjelma tulostaa seuraavat tilastot:</p><sample-output><pre>\nTilasto:\nPisteiden keskiarvo: 14.5\nHyväksymisprosentti: 75.0\nArvosanajakauma:\n  5:\n  4:\n  3: *\n  2:\n  1: **\n  0: *\n</pre></sample-output><p>Desimaaliluvut tulostetaan yhden desimaalin tarkkuudella.</p><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon! Eli jos ohjelmasi toiminnallisuus on esim. funktiossa <code class=\"language-text\">main</code>, tulee sitä kutsuva koodi kirjoittaa normaaliin tapaan, eikä ym. if-lohkoon kuten on tehtävä niissä tehtävissä, joissa edellytetään funktioiden toteuttamista.</p><p><strong>Vihje:</strong></p><p>Ohjelman syöte koostuu riveistä joilla on peräkkäin kaksi numeroa:</p><sample-output><p>Koepisteet ja harjoitusten määrä: <strong>15 87</strong></p></sample-output><p>Syöterivi pitää pilkkoa ensin kahtia ja muuttaa palaset kokonaisluvuksi <code class=\"language-text\">int</code>-funktiolla. Rivin pilkkominen onnistuu samalla tavalla kun tehtävässä <a href=\"/osa-4/2-lisaa-funktioista\">Eka, toka ja vika sana</a>. Siihen on olemassa myös hieman helpompi keino, merkkijonojen metodi <code class=\"language-text\">split</code>. Googlaa jos haluat, käytä esim. hakusanoja <em>python string split</em>.</p><!-- **Huomaa** että tällä hetkellä Windowsissa on ongelmia joidenkin tehtävien testien suorittamisessa. Jos törmäät seuraavaan virheilmoitukseen\n\n<img src=\"4_3_2.png\" alt=\"Listan iterointi\">\n\nvoit suorittaa testit lähettämällä ne palvelimelle valitsemalla testien suoritusnapin oikealla puolella olevasta symbolista avautuvasta TMC-valikosta _Submit solutions_.\n\nOngelman saa korjattua menemällä laajennuksen asennusvalikkoon ja muuttamalla \"TMC Data\" -kohdassa tehtävien sijainnin johonkin toiseen sijaintiin, jonka tiedostopolku on lyhempi, allaolevassa kuvassa nappi _change path_. 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variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat luoda listoja, joissa on erityyppistä tietoa</li>\n<li>Tiedät, miten listoja voi käyttää tiedon ryhmittelyyn</li>\n<li>Osaat tallentaa matriisin kaksiulotteisena listana</li>\n</ul></text-box><!--vastaava teksti löytyy osioista 3-1, 5-1 ja 6-1, tsekkaa kaikki jos muokkaat tätä--><text-box variant='hint' name='Kurssin tehtävien tekemisestä'><p>Ohjelmointitaidon kehittyminen edellyttää vahvaa rutiinia ja myös omaa soveltavaa oivaltamista. Tämän takia kurssilla on paljon tehtäviä. Osa tehtävistä on kohtuullisen suoraviivaisesti materiaalia hyödyntäviä ja osa taas aivan tarkoituksella haastavampia soveltavia tehtäviä.</p><p>Ei kannata huolestua, vaikka osa kurssin tehtävistä tuntuisikin ensiyrittämällä liian vaikealta. Kaikkia tehtäviä ei ole pakko tehdä, kuten <a href=\"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet\">arvosteluperusteet</a> toteavat, <em>kurssin läpipääsyyn vaaditaan vähintään 25 % jokaisen osan ohjelmointitehtävien pisteistä.</em></p><p><strong>Kurssin osien tehtävät eivät etene vaikeusjärjestyksessä.</strong> Jokaisessa aliosassa esitellään yleensä muutama uusi konsepti, joita harjoitellaan sekä helpommilla että soveltavimmilla tehtävillä. <strong>Jos törmäät liian haastavan tuntuiseen tehtävään, hyppää seuraavaan</strong>. Voit palata vaikeimpiin tehtäviin osan lopuksi, jos aikaa vielä jää.</p><p>Lohdutuksen sanana todettakoon, että tällä viikolla mahdottomalta vaikuttava tehtävä näyttää melko varmasti neljän viikon päästä melko helpolta.</p></text-box><h2 id=\"lisaa-listoista\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lisää listoista<a href=\"#lisaa-listoista\" aria-label=\"lisaa listoista permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Viime kerralla käsiteltiin lähes yksinomaan listoja, joissa alkiot ovat kokonaislukuja. Listoihin voi kuitenkin tallentaa minkä tahansa tyyppisiä arvoja. Esimerkiksi voimme tallentaa listaan merkkijonoja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Maija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Liisa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kalle\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Listalla nimiä:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nimet aakkosjärjestyksessä:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sort<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>['Maija', 'Liisa', 'Pekka']\n['Maija', 'Liisa', 'Pekka', 'Kalle']\nListalla nimiä: 4\nNimet aakkosjärjestyksessä:\nKalle\nLiisa\nMaija\nPekka</p></sample-output><p>Samalla tavalla listalle voidaan tallentaa liukulukuja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mittaukset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">2.5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1.1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7.5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">14.6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">21.0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">19.2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> mittaus <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> mittaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mittaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkeskiarvo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sum</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mittaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mittaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Keskiarvo:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> keskiarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>-2.5\n1.1\n7.5\n14.6\n21.0\n19.2\nKeskiarvo: 10.15</p></sample-output><!--vastaava varoitusteksti löytyy osioista 3-4, 4-6 ja 5-1, tsekkaa kaikki jos muokkaat tätä--><h2 id=\"muistutus-globaalin-muuttujan-kayton-sudenkuoppa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Muistutus: globaalin muuttujan käytön sudenkuoppa<a href=\"#muistutus-globaalin-muuttujan-kayton-sudenkuoppa\" aria-label=\"muistutus globaalin muuttujan kayton sudenkuoppa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kuten olemme nähneet, funktioiden sisällä on mahdollista määritellä muuttujia. Kannattaa myös huomata se, että funktio näkee sen ulkopuolella, eli pääohjelmassa määritellyt muuttujat. Tälläisia muuttujia sanotaan <em>globaaleiksi</em> muuttujiksi.</p><p>Globalien muuttujien käyttämistä funktioista käsin ei useimmiten pidetä hyvänä asiana muun muassa siksi, että ne saattavat johtaa ikäviin bugeihin.</p><p>Seuraavassa on esimerkki funktiosta, joka käyttää \"vahingossa\" globaalia muuttujaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta_vaarinpain</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># käytetään vahingossa parametrin sijaan globaalia muuttujaa nimilista</span>\n    i <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> i<span class=\"token operator\">>=</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        i <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># globaali muuttuja</span>\nnimilista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Margaret\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\ntulosta_vaarinpain<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulosta_vaarinpain<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tupu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Hupu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Lupu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Margaret\nErkki\nEmilia\nAntti</p><p>Margaret\nErkki\nEmilia\nAntti</p></sample-output><p>Vaikka funktiota kutsutaan oikein, se tulostaa aina globaalissa muuttujassa <em>nimilista</em> olevat nimet.</p><p>Kuten olemme nähneet, kaikki funktioita testaava koodi on kirjoitettava erillisen lohkon sisälle, jotta TMC-testit hyväksyisivät koodin. Edellinen esimerkki siis tulisi toteuttaa seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta_vaarinpain</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># käytetään vahingossa parametrin sijaan globaalia muuttujaa nimilista</span>\n    i <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> i<span class=\"token operator\">>=</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        i <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># kaikki funktiota testaava koodi tämän lohkon sisälle</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># globaali muuttuja</span>\n    nimilista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Margaret\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    tulosta_vaarinpain<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tulosta_vaarinpain<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tupu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Hupu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Lupu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt myös globaalin muuttujan määrittely on siirtynyt <code class=\"language-text\">if</code>-lohkoon.</p><p>TMC-testit suoritetaan aina siten, että mitään <code class=\"language-text\">if</code>-lohkon sisällä olevaa koodia ei huomioida. Tämän takia funktio ei voi edes teoriassa toimia, sillä se viittaa muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">nimilista</code> mitä ei testejä suoritettaessa ole ollenkaan olemassa.</p><h2 id=\"varoitus-parametrin-ylikirjoittaminen-ja-liian-aikainen-return\" style=\"position:relative;\">Varoitus: parametrin ylikirjoittaminen ja liian aikainen return<a href=\"#varoitus-parametrin-ylikirjoittaminen-ja-liian-aikainen-return\" aria-label=\"varoitus parametrin ylikirjoittaminen ja liian aikainen return permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Ennen tämän osan tehtäviin menemistä on syytä kiinnittää huomiota pariin potentiaaliseen ongelmalähteeseen. Tarkastellaan funktiota, joka kertoo löytyykö parametrina oleva luku listalta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">luku_listalla</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktio palauttaa jostain syystä aina <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>. Syynä tälle on se, että for-silmukka ylikirjoittaa parametrin <code class=\"language-text\">luku</code> arvon, ja tämän takia if-lauseen ehto on aina tosi.</p><p>Ongelmasta päästään eroon nimeämällä parametri uudelleen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">luku_listalla</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> etsittava_luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> etsittava_luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt if-lauseen ehto on kunnossa. Funktiossa on kuitenkin uusi ongelma, se ei näytä edelleenkään toimivan. Esim. seuraava kokeilu tuo esiin bugin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">on <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> luku_listalla<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>on<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># tulostuu False</span></code></pre></div><p>Vika on nyt siinä että funktiosta poistutaan liian aikaisin. Funktio tarkistaa ainoastaan ensimmäisen luvun ja riippuen sen arvosta palauttaa heti joko arvon <code class=\"language-text\">True</code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">False</code>. Lopullista tuomiota, eli tietoa siitä että luku <em>ei ole listalla</em> ei voi kuitenkaan antaa ennen kuin kaikki luvut on tarkastettu. Komento <code class=\"language-text\">return False</code> pitääkin siirtää silmukan ulkopuolelle:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">luku_listalla</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> etsittava_luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> etsittava_luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span></code></pre></div><p>Tarkastellaan vielä yhtä virheellistä esimerkkiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">luvut_erisuuret</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># apumuuttuja, johon kerätään ne luvut jotka on jo tarkastettu</span>\n    luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># joko luku on nähty?</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n        luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n\non <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> luvut_erisuuret<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>on<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># tulostuu True</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktio siis yrittää testata ovatko kaikki listan alkiot erisuuria. Se kuitenkin palauttaa aina arvon <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>.</p><p>Ongelmana on jälleen se, että funktio vahingossa ylikirjottaa parametrinsa arvon. Funktio yrittää käyttää muuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">luvut</code> pitämään kirjaa jo vastaan tulleista luvuista ja tämä ylikirjoittaa parametrin. Lääke ongelmaan on muuttujan uudelleennimeäminen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">luvut_erisuuret</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># apumuuttuja, johon kerätään ne luvut jotka on jo tarkastettu</span>\n    havaitut_luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># joko luku on nähty?</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> havaitut_luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n        havaitut_luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n\non <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> luvut_erisuuret<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>on<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># tulostuu False</span></code></pre></div><p>Nämä kuten oikeastaan kaikki koodia vaivaavat ongelmat selviävät debuggerilla tai <a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">visualisaattorilla</a>, jonka käytön tärkeyttä ei voi olla korostamatta liikaa.</p><programming-exercise name='Pisin merkkijono' tmcname='osa05-01a_pisin_merkkijono'><p><strong>HUOM:</strong> tämä ja seuraava tehtävä ovat väärässä järjestyksessä VS Coden sivupalkissa</p><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pisin(merkkijonot: list)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen listan merkkijonoja. Funktio etsii ja palauttaa listalta pisimmän merkkijonon. Voit olettaa, että vain yksi jonoista on pisin.</p><p>Esimerkkikutsu:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    jonot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"moi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"moikka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"heip\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"hellurei\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"terve\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pisin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jonot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>hellurei</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"sisakkaiset-listat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Sisäkkäiset listat<a href=\"#sisakkaiset-listat\" aria-label=\"sisakkaiset listat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Listan alkiot voivat olla myös listoja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[[5, 2, 3], [4, 1], [2, 2, 5, 1]]\n[4, 1]\n4</p></sample-output><p>Mihin voimme käyttää listoja jonka sisällä on listoja?</p><p>Voisimme esimerkiksi esittää henkilön tiedot listana, jossa ensimmäisenä alkiona on henkilön nimi, toisena ikä ja kolmantena kengännumero:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">26</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Vastaavasti joukko henkilöitä on lista, joka sisältää yksittäisiä henkilöä kuvaavia listoja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">26</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Petteri\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">22</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">32</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">37</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">39</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">44</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> henkilo <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n  ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n  kenka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">: ikä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> vuotta, kengännumero </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>kenka<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anu: ikä 10 vuotta, kengännumero 26\nPetteri: ikä  7 vuotta, kengännumero 22\nEmilia: ikä 32 vuotta, kengännumero 37\nAntti: ikä 39 vuotta, kengännumero 44</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, miten <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-lause käy läpi henkilöt yksitellen, eli toiston lohko-osassa muuttuja  <code class=\"language-text\">henkilo</code> saa yksi kerrallaan arvokseen kutakin henkilöä esittävän listan.</p><p>Lista ei ole välttämättä paras Pythonin tietorakenne henkilön tietojen esittämiseen. Tutustumme pian <em>sanakirjaan</em>, joka on usein luontevampi tapa hoitaa vastaava tilanne.</p><h2 id=\"matriisit\" style=\"position:relative;\">Matriisit<a href=\"#matriisit\" aria-label=\"matriisit permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Sisäkkäisten listojen avulla voidaan myös esittää <em>matriisi</em> eli kaksiulotteinen taulukko.</p><p>Esimerkiksi matriisi</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 151px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/57e8504bd70c2538405be5b5e1572347/29fe9/5_1_0.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 100%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAABw0lEQVQ4y62UyYoCQQyG+3EF38YHUPHoyYsLeFLw4smDO654UVBxAXfN8AVS1LSt4zATCJ1OUn+l8qcqKBQKMhwOpd1uq3Y6Hen3+1Iul6XZbEq323UxbHzEyCHX1pgGgEXJbDaTV/IuFrADst/vpdFouMBgMJDT6aR2r9fTyhB8xJDH4yH1el02m43+3+93CSgT2W63kkwmHeBoNHKAuVxOstmsA/RPlUgktBVPgPzsdjv9Iiw6n89qT6dTmc/nauMzwNvtpjHLo+KA5kbJZDJx4L7gI/ayhzBGk+kLO6MsqFQqyuR4PHYxbHzEyMFnMVqEBtZsyr5cLqpUwcLD4SDX61UVP198xMixfF8Dv6G+UA0AYcFHJS+PbKSs12tJpVIOxCelWq1KsViMZJkJYK0jxeZwtVpJOp2W4/HoAG1s8vm8lEqlSED6+Q3wt0dmVN4eOUwK3z+R8snYmP+jsfn3wTaW7T7TozDLy+VSSQtfPUhYLBZ61CeWuZPxeNyB+CzDfiaTeWKZFyoWi2krIl+bWq3mdvMr5PlqtVpPFQLAjNrzpRX6RzanPV8/3RTL9e1vzxf98wGtWmJGED4f0F9DhV9fOel+Sn/2BgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/57e8504bd70c2538405be5b5e1572347/8d139/5_1_0.webp 151w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 151px) 100vw, 151px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/57e8504bd70c2538405be5b5e1572347/29fe9/5_1_0.png 151w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 151px) 100vw, 151px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/57e8504bd70c2538405be5b5e1572347/29fe9/5_1_0.png\" alt=\"5 1 0\" title=\"5 1 0\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>voitaisiin mallintaa kaksiulotteisena listana näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">matriisi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Koska matriisi on lista listoja, matriisin alkioihin viitataan käyttämällä peräkkäisiä hakasulkuja. Ensimmäinen indeksi viittaa riviin ja toinen sarakkeeseen. Niinpä esimerkiksi <code class=\"language-text\">m[0][1]</code> tarkoittaa ensimmäisen rivin toista alkiota (kun muistetaan, että indeksointi alkaa nollasta).</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">matriisi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmatriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2\n[[1, 2, 3], [10, 2, 1], [4, 5, 6]]</p></sample-output><p>Voimme käydä läpi matriisin rivit <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukalla. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi tulostaa matriisin rivit allekkain:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">matriisi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> matriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 2, 3]\n[4, 5, 6]\n[7, 8, 9]</p></sample-output><p>Seuraava koodi puolestaan tulostaa matriisin alkiot yksitellen kahden <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukan avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">matriisi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> matriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"uusi rivi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>uusi rivi\n1\n2\n3\nuusi rivi\n4\n5\n6\nuusi rivi\n7\n8\n9</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"sisakkaisia-listoja-kayttavan-koodin-visualisointi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Sisäkkäisiä listoja käyttävän koodin visualisointi<a href=\"#sisakkaisia-listoja-kayttavan-koodin-visualisointi\" aria-label=\"sisakkaisia listoja kayttavan koodin visualisointi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos sisäkkäisiä listoja käsittelevät ohjelmat tuntuvat hankalalta ymmärtää, kannattaa ehdottomasti havainnollistaa niitä Python Tutorin <a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">visualisaattorilla</a>. Seuraavassa kuva edellisen esimerkin visualisoinnista:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/769f8/5_1_0a.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 42.173913043478265%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAICAIAAAB2/0i6AAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAABFElEQVQY03WQ207DMAyG+/7PtgtuBhMSDG1rx+jWJG0OtuMDamCIm32yLCv6fzt2Z2Yigoi10rzkY38dLq4UICIAUFUiSikRESJSQ0S00ZkZiyzLkn7JeNcBQOtLYZ6Z2RrNJSLMzKu5QiHEvu8Ph8P5PPzp/qm1lCzCpaxfbI9rrGYhNDMACGEZrz6mdWBrLmZGxK/78+6tB5IY/ZKOGW4IvUjoYnDOB+cc16pqBRhJ7jPXjMQv+6/N9iOC5jJdbk9uPqX0DHDqatsPEd3K1MJN05RS+lmOKvuIV5dYxNQy8Od1C2Wnpl3MtOSaYslz8CEMwzCOY4yRiOwBfh5ifDeDjkVZVETtMdrOdi+tgPd+Q3T8Bqyl0FSTvoR1AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/a0b58/5_1_0a.webp 230w,\n/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/bc10c/5_1_0a.webp 460w,\n/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/966d8/5_1_0a.webp 920w,\n/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/445df/5_1_0a.webp 1380w,\n/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/78de1/5_1_0a.webp 1840w,\n/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/7e82b/5_1_0a.webp 1924w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/81c8e/5_1_0a.png 230w,\n/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/08a84/5_1_0a.png 460w,\n/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/c0255/5_1_0a.png 920w,\n/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/b1001/5_1_0a.png 1380w,\n/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/161ec/5_1_0a.png 1840w,\n/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/769f8/5_1_0a.png 1924w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/c0255/5_1_0a.png\" alt=\"5 1 0a\" title=\"5 1 0a\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Kuten kuva paljastaa, 3x3-matriisi koostuu teknisesti ottaen neljästä listasta. Ensimmäinen lista edustaa koko matriisia ja sen alkioina on erillisiä rivejä edustavat listat.</p><p>Kuva havainnollistaa jo sitä seikkaa, josta puhumme tarkemmin <a href=\"/osa-5/2-viittaukset\">seuraavassa osassa</a>: moniulotteisessa listassa listat eivät ole todellisuudessa sisäkkäin, vaan matriisia edustava lista \"viittaa\" jokaista riviä edustavaan listaan.</p><p>Kuvassa tulostus on edennyt matriisin toiselle riville, johon muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">rivi</code> parhaillaan viittaa. Muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">alkio</code> kertoo sen alkion, jonka kohdalla tulostus on menossa. Muuttujan arvo on nyt keskimmäisen rivin keskimmäinen eli 5.</p><h2 id=\"lisaa-matriisin-kasittelya\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lisää matriisin käsittelyä<a href=\"#lisaa-matriisin-kasittelya\" aria-label=\"lisaa matriisin kasittelya permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Matriisin yksittäisten rivien käsittely on helppoa, riittää että valitaan haluttu rivi. Esimerkiksi seuraava funktio laskee halutun rivin alkioiden summan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">rivin_alkioiden_summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> rivi_nro<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># tarkasteluun valitaan yksi rivi</span>\n    rivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> matriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>rivi_nro<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        summa <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> alkio\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> summa\n\nm <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">15</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivin_alkioiden_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>m<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># tulostuu 33 (saadaan laskemalla 9 + 1 + 12 + 11)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos taas haluttaisiin laskea tietyn sarakkeen eli \"pystyrivin\" alkioiden summa, tilanne olisi jo monimutkaisempi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">sarakkeen_alkioiden_summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sarake_nro<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># summaan lisätään kaikkien rivien halutussa kohdassa oleva alkio</span>\n    summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> matriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        summa <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>sarake_nro<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> summa\n\nm <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">15</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sarakkeen_alkioiden_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>m<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># tulostuu 39 (saadaan laskemalla 3 + 12 + 9 + 15)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tarkasteltava sarake siis koostuu <em>jokaisen rivin</em> paikassa 2 olevasta alkiosta.</p><p>Näidenkin ohjelmien toiminta kannattaa ehdottomasti käydä läpi <a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">visualisaattorilla</a>!</p><p>Matriisissa olevan yksittäisen arvon vaihtaminen on helppoa. Riittää että valitaan matriisin sisältä oikea rivi ja sen sisältä sarake:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">vaihda_arvoon</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> rivi_nro<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sarake_nro<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># haetaan oikea rivi</span>\n    rivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> matriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>rivi_nro<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ja sen sisältä oikea kohta</span>\n    rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>sarake_nro<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> arvo\n\nm <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">15</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>m<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nvaihda_arvoon<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>m<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>m<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[[4, 2, 3, 2], [9, 1, 12, 11], [7, 8, 9, 5], [2, 9, 15, 1]]\n[[4, 2, 3, 2], [9, 1, 12, 11], [7, 8, 9, 1000], [2, 9, 15, 1]]</p></sample-output><p>Mikäli halutaan muuttaa matriisin sisältöä silmukan sisällä, ei ole mahdollista käyttää \"normaalia\" for-silmukkaa, sillä muutettaessa sisältöä on pakko tietää muutettavien alkioiden indeksit.</p><p>Tämä taas onnistuu <code class=\"language-text\">while</code>-silmukalla tai <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukalla hyödyntämällä <code class=\"language-text\">range</code>-funktiota iteroinnissa. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi kasvattaa jokaista matriisin alkiota yhdellä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">m <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>m<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> j <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>m<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        m<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>j<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>m<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[[2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7], [8, 9, 10]]</p></sample-output><p>Ulompi silmukka käy <code class=\"language-text\">range</code>-funktion avulla läpi arvot nollasta matriisin pituuteen (eli matriisin rivien määrään) ja sisempi silmukka jokaisen rivin alkiot nollasta rivin pituuteen.</p><programming-exercise name='Alkioiden määrä' tmcname='osa05-01_alkoiden_maara'><p><strong>HUOM:</strong> tämä ja edellinen tehtävä ovat väärässä järjestyksessä VS Coden sivupalkissa</p><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">laske_alkiot(matriisi: list, alkio: int)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen kaksiulotteisen kokonaislukutaulukon. Funktio laskee, kuinka monta annetun alkion mukaista arvoa taulukosta löytyy.</p><p>Esimerkiksi</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">m <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>laske_alkiot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>m<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>3</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"kaksiulotteinen-taulukko-pelin-tietorakenteena\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kaksiulotteinen taulukko pelin tietorakenteena<a href=\"#kaksiulotteinen-taulukko-pelin-tietorakenteena\" aria-label=\"kaksiulotteinen taulukko pelin tietorakenteena permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Matriisi sopii hyvin monien pelien tietorakenteeksi. Esim. sudokun ruudukko</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 410px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/5a4d938ae5202e8db72b179ff4d76293/d68e4/5_1_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 100.43478260869566%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/5a4d938ae5202e8db72b179ff4d76293/a0b58/5_1_1.webp 230w,\n/static/5a4d938ae5202e8db72b179ff4d76293/0cb6c/5_1_1.webp 410w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 410px) 100vw, 410px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/5a4d938ae5202e8db72b179ff4d76293/81c8e/5_1_1.png 230w,\n/static/5a4d938ae5202e8db72b179ff4d76293/d68e4/5_1_1.png 410w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 410px) 100vw, 410px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/5a4d938ae5202e8db72b179ff4d76293/d68e4/5_1_1.png\" alt=\"5 1 1\" title=\"5 1 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>voitaisiin esittää seuraavana matriisina:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sudoku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Arvolla nolla siis kuvataan tilanne, jossa ruutu on vielä tyhjä.</p><p>Seuraavassa vielä yksinkertainen versio sudokun tulostavasta metodista:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> ruutu <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> ruutu <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\" </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>ruutu<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> end<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" _\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> end<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tulostus näyttää seuraavalta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"x\"><pre class=\"language-x\"><code class=\"language-x\">\n 9 _ _ _ 8 _ 3 _ _\n _ _ _ 2 5 _ 7 _ _\n _ 2 _ 3 _ _ _ _ 4\n _ 9 4 _ _ _ _ _ _\n _ _ _ 7 3 _ 5 6 _\n 7 _ 5 _ 6 _ 4 _ _\n _ _ 7 8 _ 3 9 _ _\n _ _ 1 _ _ _ _ _ 3\n 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2\n</code></pre></div><p>Vastaavalla tavalla on mahdollista kuvata moni tuttu peli (esim. shakki, miinaharava, laivan upotus, mastermind, ...) matriisina. Pelistä riippuu, mikä on sopiva tapa \"koodata\" pelin tilanne matriisiin.</p><programming-exercise name='Go' tmcname='osa05-02_go'><p>Go-pelissä lisätään vuorotellen mustia ja valkoisia kiviä pelilaudalle. Pelin voittaa se pelaaja, joka saa omilla kivillään rajattua enemmän aluetta pelilaudalta.</p><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kumpi_voitti(pelilauta: list)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen kaksiulotteisen taulukon, joka kuvaa pelilautaa. Taulukko koostuu kokonaisluvuista seuraavasti:</p><ul>\n<li>0: tyhjä ruutu</li>\n<li>1: pelaajan 1 nappula</li>\n<li>2: pelaajan 2 nappula</li>\n</ul><p>Esimerkissä pelilaudan koko voi olla mikä tahansa.</p><p>Funktio palauttaa arvon 1, jos pelaaja 1 on voittanut pelin, ja arvon 2, jos pelaaja 2 on voittanut pelin. Jos molemmilla pelaajilla on yhtä paljon nappuloita laudalla, funktio palauttaa arvon 0.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Sudoku: rivit oikein' tmcname='osa05-03_sudoku_osa1'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">rivi_oikein(sudoku: list, rivi_nro: int)</code>, joka saa parametriksi sudokuruudukkoa esittävän kaksiulotteisen taulukon ja rivin numeron kertovan kokonaisluvun (rivit on numeroitu nollasta alkaen). Metodi palauttaa tiedon, onko rivi oikein täytetty eli onko siinä kukin luvuista 1–9 korkeintaan kerran.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sudoku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi_oikein<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi_oikein<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>True\nFalse</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Sudoku: sarakkeet oikein' tmcname='osa05-04_sudoku_osa2'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">sarake_oikein(sudoku: list, sarake_nro: int)</code>, joka saa parametriksi sudokuruudukkoa esittävän kaksiulotteisen taulukon ja sarakkeen (eli pystyrivin) numeron kertovan kokonaisluvun. Metodi palauttaa tiedon, onko sarake oikein täytetty eli onko siinä kukin luvuista 1–9 korkeintaan kerran.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sudoku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sarake_oikein<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sarake_oikein<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>False\nTrue</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Sudoku: neliöt oikein' tmcname='osa05-05_sudoku_osa3'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">nelio_oikein(sudoku: list, rivi_nro: int, sarake_nro: int)</code>, joka saa parametriksi sudokuruudukkoa esittävän kaksiulotteisen taulukon sekä yhden ruudun paikan kertovat rivi- ja sarakenumerot.</p><p>Funktio kertoo onko parametrina saadusta rivi/sarakenumerosta alkava 3x3-kokoinen neliö oikein täytetty eli onko siinä kukin luvuista 1–9 korkeintaan kerran.</p><p>Huomaa, että tässä tehtävässä toteutettava funktio on hieman yleiskäyttöisempi kuin sudokussa oikeasti tarvitaan. Todellisuudessahan oikeassa sudokussa tarkastellaan ainoastaan kohdista (0, 0), (0, 3), (0, 6), (3, 0), (3, 3), (3, 6), (6, 0), (6, 3) ja (6, 6) alkavia neliöitä.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sudoku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nelio_oikein<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nelio_oikein<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>False\nTrue</p></sample-output><p>Ensimmäisen funktiokutsun tarkastelema kohdasta 0, 0 alkava neliö on</p><pre>\n9 0 0\n2 0 0\n0 2 0\n</pre><p>Toisen funktiokutsun tarkastelema kohdasta riviltä 1 ja sarakkeesta 2 alkava neliö on</p><pre>\n0 2 5\n0 3 0\n4 0 0\n</pre><p>Tämä neliö on siis sellainen, jota oikeassa sudokussa ei tarkasteltaisi.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Sudoku: ruudukko oikein' tmcname='osa05-06_sudoku_osa4'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">sudoku_oikein(sudoku: list)</code>, joka saa parametriksi sudokuruudukkoa esittävän kaksiulotteisen taulukon. Funktio kertoo käyttäen edellisen kolmen tehtävän funktioita (kopioi ne tämän tehtävän koodin joukkoon), onko parametrina saatu ruudukko täytetty oikein, eli sen jokainen rivi, jokainen sarake sekä kaikki erilliset 3x3-neliöt sisältävät korkeintaan kertaalleen jokaisen luvuista 1–9.</p><p>Huom: ylempänä olevaan sudokuruudukkoa esittävään kuvaan on merkitty ne 3x3-neliöt, joita sudokua ratkaistessa tulee tarkastella.\nNämä ovat siis kohdista (0, 0), (0, 3), (0, 6), (3, 0), (3, 3), (3, 6), (6, 0), (6, 3) ja (6, 6) alkavat yhdeksän neliöä.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sudoku1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku_oikein<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsudoku2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku_oikein<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>False\nTrue</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"646c91c8-cc9a-57c0-b502-ef939f5f4d45\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-5/1-lisaa-listoja","title":"Lisää listoista"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-5/1-lisaa-listoista.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat luoda listoja, joissa on erityyppistä tietoa</li>\n<li>Tiedät, miten listoja voi käyttää tiedon ryhmittelyyn</li>\n<li>Osaat tallentaa matriisin kaksiulotteisena listana</li>\n</ul></text-box><!--vastaava teksti löytyy osioista 3-1, 5-1 ja 6-1, tsekkaa kaikki jos muokkaat tätä--><text-box variant='hint' name='Kurssin tehtävien tekemisestä'><p>Ohjelmointitaidon kehittyminen edellyttää vahvaa rutiinia ja myös omaa soveltavaa oivaltamista. Tämän takia kurssilla on paljon tehtäviä. Osa tehtävistä on kohtuullisen suoraviivaisesti materiaalia hyödyntäviä ja osa taas aivan tarkoituksella haastavampia soveltavia tehtäviä.</p><p>Ei kannata huolestua, vaikka osa kurssin tehtävistä tuntuisikin ensiyrittämällä liian vaikealta. Kaikkia tehtäviä ei ole pakko tehdä, kuten <a href=\"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet\">arvosteluperusteet</a> toteavat, <em>kurssin läpipääsyyn vaaditaan vähintään 25 % jokaisen osan ohjelmointitehtävien pisteistä.</em></p><p><strong>Kurssin osien tehtävät eivät etene vaikeusjärjestyksessä.</strong> Jokaisessa aliosassa esitellään yleensä muutama uusi konsepti, joita harjoitellaan sekä helpommilla että soveltavimmilla tehtävillä. <strong>Jos törmäät liian haastavan tuntuiseen tehtävään, hyppää seuraavaan</strong>. Voit palata vaikeimpiin tehtäviin osan lopuksi, jos aikaa vielä jää.</p><p>Lohdutuksen sanana todettakoon, että tällä viikolla mahdottomalta vaikuttava tehtävä näyttää melko varmasti neljän viikon päästä melko helpolta.</p></text-box><h2 id=\"lisaa-listoista\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lisää listoista<a href=\"#lisaa-listoista\" aria-label=\"lisaa listoista permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Viime kerralla käsiteltiin lähes yksinomaan listoja, joissa alkiot ovat kokonaislukuja. Listoihin voi kuitenkin tallentaa minkä tahansa tyyppisiä arvoja. Esimerkiksi voimme tallentaa listaan merkkijonoja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Maija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Liisa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kalle\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Listalla nimiä:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nimet aakkosjärjestyksessä:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sort<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>['Maija', 'Liisa', 'Pekka']\n['Maija', 'Liisa', 'Pekka', 'Kalle']\nListalla nimiä: 4\nNimet aakkosjärjestyksessä:\nKalle\nLiisa\nMaija\nPekka</p></sample-output><p>Samalla tavalla listalle voidaan tallentaa liukulukuja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">mittaukset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">2.5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1.1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7.5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">14.6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">21.0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">19.2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> mittaus <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> mittaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mittaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkeskiarvo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sum</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mittaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mittaukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Keskiarvo:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> keskiarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>-2.5\n1.1\n7.5\n14.6\n21.0\n19.2\nKeskiarvo: 10.15</p></sample-output><!--vastaava varoitusteksti löytyy osioista 3-4, 4-6 ja 5-1, tsekkaa kaikki jos muokkaat tätä--><h2 id=\"muistutus-globaalin-muuttujan-kayton-sudenkuoppa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Muistutus: globaalin muuttujan käytön sudenkuoppa<a href=\"#muistutus-globaalin-muuttujan-kayton-sudenkuoppa\" aria-label=\"muistutus globaalin muuttujan kayton sudenkuoppa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kuten olemme nähneet, funktioiden sisällä on mahdollista määritellä muuttujia. Kannattaa myös huomata se, että funktio näkee sen ulkopuolella, eli pääohjelmassa määritellyt muuttujat. Tälläisia muuttujia sanotaan <em>globaaleiksi</em> muuttujiksi.</p><p>Globalien muuttujien käyttämistä funktioista käsin ei useimmiten pidetä hyvänä asiana muun muassa siksi, että ne saattavat johtaa ikäviin bugeihin.</p><p>Seuraavassa on esimerkki funktiosta, joka käyttää \"vahingossa\" globaalia muuttujaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta_vaarinpain</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># käytetään vahingossa parametrin sijaan globaalia muuttujaa nimilista</span>\n    i <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> i<span class=\"token operator\">>=</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        i <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># globaali muuttuja</span>\nnimilista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Margaret\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\ntulosta_vaarinpain<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulosta_vaarinpain<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tupu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Hupu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Lupu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Margaret\nErkki\nEmilia\nAntti</p><p>Margaret\nErkki\nEmilia\nAntti</p></sample-output><p>Vaikka funktiota kutsutaan oikein, se tulostaa aina globaalissa muuttujassa <em>nimilista</em> olevat nimet.</p><p>Kuten olemme nähneet, kaikki funktioita testaava koodi on kirjoitettava erillisen lohkon sisälle, jotta TMC-testit hyväksyisivät koodin. Edellinen esimerkki siis tulisi toteuttaa seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta_vaarinpain</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># käytetään vahingossa parametrin sijaan globaalia muuttujaa nimilista</span>\n    i <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> i<span class=\"token operator\">>=</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        i <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># kaikki funktiota testaava koodi tämän lohkon sisälle</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># globaali muuttuja</span>\n    nimilista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Margaret\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    tulosta_vaarinpain<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tulosta_vaarinpain<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tupu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Hupu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Lupu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt myös globaalin muuttujan määrittely on siirtynyt <code class=\"language-text\">if</code>-lohkoon.</p><p>TMC-testit suoritetaan aina siten, että mitään <code class=\"language-text\">if</code>-lohkon sisällä olevaa koodia ei huomioida. Tämän takia funktio ei voi edes teoriassa toimia, sillä se viittaa muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">nimilista</code> mitä ei testejä suoritettaessa ole ollenkaan olemassa.</p><h2 id=\"varoitus-parametrin-ylikirjoittaminen-ja-liian-aikainen-return\" style=\"position:relative;\">Varoitus: parametrin ylikirjoittaminen ja liian aikainen return<a href=\"#varoitus-parametrin-ylikirjoittaminen-ja-liian-aikainen-return\" aria-label=\"varoitus parametrin ylikirjoittaminen ja liian aikainen return permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Ennen tämän osan tehtäviin menemistä on syytä kiinnittää huomiota pariin potentiaaliseen ongelmalähteeseen. Tarkastellaan funktiota, joka kertoo löytyykö parametrina oleva luku listalta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">luku_listalla</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktio palauttaa jostain syystä aina <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>. Syynä tälle on se, että for-silmukka ylikirjoittaa parametrin <code class=\"language-text\">luku</code> arvon, ja tämän takia if-lauseen ehto on aina tosi.</p><p>Ongelmasta päästään eroon nimeämällä parametri uudelleen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">luku_listalla</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> etsittava_luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> etsittava_luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt if-lauseen ehto on kunnossa. Funktiossa on kuitenkin uusi ongelma, se ei näytä edelleenkään toimivan. Esim. seuraava kokeilu tuo esiin bugin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">on <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> luku_listalla<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>on<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># tulostuu False</span></code></pre></div><p>Vika on nyt siinä että funktiosta poistutaan liian aikaisin. Funktio tarkistaa ainoastaan ensimmäisen luvun ja riippuen sen arvosta palauttaa heti joko arvon <code class=\"language-text\">True</code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">False</code>. Lopullista tuomiota, eli tietoa siitä että luku <em>ei ole listalla</em> ei voi kuitenkaan antaa ennen kuin kaikki luvut on tarkastettu. Komento <code class=\"language-text\">return False</code> pitääkin siirtää silmukan ulkopuolelle:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">luku_listalla</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> etsittava_luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> etsittava_luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span></code></pre></div><p>Tarkastellaan vielä yhtä virheellistä esimerkkiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">luvut_erisuuret</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># apumuuttuja, johon kerätään ne luvut jotka on jo tarkastettu</span>\n    luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># joko luku on nähty?</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n        luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n\non <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> luvut_erisuuret<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>on<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># tulostuu True</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktio siis yrittää testata ovatko kaikki listan alkiot erisuuria. Se kuitenkin palauttaa aina arvon <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>.</p><p>Ongelmana on jälleen se, että funktio vahingossa ylikirjottaa parametrinsa arvon. Funktio yrittää käyttää muuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">luvut</code> pitämään kirjaa jo vastaan tulleista luvuista ja tämä ylikirjoittaa parametrin. Lääke ongelmaan on muuttujan uudelleennimeäminen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">luvut_erisuuret</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># apumuuttuja, johon kerätään ne luvut jotka on jo tarkastettu</span>\n    havaitut_luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># joko luku on nähty?</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> havaitut_luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n        havaitut_luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n\non <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> luvut_erisuuret<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>on<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>  <span class=\"token comment\"># tulostuu False</span></code></pre></div><p>Nämä kuten oikeastaan kaikki koodia vaivaavat ongelmat selviävät debuggerilla tai <a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">visualisaattorilla</a>, jonka käytön tärkeyttä ei voi olla korostamatta liikaa.</p><programming-exercise name='Pisin merkkijono' tmcname='osa05-01a_pisin_merkkijono'><p><strong>HUOM:</strong> tämä ja seuraava tehtävä ovat väärässä järjestyksessä VS Coden sivupalkissa</p><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pisin(merkkijonot: list)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen listan merkkijonoja. Funktio etsii ja palauttaa listalta pisimmän merkkijonon. Voit olettaa, että vain yksi jonoista on pisin.</p><p>Esimerkkikutsu:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    jonot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"moi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"moikka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"heip\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"hellurei\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"terve\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pisin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jonot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>hellurei</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"sisakkaiset-listat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Sisäkkäiset listat<a href=\"#sisakkaiset-listat\" aria-label=\"sisakkaiset listat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Listan alkiot voivat olla myös listoja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[[5, 2, 3], [4, 1], [2, 2, 5, 1]]\n[4, 1]\n4</p></sample-output><p>Mihin voimme käyttää listoja jonka sisällä on listoja?</p><p>Voisimme esimerkiksi esittää henkilön tiedot listana, jossa ensimmäisenä alkiona on henkilön nimi, toisena ikä ja kolmantena kengännumero:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">26</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Vastaavasti joukko henkilöitä on lista, joka sisältää yksittäisiä henkilöä kuvaavia listoja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">26</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Petteri\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">22</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">32</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">37</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">39</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">44</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> henkilo <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n  ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n  kenka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">: ikä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> vuotta, kengännumero </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>kenka<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anu: ikä 10 vuotta, kengännumero 26\nPetteri: ikä  7 vuotta, kengännumero 22\nEmilia: ikä 32 vuotta, kengännumero 37\nAntti: ikä 39 vuotta, kengännumero 44</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, miten <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-lause käy läpi henkilöt yksitellen, eli toiston lohko-osassa muuttuja  <code class=\"language-text\">henkilo</code> saa yksi kerrallaan arvokseen kutakin henkilöä esittävän listan.</p><p>Lista ei ole välttämättä paras Pythonin tietorakenne henkilön tietojen esittämiseen. Tutustumme pian <em>sanakirjaan</em>, joka on usein luontevampi tapa hoitaa vastaava tilanne.</p><h2 id=\"matriisit\" style=\"position:relative;\">Matriisit<a href=\"#matriisit\" aria-label=\"matriisit permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Sisäkkäisten listojen avulla voidaan myös esittää <em>matriisi</em> eli kaksiulotteinen taulukko.</p><p>Esimerkiksi matriisi</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 151px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/57e8504bd70c2538405be5b5e1572347/29fe9/5_1_0.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 100%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/57e8504bd70c2538405be5b5e1572347/8d139/5_1_0.webp 151w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 151px) 100vw, 151px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/57e8504bd70c2538405be5b5e1572347/29fe9/5_1_0.png 151w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 151px) 100vw, 151px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/57e8504bd70c2538405be5b5e1572347/29fe9/5_1_0.png\" alt=\"5 1 0\" title=\"5 1 0\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>voitaisiin mallintaa kaksiulotteisena listana näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">matriisi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Koska matriisi on lista listoja, matriisin alkioihin viitataan käyttämällä peräkkäisiä hakasulkuja. Ensimmäinen indeksi viittaa riviin ja toinen sarakkeeseen. Niinpä esimerkiksi <code class=\"language-text\">m[0][1]</code> tarkoittaa ensimmäisen rivin toista alkiota (kun muistetaan, että indeksointi alkaa nollasta).</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">matriisi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmatriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2\n[[1, 2, 3], [10, 2, 1], [4, 5, 6]]</p></sample-output><p>Voimme käydä läpi matriisin rivit <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukalla. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi tulostaa matriisin rivit allekkain:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">matriisi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> matriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 2, 3]\n[4, 5, 6]\n[7, 8, 9]</p></sample-output><p>Seuraava koodi puolestaan tulostaa matriisin alkiot yksitellen kahden <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukan avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">matriisi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> matriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"uusi rivi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>uusi rivi\n1\n2\n3\nuusi rivi\n4\n5\n6\nuusi rivi\n7\n8\n9</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"sisakkaisia-listoja-kayttavan-koodin-visualisointi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Sisäkkäisiä listoja käyttävän koodin visualisointi<a href=\"#sisakkaisia-listoja-kayttavan-koodin-visualisointi\" aria-label=\"sisakkaisia listoja kayttavan koodin visualisointi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos sisäkkäisiä listoja käsittelevät ohjelmat tuntuvat hankalalta ymmärtää, kannattaa ehdottomasti havainnollistaa niitä Python Tutorin <a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">visualisaattorilla</a>. Seuraavassa kuva edellisen esimerkin visualisoinnista:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/769f8/5_1_0a.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 42.173913043478265%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAICAIAAAB2/0i6AAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAABFElEQVQY03WQ207DMAyG+/7PtgtuBhMSDG1rx+jWJG0OtuMDamCIm32yLCv6fzt2Z2Yigoi10rzkY38dLq4UICIAUFUiSikRESJSQ0S00ZkZiyzLkn7JeNcBQOtLYZ6Z2RrNJSLMzKu5QiHEvu8Ph8P5PPzp/qm1lCzCpaxfbI9rrGYhNDMACGEZrz6mdWBrLmZGxK/78+6tB5IY/ZKOGW4IvUjoYnDOB+cc16pqBRhJ7jPXjMQv+6/N9iOC5jJdbk9uPqX0DHDqatsPEd3K1MJN05RS+lmOKvuIV5dYxNQy8Od1C2Wnpl3MtOSaYslz8CEMwzCOY4yRiOwBfh5ifDeDjkVZVETtMdrOdi+tgPd+Q3T8Bqyl0FSTvoR1AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/a0b58/5_1_0a.webp 230w,\n/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/bc10c/5_1_0a.webp 460w,\n/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/966d8/5_1_0a.webp 920w,\n/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/445df/5_1_0a.webp 1380w,\n/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/78de1/5_1_0a.webp 1840w,\n/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/7e82b/5_1_0a.webp 1924w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/81c8e/5_1_0a.png 230w,\n/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/08a84/5_1_0a.png 460w,\n/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/c0255/5_1_0a.png 920w,\n/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/b1001/5_1_0a.png 1380w,\n/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/161ec/5_1_0a.png 1840w,\n/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/769f8/5_1_0a.png 1924w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/9450893ea3ce24ad2a607cde889d3e70/c0255/5_1_0a.png\" alt=\"5 1 0a\" title=\"5 1 0a\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Kuten kuva paljastaa, 3x3-matriisi koostuu teknisesti ottaen neljästä listasta. Ensimmäinen lista edustaa koko matriisia ja sen alkioina on erillisiä rivejä edustavat listat.</p><p>Kuva havainnollistaa jo sitä seikkaa, josta puhumme tarkemmin <a href=\"/osa-5/2-viittaukset\">seuraavassa osassa</a>: moniulotteisessa listassa listat eivät ole todellisuudessa sisäkkäin, vaan matriisia edustava lista \"viittaa\" jokaista riviä edustavaan listaan.</p><p>Kuvassa tulostus on edennyt matriisin toiselle riville, johon muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">rivi</code> parhaillaan viittaa. Muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">alkio</code> kertoo sen alkion, jonka kohdalla tulostus on menossa. Muuttujan arvo on nyt keskimmäisen rivin keskimmäinen eli 5.</p><h2 id=\"lisaa-matriisin-kasittelya\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lisää matriisin käsittelyä<a href=\"#lisaa-matriisin-kasittelya\" aria-label=\"lisaa matriisin kasittelya permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Matriisin yksittäisten rivien käsittely on helppoa, riittää että valitaan haluttu rivi. Esimerkiksi seuraava funktio laskee halutun rivin alkioiden summan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">rivin_alkioiden_summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> rivi_nro<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># tarkasteluun valitaan yksi rivi</span>\n    rivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> matriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>rivi_nro<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        summa <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> alkio\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> summa\n\nm <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">15</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivin_alkioiden_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>m<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># tulostuu 33 (saadaan laskemalla 9 + 1 + 12 + 11)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos taas haluttaisiin laskea tietyn sarakkeen eli \"pystyrivin\" alkioiden summa, tilanne olisi jo monimutkaisempi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">sarakkeen_alkioiden_summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sarake_nro<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># summaan lisätään kaikkien rivien halutussa kohdassa oleva alkio</span>\n    summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> matriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        summa <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>sarake_nro<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> summa\n\nm <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">15</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nsumma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sarakkeen_alkioiden_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>m<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># tulostuu 39 (saadaan laskemalla 3 + 12 + 9 + 15)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tarkasteltava sarake siis koostuu <em>jokaisen rivin</em> paikassa 2 olevasta alkiosta.</p><p>Näidenkin ohjelmien toiminta kannattaa ehdottomasti käydä läpi <a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">visualisaattorilla</a>!</p><p>Matriisissa olevan yksittäisen arvon vaihtaminen on helppoa. Riittää että valitaan matriisin sisältä oikea rivi ja sen sisältä sarake:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">vaihda_arvoon</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> rivi_nro<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sarake_nro<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># haetaan oikea rivi</span>\n    rivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> matriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>rivi_nro<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ja sen sisältä oikea kohta</span>\n    rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>sarake_nro<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> arvo\n\nm <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">15</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>m<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nvaihda_arvoon<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>m<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>m<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[[4, 2, 3, 2], [9, 1, 12, 11], [7, 8, 9, 5], [2, 9, 15, 1]]\n[[4, 2, 3, 2], [9, 1, 12, 11], [7, 8, 9, 1000], [2, 9, 15, 1]]</p></sample-output><p>Mikäli halutaan muuttaa matriisin sisältöä silmukan sisällä, ei ole mahdollista käyttää \"normaalia\" for-silmukkaa, sillä muutettaessa sisältöä on pakko tietää muutettavien alkioiden indeksit.</p><p>Tämä taas onnistuu <code class=\"language-text\">while</code>-silmukalla tai <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukalla hyödyntämällä <code class=\"language-text\">range</code>-funktiota iteroinnissa. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi kasvattaa jokaista matriisin alkiota yhdellä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">m <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>m<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> j <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>m<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        m<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>j<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>m<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[[2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7], [8, 9, 10]]</p></sample-output><p>Ulompi silmukka käy <code class=\"language-text\">range</code>-funktion avulla läpi arvot nollasta matriisin pituuteen (eli matriisin rivien määrään) ja sisempi silmukka jokaisen rivin alkiot nollasta rivin pituuteen.</p><programming-exercise name='Alkioiden määrä' tmcname='osa05-01_alkoiden_maara'><p><strong>HUOM:</strong> tämä ja edellinen tehtävä ovat väärässä järjestyksessä VS Coden sivupalkissa</p><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">laske_alkiot(matriisi: list, alkio: int)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen kaksiulotteisen kokonaislukutaulukon. Funktio laskee, kuinka monta annetun alkion mukaista arvoa taulukosta löytyy.</p><p>Esimerkiksi</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">m <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>laske_alkiot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>m<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>3</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"kaksiulotteinen-taulukko-pelin-tietorakenteena\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kaksiulotteinen taulukko pelin tietorakenteena<a href=\"#kaksiulotteinen-taulukko-pelin-tietorakenteena\" aria-label=\"kaksiulotteinen taulukko pelin tietorakenteena permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Matriisi sopii hyvin monien pelien tietorakenteeksi. Esim. sudokun ruudukko</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 410px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/5a4d938ae5202e8db72b179ff4d76293/d68e4/5_1_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 100.43478260869566%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/5a4d938ae5202e8db72b179ff4d76293/a0b58/5_1_1.webp 230w,\n/static/5a4d938ae5202e8db72b179ff4d76293/0cb6c/5_1_1.webp 410w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 410px) 100vw, 410px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/5a4d938ae5202e8db72b179ff4d76293/81c8e/5_1_1.png 230w,\n/static/5a4d938ae5202e8db72b179ff4d76293/d68e4/5_1_1.png 410w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 410px) 100vw, 410px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/5a4d938ae5202e8db72b179ff4d76293/d68e4/5_1_1.png\" alt=\"5 1 1\" title=\"5 1 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>voitaisiin esittää seuraavana matriisina:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sudoku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Arvolla nolla siis kuvataan tilanne, jossa ruutu on vielä tyhjä.</p><p>Seuraavassa vielä yksinkertainen versio sudokun tulostavasta metodista:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> ruutu <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> ruutu <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\" </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>ruutu<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> end<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" _\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> end<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tulostus näyttää seuraavalta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"x\"><pre class=\"language-x\"><code class=\"language-x\">\n 9 _ _ _ 8 _ 3 _ _\n _ _ _ 2 5 _ 7 _ _\n _ 2 _ 3 _ _ _ _ 4\n _ 9 4 _ _ _ _ _ _\n _ _ _ 7 3 _ 5 6 _\n 7 _ 5 _ 6 _ 4 _ _\n _ _ 7 8 _ 3 9 _ _\n _ _ 1 _ _ _ _ _ 3\n 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2\n</code></pre></div><p>Vastaavalla tavalla on mahdollista kuvata moni tuttu peli (esim. shakki, miinaharava, laivan upotus, mastermind, ...) matriisina. Pelistä riippuu, mikä on sopiva tapa \"koodata\" pelin tilanne matriisiin.</p><programming-exercise name='Go' tmcname='osa05-02_go'><p>Go-pelissä lisätään vuorotellen mustia ja valkoisia kiviä pelilaudalle. Pelin voittaa se pelaaja, joka saa omilla kivillään rajattua enemmän aluetta pelilaudalta.</p><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kumpi_voitti(pelilauta: list)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen kaksiulotteisen taulukon, joka kuvaa pelilautaa. Taulukko koostuu kokonaisluvuista seuraavasti:</p><ul>\n<li>0: tyhjä ruutu</li>\n<li>1: pelaajan 1 nappula</li>\n<li>2: pelaajan 2 nappula</li>\n</ul><p>Esimerkissä pelilaudan koko voi olla mikä tahansa.</p><p>Funktio palauttaa arvon 1, jos pelaaja 1 on voittanut pelin, ja arvon 2, jos pelaaja 2 on voittanut pelin. Jos molemmilla pelaajilla on yhtä paljon nappuloita laudalla, funktio palauttaa arvon 0.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Sudoku: rivit oikein' tmcname='osa05-03_sudoku_osa1'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">rivi_oikein(sudoku: list, rivi_nro: int)</code>, joka saa parametriksi sudokuruudukkoa esittävän kaksiulotteisen taulukon ja rivin numeron kertovan kokonaisluvun (rivit on numeroitu nollasta alkaen). Metodi palauttaa tiedon, onko rivi oikein täytetty eli onko siinä kukin luvuista 1–9 korkeintaan kerran.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sudoku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi_oikein<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi_oikein<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>True\nFalse</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Sudoku: sarakkeet oikein' tmcname='osa05-04_sudoku_osa2'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">sarake_oikein(sudoku: list, sarake_nro: int)</code>, joka saa parametriksi sudokuruudukkoa esittävän kaksiulotteisen taulukon ja sarakkeen (eli pystyrivin) numeron kertovan kokonaisluvun. Metodi palauttaa tiedon, onko sarake oikein täytetty eli onko siinä kukin luvuista 1–9 korkeintaan kerran.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sudoku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sarake_oikein<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sarake_oikein<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>False\nTrue</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Sudoku: neliöt oikein' tmcname='osa05-05_sudoku_osa3'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">nelio_oikein(sudoku: list, rivi_nro: int, sarake_nro: int)</code>, joka saa parametriksi sudokuruudukkoa esittävän kaksiulotteisen taulukon sekä yhden ruudun paikan kertovat rivi- ja sarakenumerot.</p><p>Funktio kertoo onko parametrina saadusta rivi/sarakenumerosta alkava 3x3-kokoinen neliö oikein täytetty eli onko siinä kukin luvuista 1–9 korkeintaan kerran.</p><p>Huomaa, että tässä tehtävässä toteutettava funktio on hieman yleiskäyttöisempi kuin sudokussa oikeasti tarvitaan. Todellisuudessahan oikeassa sudokussa tarkastellaan ainoastaan kohdista (0, 0), (0, 3), (0, 6), (3, 0), (3, 3), (3, 6), (6, 0), (6, 3) ja (6, 6) alkavia neliöitä.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sudoku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nelio_oikein<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nelio_oikein<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>False\nTrue</p></sample-output><p>Ensimmäisen funktiokutsun tarkastelema kohdasta 0, 0 alkava neliö on</p><pre>\n9 0 0\n2 0 0\n0 2 0\n</pre><p>Toisen funktiokutsun tarkastelema kohdasta riviltä 1 ja sarakkeesta 2 alkava neliö on</p><pre>\n0 2 5\n0 3 0\n4 0 0\n</pre><p>Tämä neliö on siis sellainen, jota oikeassa sudokussa ei tarkasteltaisi.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Sudoku: ruudukko oikein' tmcname='osa05-06_sudoku_osa4'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">sudoku_oikein(sudoku: list)</code>, joka saa parametriksi sudokuruudukkoa esittävän kaksiulotteisen taulukon. Funktio kertoo käyttäen edellisen kolmen tehtävän funktioita (kopioi ne tämän tehtävän koodin joukkoon), onko parametrina saatu ruudukko täytetty oikein, eli sen jokainen rivi, jokainen sarake sekä kaikki erilliset 3x3-neliöt sisältävät korkeintaan kertaalleen jokaisen luvuista 1–9.</p><p>Huom: ylempänä olevaan sudokuruudukkoa esittävään kuvaan on merkitty ne 3x3-neliöt, joita sudokua ratkaistessa tulee tarkastella.\nNämä ovat siis kohdista (0, 0), (0, 3), (0, 6), (3, 0), (3, 3), (3, 6), (6, 0), (6, 3) ja (6, 6) alkavat yhdeksän neliöä.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sudoku1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku_oikein<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsudoku2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku_oikein<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>False\nTrue</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"646c91c8-cc9a-57c0-b502-ef939f5f4d45\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-5/1-lisaa-listoja","title":"Lisää listoista"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-5/1-lisaa-listoista.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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rakentamaan näin. Palaamme aiheeseen tarkemmin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssilla"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"c978cb03-cb95-52a3-b122-2cc9ddf8a552"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä tarkoitetaan viittaustyyppisellä muuttujalla</li>\n<li>Tiedät, että samaan olioon voi olla useampia viittauksia</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää listoja funktioiden parametreina</li>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä tarkoitetaan funktion sivuvaikutuksella</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Olemme tähän asti ajatelleet, että muuttuja on eräänlainen \"laatikko\", joka sisältää muuttujan arvon. Teknisesti ottaen tämä ei pidä paikkaansa Pythonissa: muuttujat eivät sisällä arvoa vaan ne <em>viittaavat</em> arvona olevaan <em>olioon</em>, kuten lukuun, merkkijonoon tai listaan.</p><p>Käytännössä tämä tarkoittaa, että muuttujaan <em>ei tallenneta</em> arvoa, vaan tieto siitä paikasta, mistä muuttujan arvo löytyy.</p><p>Viittausta voidaan kuvata nuolena muuttujasta sen varsinaiseen arvoon:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 261px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/8687855d3e59d8151e4fce49ec9669b0/edf96/5_2_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 30.869565217391305%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAGCAYAAADDl76dAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAA1ElEQVQY041ROQ6EQAyb7/MBfsA/aCgoEHQcDQ2XOMQlxI1XzgqKbdhIljzJ2JNk1DiOKIoCdV1jnmfEcYymaZBlmSBJEjDO88R1Xa9Qx3FgWRYRMUHTaZoE5Kwx/2+om7yJ+AA7b9tWprl5VVXCu66TiaRDgoY3v8FI0xR93z8idlyWpRhxAtaZZ5imCUXXKIpkj77vCyeCIECe59A0Dbquyw7XdX0m4e750L7vgm3b4Lrut0MeeJGiXwzDIAb8LM/zEIYhbNuG4zjCLcuSPOuGYeADgRnJTrwaxUwAAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8687855d3e59d8151e4fce49ec9669b0/a0b58/5_2_1.webp 230w,\n/static/8687855d3e59d8151e4fce49ec9669b0/ad293/5_2_1.webp 261w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 261px) 100vw, 261px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8687855d3e59d8151e4fce49ec9669b0/81c8e/5_2_1.png 230w,\n/static/8687855d3e59d8151e4fce49ec9669b0/edf96/5_2_1.png 261w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 261px) 100vw, 261px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/8687855d3e59d8151e4fce49ec9669b0/edf96/5_2_1.png\" alt=\"5 2 1\" title=\"5 2 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Viittaus siis kertoo, mistä varsinainen arvo löytyy. Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">id</code> kertoo, mihin muuttuja viittaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">a <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">id</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nb <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Tämäkin on viittaus\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">id</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>4538357072\n4537788912</p></sample-output><p>Viittaus eli muuttujan id on kokonaisluku, jonka voi ajatella olevan muuttujan arvon sijainnin osoite tietokoneen muistissa. Huomaa, että jos suoritat yllä olevan koodin omalla koneellasi, tulos on luultavasti erilainen, koska muuttujilla on eri viitteet.</p><p>Kuten jo <a href=\"/osa-5/1-lisaa-listoja#sisakkaisia-listoja-kayttavan-koodin-visualisointi\">edellisen osan</a> esimerkistä näimme, Python Tutorin visualisaattori näyttää viitteet \"nuolina\" varsinaiseen sisältöön. Visualisaattori kuitenkin \"huijaa\" merkkijonojen tapauksessa ja näyttää ne ikään kuin merkkijonon sisältö olisi tallennettu muuttujan sisälle:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/94cea/5_2_1a.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 29.565217391304348%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAGCAIAAABM9SnKAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAA2klEQVQY00VQ207EIBDt//+ZzxoT48boBsEs2wKlMMBcMFLbPQ/nYeZcMjP1f0jvnYhDiBkKsxzzTkRhYNs2GCAiZhaR6RQx87yE67e18yryMCPiPM/OeQBgZiKSASI6zCKQkzFaqS+AlNJWaz02jyCAzEyttZyrSJ/2GEbEAj7Eq7J3F1trxLwbakNjw8999bHdfK7IUHLKtvcyRbcsi3POneqzkEdnyvXlYp7f9dunff24xUxQVx+eAC4TIRIRIhpjtNaDtFLKey/y9whmqZWgVCgtl7ZfsfMv95hb032qZjcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/a0b58/5_2_1a.webp 230w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/bc10c/5_2_1a.webp 460w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/966d8/5_2_1a.webp 920w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/445df/5_2_1a.webp 1380w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/78de1/5_2_1a.webp 1840w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/0dc73/5_2_1a.webp 1940w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/81c8e/5_2_1a.png 230w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/08a84/5_2_1a.png 460w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/c0255/5_2_1a.png 920w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/b1001/5_2_1a.png 1380w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/161ec/5_2_1a.png 1840w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/94cea/5_2_1a.png 1940w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/c0255/5_2_1a.png\" alt=\"5 2 1a\" title=\"5 2 1a\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Näin ei kuitaan ole todellisuudessa, vaan merkkijonotkin käsitellään Pythonin sisäisissä rakenteissa samaan tapaan kuin listat.</p><p>Monet Pythonin sisäänrakennetut tyypit, kuten <code class=\"language-text\">str</code>, ovat <em>muuttumattomia</em>. Tämä tarkoittaa, että olion arvo ei voi koskaan muuttua. Sen sijaan arvo voidaan korvata uudella arvolla:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 281px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/e24d125e0a5ab22b6d68096ab4edaa6d/6b1e2/5_2_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 85.65217391304348%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/e24d125e0a5ab22b6d68096ab4edaa6d/a0b58/5_2_2.webp 230w,\n/static/e24d125e0a5ab22b6d68096ab4edaa6d/f44a8/5_2_2.webp 281w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 281px) 100vw, 281px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/e24d125e0a5ab22b6d68096ab4edaa6d/81c8e/5_2_2.png 230w,\n/static/e24d125e0a5ab22b6d68096ab4edaa6d/6b1e2/5_2_2.png 281w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 281px) 100vw, 281px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/e24d125e0a5ab22b6d68096ab4edaa6d/6b1e2/5_2_2.png\" alt=\"5 2 2\" title=\"5 2 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Pythonissa on myös tyyppejä, jotka ovat muuttuvia. Esimerkiksi listan sisältö voi muuttua ilman, että tarvitsee luoda kokonaan uusi lista:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 271px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/5fce1/5_2_3.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 70.43478260869564%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/a0b58/5_2_3.webp 230w,\n/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/cadab/5_2_3.webp 271w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 271px) 100vw, 271px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/81c8e/5_2_3.png 230w,\n/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/5fce1/5_2_3.png 271w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 271px) 100vw, 271px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/5fce1/5_2_3.png\" alt=\"5 2 3\" title=\"5 2 3\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Hieman yllättäen myös lukuja ja totuusarvoja edustavat perustietotyypit <code class=\"language-text\">int</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">float</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">bool</code> ovat muuttumattomia. Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä seuraavaa koodia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span></code></pre></div><p>Vaikka vaikuttaa siltä, että koodi muuttaa lukua, teknisesti ottaen ei näin ole, vaan jokainen komento luo uuden luvun.</p><p>Seuraavan ohjelman tulostus on mielenkiintoinen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">id</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">id</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\na <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">id</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>4535856912\n4535856944\n4535856912</p></sample-output><p>Aluksi muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">luku</code> viittaa paikkaan 4535856912, ja kun muuttujan arvo muuttuu, se alkaa viitata paikkaan 4535856944. Kun muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">a</code> sijoitetaan arvo 1, se alkaa viitata samaan paikkaan kuin mihin <code class=\"language-text\">luku</code> viittasi, kun sen arvo oli 1.</p><p>Vaikuttaakin siltä, että Python on tallentanut luvun 1 paikkaan 4535856912 ja aina kun jonkin muuttujan arvona on 1, muuttuja <em>viittaa</em> tuohon paikkaan \"tietokoneen muistissa\".</p><p>Vaikka perustietotyypit <code class=\"language-text\">int</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">float</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">bool</code> ovat viittauksia, ohjelmoijan ei oikeastaan tarvitse välittää asiasta.</p><h2 id=\"useampi-viittaus-samaan-listaan\" style=\"position:relative;\">Useampi viittaus samaan listaan<a href=\"#useampi-viittaus-samaan-listaan\" aria-label=\"useampi viittaus samaan listaan permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä listamuuttujan arvon kopiointia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">a <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nb <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> a\nb<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span></code></pre></div><p>Sijoitus <code class=\"language-text\">b = a</code> kopioi muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">a</code> arvon muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">b</code>. On tärkeä kuitenkin huomata, että muuttujan arvona <em>ei ole lista</em> vaan <em>viittaus listaan</em>.</p><p>Sijoitus <code class=\"language-text\">b = a</code> siis kopioi viittauksen, minkä seurauksena kopioinnin jälkeen samaan listaan on kaksi viittausta:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 271px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/73c7fae5118d6e5b03c576f1a9d14c3f/5fce1/5_2_4.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 129.99999999999997%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAaCAYAAAC3g3x9AAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAACN0lEQVRIx52VV64qQQxEZ60sgC2wJvhhFXwhkMg555zx07FU3FHf0QVeS1aHoctlu9xE4/HYlsulbbdbm06nNpvNjDPm4XBoj8fDGM/n8yOLdrudX8KOx6MDbzYbOxwOvtc3fvzJiOyLsVqtbL1ee0SLxeLXmu8OeLvd7H6/OxNmGfvT6WSdTscul4ungv18PncQ1gCSHiJi74C1Ws0Gg4H1+32rVCq+xxqNhhWLRUun09Zutz0FXCRNXAZIZ5PJ5CdkMQwTzLher26wxSGXR6ORm4AoHk4IO4on+6/E801s/rIo6WI4f1phD5kw9vu9S4WchCAh8FsdojtydD6fHTQJ8CuGSSEnFYcZ6cggABGtdR594p0KogKkQyV7vZ4ba+SGTiVwZ1iv1730fCiXy67BZrNp1WrV8vm8pVIpB0N7qjSs6AydAfYKmQPoarBvtVoODjBag2G32/U8wwqDFXqksAC+Wk/NT4FgS7eo4qEOYSTNwVJrMXXAUqnkLPCEl/jQa/NVlWm9pEthF32kQ/UqplcGB9i7dkxkSEWpIFUmF0o6r/d/dUr8HdQIXx7tk9IQrr96sXlgiYACskbYrJEOxeThdUD9hyhkGbJAX9ls9vV4sGeme3hUkBpgzETigIgXj3hSPhF2oVCwXC5nmUzGv3OR/MIKzSFsgcLOcxhWkT2XKRYOVG0GOoUZ5zgFiDVOiOAVMh4Jl9ai3QCM61JF4Sz+hyb9xs9fIZMX6IddEj5j73T4DynC3t7bOJziAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/73c7fae5118d6e5b03c576f1a9d14c3f/a0b58/5_2_4.webp 230w,\n/static/73c7fae5118d6e5b03c576f1a9d14c3f/cadab/5_2_4.webp 271w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 271px) 100vw, 271px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/73c7fae5118d6e5b03c576f1a9d14c3f/81c8e/5_2_4.png 230w,\n/static/73c7fae5118d6e5b03c576f1a9d14c3f/5fce1/5_2_4.png 271w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 271px) 100vw, 271px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/73c7fae5118d6e5b03c576f1a9d14c3f/5fce1/5_2_4.png\" alt=\"5 2 4\" title=\"5 2 4\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Listaa voidaan käsitellä kumman tahansa viittauksen avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nlista2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lista\n\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\nlista2<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[10, 20, 3, 4]\n[10, 20, 3, 4]</p></sample-output><p>Mikäli samaan listaan on useampia viittauksia, sitä voidaan käsitellä minkä tahansa viittauksen kautta samalla tavalla. Toisaalta yhden viittauksen kautta tehtävä muutos heijastuu myös muihin viittauksiin.</p><p>Visualisaattori näyttää jälleen selkeästi mitä ohjelmassa tapahtuu:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/c6720/5_2_4a.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 32.608695652173914%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAHCAIAAACHqfpvAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAA30lEQVQY03WQwW7DIAyG8/7vtcsm7bLTTu0ydQmFMMC4CWCbKUyjUaV9Bw6WP/4fhnogpew95FyOQxEBgBBCjPHWSClxY+hLRDR+qtM4T8qu68rMfT5Ns1JXACh/iMij7J1DjIhIRCLSk9u5R4lwzvk3lojuMjMbs2htELGb+6XMLuDXbCDeiOjb2Vq51n3hLqecrF2M0Yjx+OZC/D4uz2/niwbcNutevX+K8UUEB9nLCDGXUpRxp/G62NDb7o1EXEwfFx3X3DJg21zOQYQHa60xxnvfhEpcWerDb9d/+AGpwZhBrvAmDQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/a0b58/5_2_4a.webp 230w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/bc10c/5_2_4a.webp 460w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/966d8/5_2_4a.webp 920w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/445df/5_2_4a.webp 1380w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/78de1/5_2_4a.webp 1840w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/da98d/5_2_4a.webp 1922w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/81c8e/5_2_4a.png 230w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/08a84/5_2_4a.png 460w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/c0255/5_2_4a.png 920w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/b1001/5_2_4a.png 1380w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/161ec/5_2_4a.png 1840w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/c6720/5_2_4a.png 1922w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/c0255/5_2_4a.png\" alt=\"5 2 4a\" title=\"5 2 4a\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><h2 id=\"listan-kopiointi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Listan kopiointi<a href=\"#listan-kopiointi\" aria-label=\"listan kopiointi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos haluamme tehdä listasta erillisen kopion, voimme luoda uuden listan ja lisätä siihen jokaisen aluperäisen listan alkion:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nkopio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    kopio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkopio<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\nkopio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"lista\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"kopio\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kopio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>lista [1, 2, 3, 3, 5]\nkopio [10, 2, 3, 3, 5, 6]</p></sample-output><p>Visualisaattorilla tarkastellen kopiointi näyttää seuraavalta:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/e431d/5_2_4b.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 43.04347826086957%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAJCAIAAAC9o5sfAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAABGElEQVQoz32RzW7DIBCE/f4v1kY99NBTFFWtZMcQ29iADRjvD5WhcXJpPyEOLLM7mq3SHeZkZzdOFpDSEwDg7vgMAFCmOj45H1qpWjlqs4Tgmbm8bxlALBpEJCJmBoCHeJ6ttQZgI0RAfHLEef7GzDFuMW5ETMSImMWcKK5uWW5dd+s6KW/GmEPsQ5S9/q4FIjm3OG9Sgny4OnpP09Q0zfV6XZalGCu+rYsfF/F+blwkF5S1J61frH1lXh+2lVJ13Qgh+r4fxzEb2gkRL3V//pIR2IXZhxpgINr2yQB7EiUGpb3SPqxwpFV8MTPRvoIQtDFv6/pZStU4TcMweO9TSnsD+hXyE+kPqlJTSrVtK6UstxDiWOY/4h8FSwu1d8EohwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/a0b58/5_2_4b.webp 230w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/bc10c/5_2_4b.webp 460w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/966d8/5_2_4b.webp 920w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/445df/5_2_4b.webp 1380w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/78de1/5_2_4b.webp 1840w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/609ff/5_2_4b.webp 1882w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/81c8e/5_2_4b.png 230w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/08a84/5_2_4b.png 460w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/c0255/5_2_4b.png 920w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/b1001/5_2_4b.png 1380w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/161ec/5_2_4b.png 1840w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/e431d/5_2_4b.png 1882w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/c0255/5_2_4b.png\" alt=\"5 2 4b\" title=\"5 2 4b\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">kopio</code> siis viittaa nyt eri listaan kuin muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">lista</code>.</p><p>Helpompi tapa listan kopioimiseen on hyödyntää <code class=\"language-text\">[]</code>-operaattoria, johon tutustuimme aiemmin kurssilla. Merkintä <code class=\"language-text\">[:]</code> tarkoittaa, että listalta valitaan kaikki alkiot, ja tämän sivuvaikutuksena syntyy kopio listasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nkopio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\nkopio<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kopio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[10, 2, 3, 4]\n[1, 20, 3, 4]</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"lista-funktion-parametrina\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lista funktion parametrina<a href=\"#lista-funktion-parametrina\" aria-label=\"lista funktion parametrina permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kun lista välitetään parametrina funktiolle, välitetään viittaus listaan. Tämä tarkoittaa, että funktio voi muuttaa parametrinaan saamaansa listaa.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava funktio lisää uuden alkion parametrinaan saamaansa listaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_alkio</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    uusi_alkio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\n    lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>uusi_alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nlista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output>\n[1, 2, 3]\n[1, 2, 3, 10]\n</sample-output><p>Huomaa, että funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_alkio</code> ei palauta mitään, vaan muuttaa parametrinaan saamaansa listaa.</p><p>Visualisaattori havainnollistaa tilanteen seuraavasti:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/764d0/5_2_4c.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 35.65217391304348%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAHCAIAAACHqfpvAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAA+UlEQVQY01WO226DMBAF+f9/62P7UFVKq0BCMdgLOOs1e6sITdTO45FGZxp/oKZY6NwN5y6UUlXVzNzdzOZ5jjHmnG93aq1mJiLNYZrqVimm1Lbd5dqP47Qui6oespnpHXcXkWNh5ofMzERrXodhiDGWUojo+WxmtVZEVFUAEOFjbJ7ZiNh1bd9fc17dzf8AAG3bIqK7r+st54KIe7Y9ICKA+dJPMWVmOSKPZ2aBeaFaN1ZYPhDfVIu7NzhDShBjJCJ3Z/GNj95fzP3UTS+vX21YVK1QX8rJrO6ybBsziwgAjGOIcZqmMYSQUlJVkT3hOi7vn98hrf6fH4cdljeAKLvbAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/a0b58/5_2_4c.webp 230w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/bc10c/5_2_4c.webp 460w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/966d8/5_2_4c.webp 920w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/445df/5_2_4c.webp 1380w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/78de1/5_2_4c.webp 1840w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/b4500/5_2_4c.webp 1898w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/81c8e/5_2_4c.png 230w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/08a84/5_2_4c.png 460w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/c0255/5_2_4c.png 920w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/b1001/5_2_4c.png 1380w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/161ec/5_2_4c.png 1840w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/764d0/5_2_4c.png 1898w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/c0255/5_2_4c.png\" alt=\"5 2 4c\" title=\"5 2 4c\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p><em>Global frame</em> tarkoittaa pääohjelman muuttujia ja sinisellä oleva laatikko <em>lisaa_alkio</em> taas funktion parametreja ja muuttujia. Kuten visualisaatio havainnollistaa, funktio viittaa samaan listaan mihin pääohjelmakin viittaa, eli funktiossa listalle tehtävät muutokset näkyvät pääohjelmaan.</p><p>Toinen tapa olisi luoda uusi lista ja palauttaa se:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_alkio</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    uusi_alkio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\n    kopio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    kopio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>uusi_alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> kopio\n\nluvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nluvut2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lisaa_alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Alkuperäinen lista:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Uusi lista:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luvut2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Alkuperäinen lista: [1, 2, 3]\nUusi lista: [1, 2, 3, 10]</p></sample-output><p>Jos et ole 100% varma mitä koodissa tapahtuu, käy sen toiminta läpi visualisaattorilla!</p><h2 id=\"parametrina-olevan-listan-muokkaaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Parametrina olevan listan muokkaaminen<a href=\"#parametrina-olevan-listan-muokkaaminen\" aria-label=\"parametrina olevan listan muokkaaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraavassa on yritys tehdä funktio, joka kasvattaa parametrina saamansa listan jokaista alkiota kymmenellä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kasvata_kaikkia</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    uusilista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        uusilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> uusilista\n\nluvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"alussa \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkasvata_kaikkia<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"funktion jälkeen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>alussa: [1, 2, 3]\nfunktion jälkeen: [1, 2, 3]</p></sample-output><p>Jostain syystä funktio ei kuitenkaan näytä toimivan. Mistä on kyse?</p><p>Funktiolle on välitetty parametrina <em>viite</em> muutettavaan listaan. Sijoitus <code class=\"language-text\">lista = uusilista</code> saa aikaan sen, että parametriin talletettu viite muuttaa arvoaan funktion sisällä eli se alkaa viitata funktion sisällä luotuun uuteen listaan. Sijoitus ei kuitenkaan vaikuta funktion ulkopuolelle, siellä viitataan edelleen alkuperäiseen listaan.</p><p>Seuraava kuvasarja havainnollistaa, mihin eri muuttujat viittaavat ohjelman suorituksen aikana:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 442px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/1dd6dd7dab6b2cff3cdbe11741d2b26a/e03bf/5_2_6.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 157.82608695652175%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/1dd6dd7dab6b2cff3cdbe11741d2b26a/a0b58/5_2_6.webp 230w,\n/static/1dd6dd7dab6b2cff3cdbe11741d2b26a/3fa5c/5_2_6.webp 442w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 442px) 100vw, 442px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/1dd6dd7dab6b2cff3cdbe11741d2b26a/81c8e/5_2_6.png 230w,\n/static/1dd6dd7dab6b2cff3cdbe11741d2b26a/e03bf/5_2_6.png 442w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 442px) 100vw, 442px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/1dd6dd7dab6b2cff3cdbe11741d2b26a/e03bf/5_2_6.png\" alt=\"5 2 6\" title=\"5 2 6\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Funktion sisällä muutettu lista siis \"kadotetaan\" kun funktiosta palataan, ja muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">luvut</code> viittaa koko ajan alkuperäiseen listaan.</p><p>Visualisaattori on tässäkin tapauksessa ystävä: se näyttää selkeästi, miten funktio ei koske alkuperäiseen listaan ollenkaan vaan luo uuden listan, johon muutokset tehdään:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/75d3b/5_2_4d.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 41.30434782608695%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/a0b58/5_2_4d.webp 230w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/bc10c/5_2_4d.webp 460w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/966d8/5_2_4d.webp 920w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/445df/5_2_4d.webp 1380w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/78de1/5_2_4d.webp 1840w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/ee81e/5_2_4d.webp 1966w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/81c8e/5_2_4d.png 230w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/08a84/5_2_4d.png 460w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/c0255/5_2_4d.png 920w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/b1001/5_2_4d.png 1380w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/161ec/5_2_4d.png 1840w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/75d3b/5_2_4d.png 1966w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/c0255/5_2_4d.png\" alt=\"5 2 4d\" title=\"5 2 4d\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Yksi tapa korjata ongelma on kopioida uuden listan kaikki alkiot takaisin vanhaan listaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kasvata_kaikkia</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    uusilista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        uusilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># kopioidaan vanhaan listaan uuden listan arvot</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> uusilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Pythonissa on olemassa myös ovela tapa sijoittaa monta alkiota kerrallaan listaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> lista\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkissä siis sijoitetaan \"osalistaan\" eli listan kohtiin 1 ja 2 taulukollinen alkioita.</p><p>Osalistaksi voidaan myös valita koko lista:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">99</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">98</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">97</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> lista\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">99</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">98</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">97</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Eli näin tulee korvatuksi koko vanhan listan sisältö. Siispä eräs toimiva versio funktiosta näyttää seuraavalta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kasvata_kaikkia</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    uusilista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        uusilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> uusilista</code></pre></div><p>...tai ilman listan kopiontia yksinkertaisesti sijoittamalla uudet arvot heti vanhaan listaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kasvata_kaikkia</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\n</code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Alkiot tuplana' tmcname='osa05-06a_alkiot_tuplana'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">tuplaa_alkiot(luvut: list)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen lukuja sisältävän listan.</p><p>Funktio palauttaa uuden listan, jossa alkuperäisen listan alkiot on kerrottu kahdella. Funkto <em>ei</em> saa muuttaa alkuperäistä listaa.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    tuplaluvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tuplaa_alkiot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"alkuperäinen:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tuplattu:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tuplaluvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>alkuperäinen: [2, 4, 5, 3, 11, -4]\ntuplattu: [4, 8, 10, 6, 22, -8]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Poista pienin' tmcname='osa05-06b_poista_pienin'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">poista_pienin(luvut: list)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen lukuja sisältävän listan.</p><p>Funktio etsii ja poistaa listasta pienimmän alkion. Voit olettaa, että pienin alkio esiintyy listassa vain kerran.</p><p>Funktio ei siis palauta mitään, vaan muokkaa parametrinaan saamaansa listaa!</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    poista_pienin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[2, 4, 6, 3, 5]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Sudoku: ruudukon tulostus ja luvun lisäys' tmcname='osa05-07_sudoku_osa5'><p>Tässä tehtävässä toteutetaan vielä kaksi funktiota sudokua varten: <code class=\"language-text\">tulosta</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">lisays</code>.</p><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">tulosta</code> saa parametriksi sudokuruudukkoa esittävän kaksiulotteisen listan ja tulostaa sen alla olevan esimerkkitulostuksen mukaisessa muodossa.</p><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lisays(sudoku: list, rivi_nro: int, sarake_nro: int, luku:int)</code> saa parametriksi sudokuruudukkoa esittävän kaksiulotteisen listan, rivi- ja sarakenumerot sekä luvun väliltä 1–9. Funktio lisää luvun parametrien ilmoittamaan kohtaan sudokuruudukkoa.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sudoku  <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kolme numeroa lisätty:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\nKolme numeroa lisätty:\n\n2 _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ 7  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ 3 _\n\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n</pre></sample-output><p><strong>Vihje</strong></p><p>Saatat tässä tehtävässä hyötyä siitä, että <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komentoa on mahdollista käyttää myös siten, että se ei aiheuta rivinvaihtoa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"merkkejä \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> end<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ilman välejä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> end<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>merkkejä ilman välejä</p></sample-output><p>Joskus taas tarvitaan pelkkää rivinvaihtoa, ja se onnistuu seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Sudoku: luvun lisäys ruudukon kopioon' tmcname='osa05-08_sudoku_osa6'><p>Viimeisessä sudokua käsittelevässä tehtävässä toteutetaan hieman erilainen versio funktiosta, jonka avulla sudokuruudukkoon lisätään uusia lukuja.</p><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kopioi_ja_lisaa(sudoku: list, rivi_nro: int, sarake_nro: int, luku:int)</code> saa parametreikseen sudokuruudukkoa esittävän kaksiulotteisen listan, rivinumeron, sarakenumeron sekä luvun väliltä 1–9. Funktio <em>palauttaa</em> parametrina saadusta sudokuruudukosta <em>kopion</em>, johon on lisätty parametrina saatu luku parametrina saatuun sijaintiin sijoitettuna. Funktio <em>ei saa muuttaa</em> parametrina annettua sudokuruudukkoa.</p><p>Seuraavassa on edellisen tehtävän funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">tulosta</code> hyödyntävä käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sudoku  <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nkopio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kopioi_ja_lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Alkuperäinen:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kopio:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kopio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\nAlkuperäinen:\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\nKopio:\n2 _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n</pre></sample-output><p><strong>Vihje</strong> tässä tehtävässä pitää olla tarkkana mitä kaikkea tulee kopioida, ja mihin lisäys lopulta kohdistuu. Kuten yleensäkin, <a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">visualisaattori</a> auttaa myös nyt. Sudokuruudukon koon takia näkymä tosin on hieman normaalia sekavampi.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Ristinolla' tmcname='osa05-09_ristinolla'><p>Ristinollaa pelataan 3 x 3 -kokoisella ruudukolla, johon pelaajat merkitsevät vuorotellen ristin tai nollan. Pelin voittaa se pelaaja, joka saa ensimmäisenä kolme merkkiä pystyyn, vaakaan tai kulmittain. Peli päättyy tasapeliin, jos kumpikaan pelaaja ei saa kolmen sarjaa.</p><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pelaa_siirto(lauta: list, x: int, y: int, nappula: str)</code>, jossa sijoitetaan annettu pelinappula annettuihin koordinaatteihin pelilaudalla. Koordinaattien arvot ovat väliltä 0..2.</p><p><strong>Huomaa</strong> että tässä tehtävässä parametrit ovat eri päin kuin sudokussa, ensin annetaan saraketta kuvaava <code class=\"language-text\">x</code> ja sen jälkeen riviä kuvaava <code class=\"language-text\">y</code>.</p><p>Pelilauta koostuu merkkijonoista seuraavasti:</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">\"\"</code>: tyhjä ruutu</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">\"X\"</code>: pelaajan 1 merkki</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">\"O\"</code>: pelaajan 2 merkki</li>\n</ul><p>Funktio palauttaa arvon <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, jos nappula saatiin sijoitettua laudalle (eli jos paikka oli tyhjä), ja arvon <code class=\"language-text\">False</code>, jos paikka oli varattu TAI jos koordinaatin arvo oli liian pieni tai suuri (eli ei väliltä 0..2).</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lauta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pelaa_siirto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lauta<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"X\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lauta<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>True\n[['', '', 'X'], ['', '', ''], ['', '', '']]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Matriisin kääntö' tmcname='osa05-10_matriisin_kaanto'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">transponoi(matriisi: list)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen kaksiulotteisen kokonaislukuja sisältävän taulukon eli matriisin. Funktio <em>transponoi</em> matriisin eli muuntaa rivit sarakkeiksi ja päinvastoin.</p><p>Voit olettaa, että matriisissa on yhtä monta riviä kuin sarakettakin (eli matriisi on <em>neliömatriisi</em>).</p><p>Esimerkiksi matriisista</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token number\">1</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">4</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">7</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span></code></pre></div><p>tulisi transponoinnin jälkeen tällainen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token number\">1</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">3</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktio ei palauta mitään, vaan muokkaa parametrinaan saamaansa matriisia.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"funktioiden-sivuvaikutukset\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktioiden sivuvaikutukset<a href=\"#funktioiden-sivuvaikutukset\" aria-label=\"funktioiden sivuvaikutukset permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Koska funktio saa parametrinaan viittauksen listaan, se voi muuttaa tätä listaa. Jos funktion varsinaisena tarkoituksena ei ole muuttaa listaa, muutokset voivat aiheuttaa ongelmia toisaalla ohjelmassa.</p><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä funktiota, jonka tarkoituksena on etsiä listan toiseksi pienin alkio:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">toiseksi_pienin</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># järjestetyn listan toiseksi pienin alkio on kohdassa 1</span>\n    lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sort<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nluvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>toiseksi_pienin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output>\n2\n[1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7]\n</sample-output><p>Funktio kyllä etsii ja löytää toiseksi pienimmän alkion, mutta sen lisäksi se muuttaa listan alkioiden järjestyksen. Jos järjestyksellä on merkitystä muualla ohjelmassa, funktion kutsuminen voi aiheuttaa virheitä. Esimerkin kaltaista muutosta viittauksena saatuun olioon kutsutaan funktion <em>sivuvaikutukseksi</em>.</p><p>Voimme toteuttaa funktion ilman sivuvaikutuksia näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">toiseksi_pienin</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    kopio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> kopio<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nluvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>toiseksi_pienin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2\n[1, 4, 2, 5, 3, 6, 4, 7]</p></sample-output><p>Koska funktio <code class=\"language-text\">sorted</code> palauttaa uuden järjestetyn listan, toiseksi pienimmän alkion etsiminen ei enää sotke listan alkuperäistä järjestystä.</p><p>Usein pidetään hyvänä asiana, että funktiot eivät aiheuta sivuvaikutuksia, sillä sivuvaikutukset voivat hankaloittaa ohjelmien toimivuuden varmistamista.</p><p>Sivuvaikutuksettomia funktioita kutsutaan myös <em>puhtaiksi funktioiksi</em> ja erityisesti funktionaalista ohjelmointityyliä käytettäessä funktiot pyritään rakentamaan näin. Palaamme aiheeseen tarkemmin <em>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssilla</em>.</p><div><quiz id=\"c978cb03-cb95-52a3-b122-2cc9ddf8a552\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-5/2-viittaukset","title":"Viittaukset"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-5/2-viittaukset.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7]\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Funktio kyllä etsii ja löytää toiseksi pienimmän alkion, mutta sen lisäksi se muuttaa listan alkioiden järjestyksen. Jos järjestyksellä on merkitystä muualla ohjelmassa, funktion kutsuminen voi aiheuttaa virheitä. Esimerkin kaltaista muutosta viittauksena saatuun olioon kutsutaan funktion "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"sivuvaikutukseksi"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Voimme toteuttaa funktion ilman sivuvaikutuksia näin:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"def"}]},{"type":"text","value":" 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kopio"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\nluvut "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" 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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"7"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"toiseksi_pienin"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"luvut"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"luvut"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2\n[1, 4, 2, 5, 3, 6, 4, 7]"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Koska funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"sorted"}]},{"type":"text","value":" palauttaa uuden järjestetyn listan, toiseksi pienimmän alkion etsiminen ei enää sotke listan alkuperäistä järjestystä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Usein pidetään hyvänä asiana, että funktiot eivät aiheuta sivuvaikutuksia, sillä sivuvaikutukset voivat hankaloittaa ohjelmien toimivuuden varmistamista."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sivuvaikutuksettomia funktioita kutsutaan myös "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"puhtaiksi funktioiksi"}]},{"type":"text","value":" ja erityisesti funktionaalista ohjelmointityyliä käytettäessä funktiot pyritään rakentamaan näin. Palaamme aiheeseen tarkemmin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssilla"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"c978cb03-cb95-52a3-b122-2cc9ddf8a552"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä tarkoitetaan viittaustyyppisellä muuttujalla</li>\n<li>Tiedät, että samaan olioon voi olla useampia viittauksia</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää listoja funktioiden parametreina</li>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä tarkoitetaan funktion sivuvaikutuksella</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Olemme tähän asti ajatelleet, että muuttuja on eräänlainen \"laatikko\", joka sisältää muuttujan arvon. Teknisesti ottaen tämä ei pidä paikkaansa Pythonissa: muuttujat eivät sisällä arvoa vaan ne <em>viittaavat</em> arvona olevaan <em>olioon</em>, kuten lukuun, merkkijonoon tai listaan.</p><p>Käytännössä tämä tarkoittaa, että muuttujaan <em>ei tallenneta</em> arvoa, vaan tieto siitä paikasta, mistä muuttujan arvo löytyy.</p><p>Viittausta voidaan kuvata nuolena muuttujasta sen varsinaiseen arvoon:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 261px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/8687855d3e59d8151e4fce49ec9669b0/edf96/5_2_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 30.869565217391305%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAGCAYAAADDl76dAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAA1ElEQVQY041ROQ6EQAyb7/MBfsA/aCgoEHQcDQ2XOMQlxI1XzgqKbdhIljzJ2JNk1DiOKIoCdV1jnmfEcYymaZBlmSBJEjDO88R1Xa9Qx3FgWRYRMUHTaZoE5Kwx/2+om7yJ+AA7b9tWprl5VVXCu66TiaRDgoY3v8FI0xR93z8idlyWpRhxAtaZZ5imCUXXKIpkj77vCyeCIECe59A0Dbquyw7XdX0m4e750L7vgm3b4Lrut0MeeJGiXwzDIAb8LM/zEIYhbNuG4zjCLcuSPOuGYeADgRnJTrwaxUwAAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8687855d3e59d8151e4fce49ec9669b0/a0b58/5_2_1.webp 230w,\n/static/8687855d3e59d8151e4fce49ec9669b0/ad293/5_2_1.webp 261w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 261px) 100vw, 261px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8687855d3e59d8151e4fce49ec9669b0/81c8e/5_2_1.png 230w,\n/static/8687855d3e59d8151e4fce49ec9669b0/edf96/5_2_1.png 261w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 261px) 100vw, 261px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/8687855d3e59d8151e4fce49ec9669b0/edf96/5_2_1.png\" alt=\"5 2 1\" title=\"5 2 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Viittaus siis kertoo, mistä varsinainen arvo löytyy. Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">id</code> kertoo, mihin muuttuja viittaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">a <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">id</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nb <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Tämäkin on viittaus\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">id</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>4538357072\n4537788912</p></sample-output><p>Viittaus eli muuttujan id on kokonaisluku, jonka voi ajatella olevan muuttujan arvon sijainnin osoite tietokoneen muistissa. Huomaa, että jos suoritat yllä olevan koodin omalla koneellasi, tulos on luultavasti erilainen, koska muuttujilla on eri viitteet.</p><p>Kuten jo <a href=\"/osa-5/1-lisaa-listoja#sisakkaisia-listoja-kayttavan-koodin-visualisointi\">edellisen osan</a> esimerkistä näimme, Python Tutorin visualisaattori näyttää viitteet \"nuolina\" varsinaiseen sisältöön. Visualisaattori kuitenkin \"huijaa\" merkkijonojen tapauksessa ja näyttää ne ikään kuin merkkijonon sisältö olisi tallennettu muuttujan sisälle:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/94cea/5_2_1a.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 29.565217391304348%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAGCAIAAABM9SnKAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAA2klEQVQY00VQ207EIBDt//+ZzxoT48boBsEs2wKlMMBcMFLbPQ/nYeZcMjP1f0jvnYhDiBkKsxzzTkRhYNs2GCAiZhaR6RQx87yE67e18yryMCPiPM/OeQBgZiKSASI6zCKQkzFaqS+AlNJWaz02jyCAzEyttZyrSJ/2GEbEAj7Eq7J3F1trxLwbakNjw8999bHdfK7IUHLKtvcyRbcsi3POneqzkEdnyvXlYp7f9dunff24xUxQVx+eAC4TIRIRIhpjtNaDtFLKey/y9whmqZWgVCgtl7ZfsfMv95hb032qZjcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/a0b58/5_2_1a.webp 230w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/bc10c/5_2_1a.webp 460w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/966d8/5_2_1a.webp 920w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/445df/5_2_1a.webp 1380w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/78de1/5_2_1a.webp 1840w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/0dc73/5_2_1a.webp 1940w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/81c8e/5_2_1a.png 230w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/08a84/5_2_1a.png 460w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/c0255/5_2_1a.png 920w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/b1001/5_2_1a.png 1380w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/161ec/5_2_1a.png 1840w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/94cea/5_2_1a.png 1940w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/c0255/5_2_1a.png\" alt=\"5 2 1a\" title=\"5 2 1a\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Näin ei kuitaan ole todellisuudessa, vaan merkkijonotkin käsitellään Pythonin sisäisissä rakenteissa samaan tapaan kuin listat.</p><p>Monet Pythonin sisäänrakennetut tyypit, kuten <code class=\"language-text\">str</code>, ovat <em>muuttumattomia</em>. Tämä tarkoittaa, että olion arvo ei voi koskaan muuttua. Sen sijaan arvo voidaan korvata uudella arvolla:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 281px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/e24d125e0a5ab22b6d68096ab4edaa6d/6b1e2/5_2_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 85.65217391304348%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/e24d125e0a5ab22b6d68096ab4edaa6d/a0b58/5_2_2.webp 230w,\n/static/e24d125e0a5ab22b6d68096ab4edaa6d/f44a8/5_2_2.webp 281w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 281px) 100vw, 281px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/e24d125e0a5ab22b6d68096ab4edaa6d/81c8e/5_2_2.png 230w,\n/static/e24d125e0a5ab22b6d68096ab4edaa6d/6b1e2/5_2_2.png 281w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 281px) 100vw, 281px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/e24d125e0a5ab22b6d68096ab4edaa6d/6b1e2/5_2_2.png\" alt=\"5 2 2\" title=\"5 2 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Pythonissa on myös tyyppejä, jotka ovat muuttuvia. Esimerkiksi listan sisältö voi muuttua ilman, että tarvitsee luoda kokonaan uusi lista:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 271px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/5fce1/5_2_3.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 70.43478260869564%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/a0b58/5_2_3.webp 230w,\n/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/cadab/5_2_3.webp 271w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 271px) 100vw, 271px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/81c8e/5_2_3.png 230w,\n/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/5fce1/5_2_3.png 271w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 271px) 100vw, 271px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/5fce1/5_2_3.png\" alt=\"5 2 3\" title=\"5 2 3\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Hieman yllättäen myös lukuja ja totuusarvoja edustavat perustietotyypit <code class=\"language-text\">int</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">float</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">bool</code> ovat muuttumattomia. Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä seuraavaa koodia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span></code></pre></div><p>Vaikka vaikuttaa siltä, että koodi muuttaa lukua, teknisesti ottaen ei näin ole, vaan jokainen komento luo uuden luvun.</p><p>Seuraavan ohjelman tulostus on mielenkiintoinen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">id</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">id</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\na <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">id</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>4535856912\n4535856944\n4535856912</p></sample-output><p>Aluksi muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">luku</code> viittaa paikkaan 4535856912, ja kun muuttujan arvo muuttuu, se alkaa viitata paikkaan 4535856944. Kun muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">a</code> sijoitetaan arvo 1, se alkaa viitata samaan paikkaan kuin mihin <code class=\"language-text\">luku</code> viittasi, kun sen arvo oli 1.</p><p>Vaikuttaakin siltä, että Python on tallentanut luvun 1 paikkaan 4535856912 ja aina kun jonkin muuttujan arvona on 1, muuttuja <em>viittaa</em> tuohon paikkaan \"tietokoneen muistissa\".</p><p>Vaikka perustietotyypit <code class=\"language-text\">int</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">float</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">bool</code> ovat viittauksia, ohjelmoijan ei oikeastaan tarvitse välittää asiasta.</p><h2 id=\"useampi-viittaus-samaan-listaan\" style=\"position:relative;\">Useampi viittaus samaan listaan<a href=\"#useampi-viittaus-samaan-listaan\" aria-label=\"useampi viittaus samaan listaan permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä listamuuttujan arvon kopiointia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">a <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nb <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> a\nb<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span></code></pre></div><p>Sijoitus <code class=\"language-text\">b = a</code> kopioi muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">a</code> arvon muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">b</code>. On tärkeä kuitenkin huomata, että muuttujan arvona <em>ei ole lista</em> vaan <em>viittaus listaan</em>.</p><p>Sijoitus <code class=\"language-text\">b = a</code> siis kopioi viittauksen, minkä seurauksena kopioinnin jälkeen samaan listaan on kaksi viittausta:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 271px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/73c7fae5118d6e5b03c576f1a9d14c3f/5fce1/5_2_4.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 129.99999999999997%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/73c7fae5118d6e5b03c576f1a9d14c3f/a0b58/5_2_4.webp 230w,\n/static/73c7fae5118d6e5b03c576f1a9d14c3f/cadab/5_2_4.webp 271w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 271px) 100vw, 271px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/73c7fae5118d6e5b03c576f1a9d14c3f/81c8e/5_2_4.png 230w,\n/static/73c7fae5118d6e5b03c576f1a9d14c3f/5fce1/5_2_4.png 271w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 271px) 100vw, 271px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/73c7fae5118d6e5b03c576f1a9d14c3f/5fce1/5_2_4.png\" alt=\"5 2 4\" title=\"5 2 4\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Listaa voidaan käsitellä kumman tahansa viittauksen avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nlista2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lista\n\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\nlista2<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[10, 20, 3, 4]\n[10, 20, 3, 4]</p></sample-output><p>Mikäli samaan listaan on useampia viittauksia, sitä voidaan käsitellä minkä tahansa viittauksen kautta samalla tavalla. Toisaalta yhden viittauksen kautta tehtävä muutos heijastuu myös muihin viittauksiin.</p><p>Visualisaattori näyttää jälleen selkeästi mitä ohjelmassa tapahtuu:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/c6720/5_2_4a.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 32.608695652173914%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAHCAIAAACHqfpvAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAA30lEQVQY03WQwW7DIAyG8/7vtcsm7bLTTu0ydQmFMMC4CWCbKUyjUaV9Bw6WP/4fhnogpew95FyOQxEBgBBCjPHWSClxY+hLRDR+qtM4T8qu68rMfT5Ns1JXACh/iMij7J1DjIhIRCLSk9u5R4lwzvk3lojuMjMbs2htELGb+6XMLuDXbCDeiOjb2Vq51n3hLqecrF2M0Yjx+OZC/D4uz2/niwbcNutevX+K8UUEB9nLCDGXUpRxp/G62NDb7o1EXEwfFx3X3DJg21zOQYQHa60xxnvfhEpcWerDb9d/+AGpwZhBrvAmDQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/a0b58/5_2_4a.webp 230w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/bc10c/5_2_4a.webp 460w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/966d8/5_2_4a.webp 920w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/445df/5_2_4a.webp 1380w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/78de1/5_2_4a.webp 1840w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/da98d/5_2_4a.webp 1922w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/81c8e/5_2_4a.png 230w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/08a84/5_2_4a.png 460w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/c0255/5_2_4a.png 920w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/b1001/5_2_4a.png 1380w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/161ec/5_2_4a.png 1840w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/c6720/5_2_4a.png 1922w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/c0255/5_2_4a.png\" alt=\"5 2 4a\" title=\"5 2 4a\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><h2 id=\"listan-kopiointi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Listan kopiointi<a href=\"#listan-kopiointi\" aria-label=\"listan kopiointi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos haluamme tehdä listasta erillisen kopion, voimme luoda uuden listan ja lisätä siihen jokaisen aluperäisen listan alkion:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nkopio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    kopio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkopio<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\nkopio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"lista\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"kopio\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kopio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>lista [1, 2, 3, 3, 5]\nkopio [10, 2, 3, 3, 5, 6]</p></sample-output><p>Visualisaattorilla tarkastellen kopiointi näyttää seuraavalta:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/e431d/5_2_4b.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 43.04347826086957%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAJCAIAAAC9o5sfAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAABGElEQVQoz32RzW7DIBCE/f4v1kY99NBTFFWtZMcQ29iADRjvD5WhcXJpPyEOLLM7mq3SHeZkZzdOFpDSEwDg7vgMAFCmOj45H1qpWjlqs4Tgmbm8bxlALBpEJCJmBoCHeJ6ttQZgI0RAfHLEef7GzDFuMW5ETMSImMWcKK5uWW5dd+s6KW/GmEPsQ5S9/q4FIjm3OG9Sgny4OnpP09Q0zfV6XZalGCu+rYsfF/F+blwkF5S1J61frH1lXh+2lVJ13Qgh+r4fxzEb2gkRL3V//pIR2IXZhxpgINr2yQB7EiUGpb3SPqxwpFV8MTPRvoIQtDFv6/pZStU4TcMweO9TSnsD+hXyE+kPqlJTSrVtK6UstxDiWOY/4h8FSwu1d8EohwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/a0b58/5_2_4b.webp 230w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/bc10c/5_2_4b.webp 460w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/966d8/5_2_4b.webp 920w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/445df/5_2_4b.webp 1380w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/78de1/5_2_4b.webp 1840w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/609ff/5_2_4b.webp 1882w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/81c8e/5_2_4b.png 230w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/08a84/5_2_4b.png 460w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/c0255/5_2_4b.png 920w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/b1001/5_2_4b.png 1380w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/161ec/5_2_4b.png 1840w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/e431d/5_2_4b.png 1882w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/c0255/5_2_4b.png\" alt=\"5 2 4b\" title=\"5 2 4b\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">kopio</code> siis viittaa nyt eri listaan kuin muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">lista</code>.</p><p>Helpompi tapa listan kopioimiseen on hyödyntää <code class=\"language-text\">[]</code>-operaattoria, johon tutustuimme aiemmin kurssilla. Merkintä <code class=\"language-text\">[:]</code> tarkoittaa, että listalta valitaan kaikki alkiot, ja tämän sivuvaikutuksena syntyy kopio listasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nkopio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\nkopio<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kopio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[10, 2, 3, 4]\n[1, 20, 3, 4]</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"lista-funktion-parametrina\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lista funktion parametrina<a href=\"#lista-funktion-parametrina\" aria-label=\"lista funktion parametrina permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kun lista välitetään parametrina funktiolle, välitetään viittaus listaan. Tämä tarkoittaa, että funktio voi muuttaa parametrinaan saamaansa listaa.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava funktio lisää uuden alkion parametrinaan saamaansa listaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_alkio</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    uusi_alkio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\n    lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>uusi_alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nlista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output>\n[1, 2, 3]\n[1, 2, 3, 10]\n</sample-output><p>Huomaa, että funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_alkio</code> ei palauta mitään, vaan muuttaa parametrinaan saamaansa listaa.</p><p>Visualisaattori havainnollistaa tilanteen seuraavasti:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/764d0/5_2_4c.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 35.65217391304348%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAHCAIAAACHqfpvAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAA+UlEQVQY01WO226DMBAF+f9/62P7UFVKq0BCMdgLOOs1e6sITdTO45FGZxp/oKZY6NwN5y6UUlXVzNzdzOZ5jjHmnG93aq1mJiLNYZrqVimm1Lbd5dqP47Qui6oespnpHXcXkWNh5ofMzERrXodhiDGWUojo+WxmtVZEVFUAEOFjbJ7ZiNh1bd9fc17dzf8AAG3bIqK7r+st54KIe7Y9ICKA+dJPMWVmOSKPZ2aBeaFaN1ZYPhDfVIu7NzhDShBjJCJ3Z/GNj95fzP3UTS+vX21YVK1QX8rJrO6ybBsziwgAjGOIcZqmMYSQUlJVkT3hOi7vn98hrf6fH4cdljeAKLvbAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/a0b58/5_2_4c.webp 230w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/bc10c/5_2_4c.webp 460w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/966d8/5_2_4c.webp 920w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/445df/5_2_4c.webp 1380w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/78de1/5_2_4c.webp 1840w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/b4500/5_2_4c.webp 1898w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/81c8e/5_2_4c.png 230w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/08a84/5_2_4c.png 460w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/c0255/5_2_4c.png 920w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/b1001/5_2_4c.png 1380w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/161ec/5_2_4c.png 1840w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/764d0/5_2_4c.png 1898w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/c0255/5_2_4c.png\" alt=\"5 2 4c\" title=\"5 2 4c\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p><em>Global frame</em> tarkoittaa pääohjelman muuttujia ja sinisellä oleva laatikko <em>lisaa_alkio</em> taas funktion parametreja ja muuttujia. Kuten visualisaatio havainnollistaa, funktio viittaa samaan listaan mihin pääohjelmakin viittaa, eli funktiossa listalle tehtävät muutokset näkyvät pääohjelmaan.</p><p>Toinen tapa olisi luoda uusi lista ja palauttaa se:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_alkio</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    uusi_alkio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\n    kopio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    kopio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>uusi_alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> kopio\n\nluvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nluvut2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lisaa_alkio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Alkuperäinen lista:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Uusi lista:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luvut2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Alkuperäinen lista: [1, 2, 3]\nUusi lista: [1, 2, 3, 10]</p></sample-output><p>Jos et ole 100% varma mitä koodissa tapahtuu, käy sen toiminta läpi visualisaattorilla!</p><h2 id=\"parametrina-olevan-listan-muokkaaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Parametrina olevan listan muokkaaminen<a href=\"#parametrina-olevan-listan-muokkaaminen\" aria-label=\"parametrina olevan listan muokkaaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraavassa on yritys tehdä funktio, joka kasvattaa parametrina saamansa listan jokaista alkiota kymmenellä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kasvata_kaikkia</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    uusilista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        uusilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> uusilista\n\nluvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"alussa \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkasvata_kaikkia<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"funktion jälkeen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>alussa: [1, 2, 3]\nfunktion jälkeen: [1, 2, 3]</p></sample-output><p>Jostain syystä funktio ei kuitenkaan näytä toimivan. Mistä on kyse?</p><p>Funktiolle on välitetty parametrina <em>viite</em> muutettavaan listaan. Sijoitus <code class=\"language-text\">lista = uusilista</code> saa aikaan sen, että parametriin talletettu viite muuttaa arvoaan funktion sisällä eli se alkaa viitata funktion sisällä luotuun uuteen listaan. Sijoitus ei kuitenkaan vaikuta funktion ulkopuolelle, siellä viitataan edelleen alkuperäiseen listaan.</p><p>Seuraava kuvasarja havainnollistaa, mihin eri muuttujat viittaavat ohjelman suorituksen aikana:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 442px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/1dd6dd7dab6b2cff3cdbe11741d2b26a/e03bf/5_2_6.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 157.82608695652175%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/1dd6dd7dab6b2cff3cdbe11741d2b26a/a0b58/5_2_6.webp 230w,\n/static/1dd6dd7dab6b2cff3cdbe11741d2b26a/3fa5c/5_2_6.webp 442w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 442px) 100vw, 442px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/1dd6dd7dab6b2cff3cdbe11741d2b26a/81c8e/5_2_6.png 230w,\n/static/1dd6dd7dab6b2cff3cdbe11741d2b26a/e03bf/5_2_6.png 442w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 442px) 100vw, 442px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/1dd6dd7dab6b2cff3cdbe11741d2b26a/e03bf/5_2_6.png\" alt=\"5 2 6\" title=\"5 2 6\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Funktion sisällä muutettu lista siis \"kadotetaan\" kun funktiosta palataan, ja muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">luvut</code> viittaa koko ajan alkuperäiseen listaan.</p><p>Visualisaattori on tässäkin tapauksessa ystävä: se näyttää selkeästi, miten funktio ei koske alkuperäiseen listaan ollenkaan vaan luo uuden listan, johon muutokset tehdään:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/75d3b/5_2_4d.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 41.30434782608695%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/a0b58/5_2_4d.webp 230w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/bc10c/5_2_4d.webp 460w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/966d8/5_2_4d.webp 920w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/445df/5_2_4d.webp 1380w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/78de1/5_2_4d.webp 1840w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/ee81e/5_2_4d.webp 1966w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/81c8e/5_2_4d.png 230w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/08a84/5_2_4d.png 460w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/c0255/5_2_4d.png 920w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/b1001/5_2_4d.png 1380w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/161ec/5_2_4d.png 1840w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/75d3b/5_2_4d.png 1966w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/c0255/5_2_4d.png\" alt=\"5 2 4d\" title=\"5 2 4d\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Yksi tapa korjata ongelma on kopioida uuden listan kaikki alkiot takaisin vanhaan listaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kasvata_kaikkia</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    uusilista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        uusilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># kopioidaan vanhaan listaan uuden listan arvot</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> uusilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Pythonissa on olemassa myös ovela tapa sijoittaa monta alkiota kerrallaan listaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> lista\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkissä siis sijoitetaan \"osalistaan\" eli listan kohtiin 1 ja 2 taulukollinen alkioita.</p><p>Osalistaksi voidaan myös valita koko lista:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">99</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">98</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">97</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> lista\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">99</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">98</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">97</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Eli näin tulee korvatuksi koko vanhan listan sisältö. Siispä eräs toimiva versio funktiosta näyttää seuraavalta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kasvata_kaikkia</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    uusilista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> alkio <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        uusilista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>alkio <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> uusilista</code></pre></div><p>...tai ilman listan kopiontia yksinkertaisesti sijoittamalla uudet arvot heti vanhaan listaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kasvata_kaikkia</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\n</code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Alkiot tuplana' tmcname='osa05-06a_alkiot_tuplana'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">tuplaa_alkiot(luvut: list)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen lukuja sisältävän listan.</p><p>Funktio palauttaa uuden listan, jossa alkuperäisen listan alkiot on kerrottu kahdella. Funkto <em>ei</em> saa muuttaa alkuperäistä listaa.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    tuplaluvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tuplaa_alkiot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"alkuperäinen:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tuplattu:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tuplaluvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>alkuperäinen: [2, 4, 5, 3, 11, -4]\ntuplattu: [4, 8, 10, 6, 22, -8]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Poista pienin' tmcname='osa05-06b_poista_pienin'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">poista_pienin(luvut: list)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen lukuja sisältävän listan.</p><p>Funktio etsii ja poistaa listasta pienimmän alkion. Voit olettaa, että pienin alkio esiintyy listassa vain kerran.</p><p>Funktio ei siis palauta mitään, vaan muokkaa parametrinaan saamaansa listaa!</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    poista_pienin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[2, 4, 6, 3, 5]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Sudoku: ruudukon tulostus ja luvun lisäys' tmcname='osa05-07_sudoku_osa5'><p>Tässä tehtävässä toteutetaan vielä kaksi funktiota sudokua varten: <code class=\"language-text\">tulosta</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">lisays</code>.</p><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">tulosta</code> saa parametriksi sudokuruudukkoa esittävän kaksiulotteisen listan ja tulostaa sen alla olevan esimerkkitulostuksen mukaisessa muodossa.</p><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lisays(sudoku: list, rivi_nro: int, sarake_nro: int, luku:int)</code> saa parametriksi sudokuruudukkoa esittävän kaksiulotteisen listan, rivi- ja sarakenumerot sekä luvun väliltä 1–9. Funktio lisää luvun parametrien ilmoittamaan kohtaan sudokuruudukkoa.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sudoku  <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisays<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kolme numeroa lisätty:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\nKolme numeroa lisätty:\n\n2 _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ 7  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ 3 _\n\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n</pre></sample-output><p><strong>Vihje</strong></p><p>Saatat tässä tehtävässä hyötyä siitä, että <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komentoa on mahdollista käyttää myös siten, että se ei aiheuta rivinvaihtoa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"merkkejä \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> end<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ilman välejä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> end<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>merkkejä ilman välejä</p></sample-output><p>Joskus taas tarvitaan pelkkää rivinvaihtoa, ja se onnistuu seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Sudoku: luvun lisäys ruudukon kopioon' tmcname='osa05-08_sudoku_osa6'><p>Viimeisessä sudokua käsittelevässä tehtävässä toteutetaan hieman erilainen versio funktiosta, jonka avulla sudokuruudukkoon lisätään uusia lukuja.</p><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kopioi_ja_lisaa(sudoku: list, rivi_nro: int, sarake_nro: int, luku:int)</code> saa parametreikseen sudokuruudukkoa esittävän kaksiulotteisen listan, rivinumeron, sarakenumeron sekä luvun väliltä 1–9. Funktio <em>palauttaa</em> parametrina saadusta sudokuruudukosta <em>kopion</em>, johon on lisätty parametrina saatu luku parametrina saatuun sijaintiin sijoitettuna. Funktio <em>ei saa muuttaa</em> parametrina annettua sudokuruudukkoa.</p><p>Seuraavassa on edellisen tehtävän funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">tulosta</code> hyödyntävä käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sudoku  <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nkopio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kopioi_ja_lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Alkuperäinen:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kopio:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kopio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\nAlkuperäinen:\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\nKopio:\n2 _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n</pre></sample-output><p><strong>Vihje</strong> tässä tehtävässä pitää olla tarkkana mitä kaikkea tulee kopioida, ja mihin lisäys lopulta kohdistuu. Kuten yleensäkin, <a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">visualisaattori</a> auttaa myös nyt. Sudokuruudukon koon takia näkymä tosin on hieman normaalia sekavampi.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Ristinolla' tmcname='osa05-09_ristinolla'><p>Ristinollaa pelataan 3 x 3 -kokoisella ruudukolla, johon pelaajat merkitsevät vuorotellen ristin tai nollan. Pelin voittaa se pelaaja, joka saa ensimmäisenä kolme merkkiä pystyyn, vaakaan tai kulmittain. Peli päättyy tasapeliin, jos kumpikaan pelaaja ei saa kolmen sarjaa.</p><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pelaa_siirto(lauta: list, x: int, y: int, nappula: str)</code>, jossa sijoitetaan annettu pelinappula annettuihin koordinaatteihin pelilaudalla. Koordinaattien arvot ovat väliltä 0..2.</p><p><strong>Huomaa</strong> että tässä tehtävässä parametrit ovat eri päin kuin sudokussa, ensin annetaan saraketta kuvaava <code class=\"language-text\">x</code> ja sen jälkeen riviä kuvaava <code class=\"language-text\">y</code>.</p><p>Pelilauta koostuu merkkijonoista seuraavasti:</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">\"\"</code>: tyhjä ruutu</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">\"X\"</code>: pelaajan 1 merkki</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">\"O\"</code>: pelaajan 2 merkki</li>\n</ul><p>Funktio palauttaa arvon <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, jos nappula saatiin sijoitettua laudalle (eli jos paikka oli tyhjä), ja arvon <code class=\"language-text\">False</code>, jos paikka oli varattu TAI jos koordinaatin arvo oli liian pieni tai suuri (eli ei väliltä 0..2).</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lauta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pelaa_siirto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lauta<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"X\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lauta<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>True\n[['', '', 'X'], ['', '', ''], ['', '', '']]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Matriisin kääntö' tmcname='osa05-10_matriisin_kaanto'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">transponoi(matriisi: list)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen kaksiulotteisen kokonaislukuja sisältävän taulukon eli matriisin. Funktio <em>transponoi</em> matriisin eli muuntaa rivit sarakkeiksi ja päinvastoin.</p><p>Voit olettaa, että matriisissa on yhtä monta riviä kuin sarakettakin (eli matriisi on <em>neliömatriisi</em>).</p><p>Esimerkiksi matriisista</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token number\">1</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">4</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">7</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span></code></pre></div><p>tulisi transponoinnin jälkeen tällainen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token number\">1</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">3</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktio ei palauta mitään, vaan muokkaa parametrinaan saamaansa matriisia.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"funktioiden-sivuvaikutukset\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktioiden sivuvaikutukset<a href=\"#funktioiden-sivuvaikutukset\" aria-label=\"funktioiden sivuvaikutukset permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Koska funktio saa parametrinaan viittauksen listaan, se voi muuttaa tätä listaa. Jos funktion varsinaisena tarkoituksena ei ole muuttaa listaa, muutokset voivat aiheuttaa ongelmia toisaalla ohjelmassa.</p><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä funktiota, jonka tarkoituksena on etsiä listan toiseksi pienin alkio:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">toiseksi_pienin</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># järjestetyn listan toiseksi pienin alkio on kohdassa 1</span>\n    lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sort<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nluvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>toiseksi_pienin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output>\n2\n[1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7]\n</sample-output><p>Funktio kyllä etsii ja löytää toiseksi pienimmän alkion, mutta sen lisäksi se muuttaa listan alkioiden järjestyksen. Jos järjestyksellä on merkitystä muualla ohjelmassa, funktion kutsuminen voi aiheuttaa virheitä. Esimerkin kaltaista muutosta viittauksena saatuun olioon kutsutaan funktion <em>sivuvaikutukseksi</em>.</p><p>Voimme toteuttaa funktion ilman sivuvaikutuksia näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">toiseksi_pienin</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    kopio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> kopio<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nluvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>toiseksi_pienin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2\n[1, 4, 2, 5, 3, 6, 4, 7]</p></sample-output><p>Koska funktio <code class=\"language-text\">sorted</code> palauttaa uuden järjestetyn listan, toiseksi pienimmän alkion etsiminen ei enää sotke listan alkuperäistä järjestystä.</p><p>Usein pidetään hyvänä asiana, että funktiot eivät aiheuta sivuvaikutuksia, sillä sivuvaikutukset voivat hankaloittaa ohjelmien toimivuuden varmistamista.</p><p>Sivuvaikutuksettomia funktioita kutsutaan myös <em>puhtaiksi funktioiksi</em> ja erityisesti funktionaalista ohjelmointityyliä käytettäessä funktiot pyritään rakentamaan näin. Palaamme aiheeseen tarkemmin <em>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssilla</em>.</p><div><quiz id=\"c978cb03-cb95-52a3-b122-2cc9ddf8a552\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-5/2-viittaukset","title":"Viittaukset"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-5/2-viittaukset.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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Tämä hankaloittaa alkioiden etsimistä listalta: jotta löydämme tietyn alkion, on pahimmassa tapauksessa käytävä läpi koko lista.</p><p>Tutustumme seuraavaksi <em>sanakirjaan</em>, (englanniksi <em>dictionary</em>) joka on listan lisäksi toinen Pythonin perustietorakenne. Sanakirjassa jokainen alkio koostuu <em>avaimesta</em> ja <em>arvosta</em>, ja voimme etsiä ja muuttaa tietoa avaimen perusteella.</p><h2 id=\"sanakirjan-kayttaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Sanakirjan käyttäminen<a href=\"#sanakirjan-kayttaminen\" aria-label=\"sanakirjan kayttaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraava ohjelma näyttää esimerkin sanakirjan käyttämisestä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sanakirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\nsanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"apina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"monkey\"</span>\nsanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"banana\"</span>\nsanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"cembalo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"harpsichord\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"apina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>3\n{'apina': 'monkey', 'banaani': 'banana', 'cembalo': 'harpsichord'}\nmonkey</p></sample-output><p>Merkintä <code class=\"language-text\">{}</code> luo tyhjän sanakirjan, minkä jälkeen voimme lisätä sanakirjaan sisältöä. Tässä tapauksessa lisäämme kolme avainta <code class=\"language-text\">\"apina\"</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">\"banaani\"</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">\"cembalo\"</code>, joita vastaavat arvot <code class=\"language-text\">\"monkey\"</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">\"banana\"</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">\"harpsichord\"</code>. Lopuksi tulostamme koko sanakirjan sisällön ja sitten avaimen <code class=\"language-text\">\"apina\"</code> arvon.</p><p>Voisimme käyttää tätä sanakirjaa vaikka seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna sana: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Käännös:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sanaa ei löytynyt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tässä käytössä on <code class=\"language-text\">in</code>-operaattori, joka sanakirjan tapauksessa tarkastaa, onko siinä tiettyä avainta. Mahdollisia ohjelman tulostuksia:</p><sample-output><p>Anna sana: <strong>apina</strong>\nKäännös: monkey</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna sana: <strong>pöllö</strong>\nSanaa ei löytynyt</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"mita-sanakirjassa-voi-olla\" style=\"position:relative;\">Mitä sanakirjassa voi olla?<a href=\"#mita-sanakirjassa-voi-olla\" aria-label=\"mita sanakirjassa voi olla permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Vaikka tietorakenteen nimi on sanakirja, siinä ei ole usein sanakirjaa vaan jotain muuta tietoa. Esimerkiksi seuraavassa sanakirjassa avaimet ovat merkkijonoja ja arvot ovat kokonaislukuja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tulokset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\ntulokset<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Maija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span>\ntulokset<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Liisa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span>\ntulokset<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kalle\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span></code></pre></div><p>Seuraavassa sanakirjassa puolestaan avaimet ovat kokonaislukuja ja arvot ovat listoja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">listat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\nlistat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nlistat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">42</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nlistat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"avaimista-ja-arvoista\" style=\"position:relative;\">Avaimista ja arvoista<a href=\"#avaimista-ja-arvoista\" aria-label=\"avaimista ja arvoista permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tietty avain voi esiintyä sanakirjassa enintään kerran. Jos asetamme samalle avaimelle uuden arvon, korvaa uusi arvo vanhan arvon:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"suuri\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"big\"</span>\nsanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"suuri\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"large\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"suuri\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>large</p></sample-output><p>Sanakirjan avaimen vaatimuksena on, että sen tulee olla muuttumaton. Tämän vuoksi emme voi käyttää listaa avaimena, koska lista voi muuttua. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi ei toimi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'</p></sample-output><text-box variant=\"hint\" name=\"Hajautustaulu\"><p>Python tallentaa sanakirjan sisällön sisäisesti tietorakenteena nimeltä <em>hajautustaulu</em> (<em>hash table</em>). Ideana on laskea avaimelle <em>hajautusarvo</em> (<em>hash value</em>), jonka avulla määräytyy avaimen paikka muistissa. Yllä oleva virheilmoitus ilmaisee, että listalle ei voida laskea hajautusarvoa, joten se ei kelpaa sanakirjan avaimeksi.</p><p>Kurssilla <em>Tietorakenteet ja algoritmit</em> tutustutaan tarkemmin hajautustauluihin, eli sanakirjojen pellin alla olevaan mekanismiin.</p></text-box><p>Huomaa, että sanakirjassa olevaa avainta vastaavan arvon ei tarvitse olla muuttumaton, vaan voimme tallentaa mitä tahansa tietoa arvoiksi. Sama arvo voi myös esiintyä samassa hakemistossa enemmän kuin yhden kerran.</p><programming-exercise name='Kertaa kymmenen' tmcname='osa05-10b_kertaa_kymmenen'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kertaa_kymmenen(alku: int, loppu: int)</code>, joka muodostaa ja palauttaa uuden sanakirjan. Sanakirjassa on avaimina luvut väliltä <code class=\"language-text\">alku</code>..<code class=\"language-text\">loppu</code>.</p><p>Jokaisen avaimen arvona on avain kerrottuna kymmenellä.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">d <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kertaa_kymmenen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>d<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>{3: 30, 4: 40, 5: 50, 6: 60}</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kertomat' tmcname='osa05-11_kertomat'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kertomat(n: int)</code>, joka palauttaa lukujen 1..<code class=\"language-text\">n</code> kertomat sanakirjassa siten, että luku on avain ja luvun kertoma arvo, johon avain viittaa.</p><p>Muistutuksena: luvun <code class=\"language-text\">n</code> kertoma <code class=\"language-text\">n</code>! lasketaan kertomalla luku kaikilla itseään pienemmillä positiivisilla kokonaisluvuilla. Luvun 4 kertoma on siis 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 = 24.</p><p>Esimerkki käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">k <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kertomat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1\n6\n120</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"sanakirjan-lapikaynti\" style=\"position:relative;\">Sanakirjan läpikäynti<a href=\"#sanakirjan-lapikaynti\" aria-label=\"sanakirjan lapikaynti permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Sanakirjan läpikäyntiin voidaan käyttää tuttuun tapaan <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukkaa. Rakenne <code class=\"language-text\">for avain in sanakirja</code> käy läpi kaikki sanakirjan avaimet yksi kerrallaan. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi tulostaa kaikki sanakirjan avaimet ja niiden arvot:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sanakirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\nsanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"apina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"monkey\"</span>\nsanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"banana\"</span>\nsanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"cembalo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"harpsichord\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> avain <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"avain:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> avain<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"arvo:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>avain<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>avain: apina\narvo: monkey\navain: banaani\narvo: banana\navain: cembalo\narvo: harpsichord</p></sample-output><p>Python tarjoaa myös mahdollisuuden käydä läpi samaan aikaan sekä avaimet että vastaavat arvot. Tämä onnistuu käyttämällä <code class=\"language-text\">items</code>-metodia, joka palauttaa kaikki avaimet ja arvot yksi kerrallaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> avain<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvo <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>items<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"avain:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> avain<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"arvo:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Huomaa, että läpikäynnissä avaimet tulevat samassa järjestyksessä kuin ne on lisätty sanakirjaan. Sanakirjan avainten järjestyksellä ei kuitenkaan yleensä ole merkitystä sovelluksissa.</p><h2 id=\"sanakirjan-edistyneempi-kaytto\" style=\"position:relative;\">Sanakirjan edistyneempi käyttö<a href=\"#sanakirjan-edistyneempi-kaytto\" aria-label=\"sanakirjan edistyneempi kaytto permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tarkastellaan tilannetta, jossa listassa on joukko sanoja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sanalista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n  <span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"maito\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"olut\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"juusto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"piimä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"mehu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"makkara\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token string\">\"tomaatti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kurkku\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"voi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"margariini\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"juusto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"makkara\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token string\">\"olut\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"piimä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"piimä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"voi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"olut\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"suklaa\"</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Haluamme analysoida sanalistaa eri tavoin, kuten selvittää, montako kertaa kukin sana listalla esiintyy.</p><p>Sanakirja sopii tähän tilanteeseen hyvin. Ideana on käydä listan sanat läpi yksi kerrallaan ja ylläpitää sanakirjassa tietoa sanojen esiintymiskerroista:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lukumaarat</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    sanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># jos sana ei ole vielä tullut vastaan, alusta avaimen arvo</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># kasvata sanan esiintymislukumäärää</span>\n        sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> sanat\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># kutsutaan funktiota</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lukumaarat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostus on seuraavassa:</p><sample-output><p>{'banaani': 1, 'maito': 1, 'olut': 3, 'juusto': 2, 'piimä': 3, 'mehu': 1, 'makkara': 2, 'tomaatti': 1, 'kurkku': 1, 'voi': 2, 'margariini': 1, 'suklaa': 1}</p></sample-output><p>Tehdään vielä toinen sanalistaa käsittelevä metodi, joka jaottelee listalla olevat sanat niiden alkukirjaimen mukaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">alkukirjaimen_mukaan</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    ryhmat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        alkukirjain <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># alusta alkukirjaimeen liittyvä lista kun kirjain tulee vastaan 1. kerran</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> alkukirjain <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> ryhmat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            ryhmat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>alkukirjain<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># lisää sana alkukirjainta vastaavalle listalle</span>\n        ryhmat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>alkukirjain<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> ryhmat\n\nryhmat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> alkukirjaimen_mukaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> avain<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvo <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> ryhmat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>items<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"kirjaimella </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>avain<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> alkavat sanat: \"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktio toimii pitkälti saman periaatteen mukaan kuin edellisen esimerkin funktio. Tällä kertaa kuitenkin sanakirjassa avaimiin (eli alkukirjaimiin) liittyvät arvot ovat listoja.</p><p>Ohjelman tulostus on seuraavassa:</p><sample-output><p>kirjaimella b alkavat sanat:\nbanaani\nkirjaimella m alkavat sanat:\nmaito\nmehu\nmakkara\nmargariini\nmakkara\nkirjaimella o alkavat sanat:\nolut\nolut\nolut\nkirjaimella j alkavat sanat:\njuusto\njuusto\nkirjaimella p alkavat sanat:\npiimä\npiimä\npiimä\nkirjaimella t alkavat sanat:\ntomaatti\nkirjaimella k alkavat sanat:\nkurkku\nkirjaimella v alkavat sanat:\nvoi\nvoi\nkirjaimella s alkavat sanat:\nsuklaa</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Histogrammi' tmcname='osa05-12_histogrammi'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">histogrammi</code>, joka saa parametrina merkkijonon ja tulostaa merkkijonon eri kirjainten lukumäärää kuvaavan histogrammin, jossa kirjaimen jokaista esiintymää kohti tulostuu yksi tähti kirjaimen riville.</p><p>Esimerkiksi kutsuttaessa <code class=\"language-text\">histogrammi(\"abba\")</code> tulostus on:</p><sample-output><pre>\na **\nb **\n</pre></sample-output><p>Vastaavasti kutsuttaessa <code class=\"language-text\">histogrammi(\"saippuakauppias\")</code> tulostus on:</p><sample-output><pre>\ns **\na ****\ni **\np ****\nu **\nk *\n</pre></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Puhelinluettelo, versio 1' tmcname='osa05-13_puhelinluettelo_versio1'><p>Tee puhelinluettelo, joka toimii seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>komento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>2</strong>\nnimi: <strong>pekka</strong>\nnumero: <strong>040-5466745</strong>\nok!\nkomento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>2</strong>\nnimi: <strong>emilia</strong>\nnumero: <strong>045-1212344</strong>\nok!\nkomento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>1</strong>\nnimi: <strong>pekka</strong>\n040-5466745\nkomento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>1</strong>\nnimi: <strong>maija</strong>\nei numeroa\nkomento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>2</strong>\nnimi: <strong>pekka</strong>\nnumero: <strong>09-22223333</strong>\nok!\nkomento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>1</strong>\nnimi: <strong>pekka</strong>\n09-22223333\nkomento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>3</strong>\nlopetetaan...</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että jokaiseen nimeen voi liittyä vain yksi puhelinnumero. Jos samalle henkilölle lisätään uusi numero, se korvaa aiemmin lisätyn numeron.</p><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Puhelinluettelo, versio 2' tmcname='osa05-14_puhelinluettelo_versio2'><p>Tee puhelinluettelosta paranneltu versio, missä jokaisella henkilöllä voi olla useampia puhelinnumeroita. Ohjelma toimii kuten edellisessä tehtävässä, mutta nyt se listaa jokaisen numeron:</p><sample-output><p>komento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>2</strong>\nnimi: <strong>pekka</strong>\nnumero: <strong>040-5466745</strong>\nok!\nkomento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>2</strong>\nnimi: <strong>emilia</strong>\nnumero: <strong>045-1212344</strong>\nok!\nkomento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>1</strong>\nnimi: <strong>pekka</strong>\n040-5466745\nkomento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>1</strong>\nnimi: <strong>maija</strong>\nei numeroa\nkomento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>2</strong>\nnimi: <strong>pekka</strong>\nnumero: <strong>09-22223333</strong>\nok!\nkomento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>1</strong>\nnimi: <strong>pekka</strong>\n040-5466745\n09-22223333\nkomento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>3</strong>\nlopetetaan...</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"avaimien-poistaminen-sanakirjasta\" style=\"position:relative;\">Avaimien poistaminen sanakirjasta<a href=\"#avaimien-poistaminen-sanakirjasta\" aria-label=\"avaimien poistaminen sanakirjasta permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Sanakirjasta on mahdollista myös poistaa avain-arvo-pareja. Menetelmiä tähän on kaksi. Ensimmäinen näistä on komento <code class=\"language-text\">del</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilokunta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lehtori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"professori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Lehtori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">del</span> henkilokunta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>henkilokunta<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>{'Antti': 'lehtori', 'Emilia': 'professori'}</p></sample-output><p>Jos komentoa <code class=\"language-text\">del</code> kutsutaan avaimille, joita sanakirjassa ei ole, seurauksena on virhe:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilokunta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lehtori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"professori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lehtori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">del</span> henkilokunta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Jukka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\n>>> del henkilokunta[\"Jukka\"]\nTraceback (most recent call last):\n  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\nKeyError: 'Jukka'\n</pre></sample-output><p>Ennen poistoa on siis syytä tarkistaa, että poistettava avain löytyy sanakirjasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilokunta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lehtori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"professori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lehtori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Jukka\"</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> henkilokunta<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">del</span> henkilokunta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Jukka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Poistettiin\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Poistettavaa henkilöä ei löytynyt henkilökunnasta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Toinen vaihtoehto alkion poistamiseen on metodi <code class=\"language-text\">pop</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilokunta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lehtori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"professori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lehtori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\npoistettu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> henkilokunta<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pop<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>henkilokunta<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Poistettiin\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> poistettu<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>{'Antti': 'lehtori', 'Emilia': 'professori'}\nPoistettiin lehtori</p></sample-output><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">pop</code> siis myös palauttaa poistettua avainta vastaavan arvon.</p><p>Oletusarvoisesti myös <code class=\"language-text\">pop</code> aiheuttaa virheen, jos sanakirjasta yritetään poistaa avain, jota siellä ei ole. Metodille on kuitenkin mahdollista antaa toisena parametrina <em>oletusarvoinen paluuarvo</em>, joka palautetaan siinä tilanteessa, kun poistettavaa ei löydy. Esimerkiksi arvo <code class=\"language-text\">None</code>, joka tarkoittaa \"ei mitään\", sopii hyvin tälläisiin tilanteisiin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilokunta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lehtori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"professori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lehtori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\npoistettu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> henkilokunta<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pop<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Jukka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> poistettu <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Poistettavaa henkilöä ei löytynyt henkilökunnasta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Poistettiin\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> poistettu<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Poistettavaa henkilöä ei löytynyt henkilökunnasta</p></sample-output><p>Kannattaa huomata, että jos on tarvetta poistaa koko sanakirjan sisältö:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilokunta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lehtori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"professori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lehtori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> avain <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> henkilokunta<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">del</span> henkilokunta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>avain<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>seurauksena on virheilmoitus</p><sample-output><p>RuntimeError: dictionary changed size during iteration</p></sample-output><p>Syynä on se, että käytäessä läpi rakennetta <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-lauseella, ei sen sisältöä saa muuttaa.</p><p>Koko sanakirjan tyhjennys onnistuu komennolla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilokunta<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>clear<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Sanakirjan kääntö' tmcname='osa05-15_sanakirjan_kaanto'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kaanna(sanakirja: dict)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen sanakirjan ja kääntää sen niin, että arvoista tulee avaimia ja päinvastoin.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">s <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"eka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kolmas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"neljas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\nkaanna<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>s<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>s<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>{\"eka\": 1, \"toka\": 2, \"kolmas\": 3, \"neljas\": 4}</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huomaa</strong>, että <a href=\"/osa-5/2-viittaukset#parametrina-olevan-listan-muokkaaminen\">tämä</a> pitää paikkansa myös parametrina oleville sanakirjoille!</p><p>Jos kohtaat tehtävässä ongelmia, katso <a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">visualisaattorilla</a> mitä koodisi tekee.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Luvut sanoina' tmcname='osa05-16_luvut_sanoina'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lukukirja()</code>, joka palauttaa uuden sanakirjan. Palautettu rakenne sisältää avaimina luvut nollasta 99:ään. Sanakirjan arvoina ovat luvut kirjaimin kirjoitettuna. Katso esimerkkiä alla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lukukirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">45</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">99</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>kaksi\nyksitoista\nneljäkymmentäviisi\nyhdensänkymmentäyhdeksän\nnolla</p></sample-output><p>HUOM! Älä muodosta jokaista lukusanaa yksitellen, vaan mieti, miten voisit hyödyntää silmukoita ja sanakirjaa jotenkin ratkaisussasi!</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"sanakirja-tiedon-ryhmittelyssa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Sanakirja tiedon ryhmittelyssä<a href=\"#sanakirja-tiedon-ryhmittelyssa\" aria-label=\"sanakirja tiedon ryhmittelyssa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Voimme käyttää sanakirjaa myös tiedon ryhmittelyssä. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi luo sanakirjan, jossa on tietoa henkilöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pirjo Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pituus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">154</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"paino\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">61</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ikä:\"</span> <span class=\"token number\">44</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämä tarkoittaa, että henkilön nimi on Pirjo Python, pituus on 154, paino on 61 ja ikä on 44.\nHuomaa, että olisimme voineet tallentaa tiedot myös näin muuttujiin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pirjo Python\"</span>\npituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">154</span>\npaino <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">61</span>\nika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">44</span></code></pre></div><p>Sanakirjan etuna on kuitenkin, että se kokoaa kaikki samaan asiaan liittyvät tiedot yhteisen nimen alle, jonka kautta voimme viitata tietoihin. Periaatteessa lista tarjoaa saman edun:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pirjo Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">153</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">61</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">44</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Listan huono puoli on kuitenkin, että ohjelmoijan on muistettava, mihin kohtaan listaa mikäkin arvo tallennetaan. Pitää siis muistaa esimerkiksi, että <code class=\"language-text\">henkilo[2]</code> tarkoittaa painoa ja <code class=\"language-text\">henkilo[3]</code> ikää. Sanakirjassa tätä ongelmaa ei ole, sillä kaikki sanakirjassa olevat erilliset tiedot on tallennettu selkeästi nimetyn avaimen taakse.</p><p>Esimerkiksi voimme käsitellä henkilöitä näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilo1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pirjo Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pituus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">154</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"paino\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">61</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ikä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">44</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\nhenkilo2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Pythonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pituus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">174</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"paino\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">103</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ikä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">31</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\nhenkilo3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pedro Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pituus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">191</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"paino\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">71</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ikä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">14</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\nhenkilot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>henkilo1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> henkilo2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> henkilo3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> henkilo <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nyhteispituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> henkilo <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    yhteispituus <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pituus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Keskipituus on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> yhteispituus <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pirjo Python\nPekka Pythonen\nPedro Python\nKeskipituus on 173.0</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Elokuvarekisteri' tmcname='osa05-17_elokuvarekisteri'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_elokuva(rekisteri: list, nimi: str, ohjaaja: str, vuosi: int, pituus: int)</code>, joka lisää yhden elokuvaolion elokuvarekisteriin.</p><p>Rekisteri on toteutettu listana, ja jokainen listan alkio on yksi sanakirja. Sanakirjassa on seuraavat avaimet:</p><ul>\n<li>nimi</li>\n<li>ohjaaja</li>\n<li>vuosi</li>\n<li>pituus</li>\n</ul><p>Arvot tulevat metodin parametreina.</p><p>Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">rekisteri <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nlisaa_elokuva<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rekisteri<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pythonin viemää\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2017</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">116</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_elokuva<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rekisteri<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Python lentokoneessa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Renny Pytholin\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2001</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">94</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rekisteri<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[{\"nimi\": \"Pythonin viemää\", \"ohjaaja\": \"Pekka Python\", \"vuosi\": 2017, \"pituus\": 116}, {\"nimi\": \"Python lentokoneessa\", \"ohjaaja\": \"Renny Pytholin\", \"vuosi\": 2001, \"pituus\": 94}]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Etsi elokuvat' tmcname='osa05-17b_etsi_elokuvat'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">etsi_elokuvat(rekisteri: list, hakusana: str)</code>, joka käsittelee edellisessä tehtävässä luotua elokuvarekisteriä. Funktio muodostaa uuden listan, jolle kopioidaan rekisteristä ne elokuvat, joiden nimestä löytyy hakusana. Pienet ja isot kirjaimet eivät merkitse haussa, joten hakusanalla <code class=\"language-text\">paj</code> pitää löytyä sekä elokuva <code class=\"language-text\">Tappajahai</code> että elokuva <code class=\"language-text\">Pajatoiminnan historia</code>.</p><p>Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">rekisteri <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pythonin viemää\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ohjaaja\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"vuosi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">2017</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pituus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">116</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Python lentokoneessa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ohjaaja\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Renny Pythonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"vuosi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">2001</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pituus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">94</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Koodaajien yö\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ohjaaja\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"M. Night Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"vuosi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">2011</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pituus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">101</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nlista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> etsi_elokuvat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rekisteri<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[{\"nimi\": \"Pythonin viemää\", \"ohjaaja\": \"Pekka Python\", \"vuosi\": 2017, \"pituus\": 116}, {\"nimi\": \"Python lentokoneessa\", \"ohjaaja\": \"Renny Pythonen\", \"vuosi\": 2001, \"pituus\": 94}]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"87776053-a318-5e02-a931-2c68cdac8e99\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-5/3-dictionary","title":"Sanakirja"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-5/3-dictionary.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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Tämä hankaloittaa alkioiden etsimistä listalta: jotta löydämme tietyn alkion, on pahimmassa tapauksessa käytävä läpi koko lista.</p><p>Tutustumme seuraavaksi <em>sanakirjaan</em>, (englanniksi <em>dictionary</em>) joka on listan lisäksi toinen Pythonin perustietorakenne. Sanakirjassa jokainen alkio koostuu <em>avaimesta</em> ja <em>arvosta</em>, ja voimme etsiä ja muuttaa tietoa avaimen perusteella.</p><h2 id=\"sanakirjan-kayttaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Sanakirjan käyttäminen<a href=\"#sanakirjan-kayttaminen\" aria-label=\"sanakirjan kayttaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraava ohjelma näyttää esimerkin sanakirjan käyttämisestä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sanakirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\nsanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"apina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"monkey\"</span>\nsanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"banana\"</span>\nsanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"cembalo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"harpsichord\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"apina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>3\n{'apina': 'monkey', 'banaani': 'banana', 'cembalo': 'harpsichord'}\nmonkey</p></sample-output><p>Merkintä <code class=\"language-text\">{}</code> luo tyhjän sanakirjan, minkä jälkeen voimme lisätä sanakirjaan sisältöä. Tässä tapauksessa lisäämme kolme avainta <code class=\"language-text\">\"apina\"</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">\"banaani\"</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">\"cembalo\"</code>, joita vastaavat arvot <code class=\"language-text\">\"monkey\"</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">\"banana\"</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">\"harpsichord\"</code>. Lopuksi tulostamme koko sanakirjan sisällön ja sitten avaimen <code class=\"language-text\">\"apina\"</code> arvon.</p><p>Voisimme käyttää tätä sanakirjaa vaikka seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna sana: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Käännös:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sanaa ei löytynyt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tässä käytössä on <code class=\"language-text\">in</code>-operaattori, joka sanakirjan tapauksessa tarkastaa, onko siinä tiettyä avainta. Mahdollisia ohjelman tulostuksia:</p><sample-output><p>Anna sana: <strong>apina</strong>\nKäännös: monkey</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna sana: <strong>pöllö</strong>\nSanaa ei löytynyt</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"mita-sanakirjassa-voi-olla\" style=\"position:relative;\">Mitä sanakirjassa voi olla?<a href=\"#mita-sanakirjassa-voi-olla\" aria-label=\"mita sanakirjassa voi olla permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Vaikka tietorakenteen nimi on sanakirja, siinä ei ole usein sanakirjaa vaan jotain muuta tietoa. Esimerkiksi seuraavassa sanakirjassa avaimet ovat merkkijonoja ja arvot ovat kokonaislukuja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tulokset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\ntulokset<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Maija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span>\ntulokset<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Liisa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span>\ntulokset<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kalle\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span></code></pre></div><p>Seuraavassa sanakirjassa puolestaan avaimet ovat kokonaislukuja ja arvot ovat listoja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">listat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\nlistat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nlistat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">42</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nlistat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"avaimista-ja-arvoista\" style=\"position:relative;\">Avaimista ja arvoista<a href=\"#avaimista-ja-arvoista\" aria-label=\"avaimista ja arvoista permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tietty avain voi esiintyä sanakirjassa enintään kerran. Jos asetamme samalle avaimelle uuden arvon, korvaa uusi arvo vanhan arvon:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"suuri\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"big\"</span>\nsanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"suuri\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"large\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"suuri\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>large</p></sample-output><p>Sanakirjan avaimen vaatimuksena on, että sen tulee olla muuttumaton. Tämän vuoksi emme voi käyttää listaa avaimena, koska lista voi muuttua. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi ei toimi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'</p></sample-output><text-box variant=\"hint\" name=\"Hajautustaulu\"><p>Python tallentaa sanakirjan sisällön sisäisesti tietorakenteena nimeltä <em>hajautustaulu</em> (<em>hash table</em>). Ideana on laskea avaimelle <em>hajautusarvo</em> (<em>hash value</em>), jonka avulla määräytyy avaimen paikka muistissa. Yllä oleva virheilmoitus ilmaisee, että listalle ei voida laskea hajautusarvoa, joten se ei kelpaa sanakirjan avaimeksi.</p><p>Kurssilla <em>Tietorakenteet ja algoritmit</em> tutustutaan tarkemmin hajautustauluihin, eli sanakirjojen pellin alla olevaan mekanismiin.</p></text-box><p>Huomaa, että sanakirjassa olevaa avainta vastaavan arvon ei tarvitse olla muuttumaton, vaan voimme tallentaa mitä tahansa tietoa arvoiksi. Sama arvo voi myös esiintyä samassa hakemistossa enemmän kuin yhden kerran.</p><programming-exercise name='Kertaa kymmenen' tmcname='osa05-10b_kertaa_kymmenen'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kertaa_kymmenen(alku: int, loppu: int)</code>, joka muodostaa ja palauttaa uuden sanakirjan. Sanakirjassa on avaimina luvut väliltä <code class=\"language-text\">alku</code>..<code class=\"language-text\">loppu</code>.</p><p>Jokaisen avaimen arvona on avain kerrottuna kymmenellä.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">d <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kertaa_kymmenen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>d<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>{3: 30, 4: 40, 5: 50, 6: 60}</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kertomat' tmcname='osa05-11_kertomat'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kertomat(n: int)</code>, joka palauttaa lukujen 1..<code class=\"language-text\">n</code> kertomat sanakirjassa siten, että luku on avain ja luvun kertoma arvo, johon avain viittaa.</p><p>Muistutuksena: luvun <code class=\"language-text\">n</code> kertoma <code class=\"language-text\">n</code>! lasketaan kertomalla luku kaikilla itseään pienemmillä positiivisilla kokonaisluvuilla. Luvun 4 kertoma on siis 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 = 24.</p><p>Esimerkki käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">k <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kertomat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>k<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1\n6\n120</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"sanakirjan-lapikaynti\" style=\"position:relative;\">Sanakirjan läpikäynti<a href=\"#sanakirjan-lapikaynti\" aria-label=\"sanakirjan lapikaynti permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Sanakirjan läpikäyntiin voidaan käyttää tuttuun tapaan <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukkaa. Rakenne <code class=\"language-text\">for avain in sanakirja</code> käy läpi kaikki sanakirjan avaimet yksi kerrallaan. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi tulostaa kaikki sanakirjan avaimet ja niiden arvot:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sanakirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\nsanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"apina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"monkey\"</span>\nsanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"banana\"</span>\nsanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"cembalo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"harpsichord\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> avain <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"avain:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> avain<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"arvo:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>avain<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>avain: apina\narvo: monkey\navain: banaani\narvo: banana\navain: cembalo\narvo: harpsichord</p></sample-output><p>Python tarjoaa myös mahdollisuuden käydä läpi samaan aikaan sekä avaimet että vastaavat arvot. Tämä onnistuu käyttämällä <code class=\"language-text\">items</code>-metodia, joka palauttaa kaikki avaimet ja arvot yksi kerrallaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> avain<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvo <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>items<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"avain:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> avain<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"arvo:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Huomaa, että läpikäynnissä avaimet tulevat samassa järjestyksessä kuin ne on lisätty sanakirjaan. Sanakirjan avainten järjestyksellä ei kuitenkaan yleensä ole merkitystä sovelluksissa.</p><h2 id=\"sanakirjan-edistyneempi-kaytto\" style=\"position:relative;\">Sanakirjan edistyneempi käyttö<a href=\"#sanakirjan-edistyneempi-kaytto\" aria-label=\"sanakirjan edistyneempi kaytto permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tarkastellaan tilannetta, jossa listassa on joukko sanoja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sanalista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n  <span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"maito\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"olut\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"juusto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"piimä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"mehu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"makkara\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token string\">\"tomaatti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kurkku\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"voi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"margariini\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"juusto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"makkara\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n  <span class=\"token string\">\"olut\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"piimä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"piimä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"voi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"olut\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"suklaa\"</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Haluamme analysoida sanalistaa eri tavoin, kuten selvittää, montako kertaa kukin sana listalla esiintyy.</p><p>Sanakirja sopii tähän tilanteeseen hyvin. Ideana on käydä listan sanat läpi yksi kerrallaan ja ylläpitää sanakirjassa tietoa sanojen esiintymiskerroista:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lukumaarat</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    sanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># jos sana ei ole vielä tullut vastaan, alusta avaimen arvo</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># kasvata sanan esiintymislukumäärää</span>\n        sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> sanat\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># kutsutaan funktiota</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lukumaarat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostus on seuraavassa:</p><sample-output><p>{'banaani': 1, 'maito': 1, 'olut': 3, 'juusto': 2, 'piimä': 3, 'mehu': 1, 'makkara': 2, 'tomaatti': 1, 'kurkku': 1, 'voi': 2, 'margariini': 1, 'suklaa': 1}</p></sample-output><p>Tehdään vielä toinen sanalistaa käsittelevä metodi, joka jaottelee listalla olevat sanat niiden alkukirjaimen mukaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">alkukirjaimen_mukaan</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    ryhmat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        alkukirjain <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># alusta alkukirjaimeen liittyvä lista kun kirjain tulee vastaan 1. kerran</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> alkukirjain <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> ryhmat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            ryhmat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>alkukirjain<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># lisää sana alkukirjainta vastaavalle listalle</span>\n        ryhmat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>alkukirjain<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> ryhmat\n\nryhmat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> alkukirjaimen_mukaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> avain<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvo <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> ryhmat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>items<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"kirjaimella </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>avain<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> alkavat sanat: \"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktio toimii pitkälti saman periaatteen mukaan kuin edellisen esimerkin funktio. Tällä kertaa kuitenkin sanakirjassa avaimiin (eli alkukirjaimiin) liittyvät arvot ovat listoja.</p><p>Ohjelman tulostus on seuraavassa:</p><sample-output><p>kirjaimella b alkavat sanat:\nbanaani\nkirjaimella m alkavat sanat:\nmaito\nmehu\nmakkara\nmargariini\nmakkara\nkirjaimella o alkavat sanat:\nolut\nolut\nolut\nkirjaimella j alkavat sanat:\njuusto\njuusto\nkirjaimella p alkavat sanat:\npiimä\npiimä\npiimä\nkirjaimella t alkavat sanat:\ntomaatti\nkirjaimella k alkavat sanat:\nkurkku\nkirjaimella v alkavat sanat:\nvoi\nvoi\nkirjaimella s alkavat sanat:\nsuklaa</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Histogrammi' tmcname='osa05-12_histogrammi'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">histogrammi</code>, joka saa parametrina merkkijonon ja tulostaa merkkijonon eri kirjainten lukumäärää kuvaavan histogrammin, jossa kirjaimen jokaista esiintymää kohti tulostuu yksi tähti kirjaimen riville.</p><p>Esimerkiksi kutsuttaessa <code class=\"language-text\">histogrammi(\"abba\")</code> tulostus on:</p><sample-output><pre>\na **\nb **\n</pre></sample-output><p>Vastaavasti kutsuttaessa <code class=\"language-text\">histogrammi(\"saippuakauppias\")</code> tulostus on:</p><sample-output><pre>\ns **\na ****\ni **\np ****\nu **\nk *\n</pre></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Puhelinluettelo, versio 1' tmcname='osa05-13_puhelinluettelo_versio1'><p>Tee puhelinluettelo, joka toimii seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>komento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>2</strong>\nnimi: <strong>pekka</strong>\nnumero: <strong>040-5466745</strong>\nok!\nkomento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>2</strong>\nnimi: <strong>emilia</strong>\nnumero: <strong>045-1212344</strong>\nok!\nkomento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>1</strong>\nnimi: <strong>pekka</strong>\n040-5466745\nkomento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>1</strong>\nnimi: <strong>maija</strong>\nei numeroa\nkomento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>2</strong>\nnimi: <strong>pekka</strong>\nnumero: <strong>09-22223333</strong>\nok!\nkomento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>1</strong>\nnimi: <strong>pekka</strong>\n09-22223333\nkomento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>3</strong>\nlopetetaan...</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että jokaiseen nimeen voi liittyä vain yksi puhelinnumero. Jos samalle henkilölle lisätään uusi numero, se korvaa aiemmin lisätyn numeron.</p><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Puhelinluettelo, versio 2' tmcname='osa05-14_puhelinluettelo_versio2'><p>Tee puhelinluettelosta paranneltu versio, missä jokaisella henkilöllä voi olla useampia puhelinnumeroita. Ohjelma toimii kuten edellisessä tehtävässä, mutta nyt se listaa jokaisen numeron:</p><sample-output><p>komento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>2</strong>\nnimi: <strong>pekka</strong>\nnumero: <strong>040-5466745</strong>\nok!\nkomento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>2</strong>\nnimi: <strong>emilia</strong>\nnumero: <strong>045-1212344</strong>\nok!\nkomento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>1</strong>\nnimi: <strong>pekka</strong>\n040-5466745\nkomento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>1</strong>\nnimi: <strong>maija</strong>\nei numeroa\nkomento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>2</strong>\nnimi: <strong>pekka</strong>\nnumero: <strong>09-22223333</strong>\nok!\nkomento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>1</strong>\nnimi: <strong>pekka</strong>\n040-5466745\n09-22223333\nkomento (1 hae, 2 lisää, 3 lopeta): <strong>3</strong>\nlopetetaan...</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"avaimien-poistaminen-sanakirjasta\" style=\"position:relative;\">Avaimien poistaminen sanakirjasta<a href=\"#avaimien-poistaminen-sanakirjasta\" aria-label=\"avaimien poistaminen sanakirjasta permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Sanakirjasta on mahdollista myös poistaa avain-arvo-pareja. Menetelmiä tähän on kaksi. Ensimmäinen näistä on komento <code class=\"language-text\">del</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilokunta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lehtori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"professori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Lehtori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">del</span> henkilokunta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>henkilokunta<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>{'Antti': 'lehtori', 'Emilia': 'professori'}</p></sample-output><p>Jos komentoa <code class=\"language-text\">del</code> kutsutaan avaimille, joita sanakirjassa ei ole, seurauksena on virhe:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilokunta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lehtori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"professori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lehtori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">del</span> henkilokunta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Jukka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\n>>> del henkilokunta[\"Jukka\"]\nTraceback (most recent call last):\n  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\nKeyError: 'Jukka'\n</pre></sample-output><p>Ennen poistoa on siis syytä tarkistaa, että poistettava avain löytyy sanakirjasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilokunta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lehtori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"professori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lehtori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Jukka\"</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> henkilokunta<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">del</span> henkilokunta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Jukka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Poistettiin\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Poistettavaa henkilöä ei löytynyt henkilökunnasta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Toinen vaihtoehto alkion poistamiseen on metodi <code class=\"language-text\">pop</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilokunta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lehtori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"professori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lehtori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\npoistettu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> henkilokunta<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pop<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>henkilokunta<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Poistettiin\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> poistettu<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>{'Antti': 'lehtori', 'Emilia': 'professori'}\nPoistettiin lehtori</p></sample-output><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">pop</code> siis myös palauttaa poistettua avainta vastaavan arvon.</p><p>Oletusarvoisesti myös <code class=\"language-text\">pop</code> aiheuttaa virheen, jos sanakirjasta yritetään poistaa avain, jota siellä ei ole. Metodille on kuitenkin mahdollista antaa toisena parametrina <em>oletusarvoinen paluuarvo</em>, joka palautetaan siinä tilanteessa, kun poistettavaa ei löydy. Esimerkiksi arvo <code class=\"language-text\">None</code>, joka tarkoittaa \"ei mitään\", sopii hyvin tälläisiin tilanteisiin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilokunta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lehtori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"professori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lehtori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\npoistettu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> henkilokunta<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pop<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Jukka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> poistettu <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Poistettavaa henkilöä ei löytynyt henkilökunnasta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Poistettiin\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> poistettu<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Poistettavaa henkilöä ei löytynyt henkilökunnasta</p></sample-output><p>Kannattaa huomata, että jos on tarvetta poistaa koko sanakirjan sisältö:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilokunta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lehtori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"professori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lehtori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> avain <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> henkilokunta<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">del</span> henkilokunta<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>avain<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>seurauksena on virheilmoitus</p><sample-output><p>RuntimeError: dictionary changed size during iteration</p></sample-output><p>Syynä on se, että käytäessä läpi rakennetta <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-lauseella, ei sen sisältöä saa muuttaa.</p><p>Koko sanakirjan tyhjennys onnistuu komennolla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilokunta<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>clear<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Sanakirjan kääntö' tmcname='osa05-15_sanakirjan_kaanto'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kaanna(sanakirja: dict)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen sanakirjan ja kääntää sen niin, että arvoista tulee avaimia ja päinvastoin.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">s <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"eka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"toka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kolmas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"neljas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\nkaanna<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>s<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>s<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>{\"eka\": 1, \"toka\": 2, \"kolmas\": 3, \"neljas\": 4}</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huomaa</strong>, että <a href=\"/osa-5/2-viittaukset#parametrina-olevan-listan-muokkaaminen\">tämä</a> pitää paikkansa myös parametrina oleville sanakirjoille!</p><p>Jos kohtaat tehtävässä ongelmia, katso <a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">visualisaattorilla</a> mitä koodisi tekee.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Luvut sanoina' tmcname='osa05-16_luvut_sanoina'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lukukirja()</code>, joka palauttaa uuden sanakirjan. Palautettu rakenne sisältää avaimina luvut nollasta 99:ään. Sanakirjan arvoina ovat luvut kirjaimin kirjoitettuna. Katso esimerkkiä alla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lukukirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">45</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">99</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>kaksi\nyksitoista\nneljäkymmentäviisi\nyhdensänkymmentäyhdeksän\nnolla</p></sample-output><p>HUOM! Älä muodosta jokaista lukusanaa yksitellen, vaan mieti, miten voisit hyödyntää silmukoita ja sanakirjaa jotenkin ratkaisussasi!</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"sanakirja-tiedon-ryhmittelyssa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Sanakirja tiedon ryhmittelyssä<a href=\"#sanakirja-tiedon-ryhmittelyssa\" aria-label=\"sanakirja tiedon ryhmittelyssa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Voimme käyttää sanakirjaa myös tiedon ryhmittelyssä. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi luo sanakirjan, jossa on tietoa henkilöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pirjo Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pituus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">154</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"paino\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">61</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ikä:\"</span> <span class=\"token number\">44</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämä tarkoittaa, että henkilön nimi on Pirjo Python, pituus on 154, paino on 61 ja ikä on 44.\nHuomaa, että olisimme voineet tallentaa tiedot myös näin muuttujiin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pirjo Python\"</span>\npituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">154</span>\npaino <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">61</span>\nika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">44</span></code></pre></div><p>Sanakirjan etuna on kuitenkin, että se kokoaa kaikki samaan asiaan liittyvät tiedot yhteisen nimen alle, jonka kautta voimme viitata tietoihin. Periaatteessa lista tarjoaa saman edun:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pirjo Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">153</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">61</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">44</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Listan huono puoli on kuitenkin, että ohjelmoijan on muistettava, mihin kohtaan listaa mikäkin arvo tallennetaan. Pitää siis muistaa esimerkiksi, että <code class=\"language-text\">henkilo[2]</code> tarkoittaa painoa ja <code class=\"language-text\">henkilo[3]</code> ikää. Sanakirjassa tätä ongelmaa ei ole, sillä kaikki sanakirjassa olevat erilliset tiedot on tallennettu selkeästi nimetyn avaimen taakse.</p><p>Esimerkiksi voimme käsitellä henkilöitä näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilo1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pirjo Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pituus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">154</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"paino\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">61</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ikä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">44</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\nhenkilo2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Pythonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pituus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">174</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"paino\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">103</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ikä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">31</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\nhenkilo3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pedro Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pituus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">191</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"paino\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">71</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ikä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">14</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\nhenkilot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>henkilo1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> henkilo2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> henkilo3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> henkilo <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nyhteispituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> henkilo <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    yhteispituus <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pituus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Keskipituus on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> yhteispituus <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pirjo Python\nPekka Pythonen\nPedro Python\nKeskipituus on 173.0</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Elokuvarekisteri' tmcname='osa05-17_elokuvarekisteri'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_elokuva(rekisteri: list, nimi: str, ohjaaja: str, vuosi: int, pituus: int)</code>, joka lisää yhden elokuvaolion elokuvarekisteriin.</p><p>Rekisteri on toteutettu listana, ja jokainen listan alkio on yksi sanakirja. Sanakirjassa on seuraavat avaimet:</p><ul>\n<li>nimi</li>\n<li>ohjaaja</li>\n<li>vuosi</li>\n<li>pituus</li>\n</ul><p>Arvot tulevat metodin parametreina.</p><p>Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">rekisteri <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nlisaa_elokuva<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rekisteri<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pythonin viemää\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2017</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">116</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_elokuva<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rekisteri<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Python lentokoneessa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Renny Pytholin\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2001</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">94</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rekisteri<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[{\"nimi\": \"Pythonin viemää\", \"ohjaaja\": \"Pekka Python\", \"vuosi\": 2017, \"pituus\": 116}, {\"nimi\": \"Python lentokoneessa\", \"ohjaaja\": \"Renny Pytholin\", \"vuosi\": 2001, \"pituus\": 94}]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Etsi elokuvat' tmcname='osa05-17b_etsi_elokuvat'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">etsi_elokuvat(rekisteri: list, hakusana: str)</code>, joka käsittelee edellisessä tehtävässä luotua elokuvarekisteriä. Funktio muodostaa uuden listan, jolle kopioidaan rekisteristä ne elokuvat, joiden nimestä löytyy hakusana. Pienet ja isot kirjaimet eivät merkitse haussa, joten hakusanalla <code class=\"language-text\">paj</code> pitää löytyä sekä elokuva <code class=\"language-text\">Tappajahai</code> että elokuva <code class=\"language-text\">Pajatoiminnan historia</code>.</p><p>Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">rekisteri <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pythonin viemää\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ohjaaja\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"vuosi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">2017</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pituus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">116</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Python lentokoneessa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ohjaaja\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Renny Pythonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"vuosi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">2001</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pituus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">94</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Koodaajien yö\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ohjaaja\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"M. Night Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"vuosi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">2011</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pituus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">101</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nlista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> etsi_elokuvat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rekisteri<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[{\"nimi\": \"Pythonin viemää\", \"ohjaaja\": \"Pekka Python\", \"vuosi\": 2017, \"pituus\": 116}, {\"nimi\": \"Python lentokoneessa\", \"ohjaaja\": \"Renny Pythonen\", \"vuosi\": 2001, \"pituus\": 94}]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"87776053-a318-5e02-a931-2c68cdac8e99\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-5/3-dictionary","title":"Sanakirja"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-5/3-dictionary.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nlisaa_suoritus"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"opiskelijat"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" 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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nlisaa_suoritus"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"opiskelijat"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Liisa\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Jtkt\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nkooste"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"opiskelijat"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tulostus näyttää seuraavalta"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"opiskelijoita 2\neniten suorituksia 3 Pekka\nparas keskiarvo 4.5 Liisa\n"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Kirjainruudukko","tmcname":"osa05-21_kirjainruudukko"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tämän osan huipentaa suhteellisen haastava ongelmanratkaisua vaativa tehtävä, jonka voi ratkaista monella eri tavalla. Vaikka tehtävä on tupleja käsittelevässä luvussa, tupleja tässä tuskin kannattaa käyttää."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka tulostaa kirjainruudukon oheisten esimerkkien mukaisesti. Voit olettaa, että kerroksia on enintään 26."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kerrokset: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"CCCCC\nCBBBC\nCBABC\nCBBBC\nCCCCC\n"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kerrokset: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"DDDDDDD\nDCCCCCD\nDCBBBCD\nDCBABCD\nDCBBBCD\nDCCCCCD\nDDDDDDD\n"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huom:"}]},{"type":"text","value":" tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ei"}]},{"type":"text","value":" erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ei tule sijoittaa"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"if __name__ == \"__main__\""}]},{"type":"text","value":"-lohkoon!"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"8342aecc-48cd-5e26-a8ad-6272ba1df02a"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"7c3732cd-b37b-5524-9747-0fcf49c917bb"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, millainen tietorakenne on tuple</li>\n<li>Osaat muodostaa tuplen erityyppisistä arvoista</li>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä eroa on tuplella ja listalla</li>\n<li>Tiedät esimerkkejä tyypillisistä tavoista käyttää tuplea</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Tuple eli monikko on listan tapainen tietorakenne. Sen olennaiset erot listaan ovat:</p><ul>\n<li>Tuple merkitään kaarisuluilla <code class=\"language-text\">(</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">)</code>, lista merkitään hakasuluilla <code class=\"language-text\">[</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">]</code></li>\n<li>Tuple on <em>muuttumaton</em>, kun taas listan sisältö voi muuttua</li>\n</ul><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi luo tuplen, jossa on pisteen koordinaatit:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">piste <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tuplen sisällä oleviin alkioihin viitataan samalla tavalla kuin listassa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">piste <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"x-koordinaatti:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"y-koordinaatti:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>x-koordinaatti: 10\ny-koordinaatti: 20</p></sample-output><p>Tuplen määrittelyn jälkeen sen arvoa ei kuitenkaan voi muuttaa, eli seuraava koodi <em>ei</em> toimi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">piste <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npiste<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">15</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Muodosta tuple' tmcname='osa05-17c_muodosta_tuple'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">tee_tuple(x: int, y: int, z: int)</code>, joka muodostaa ja palauttaa parametrinaan saamistaan kokonaisluvuista tuplen seuraavien sääntöjen mukaaan:</p><ol>\n<li>Tuplen ensimmäinen alkio on parametreista pienin</li>\n<li>Tuplen toinen alkio on parametreista suurin</li>\n<li>Tuplen kolmas alkio on parametrien summa</li>\n</ol><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tee_tuple<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>(-1, 5, 7)</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Vanhin henkilöistä' tmcname='osa05-18_vanhin_henkiloista'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">vanhin(henkilot: list)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen listan henkilöitä esittäviä tupleja. Funktio etsii ja palauttaa vanhimman henkilön nimen.</p><p>Henkilötuplessa on ensin henkilön nimi merkkijonona ja toisena alkiona henkilön <em>syntymävuosi</em>.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">h1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1977</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nh2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Einari\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1985</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nh3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Maija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1953</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nh4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Essi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1997</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhlista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>h1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> h2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> h3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> h4<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vanhin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>hlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Maija</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Vanhemmat henkilöt' tmcname='osa05-19_vanhemmat_henkilot'><p>Oletetaan, että meillä on edelleen käytössä edellisessä tehtävässä esitellyt henkilö-tuplet.</p><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">vanhemmat(henkilot: list, vuosi: int)</code>, joka palauttaa uuden listan, jolle on tallennettu kaikki <em>ennen</em> annettua vuotta syntyneet henkilöiden nimet parametrina saadulta henkilöiden listalta.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">h1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1977</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nh2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Einari\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1985</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nh3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Maija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1953</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nh4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Essi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1997</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhlista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>h1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> h2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> h3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> h4<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nvanhemmat_henkilot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> vanhemmat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>hlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1979</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vanhemmat_henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[ 'Arto', Maija' ]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"miksi-tuple-on-olemassa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Miksi tuple on olemassa?<a href=\"#miksi-tuple-on-olemassa\" aria-label=\"miksi tuple on olemassa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tuplen ideana on tallentaa jokin kiinteä kokoelma arvoja, jotka liittyvät toisiinsa. Esimerkiksi kun tallennamme pisteen, jossa on x- ja y-koordinaatti, tuple on luonteva valinta, koska pisteeseen kuuluu aina kaksi arvoa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">piste <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Voisimme sinänsä tallentaa pisteen myös listana:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">piste <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämä ei kuitenkaan tuntuisi yhtä hyvältä ratkaisulta, koska lista sisältää peräkkäisiä alkioita jossakin järjestyksessä ja sen koko voi muuttua. Kun tallennamme pisteen, haluamme tallentaa nimenomaan x- ja y-koordinaatin eikä listaa koordinaateista.</p><p>Koska tuple on muuttumaton, sitä voidaan käyttää sanakirjan avaimena (toisin kuin listaa).\nEsimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma luo sanakirjan, jonka avaimet ovat pisteitä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\npisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"apina\"</span>\npisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span>\npisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"cembalo\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output>\napina\n</sample-output><p>Vastaava koodi <em>ei</em> toimisi, jos käyttäisimme listoja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\npisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"apina\"</span>\npisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span>\npisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"cembalo\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"tuple-ilman-sulkuja\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tuple ilman sulkuja<a href=\"#tuple-ilman-sulkuja\" aria-label=\"tuple ilman sulkuja permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tuplen määrittelyssä ei ole pakko antaa sulkuja. Esimerkiksi seuraavat koodit toimivat samalla tavalla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämän ansiosta voimme tehdä luontevasti funktion, joka palauttaa useita arvoja tuplena. Tarkastellaan seuraavaa esimerkkiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">minmax</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">min</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">max</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nlista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">33</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">21</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">88</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">312</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\npienin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> suurin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> minmax<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Pienin luku on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pienin<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> ja suurin on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>suurin<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pienin luku on 5 ja suurin on 312</p></sample-output><p>Tämä funktio palauttaa kaksi arvoa tuplena, ja funktion paluuarvo vastaanotetaan \"yhtä aikaa\" kahteen muuttujaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">pienin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> suurin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> minmax<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tässä tapauksessa sijoitusoperaation vasemmalla puolella on tuple, jonka sisällä oleviin muuttujiin asetetaan funktion palauttaman tuplen sisältämät arvot:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pienin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> suurin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> minmax<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Sanakirjojen yhteydessä esiteltiin <code class=\"language-text\">items</code>-metodiin perustuvaa tapaa käydä läpi sanakirjan kaikki avaimet ja arvot:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sanakirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\nsanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"apina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"monkey\"</span>\nsanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"banana\"</span>\nsanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"cembalo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"harpsichord\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> avain<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvo <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>items<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"avain:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> avain<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"arvo:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tässäkin Python käyttää taustalla tupleja: <code class=\"language-text\">sanakirja.items()</code> palauttaa yksi kerrallaan avain-arvo-parit tuplena, jonka ensimmäinen alkio on avain ja toinen arvo.</p><p>Vielä yksi tuplen käyttötarkoitus on kahden muuttujan arvon vaihtaminen keskenään:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luku2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> luku2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luku1</code></pre></div><p>Yllä oleva koodi vaihtaa keskenään muuttujien <code class=\"language-text\">luku1</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">luku2</code> arvot, eli koodi toimii samoin kuin seuraava, apumuuttujaa käyttävä koodi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">apu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> luku1\nluku1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> luku2\nluku2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> apu</code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Opiskelijarekisteri' tmcname='osa05-20_opiskelijarekisteri'><p>Tässä tehtäväsarjassa toteutetaan yksinkertainen opiskelijarekisteri. Ennen ohjelmoinnin aloittamista kannattanee hetki miettiä, minkälaisen tietorakenteen tarvitset ohjelman tallentamien tietojen organisointiin.</p><h4 id=\"opiskelijoiden-lisays\" style=\"position:relative;\">opiskelijoiden lisäys<a href=\"#opiskelijoiden-lisays\" aria-label=\"opiskelijoiden lisays permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h4><p>Toteuta ensin funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_opiskelija</code> uuden opiskelijan lisäämiseen sekä ensimmäinen versio funktiosta <code class=\"language-text\">tulosta</code>, joka tulostaa yhden opiskelijan tiedot.</p><p>Funktioita käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">opiskelijat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\nlisaa_opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Liisa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Liisa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Jukka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma tulostaa tässä vaiheessa</p><sample-output><pre>\nPekka:\n ei suorituksia\nLiisa:\n ei suorituksia\nei löytynyt ketään nimellä Jukka\n</pre></sample-output><h4 id=\"suoritusten-lisays\" style=\"position:relative;\">suoritusten lisäys<a href=\"#suoritusten-lisays\" aria-label=\"suoritusten lisays permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h4><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_suoritus</code>, jonka avulla opiskelijalle voidaan lisätä kurssin suoritus. Suoritus on tuple, joka koostuu kurssin nimestä ja arvosanasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">opiskelijat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\nlisaa_opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohpe\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tira\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Opiskelijan tietojen tulostus muuttuu, kun suorituksia on lisätty:</p><sample-output><pre>\nPekka:\n suorituksia 2 kurssilta:\n  Ohpe 3\n  Tira 2\n keskiarvo 2.5\n</pre></sample-output><h4 id=\"arvosanojen-korotus\" style=\"position:relative;\">arvosanojen korotus<a href=\"#arvosanojen-korotus\" aria-label=\"arvosanojen korotus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h4><p>Suorituksen lisäämisen pitää toimia siten, että se jättää arvosanan 0 suoritukset huomiotta eikä alenna kurssilla ennestään olevaa arvosanaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">opiskelijat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\nlisaa_opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohpe\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tira\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lama\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohpe\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\nPekka:\n suorituksia 2 kurssilta:\n  Ohpe 3\n  Tira 2\n keskiarvo 2.5\n</pre></sample-output><h4 id=\"kooste-opiskelijoista\" style=\"position:relative;\">kooste opiskelijoista<a href=\"#kooste-opiskelijoista\" aria-label=\"kooste opiskelijoista permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h4><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kooste</code>, joka tulostaa koosteen opiskelijoiden suorituksista. Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">opiskelijat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\nlisaa_opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Liisa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lama\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohpe\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tira\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Liisa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohpe\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Liisa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Jtkt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkooste<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>tulostus näyttää seuraavalta</p><sample-output><pre>\nopiskelijoita 2\neniten suorituksia 3 Pekka\nparas keskiarvo 4.5 Liisa\n</pre></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name=\"Kirjainruudukko\" tmcname=\"osa05-21_kirjainruudukko\"><p>Tämän osan huipentaa suhteellisen haastava ongelmanratkaisua vaativa tehtävä, jonka voi ratkaista monella eri tavalla. Vaikka tehtävä on tupleja käsittelevässä luvussa, tupleja tässä tuskin kannattaa käyttää.</p><p>Tee ohjelma, joka tulostaa kirjainruudukon oheisten esimerkkien mukaisesti. 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Vaikka tehtävä on tupleja käsittelevässä luvussa, tupleja tässä tuskin kannattaa käyttää."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka tulostaa kirjainruudukon oheisten esimerkkien mukaisesti. Voit olettaa, että kerroksia on enintään 26."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kerrokset: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"CCCCC\nCBBBC\nCBABC\nCBBBC\nCCCCC\n"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kerrokset: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"DDDDDDD\nDCCCCCD\nDCBBBCD\nDCBABCD\nDCBBBCD\nDCCCCCD\nDDDDDDD\n"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huom:"}]},{"type":"text","value":" tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ei"}]},{"type":"text","value":" erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ei tule sijoittaa"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"if __name__ == \"__main__\""}]},{"type":"text","value":"-lohkoon!"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"8342aecc-48cd-5e26-a8ad-6272ba1df02a"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"7c3732cd-b37b-5524-9747-0fcf49c917bb"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, millainen tietorakenne on tuple</li>\n<li>Osaat muodostaa tuplen erityyppisistä arvoista</li>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä eroa on tuplella ja listalla</li>\n<li>Tiedät esimerkkejä tyypillisistä tavoista käyttää tuplea</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Tuple eli monikko on listan tapainen tietorakenne. Sen olennaiset erot listaan ovat:</p><ul>\n<li>Tuple merkitään kaarisuluilla <code class=\"language-text\">(</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">)</code>, lista merkitään hakasuluilla <code class=\"language-text\">[</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">]</code></li>\n<li>Tuple on <em>muuttumaton</em>, kun taas listan sisältö voi muuttua</li>\n</ul><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi luo tuplen, jossa on pisteen koordinaatit:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">piste <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tuplen sisällä oleviin alkioihin viitataan samalla tavalla kuin listassa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">piste <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"x-koordinaatti:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"y-koordinaatti:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>x-koordinaatti: 10\ny-koordinaatti: 20</p></sample-output><p>Tuplen määrittelyn jälkeen sen arvoa ei kuitenkaan voi muuttaa, eli seuraava koodi <em>ei</em> toimi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">piste <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npiste<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">15</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Muodosta tuple' tmcname='osa05-17c_muodosta_tuple'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">tee_tuple(x: int, y: int, z: int)</code>, joka muodostaa ja palauttaa parametrinaan saamistaan kokonaisluvuista tuplen seuraavien sääntöjen mukaaan:</p><ol>\n<li>Tuplen ensimmäinen alkio on parametreista pienin</li>\n<li>Tuplen toinen alkio on parametreista suurin</li>\n<li>Tuplen kolmas alkio on parametrien summa</li>\n</ol><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tee_tuple<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>(-1, 5, 7)</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Vanhin henkilöistä' tmcname='osa05-18_vanhin_henkiloista'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">vanhin(henkilot: list)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen listan henkilöitä esittäviä tupleja. Funktio etsii ja palauttaa vanhimman henkilön nimen.</p><p>Henkilötuplessa on ensin henkilön nimi merkkijonona ja toisena alkiona henkilön <em>syntymävuosi</em>.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">h1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1977</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nh2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Einari\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1985</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nh3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Maija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1953</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nh4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Essi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1997</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhlista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>h1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> h2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> h3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> h4<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vanhin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>hlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Maija</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Vanhemmat henkilöt' tmcname='osa05-19_vanhemmat_henkilot'><p>Oletetaan, että meillä on edelleen käytössä edellisessä tehtävässä esitellyt henkilö-tuplet.</p><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">vanhemmat(henkilot: list, vuosi: int)</code>, joka palauttaa uuden listan, jolle on tallennettu kaikki <em>ennen</em> annettua vuotta syntyneet henkilöiden nimet parametrina saadulta henkilöiden listalta.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">h1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1977</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nh2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Einari\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1985</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nh3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Maija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1953</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nh4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Essi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1997</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhlista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>h1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> h2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> h3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> h4<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nvanhemmat_henkilot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> vanhemmat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>hlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1979</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vanhemmat_henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[ 'Arto', Maija' ]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"miksi-tuple-on-olemassa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Miksi tuple on olemassa?<a href=\"#miksi-tuple-on-olemassa\" aria-label=\"miksi tuple on olemassa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tuplen ideana on tallentaa jokin kiinteä kokoelma arvoja, jotka liittyvät toisiinsa. Esimerkiksi kun tallennamme pisteen, jossa on x- ja y-koordinaatti, tuple on luonteva valinta, koska pisteeseen kuuluu aina kaksi arvoa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">piste <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Voisimme sinänsä tallentaa pisteen myös listana:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">piste <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämä ei kuitenkaan tuntuisi yhtä hyvältä ratkaisulta, koska lista sisältää peräkkäisiä alkioita jossakin järjestyksessä ja sen koko voi muuttua. Kun tallennamme pisteen, haluamme tallentaa nimenomaan x- ja y-koordinaatin eikä listaa koordinaateista.</p><p>Koska tuple on muuttumaton, sitä voidaan käyttää sanakirjan avaimena (toisin kuin listaa).\nEsimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma luo sanakirjan, jonka avaimet ovat pisteitä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\npisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"apina\"</span>\npisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span>\npisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"cembalo\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output>\napina\n</sample-output><p>Vastaava koodi <em>ei</em> toimisi, jos käyttäisimme listoja:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\npisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"apina\"</span>\npisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span>\npisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"cembalo\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"tuple-ilman-sulkuja\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tuple ilman sulkuja<a href=\"#tuple-ilman-sulkuja\" aria-label=\"tuple ilman sulkuja permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tuplen määrittelyssä ei ole pakko antaa sulkuja. Esimerkiksi seuraavat koodit toimivat samalla tavalla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämän ansiosta voimme tehdä luontevasti funktion, joka palauttaa useita arvoja tuplena. Tarkastellaan seuraavaa esimerkkiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">minmax</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n  <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">min</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">max</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nlista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">33</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">21</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">88</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">312</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\npienin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> suurin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> minmax<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Pienin luku on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pienin<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> ja suurin on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>suurin<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pienin luku on 5 ja suurin on 312</p></sample-output><p>Tämä funktio palauttaa kaksi arvoa tuplena, ja funktion paluuarvo vastaanotetaan \"yhtä aikaa\" kahteen muuttujaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">pienin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> suurin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> minmax<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tässä tapauksessa sijoitusoperaation vasemmalla puolella on tuple, jonka sisällä oleviin muuttujiin asetetaan funktion palauttaman tuplen sisältämät arvot:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pienin<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> suurin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> minmax<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Sanakirjojen yhteydessä esiteltiin <code class=\"language-text\">items</code>-metodiin perustuvaa tapaa käydä läpi sanakirjan kaikki avaimet ja arvot:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sanakirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\nsanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"apina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"monkey\"</span>\nsanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"banana\"</span>\nsanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"cembalo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"harpsichord\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> avain<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvo <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sanakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>items<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"avain:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> avain<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"arvo:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tässäkin Python käyttää taustalla tupleja: <code class=\"language-text\">sanakirja.items()</code> palauttaa yksi kerrallaan avain-arvo-parit tuplena, jonka ensimmäinen alkio on avain ja toinen arvo.</p><p>Vielä yksi tuplen käyttötarkoitus on kahden muuttujan arvon vaihtaminen keskenään:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luku2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> luku2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luku1</code></pre></div><p>Yllä oleva koodi vaihtaa keskenään muuttujien <code class=\"language-text\">luku1</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">luku2</code> arvot, eli koodi toimii samoin kuin seuraava, apumuuttujaa käyttävä koodi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">apu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> luku1\nluku1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> luku2\nluku2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> apu</code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Opiskelijarekisteri' tmcname='osa05-20_opiskelijarekisteri'><p>Tässä tehtäväsarjassa toteutetaan yksinkertainen opiskelijarekisteri. Ennen ohjelmoinnin aloittamista kannattanee hetki miettiä, minkälaisen tietorakenteen tarvitset ohjelman tallentamien tietojen organisointiin.</p><h4 id=\"opiskelijoiden-lisays\" style=\"position:relative;\">opiskelijoiden lisäys<a href=\"#opiskelijoiden-lisays\" aria-label=\"opiskelijoiden lisays permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h4><p>Toteuta ensin funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_opiskelija</code> uuden opiskelijan lisäämiseen sekä ensimmäinen versio funktiosta <code class=\"language-text\">tulosta</code>, joka tulostaa yhden opiskelijan tiedot.</p><p>Funktioita käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">opiskelijat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\nlisaa_opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Liisa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Liisa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Jukka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma tulostaa tässä vaiheessa</p><sample-output><pre>\nPekka:\n ei suorituksia\nLiisa:\n ei suorituksia\nei löytynyt ketään nimellä Jukka\n</pre></sample-output><h4 id=\"suoritusten-lisays\" style=\"position:relative;\">suoritusten lisäys<a href=\"#suoritusten-lisays\" aria-label=\"suoritusten lisays permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h4><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_suoritus</code>, jonka avulla opiskelijalle voidaan lisätä kurssin suoritus. Suoritus on tuple, joka koostuu kurssin nimestä ja arvosanasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">opiskelijat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\nlisaa_opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohpe\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tira\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Opiskelijan tietojen tulostus muuttuu, kun suorituksia on lisätty:</p><sample-output><pre>\nPekka:\n suorituksia 2 kurssilta:\n  Ohpe 3\n  Tira 2\n keskiarvo 2.5\n</pre></sample-output><h4 id=\"arvosanojen-korotus\" style=\"position:relative;\">arvosanojen korotus<a href=\"#arvosanojen-korotus\" aria-label=\"arvosanojen korotus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h4><p>Suorituksen lisäämisen pitää toimia siten, että se jättää arvosanan 0 suoritukset huomiotta eikä alenna kurssilla ennestään olevaa arvosanaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">opiskelijat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\nlisaa_opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohpe\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tira\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lama\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohpe\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\nPekka:\n suorituksia 2 kurssilta:\n  Ohpe 3\n  Tira 2\n keskiarvo 2.5\n</pre></sample-output><h4 id=\"kooste-opiskelijoista\" style=\"position:relative;\">kooste opiskelijoista<a href=\"#kooste-opiskelijoista\" aria-label=\"kooste opiskelijoista permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h4><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kooste</code>, joka tulostaa koosteen opiskelijoiden suorituksista. Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">opiskelijat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\nlisaa_opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Liisa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lama\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohpe\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tira\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Liisa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohpe\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Liisa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Jtkt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkooste<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>tulostus näyttää seuraavalta</p><sample-output><pre>\nopiskelijoita 2\neniten suorituksia 3 Pekka\nparas keskiarvo 4.5 Liisa\n</pre></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name=\"Kirjainruudukko\" tmcname=\"osa05-21_kirjainruudukko\"><p>Tämän osan huipentaa suhteellisen haastava ongelmanratkaisua vaativa tehtävä, jonka voi ratkaista monella eri tavalla. Vaikka tehtävä on tupleja käsittelevässä luvussa, tupleja tässä tuskin kannattaa käyttää.</p><p>Tee ohjelma, joka tulostaa kirjainruudukon oheisten esimerkkien mukaisesti. Voit olettaa, että kerroksia on enintään 26.</p><sample-output><p>Kerrokset: <strong>3</strong></p><pre>\nCCCCC\nCBBBC\nCBABC\nCBBBC\nCCCCC\n</pre></sample-output><sample-output><p>Kerrokset: <strong>4</strong></p><pre>\nDDDDDDD\nDCCCCCD\nDCBBBCD\nDCBABCD\nDCBBBCD\nDCCCCCD\nDDDDDDD\n</pre></sample-output><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"8342aecc-48cd-5e26-a8ad-6272ba1df02a\"></quiz></div><p>Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:</p><div><quiz 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index 56c56cab1..2dff3d608 100644
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Välimerkkinä on usein pilkku "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" tai puolipiste "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":";"}]},{"type":"text","value":", mutta mikä tahansa muukin merkki on periaatteessa mahdollinen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"CSV-tiedostoja käytetään usein erilaisten aineistojen esittämiseen. 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Jos tehtävä ei lähde heti aukenemaan, kannattanee tehdä ensin osan muut tehtävät ja palata lopuksi takaisin tähän. Huomaa, että voit lähettää moniosaisessa tehtävässä palvelimelle myös yksittäiset osat"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"hae_raakaaine(tiedosto: str, aine: str)"}]},{"type":"text","value":" joka hakee parametrina annetun nimisestä tiedostosta reseptit, jotka sisältävät toisena parametrina annetun raaka-aineen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kriteerin täyttävät reseptit palautetaan edellisen tehtävän tapaan listana. 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Jos VS Code ei löydä tiedostoa vaikka olet tarkastanut tiedoston nimen kirjoitusasun, voit "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"/osa-6/1-tiedostojen-lukeminen#mita-jos-vs-code-ei-loyda-tiedostoja-koodia-suoritettaessa"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"täällä"}]},{"type":"text","value":" kokeilla olevaa ohjetta."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"h4","properties":{"id":"pisin-valimatka","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"pisin välimatka"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#pisin-valimatka","ariaLabel":"pisin valimatka permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 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Tämän takia kurssilla on paljon tehtäviä. Osa tehtävistä on kohtuullisen suoraviivaisesti materiaalia hyödyntäviä ja osa taas aivan tarkoituksella haastavampia soveltavia tehtäviä.</p><p>Ei kannata huolestua, vaikka osa kurssin tehtävistä tuntuisikin ensiyrittämällä liian vaikealta. Kaikkia tehtäviä ei ole pakko tehdä, kuten <a href=\"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet\">arvosteluperusteet</a> toteavat, <em>kurssin läpipääsyyn vaaditaan vähintään 25 % jokaisen osan ohjelmointitehtävien pisteistä.</em></p><p><strong>Kurssin osien tehtävät eivät etene vaikeusjärjestyksessä.</strong> Jokaisessa aliosassa esitellään yleensä muutama uusi konsepti, joita harjoitellaan sekä helpommilla että soveltavimmilla tehtävillä. <strong>Jos törmäät liian haastavan tuntuiseen tehtävään, hyppää seuraavaan</strong>. Voit palata vaikeimpiin tehtäviin osan lopuksi, jos aikaa vielä jää.</p><p>Lohdutuksen sanana todettakoon, että tällä viikolla mahdottomalta vaikuttava tehtävä näyttää melko varmasti neljän viikon päästä melko helpolta.</p></text-box><p>Yksi tavallinen ohjelmoinnin käyttötarkoitus on käsitellä tiedostoissa olevaa tietoa. Ohjelmat voivat lukea tietoa tiedostoista ja tallentaa tuloksia tiedostoihin. Tiedostojen avulla voimme käsitellä suuriakin aineistoja helposti automaattisesti.</p><p>Oletamme tällä kurssilla, että käsiteltävät tiedostot ovat <em>tekstitiedostoja</em> eli ne muodostuvat riveistä, joilla on tekstiä. Esimerkiksi kurssilla käytetty Visual Studio Code -editori käsittelee tekstitiedostoja. Huomaa, että esimerkiksi Word-dokumentti ei ole tekstitiedosto, vaan siinä on tekstin lisäksi muotoilutietoja ja sen käsittely ohjelmallisesti olisi vaikeaa.</p><h2 id=\"tiedostosta-lukeminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tiedostosta lukeminen<a href=\"#tiedostosta-lukeminen\" aria-label=\"tiedostosta lukeminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Käytetään esimerkkinä tiedostoa <code class=\"language-text\">esimerkki.txt</code>, jonka sisältönä on:</p><sample-data><p>Moi kaikki!\nEsimerkkitiedostomme on kolmerivinen.\nViimeinen rivi.</p></sample-data><p>Hyvä tapa käsitellä tiedostoja Pythonissa on käyttää <code class=\"language-text\">with</code>-lausetta, jonka alkurivi avaa tiedoston. Tämän jälkeen tulee lohko, jonka sisällä tiedostoa voi käsitellä. Lohkon jälkeen tiedosto sulkeutuu automaattisesti, eikä sitä voi enää käsitellä.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi lukee ja tulostaa tiedoston sisällön:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"esimerkki.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    sisalto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>read<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sisalto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Moi kaikki!\nEsimerkkitiedostomme on kolmerivinen.\nViimeinen rivi.</p></sample-output><p>Koodissa muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">tiedosto</code> on <em>tiedostokahva</em>, jonka kautta tiedostoa voi käsitellä avaamisen jälkeen. Tässä tapauksessa käytämme metodia <code class=\"language-text\">read</code>, joka palauttaa koko tiedoston sisällön yhtenä merkkijonona. Tässä tapauksessa palautettu merkkijono on seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"text\"><pre class=\"language-text\"><code class=\"language-text\">\"Moi kaikki!\\nEsimerkkitiedostomme on kolmerivinen.\\nViimeinen rivi.\"</code></pre></div><h2 id=\"tiedoston-sisallon-lapikaynti\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tiedoston sisällön läpikäynti<a href=\"#tiedoston-sisallon-lapikaynti\" aria-label=\"tiedoston sisallon lapikaynti permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">read</code> on näppärä, jos halutaan esimerkiksi tulostaa tiedoston sisältö kokonaisuudessaan ruudulle. Usein haluamme kuitenkin käsitellä tiedostoa rivi kerrallaan.</p><p>Voimme käyttää tiedoston sisällön lukemiseen <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukkaa, joka käy läpi tiedoston rivit yksi kerrallaan – siis samaan tapaan kuin esimerkiksi listan läpikäynnissä.</p><p>Seuraava esimerkki lukee saman tiedoston nyt käyttäen <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukkaa, poistaa joka rivin perästä rivinvaihdon ja laskee rivien yhteispituuden:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"esimerkki.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    laskuri <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n    yhteispituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        rivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>replace<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        laskuri <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Rivi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> laskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        pituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        yhteispituus <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> pituus\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Rivien yhteispituus:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> yhteispituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Rivi 1 Moi kaikki!\nRivi 2 Esimerkkitiedostomme on kolmerivinen.\nRivi 3 Viimeinen rivi.\nRivien yhteispituus: 63</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että rivien läpikäynnissä jokaisen rivin perässä on rivinvaihto <code class=\"language-text\">\\n</code>. Yllä oleva koodi kuitenkin poistaa rivinvaihdot <code class=\"language-text\">replace</code>-funktiolla, joka korvaa rivinvaihdot tyhjillä merkkijonoilla. Tämän ansiosta tulostukseen ei tule ylimääräisiä rivivaihtoja ja ohjelma laskee oikein tiedoston rivien yhteispituuden.</p><programming-exercise name='Suurin luku' tmcname='osa06-01_suurin_luku'><p>Tiedostoon <code class=\"language-text\">luvut.txt</code> on tallennettu lukuja, yksi luku per rivi seuraavan esimerkin mukaisesti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"sh\"><pre class=\"language-sh\"><code class=\"language-sh\"><span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">45</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">108</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">3</span>\n<span class=\"token parameter variable\">-10</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">1100</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">..</span>.jne<span class=\"token punctuation\">..</span>.</code></pre></div><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">suurin</code>, joka lukee tiedoston ja palauttaa suurimman tiedostosta löytyvän luvun.</p><p>Huomaa, että tiedoston nimi on aina <code class=\"language-text\">luvut.txt</code> eikä funktiolle anneta parametria.</p><p><strong>Huom!</strong> Jos VS Code ei löydä tiedostoa vaikka olet tarkastanut tiedoston nimen kirjoitusasun, voit kokeilla seuraavaa heti tehtävän jälkeen olevaa ohjetta.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"mita-jos-vs-code-ei-loyda-tiedostoja-koodia-suoritettaessa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Mitä jos VS code ei löydä tiedostoja koodia suoritettaessa?<a href=\"#mita-jos-vs-code-ei-loyda-tiedostoja-koodia-suoritettaessa\" aria-label=\"mita jos vs code ei loyda tiedostoja koodia suoritettaessa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos VS Code ei löydä tiedostoa suorittaessasi koodia (vihreää nappia painamalla) vaikka olet tarkastanut tiedoston nimen kirjoitusasun, voit kokeilla seuraavaa:</p><ul>\n<li>Mene asetuksiin valikosta <em>File</em> -> <em>Preferences</em> -> <em>Settings</em></li>\n<li>Etsi muutettava kohta hakusanalla \"executeinfile\"</li>\n<li>Valitse välilehti <em>Workspace</em></li>\n<li>Laita raksi kohtaan <em>Python</em> -> <em>Terminal</em> -> <em>Execute In File Dir</em></li>\n</ul><p>Oikein tehtynä asetus näyttää suunilleen seuraavalta:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/6e5d89f76dfd47af6f9ea67b097452e8/e405b/6_1_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 16.521739130434785%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAADCAIAAAAcOLh5AAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAZElEQVQI11XOQQqAMAwEwP5DknRNkNIilaInvXn3/8+RKIoOOe4uCQAQHYDWWq01/xS/UnLO07rP+9HbEEU8DQT+SCmZmZqlB77GRdvGUCa687+yiDAzVH3i8hb9MyZQJ0xv/gSEjBk5LU20dgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/6e5d89f76dfd47af6f9ea67b097452e8/a0b58/6_1_1.webp 230w,\n/static/6e5d89f76dfd47af6f9ea67b097452e8/bc10c/6_1_1.webp 460w,\n/static/6e5d89f76dfd47af6f9ea67b097452e8/966d8/6_1_1.webp 920w,\n/static/6e5d89f76dfd47af6f9ea67b097452e8/445df/6_1_1.webp 1380w,\n/static/6e5d89f76dfd47af6f9ea67b097452e8/9b2c8/6_1_1.webp 1566w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/6e5d89f76dfd47af6f9ea67b097452e8/81c8e/6_1_1.png 230w,\n/static/6e5d89f76dfd47af6f9ea67b097452e8/08a84/6_1_1.png 460w,\n/static/6e5d89f76dfd47af6f9ea67b097452e8/c0255/6_1_1.png 920w,\n/static/6e5d89f76dfd47af6f9ea67b097452e8/b1001/6_1_1.png 1380w,\n/static/6e5d89f76dfd47af6f9ea67b097452e8/e405b/6_1_1.png 1566w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/6e5d89f76dfd47af6f9ea67b097452e8/c0255/6_1_1.png\" alt=\"6 1 1\" title=\"6 1 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Jos edellinenkään ei toimi, voit kopioida kansiossa <em>src</em> olevan testaukseen käytetyn tiedoston sisällön</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/6297e/6_1_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 22.17391304347826%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAECAIAAAABPYjBAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAApklEQVQI123N0QqCQBAFUH/CUVlnt3JnVtcSyx1XikKCHur/PyhQih463KcLl5s87rcQRcLoa98037TO1czsFtba6p/kFESm8+U6HyTuT4FcY11Dtd9WVH4gol7keQ4Aa4OIySBjfxwkyKuLc90P5ImYiHeWtdmYRVmWSqmiKLIsAwCllDFGa50EiW3Xj3F6tjKQr5YlE28tozbrISKmaQoAiPg7fgOYxyLFEKvBSAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/a0b58/6_1_2.webp 230w,\n/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/bc10c/6_1_2.webp 460w,\n/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/966d8/6_1_2.webp 920w,\n/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/445df/6_1_2.webp 1380w,\n/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/78de1/6_1_2.webp 1840w,\n/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/4b7c9/6_1_2.webp 2044w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/81c8e/6_1_2.png 230w,\n/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/08a84/6_1_2.png 460w,\n/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/c0255/6_1_2.png 920w,\n/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/b1001/6_1_2.png 1380w,\n/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/161ec/6_1_2.png 1840w,\n/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/6297e/6_1_2.png 2044w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/c0255/6_1_2.png\" alt=\"6 1 2\" title=\"6 1 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>suoraan tehtäväkansion alle</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/6297e/6_1_3.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 26.956521739130434%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAFCAIAAADKYVtkAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAAt0lEQVQY023P3Q6CMAwFYN6DjqjtNta1MxlDdILGxBvf/4UMGO/4cm5Pf5pa79N0m+eHSBJJMSqzMKv3vaqklPq+995ba51zdkNkPR2COzallJzL8/lalketc86FWWJUIsfMqtq2bdd1sDF/AOaE2AzDUIYyjmPOWUQRiWidjYgxRlU1xnQ7DBGtmyWdy2ViZqL1ul8QSSQyMwDsVI1BxOZ6md65fsYlyTms3/6iznnd7JYBIITwBcyRLmVWTxqEAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/a0b58/6_1_3.webp 230w,\n/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/bc10c/6_1_3.webp 460w,\n/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/966d8/6_1_3.webp 920w,\n/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/445df/6_1_3.webp 1380w,\n/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/78de1/6_1_3.webp 1840w,\n/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/4b7c9/6_1_3.webp 2044w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/81c8e/6_1_3.png 230w,\n/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/08a84/6_1_3.png 460w,\n/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/c0255/6_1_3.png 920w,\n/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/b1001/6_1_3.png 1380w,\n/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/161ec/6_1_3.png 1840w,\n/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/6297e/6_1_3.png 2044w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/c0255/6_1_3.png\" alt=\"6 1 3\" title=\"6 1 3\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><h2 id=\"tiedostoja-lukevan-koodin-debuggaus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tiedostoja lukevan koodin debuggaus<a href=\"#tiedostoja-lukevan-koodin-debuggaus\" aria-label=\"tiedostoja lukevan koodin debuggaus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos yrität käyttää VS Coden <a href=\"/osa-4/1-vscode#debuggeri\">debuggeria</a> tiedostoja lukevan koodin suorittamiseen, törmäät ikävään virheilmoitukseen:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/eff3b/6_1_4.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 31.304347826086953%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/a0b58/6_1_4.webp 230w,\n/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/bc10c/6_1_4.webp 460w,\n/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/966d8/6_1_4.webp 920w,\n/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/445df/6_1_4.webp 1380w,\n/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/78de1/6_1_4.webp 1840w,\n/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/5340a/6_1_4.webp 2072w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/81c8e/6_1_4.png 230w,\n/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/08a84/6_1_4.png 460w,\n/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/c0255/6_1_4.png 920w,\n/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/b1001/6_1_4.png 1380w,\n/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/161ec/6_1_4.png 1840w,\n/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/eff3b/6_1_4.png 2072w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/c0255/6_1_4.png\" alt=\"6 1 4\" title=\"6 1 4\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Syynä tälle on se, että debuggeri etsii tiedostoja tehtäväkansion juuresta eikä edes <em>Execute In File Dir</em> -asetus ei asiaa muuta. Helpoin ratkaisu ongelmaan on edellisessä luvussa kuvattu testaukseen käytetyn tiedoston kopioiminen  tehtävähakemiston juureen.</p><p>Kun olet kopioinut tiedostot tehtävähakemiston juureen, joudut ehkä vielä käynnistämään visual studio coden uudelleen jotta kaikki toimisi.</p><h2 id=\"csv-tiedoston-lukeminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">CSV-tiedoston lukeminen<a href=\"#csv-tiedoston-lukeminen\" aria-label=\"csv tiedoston lukeminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>CSV-tiedosto (<em>Comma Separated Values</em>) on tekstitiedosto, jonka jokaisella rivillä on tietyllä välimerkillä erotettua tietoa. Välimerkkinä on usein pilkku <code class=\"language-text\">,</code> tai puolipiste <code class=\"language-text\">;</code>, mutta mikä tahansa muukin merkki on periaatteessa mahdollinen.</p><p>CSV-tiedostoja käytetään usein erilaisten aineistojen esittämiseen. Myös Excelin ja muiden vastaavien ohjelmien taulukot voidaan tallentaa CSV-muodossa, jolloin niitä on helppo käsitellä muilla ohjelmilla.</p><p>Voimme lukea CSV-tiedoston rivit <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukalla, mutta miten erottaa rivillä olevat tiedot toisistaan? Helppo tapa on käyttää merkkijonojen <code class=\"language-text\">split</code>-metodia: metodille annetaan haluttu välimerkki, ja se palauttaa tiedot välimerkin mukaan eroteltuna listana merkkijonoja.</p><p>Esimerkki metodin käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">teksti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"apina,banaani,cembalo\"</span>\nsanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> teksti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\",\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>apina\nbanaani\ncembalo</p></sample-output><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä tiedostoa <code class=\"language-text\">arvosanat.csv</code>, joka sisältää jokaisella rivillä aluksi opiskelijan nimen ja sen jälkeen tämän eri kursseista saamat arvosanat. Tiedot on erotettu toisistaan puolipisteillä.</p><sample-data><p>Pekka;5;4;5;3;4;5;5;4;2;4\nPaula;3;4;2;4;4;2;3;1;3;3\nPirjo;4;5;5;4;5;5;4;5;4;4</p></sample-data><p>Seuraava ohjelma käy läpi tiedoston rivit, jakaa jokaisen rivin osiin ja näyttää opiskelijan nimen sekä arvosanat.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"arvosanat.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        rivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>replace<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\";\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        arvosanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nimi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Arvosanat:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvosanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Nimi: Pekka\nArvosanat: ['5', '4', '5', '3', '4', '5', '5', '4', '2', '4']\nNimi: Paula\nArvosanat: ['3', '4', '2', '4', '4', '2', '3', '1', '3', '3']\nNimi: Pirjo\nArvosanat: ['4', '5', '5', '4', '5', '5', '4', '5', '4', '4']</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Hedelmäkauppa' tmcname='osa06-02_hedelmakauppa'><p>Tiedostossa <code class=\"language-text\">hedelmat.csv</code> on hedelmiä hintoineen seuraavan esimerkin mukaisesti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"sh\"><pre class=\"language-sh\"><code class=\"language-sh\">banaani<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span><span class=\"token number\">6.50</span>\nomena<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span><span class=\"token number\">4.95</span>\nappelsiini<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span><span class=\"token number\">8.0</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">..</span>.jne<span class=\"token punctuation\">..</span>.</code></pre></div><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lue_hedelmat</code>, joka lukee hedelmätiedoston ja muodostaa siitä sanakirjan, jossa hedelmän nimi on avain ja hinta arvo. Hinnan tulee olla <code class=\"language-text\">float</code>-arvona sanakirjassa.</p><p>Huomaa, että tiedoston nimi on aina <code class=\"language-text\">hedelmat.csv</code> eikä funktiolle anneta parametria.</p><p>Lopuksi funktio palauttaa tämän sanakirjan.</p><p><strong>Huom!</strong> Jos VS Code ei löydä tiedostoa vaikka olet tarkastanut tiedoston nimen kirjoitusasun, voit kokeilla <a href=\"/osa-6/1-tiedostojen-lukeminen#mita-jos-vs-code-ei-loyda-tiedostoja-koodia-suoritettaessa\">täällä</a> olevaa ohjetta.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Matriisi' tmcname='osa06-03_matriisi'><p>Tiedostossa <code class=\"language-text\">matriisi.txt</code> on seuraavan esimerkin kaltainen matriisi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"sh\"><pre class=\"language-sh\"><code class=\"language-sh\"><span class=\"token number\">1,0</span>,2,8,2,1,3,2,5,2,2,2\n<span class=\"token number\">9,2</span>,4,5,2,4,2,4,1,10,4,2\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">..</span>.jne<span class=\"token punctuation\">..</span>.</code></pre></div><p>Kirjoita funktiot <code class=\"language-text\">summa</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">maksimi</code>, jotka lukevat ja palauttavat nimensä mukaisesti matriisin kaikkien alkioiden summan ja suurimman alkion.</p><p>Kirjoita lisäksi funktio <code class=\"language-text\">rivisummat</code>, joka palauttaa listassa kaikkien matriisin rivien summat. Esimerkiksi matriisille</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"sh\"><pre class=\"language-sh\"><code class=\"language-sh\"><span class=\"token number\">1,2</span>,3\n<span class=\"token number\">2,3</span>,4</code></pre></div><p>funktio palauttaisi listan <code class=\"language-text\">[6, 9]</code>.</p><p>Vinkki: Voit kirjoittaa ohjelmaan myös muita funktioita – kannattaa siis miettiä, mitä kaikkia yhteisiä toimintoja kolmea funktiota varten vaaditaan. Huomaa, että tiedoston nimi on aina <code class=\"language-text\">matriisi.txt</code> eikä tehtävänannossa määritellyille funktioille anneta parametreja. Itse lisäämäsi funktiot voivat hyödyntää myös parametreja.</p><p><strong>Huom!</strong> Jos VS Code ei löydä tiedostoa vaikka olet tarkastanut tiedoston nimen kirjoitusasun, voit kokeilla <a href=\"/osa-6/1-tiedostojen-lukeminen#mita-jos-vs-code-ei-loyda-tiedostoja-koodia-suoritettaessa\">täällä</a> olevaa ohjetta.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"saman-tiedoston-lukeminen-moneen-kertaan\" style=\"position:relative;\">Saman tiedoston lukeminen moneen kertaan<a href=\"#saman-tiedoston-lukeminen-moneen-kertaan\" aria-label=\"saman tiedoston lukeminen moneen kertaan permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Joissain tilanteissa ohjelman on tarvetta lukea sama tiedosto useampaan kertaan. Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä seuraavaa ohjelmaa, joka käsittelee henkilötietoja sisältävää tiedostoa:</p><sample-data>\nPekka;40;Helsinki\nEmilia;34;Espoo\nErkki;42;Turku\nAntti;100;Helsinki\nLiisa;58;Suonenjoki\n</sample-data><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"henkilot.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># tulostetaan nimet</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\";\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nimi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># etsitään vanhin</span>\n    vanhimman_ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\";\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> ika <span class=\"token operator\">></span> vanhimman_ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            vanhimman_ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> ika\n            vanhin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vanhin on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vanhin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma aiheuttaa erikoisen virheilmoituksen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">Traceback <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>most recent call last<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vanhin on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span> vanhin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nUnboundLocalError<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> local variable <span class=\"token string\">'vanhin'</span> referenced before assignment</code></pre></div><p>Syynä virheelle on se, että jälkimmäistä for-silmukkaa ei suoriteta ollenkaan, sillä tiedoston voi lukea vain kerran. Tämän jälkeen ollaan päästy \"tiedoston loppuun\", ja vaikka yritetään lukea tiedostosta lisää jälkimmäisessä silmukassa, tietoon ei päästä enää käsiksi.</p><p>Tiedosto onkin avattava uudelleen komennolla <code class=\"language-text\">open</code> toista lukukertaa varten:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"henkilot.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># tulostetaan nimet</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\";\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nimi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"henkilot.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># etsitään vanhin</span>\n    vanhimman_ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\";\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> ika <span class=\"token operator\">></span> vanhimman_ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            vanhimman_ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> ika\n            vanhin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vanhin on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vanhin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Yleensä aina on kuitenkin parasta lukea tiedosto vain kerran ja tallentaa se muotoon, jota ohjelman toiminnallisuudet pystyvät hyödyntämään:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># luetaan tiedostosta henkilöt listaan</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"henkilot.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\";\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># tulostetaan nimet</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> henkilo <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nimi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># etsitään vanhin</span>\nvanhimman_ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> henkilo <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> ika <span class=\"token operator\">></span> vanhimman_ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        vanhimman_ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> ika\n        vanhin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vanhin on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vanhin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"lisaa-csv-tiedoston-kasittelya\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lisää CSV-tiedoston käsittelyä<a href=\"#lisaa-csv-tiedoston-kasittelya\" aria-label=\"lisaa csv tiedoston kasittelya permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jatketaan opiskelijoiden arvosanoja sisältävän tiedoston <code class=\"language-text\">arvosanat.csv</code> käsittelyä. Tiedosto näyttää siis seuraavalta:</p><sample-data><p>Pekka;5;4;5;3;4;5;5;4;2;4\nPaula;3;4;2;4;4;2;3;1;3;3\nPirjo;4;5;5;4;5;5;4;5;4;4</p></sample-data><p>Seuraava ohjelma luo tiedoston perusteella sanakirjan <code class=\"language-text\">arvosanat</code>, jossa jokainen avain on opiskelijan nimi ja vastaava arvo on lista arvosanoista. Ohjelma muuttaa arvosanat kokonaisluvuiksi, jotta niitä on mukavampaa käsitellä myöhemmin.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">arvosanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"arvosanat.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        rivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>replace<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\";\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        arvosanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> arvosana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            arvosanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>arvosana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>arvosanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>{'Pekka': [5, 4, 5, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4, 2, 4], 'Paula': [3, 4, 2, 4, 4, 2, 3, 1, 3, 3], 'Pirjo': [4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4]}</p></sample-output><p>Tämän jälkeen voimme vaikkapa tulostaa analyysin arvosanoista käymällä läpi sanakirjan <code class=\"language-text\">arvosanat</code> perusteella:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lista <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> arvosanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>items<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    paras <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">max</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    keskiarvo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sum</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">: paras arvosana </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>paras<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, keskiarvo </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>keskiarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token format-spec\">.2f</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pekka: paras arvosana 5, keskiarvo 4.10\nPaula: paras arvosana 4, keskiarvo 2.90\nPirjo: paras arvosana 5, keskiarvo 4.50</p></sample-output><p>Kannattaa tutustua huolella esimerkkikoodiin. Se voi ensisilmäyksellä vaikuttaa monimutkaiselta, mutta ratkaisu on helposti sovellettavissa monenlaisiin datatiedostoihin.</p><h2 id=\"eroon-turhista-riveista-valilyonneista-ja-rivinvaihdoista\" style=\"position:relative;\">Eroon turhista riveistä, välilyönneistä ja rivinvaihdoista<a href=\"#eroon-turhista-riveista-valilyonneista-ja-rivinvaihdoista\" aria-label=\"eroon turhista riveista valilyonneista ja rivinvaihdoista permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Olemme tallentaneet Excelistä nimiä taulukon CSV-muodossa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"sh\"><pre class=\"language-sh\"><code class=\"language-sh\">etunimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span> sukunimi\nPekka<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span> Python\nJaana<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span> Java\nHeikki<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span> Haskell</code></pre></div><p>Kuten tyypillistä, Excel on lisännyt sarakkeiden väliin erottimena toimivan puolipisteen lisäksi myös välilyönnin.</p><p>Haluamme tulostaa listalla olevat sukunimet. Koska ensimmäinen rivi kertoo sarakkeiden otsikot, ohitamme sen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sukunimet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"henkilot.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\";\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># ohitetaan otsikkorivi</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"etunimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">continue</span>\n        sukunimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sukunimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tulostus näyttää seuraavalta:</p><sample-output><p>[' Python\\n', ' Java\\n', ' Haskell']</p></sample-output><p>Kaikkiin paitsi viimeiseen rivin sukunimeen on jäänyt mukaan rivinvaihtomerkki, ja jokaisen sukunimen alkuun on jäänyt ikävä välilyönti.</p><p>Pääsisimme näistä eroon aiempien esimerkkien tapaan käyttämällä metodia <code class=\"language-text\">replace</code>, mutta parempi vaihtoehto tässä tilanteessa on käyttää metodia <code class=\"language-text\">strip</code>, joka poistaa merkkijonon alusta ja lopusta ns. whitespace-merkit, eli välilyönnit, rivinvaihdot ja muut normaalina merkkinä tulostumattomat merkit.</p><p>Kokeillaan metodin toimintaa konsolissa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token string\">\" koe \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>strip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'koe'</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\\n\\ntesti\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>strip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'testi'</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span></code></pre></div><p>Tarvittava muutos ohjelmaan on helppo:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sukunimet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"henkilot.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">';'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"etunimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">continue</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># tämä oli otsikkorivi, ei huomioida!</span>\n        sukunimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>strip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sukunimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämän jälkeen tulostus on halutunlainen:</p><sample-output><p>['Python', 'Java', 'Haskell']</p></sample-output><p>Merkkijonoilla on myös metodit <code class=\"language-text\">lstrip</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">rstrip</code>, jotka poistavat ainoastaan merkkijonon vasemmalla tai oikealla puolella olevia merkkejä.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token string\">\" testimerkkijono  \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rstrip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">' testimerkkijono'</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token string\">\" testimerkkijono  \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lstrip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'testimerkkijono  '</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"eri-tiedostoissa-olevien-tietojen-yhdistely\" style=\"position:relative;\">Eri tiedostoissa olevien tietojen yhdistely<a href=\"#eri-tiedostoissa-olevien-tietojen-yhdistely\" aria-label=\"eri tiedostoissa olevien tietojen yhdistely permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>On hyvin yleistä, että ohjelmassa tarvittava data on talletettu useaan erilliseen tiedostoon. Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä tilannetta, jossa yrityksen henkilöstön tiedot ovat omassa tiedostossaan <code class=\"language-text\">tyontekijat.csv</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"csv\"><pre class=\"language-csv\"><code class=\"language-csv\"><span class=\"token value\">hetu;nimi;osoite;kaupunki</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">080488-123X;Pekka Mikkola;Vilppulantie 7;00700 Helsinki</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">290274-044S;Liisa Marttinen;Mannerheimintie 100 A 10;00100 Helsinki</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">010479-007Z;Arto Vihavainen;Pihapolku 4;01010 Kerava</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">010499-345K;Leevi Hellas;Tapiolantie 11 B;02000 Espoo</span></code></pre></div><p>Työntekijöiden palkat taas ovat talletettu omaan tiedostoonsa <code class=\"language-text\">palkat.csv</code></p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"csv\"><pre class=\"language-csv\"><code class=\"language-csv\"><span class=\"token value\">hetu;palkka;bonus</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">080488-123X;3300;0</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">290274-044S;4150;200</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">010479-007Z;1300;1200</span></code></pre></div><p>Molempien tiedostojen riveillä on ensin <em>henkilötunnus</em>, joka kertoo kenen tiedoista on kyse. Käyttämällä henkilötunnusta yhdistävänä tekijänä, on helppo yhdistää henkilöiden nimet ja palkat toisiinsa, ja tehdä esimerkiksi ohjelma, joka tulostaa seuraavanlaisen näkymän henkilöiden ansioihin:</p><sample-output><pre>\nansiot:\nPekka Mikkola    3300 euroa\nLiisa Marttinen  4350 euroa\nArto Vihavainen  2500 euroa\n</pre></sample-output><p>Ohjelma käyttää aputietorakenteena kahta saankirjaa <code class=\"language-text\">nimet</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">palkat</code>, joissa molemmissa avaimena toimii henkilötunnus:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tyontekijat.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">';'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"hetu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">continue</span>\n        nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\npalkat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"palkat.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">';'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"hetu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">continue</span>\n        palkat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span><span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ansiot:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> hetu<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>items<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> hetu <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> palkat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        palkka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> palkat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>hetu<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token format-spec\">16</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>palkka<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> euroa\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token format-spec\">16</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> 0 euroa\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma siis muodostaa ensin sanakirjat <code class=\"language-text\">nimet</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">palkat</code>, joiden sisältö näyttää seuraavilta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"sh\"><pre class=\"language-sh\"><code class=\"language-sh\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>\n    <span class=\"token string\">'080488-123X'</span><span class=\"token builtin class-name\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">'Pekka Mikkola'</span>,\n    <span class=\"token string\">'290274-044S'</span><span class=\"token builtin class-name\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">'Liisa Marttinen'</span>,\n    <span class=\"token string\">'010479-007Z'</span><span class=\"token builtin class-name\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">'Arto Vihavainen'</span>,\n    <span class=\"token string\">'010499-345K'</span><span class=\"token builtin class-name\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">'Leevi Hellas'</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>\n    <span class=\"token string\">'080488-123X'</span><span class=\"token builtin class-name\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">3300</span>,\n    <span class=\"token string\">'290274-044S'</span><span class=\"token builtin class-name\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">4350</span>,\n    <span class=\"token string\">'010479-007Z'</span><span class=\"token builtin class-name\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">2500</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></code></pre></div><p>Lopun for-silmukka yhdistää henkilöiden nimet ja niitä vastaavat palkat sanakirjojen avulla.</p><p>Ohjelma huomioi myös tilanteen, jossa henkilön palkkatietoja ei ole olemassa.</p><p>Huomaa, että koska ohjelma käyttää aputietorakenteena sanakirjaa, ei henkilöitä vastaavien rivien järjestyksellä ole merkitystä.</p><programming-exercise name='Kurssin tulokset, osa 1' tmcname='osa06-04_kurssin_tulokset_osa1'><p>Ohjelma käsittelee kahta CSV-muotoista tiedostoa. Toisessa on tieto opiskelijoista:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"csv\"><pre class=\"language-csv\"><code class=\"language-csv\"><span class=\"token value\">opnro;etunimi;sukunimi</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">12345678;pekka;peloton</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">12345687;jaana;javanainen</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">12345699;liisa;virtanen</span></code></pre></div><p>ja toisessa opiskelijoiden viikoittaisesta tehtävien lukumäärästä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"csv\"><pre class=\"language-csv\"><code class=\"language-csv\"><span class=\"token value\">opnro;v1;v2;v3;v4;v5;v6;v7</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">12345678;4;1;1;4;5;2;4</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">12345687;3;5;3;1;5;4;6</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">12345699;10;2;2;7;10;2;2</span></code></pre></div><p>Molempien CSV-tiedostojen ensimmäinen rivi on otsikkorivi, joka kertoo kunkin kentän sisällön.</p><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy tiedostojen nimet ja tämän jälkeen tulostaa kunkin opiskelijan tehtävien yhteenlasketun määrän. Ohjelma toimii seuraavasti, kun tiedostojen sisältö on yllä oleva:</p><sample-output><p>Opiskelijatiedot: <strong>opiskelijat1.csv</strong>\nTehtävätiedot: <strong>tehtavat1.csv</strong>\npekka peloton 21\njaana javanainen 27\nliisa virtanen 35</p></sample-output><p>Vinkki: Ohjelman testaileminen on toivottoman hidasta, jos käyttäjä joutuu kirjoittamaan syötteen aina käsin. Testausvaiheessa syötteet kannattaakin antaa \"kovakoodaamalla\" ne esim. seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># tänne ei tulla</span>\n    opiskelijatiedot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Opiskelijatiedot: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tehtavatiedot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tehtävätiedot: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># kovakoodatut syötteet</span>\n    opiskelijatiedot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"opiskelijat1.csv\"</span>\n    tehtavatiedot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tehtavat1.csv\"</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman varsinainen toiminnallisuus on nyt \"piilotettu\" ehdon <code class=\"language-text\">False</code>-haaraan, jota ei suoriteta koskaan.</p><p>Jos taas halutaan nopeasti tarkastaa, toimiiko ohjelma myös käyttäjän kirjoittaessa syötteen, voidaan arvo <code class=\"language-text\">False</code> muuttaa arvoksi <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    opiskelijatiedot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Opiskelijatiedot: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tehtavatiedot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tehtävätiedot: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># tänne ei tulla!</span>\n    opiskelijatiedot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"opiskelijat1.csv\"</span>\n    tehtavatiedot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tehtavat1.csv\"</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun koodi on kunnossa, voi ehtorakenteen poistaa.</p><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p><p><strong>Toinen huomio</strong> Jos VS Code ei löydä tiedostoa vaikka olet tarkastanut tiedoston nimen kirjoitusasun, voit <a href=\"/osa-6/1-tiedostojen-lukeminen#mita-jos-vs-code-ei-loyda-tiedostoja-koodia-suoritettaessa\">täällä</a> kokeilla olevaa ohjetta.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kurssin tulokset, osa 2' tmcname='osa06-05_kurssin_tulokset_osa2'><p>Edellinen tehtävä laajenee vielä siten, että myös opiskelijan koepisteet luetaan CSV-tiedostosta. Tiedoston sisältö näyttää seuraavalta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"csv\"><pre class=\"language-csv\"><code class=\"language-csv\"><span class=\"token value\">opnro;k1;k2;k3</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">12345678;4;1;4</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">12345687;3;5;3</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">12345699;10;2;2</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkiksi opiskelija jonka opiskelijanumero on 12345678 on saanut kokeesta 4+1+4 eli yhteensä 9 pistettä.</p><p>Ohjelma kysyy tiedostojen nimet ja tulostaa jokaisen opiskelijan arvosanan:</p><sample-output><p>Opiskelijatiedot: <strong>opiskelijat1.csv</strong>\nTehtävätiedot: <strong>tehtavat1.csv</strong>\nKoepisteet: <strong>koepisteet1.csv</strong>\npekka peloton 0\njaana javanainen 1\nliisa virtanen 3</p></sample-output><p>Tehtyjen harjoitustehtävien määrästä saa <em>pisteitä</em> siten, että vähintään 10 % tehtävämäärästä tuo 1 pisteen, vähintään 20% tuo 2 pistettä jne., ja 100 % eli 40 harjoitustehtävää tuo 10 pistettä. Harjoitustehtävistä saatava pistemäärä on kokonaisluku.</p><p>Kurssin arvosana määräytyy kokeen ja harjoituspisteiden summan perusteella seuraavan taulukon mukaan:</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"center\">kokeen pisteet + harjoitusten pisteet</th>\n<th align=\"center\">arvosana</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">0-14</td>\n<td align=\"center\">0 (eli hylätty)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">15-17</td>\n<td align=\"center\">1</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">18-20</td>\n<td align=\"center\">2</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">21-23</td>\n<td align=\"center\">3</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">24-27</td>\n<td align=\"center\">4</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">28-</td>\n<td align=\"center\">5</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kurssin tulokset, osa 3' tmcname='osa06-06_kurssin_tulokset_osa3'><p>Tässä tehtävässä muotoillaan edellisen tehtävän tulostus parempaan muotoon:</p><sample-output><p>Opiskelijatiedot: <strong>opiskelijat1.csv</strong>\nTehtävätiedot: <strong>tehtavat1.csv</strong>\nKoepisteet: <strong>koepisteet1.csv</strong></p><pre>\nnimi                          teht_lkm  teht_pist koe_pist  yht_pist  arvosana\npekka peloton                 21        5         9         14        0\njaana javanainen              27        6         11        17        1\nliisa virtanen                35        8         14        22        3\n</pre></sample-output><p>Jokaisella rivillä siis tulostetaan opiskelijan tehtävien lukumäärä, tehtävistä saatavat pisteet, kokeen pisteet, yhteispisteet (koe+harjoitukset) sekä arvosana \"siististi\" siten, että tulostus on jaoteltu sarakkeisiin. Nimisarakkeen leveys on 30 merkkiä ja muiden sarakkeiden leveys on tasan 10 merkkiä.</p><p>Tehtävässä kannattaa käyttää <a href=\"/osa-4/5-tulostuksen-muotoilu\">osassa 4</a> käsiteltyjä f-merkkijonoja.</p><p>Kannattaa huomata, että merkkijonojen ja lukujen tulostaminen noudattaa hieman erilaista logiikkaa f-merkkijonoissa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"python\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token format-spec\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">jatkuu\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token format-spec\">>10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">jatkuu\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\npython    jatkuu\n    pythonjatkuu\n</pre></sample-output><p>Oletusarvoisesti siis merkkijono sisentyy määritellyn levyisen alueen <em>vasempaan</em> reunaan. Merkillä <code class=\"language-text\">></code>voidaan ohjata tulostus sisentymään oikeaan reunaan.</p><p>Lukuja tulostettaessa logiikka on päinvastainen</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">42</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token format-spec\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">jatkuu\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token format-spec\">&lt;10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">jatkuu\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\n        42jatkuu\n42        jatkuu\n</pre></sample-output><p>Oletusarvo lukujen yhteydessä on tulostuksen sisentyminen <em>oikeaan</em> reunaan. Merkillä <code class=\"language-text\">&lt;</code> voidaan ohjata luvun tulostus sisentymään vasempaan reunaan.</p><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Spell checker' tmcname='osa06-07_spellchecker'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka pyytää käyttäjää kirjoittamaan rivin englanninkielistä tekstiä. Ohjelma suorittaa tekstille oikeinkirjoitustarkistuksen ja tulostaa saman tekstin siten, että kaikki väärin kirjoitetut sanat on ympäröity tähdillä. Seuraavassa kaksi käyttöesimerkkiä:</p><sample-output><p>Write text: <strong>We use ptython to make a spell checker</strong></p><pre>\nWe use *ptython* to make a spell checker\n</pre></sample-output><sample-output><p>Write text: <strong>This is acually a good and usefull program</strong></p><pre>\nThis is *acually* good and *usefull* program\n</pre></sample-output><p>Kirjainten koolla ei ole merkitystä ohjelman toiminnan kannalta.</p><p>Ohjelma tunnistaa oikein kirjoitetut sanat käyttämällä tehtäväpohjassa olevaa tiedostoa <code class=\"language-text\">wordlist.txt</code>.</p><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p><p><strong>Toinen huomio</strong> Jos VS Code ei löydä tiedostoa vaikka olet tarkastanut tiedoston nimen kirjoitusasun, voit <a href=\"/osa-6/1-tiedostojen-lukeminen#mita-jos-vs-code-ei-loyda-tiedostoja-koodia-suoritettaessa\">täällä</a> kokeilla olevaa ohjetta.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Reseptihaku' tmcname='osa06-08_reseptihaku'><p>Tässä tehtävässä tehdään ohjelma, joka tarjoaa käyttäjälle mahdollisuuden reseptien hakuun reseptin nimen, valmistusajan tai raaka-aineen nimen perusteella. Ohjelma lukee reseptit käyttäjän antamasta tiedostosta.</p><p>Jokainen resepti koostuu kolmesta tai useammasta rivistä reseptitiedostossa. Ensimmäisellä rivillä on reseptin nimi, toisella rivillä reseptin valmistusaika (kokonaisluku), ja kolmas ja sitä seuraavat rivit kertovat reseptin raaka-aineet. Reseptin raaka-aineiden kuvaus päättyy tyhjään riviin, poislukien viimeinen resepti. Tiedostossa voi olla useampia reseptejä. Alla kuvattuna esimerkkitiedosto.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"sh\"><pre class=\"language-sh\"><code class=\"language-sh\">Lettutaikina\n<span class=\"token number\">15</span>\nmaito\nkananmuna\njauho\nsokeri\nsuola\nvoi\n\nLihapullat\n<span class=\"token number\">45</span>\njauheliha\nkananmuna\nkorppujauho\n\nTofurullat\n<span class=\"token number\">30</span>\ntofu\nriisi\nvesi\nporkkana\nkurkku\navokado\nwasabi\n\nPullataikina\n<span class=\"token number\">60</span>\nmaito\nhiiva\nkananmuna\nsuola\nsokeri\nkardemumma\nvoi</code></pre></div><p><strong>Vihje</strong> tässä tehtävässä lienee järkevintä lukea ensin tiedoston rivit listalle ja käsitellä sitten tätä listaa tehtävän edellyttämällä tavalla.</p><h4 id=\"reseptien-haku-nimen-perusteella\" style=\"position:relative;\">reseptien haku nimen perusteella<a href=\"#reseptien-haku-nimen-perusteella\" aria-label=\"reseptien haku nimen perusteella permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h4><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">hae_nimi(tiedosto: str, sana: str)</code> joka hakee parametrina annetun nimisestä tiedostosta reseptit, joiden nimessä esiintyy toisena parametrina annettu merkkijono. Funktio palauttaa listan, jossa kutakin löydettyä reseptiä vastaa merkkijono, joka kertoo reseptin nimen.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">loydetyt <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> hae_nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"reseptit1.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pulla\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> resepti <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> loydetyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>resepti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Lihapullat\nPullataikina</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että hakusanojen kirjainten koolla ei ole merkitystä, eli hakusana <em>pulla</em> löytää myös reseptin <em>Pullataikina</em>, joka alkaa isolla kirjaimella.</p><p><strong>Huom!</strong> Jos VS Code ei löydä tiedostoa vaikka olet tarkastanut tiedoston nimen kirjoitusasun, voit <a href=\"/osa-6/1-tiedostojen-lukeminen#mita-jos-vs-code-ei-loyda-tiedostoja-koodia-suoritettaessa\">täällä</a> kokeilla olevaa ohjetta.</p><h4 id=\"reseptien-hakeminen-valmistusajan-perusteella\" style=\"position:relative;\">reseptien hakeminen valmistusajan perusteella<a href=\"#reseptien-hakeminen-valmistusajan-perusteella\" aria-label=\"reseptien hakeminen valmistusajan perusteella permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h4><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">hae_aika(tiedosto: str, aika: int)</code> joka hakee parametrina annetun nimisestä tiedostosta reseptit, joiden valmistusaika on korkeintaan parametrina kerrottu minuuttimäärä.</p><p>Kriteerin täyttävät reseptit palautetaan edellisen tehtävän tapaan listana, nyt kerrotaan myös reseptin valmistumisaika. Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">loydetyt <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> hae_aika<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"reseptit1.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> resepti <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> loydetyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>resepti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Lettutaikina, valmistusaika 15 min</p></sample-output><h4 id=\"reseptien-hakeminen-raaka-aineen-perusteella\" style=\"position:relative;\">reseptien hakeminen raaka-aineen perusteella<a href=\"#reseptien-hakeminen-raaka-aineen-perusteella\" aria-label=\"reseptien hakeminen raaka aineen perusteella permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h4><p><strong>Varoitus</strong> tämä osa on edellisiä selvästi haastavampi. Jos tehtävä ei lähde heti aukenemaan, kannattanee tehdä ensin osan muut tehtävät ja palata lopuksi takaisin tähän. Huomaa, että voit lähettää moniosaisessa tehtävässä palvelimelle myös yksittäiset osat</p><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">hae_raakaaine(tiedosto: str, aine: str)</code> joka hakee parametrina annetun nimisestä tiedostosta reseptit, jotka sisältävät toisena parametrina annetun raaka-aineen.</p><p>Kriteerin täyttävät reseptit palautetaan edellisen tehtävän tapaan listana. Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">loydetyt <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> hae_raakaaine<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"reseptit1.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"maito\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> resepti <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> loydetyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>resepti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Lettutaikina, valmistusaika 15 min\nPullataikina, valmistusaika 60 min</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kaupunkipyörät' tmcname='osa06-09_kaupunkipyorat'><p>Tässä tehtävässä tehdään muutama funktio, joiden avulla voidaan tarkastella <a href=\"https://kaupunkipyorat.hsl.fi/fi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">kaupunkipyörien</a> asemien sijaintia sisältävää tiedostoa.</p><p>Tiedostot näyttävät seuraavilta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"csv\"><pre class=\"language-csv\"><code class=\"language-csv\"><span class=\"token value\">Longitude;Latitude;FID;name;total_slot;operative;id</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">24.950292890004903;60.155444793742276;1;Kaivopuisto;30;Yes;001</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">24.956347471358754;60.160959093887129;2;Laivasillankatu;12;Yes;002</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">24.944927399779715;60.158189199971673;3;Kapteeninpuistikko;16;Yes;003</span></code></pre></div><p>Kutakin asemaa kohti tiedostossa on yksi rivi, joka kertoo aseman koordinaatit, aseman nimen ja muuta tunnistetietoa.</p><h4 id=\"asemien-valinen-etaisyys\" style=\"position:relative;\">asemien välinen etäisyys<a href=\"#asemien-valinen-etaisyys\" aria-label=\"asemien valinen etaisyys permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h4><p>Tee ensin funktio <code class=\"language-text\">hae_asematiedot(tiedosto: str)</code>, joka lukee asematiedot tiedostosta ja palauttaa ne sanakirjana, joka näyttää tältä:</p><sample-output><pre>\n{\n  \"Kaivopuisto: (24.950292890004903, 60.155444793742276),\n  \"Laivasillankatu: (24.956347471358754, 60.160959093887129),\n  \"Kapteeninpuistikko: (24.944927399779715, 60.158189199971673)\n}\n</pre></sample-output><p>Eli sanakirjan avaimena on aseman nimi ja arvona tuple, joka koostuu aseman koordinaateista, ensimmäisenä <em>Longitude</em> ja toisena <em>Latitude</em>.</p><p>Tee seuraavaksi funktio <code class=\"language-text\">etaisyys(asemat: dict, asema1: str, asema2: str)</code>, joka palauttaa parametrina kerrottujen asemien välisen etäisyyden.</p><p>Etäisyys lasketaan seuraavalla kaavalla (hyödyntäen Pythagoraan lausetta):</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># tämä rivi tarvitaan, jotta saadaan käyttöön metodi sqrt</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> math\n\nx_kilometreina <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>longitude1 <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> longitude2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">55.26</span>\ny_kilometreina <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>latitude1 <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> latitude2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">111.2</span>\netaisyys <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> math<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sqrt<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x_kilometreina<span class=\"token operator\">**</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> y_kilometreina<span class=\"token operator\">**</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkkisuorituksia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">asemat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> hae_asematiedot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">'stations1.csv'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ne <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> etaisyys<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>asemat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Designmuseo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Hietalahdentori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ne <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> etaisyys<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>asemat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Viiskulma\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Kaivopuisto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>0.9032737292463177\n0.7753594392019532</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huom!</strong> Jos VS Code ei löydä tiedostoa vaikka olet tarkastanut tiedoston nimen kirjoitusasun, voit <a href=\"/osa-6/1-tiedostojen-lukeminen#mita-jos-vs-code-ei-loyda-tiedostoja-koodia-suoritettaessa\">täällä</a> kokeilla olevaa ohjetta.</p><h4 id=\"pisin-valimatka\" style=\"position:relative;\">pisin välimatka<a href=\"#pisin-valimatka\" aria-label=\"pisin valimatka permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h4><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">suurin_etaisyys(asemat: dict)</code>, joka selvittää, mitkä kaksi asemaa ovat kauimpana toisistaan. Funktio palauttaa tuplen, jonka ensimmäiset kaksi arvoa kertovat asemien nimet ja kolmas arvo niiden välisen etäisyyden.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">asemat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> hae_asematiedot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">'stations1.csv'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nasema1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> asema2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> suurin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> suurin_etaisyys<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>asemat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>asema1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> asema2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> suurin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Laivasillankatu Hietalahdentori 1.478708873076181</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"cdac5075-c9cf-56f5-9ea3-eda73a48df4e\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-6/1-tiedostojen-lukeminen","title":"Tiedostojen lukeminen"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-6/1-tiedostojen-lukeminen.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"suurin_etaisyys(asemat: dict)"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka selvittää, mitkä kaksi asemaa ovat kauimpana toisistaan. Funktio palauttaa tuplen, jonka ensimmäiset kaksi arvoa kertovat asemien nimet ja kolmas arvo niiden välisen etäisyyden."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"asemat "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" hae_asematiedot"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"'stations1.csv'"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nasema1"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" asema2"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" suurin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" suurin_etaisyys"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"asemat"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"asema1"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" asema2"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" suurin"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Laivasillankatu Hietalahdentori 1.478708873076181"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"cdac5075-c9cf-56f5-9ea3-eda73a48df4e"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, miten tiedoston sisällön voi lukea Pythonissa</li>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä ovat tekstitiedosto ja CSV-tiedosto</li>\n<li>Osaat purkaa ja käsitellä CSV-tiedoston sisällön ohjelmassa</li>\n</ul></text-box><!--vastaava teksti löytyy osioista 3-1, 5-1 ja 6-1, tsekkaa kaikki jos muokkaat tätä--><text-box variant='hint' name='Kurssin tehtävien tekemisestä'><p>Ohjelmointitaidon kehittyminen edellyttää vahvaa rutiinia ja myös omaa soveltavaa oivaltamista. Tämän takia kurssilla on paljon tehtäviä. Osa tehtävistä on kohtuullisen suoraviivaisesti materiaalia hyödyntäviä ja osa taas aivan tarkoituksella haastavampia soveltavia tehtäviä.</p><p>Ei kannata huolestua, vaikka osa kurssin tehtävistä tuntuisikin ensiyrittämällä liian vaikealta. Kaikkia tehtäviä ei ole pakko tehdä, kuten <a href=\"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet\">arvosteluperusteet</a> toteavat, <em>kurssin läpipääsyyn vaaditaan vähintään 25 % jokaisen osan ohjelmointitehtävien pisteistä.</em></p><p><strong>Kurssin osien tehtävät eivät etene vaikeusjärjestyksessä.</strong> Jokaisessa aliosassa esitellään yleensä muutama uusi konsepti, joita harjoitellaan sekä helpommilla että soveltavimmilla tehtävillä. <strong>Jos törmäät liian haastavan tuntuiseen tehtävään, hyppää seuraavaan</strong>. Voit palata vaikeimpiin tehtäviin osan lopuksi, jos aikaa vielä jää.</p><p>Lohdutuksen sanana todettakoon, että tällä viikolla mahdottomalta vaikuttava tehtävä näyttää melko varmasti neljän viikon päästä melko helpolta.</p></text-box><p>Yksi tavallinen ohjelmoinnin käyttötarkoitus on käsitellä tiedostoissa olevaa tietoa. Ohjelmat voivat lukea tietoa tiedostoista ja tallentaa tuloksia tiedostoihin. Tiedostojen avulla voimme käsitellä suuriakin aineistoja helposti automaattisesti.</p><p>Oletamme tällä kurssilla, että käsiteltävät tiedostot ovat <em>tekstitiedostoja</em> eli ne muodostuvat riveistä, joilla on tekstiä. Esimerkiksi kurssilla käytetty Visual Studio Code -editori käsittelee tekstitiedostoja. Huomaa, että esimerkiksi Word-dokumentti ei ole tekstitiedosto, vaan siinä on tekstin lisäksi muotoilutietoja ja sen käsittely ohjelmallisesti olisi vaikeaa.</p><h2 id=\"tiedostosta-lukeminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tiedostosta lukeminen<a href=\"#tiedostosta-lukeminen\" aria-label=\"tiedostosta lukeminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Käytetään esimerkkinä tiedostoa <code class=\"language-text\">esimerkki.txt</code>, jonka sisältönä on:</p><sample-data><p>Moi kaikki!\nEsimerkkitiedostomme on kolmerivinen.\nViimeinen rivi.</p></sample-data><p>Hyvä tapa käsitellä tiedostoja Pythonissa on käyttää <code class=\"language-text\">with</code>-lausetta, jonka alkurivi avaa tiedoston. Tämän jälkeen tulee lohko, jonka sisällä tiedostoa voi käsitellä. Lohkon jälkeen tiedosto sulkeutuu automaattisesti, eikä sitä voi enää käsitellä.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi lukee ja tulostaa tiedoston sisällön:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"esimerkki.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    sisalto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>read<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sisalto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Moi kaikki!\nEsimerkkitiedostomme on kolmerivinen.\nViimeinen rivi.</p></sample-output><p>Koodissa muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">tiedosto</code> on <em>tiedostokahva</em>, jonka kautta tiedostoa voi käsitellä avaamisen jälkeen. Tässä tapauksessa käytämme metodia <code class=\"language-text\">read</code>, joka palauttaa koko tiedoston sisällön yhtenä merkkijonona. Tässä tapauksessa palautettu merkkijono on seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"text\"><pre class=\"language-text\"><code class=\"language-text\">\"Moi kaikki!\\nEsimerkkitiedostomme on kolmerivinen.\\nViimeinen rivi.\"</code></pre></div><h2 id=\"tiedoston-sisallon-lapikaynti\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tiedoston sisällön läpikäynti<a href=\"#tiedoston-sisallon-lapikaynti\" aria-label=\"tiedoston sisallon lapikaynti permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">read</code> on näppärä, jos halutaan esimerkiksi tulostaa tiedoston sisältö kokonaisuudessaan ruudulle. Usein haluamme kuitenkin käsitellä tiedostoa rivi kerrallaan.</p><p>Voimme käyttää tiedoston sisällön lukemiseen <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukkaa, joka käy läpi tiedoston rivit yksi kerrallaan – siis samaan tapaan kuin esimerkiksi listan läpikäynnissä.</p><p>Seuraava esimerkki lukee saman tiedoston nyt käyttäen <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukkaa, poistaa joka rivin perästä rivinvaihdon ja laskee rivien yhteispituuden:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"esimerkki.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    laskuri <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n    yhteispituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        rivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>replace<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        laskuri <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Rivi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> laskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        pituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        yhteispituus <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> pituus\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Rivien yhteispituus:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> yhteispituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Rivi 1 Moi kaikki!\nRivi 2 Esimerkkitiedostomme on kolmerivinen.\nRivi 3 Viimeinen rivi.\nRivien yhteispituus: 63</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että rivien läpikäynnissä jokaisen rivin perässä on rivinvaihto <code class=\"language-text\">\\n</code>. Yllä oleva koodi kuitenkin poistaa rivinvaihdot <code class=\"language-text\">replace</code>-funktiolla, joka korvaa rivinvaihdot tyhjillä merkkijonoilla. Tämän ansiosta tulostukseen ei tule ylimääräisiä rivivaihtoja ja ohjelma laskee oikein tiedoston rivien yhteispituuden.</p><programming-exercise name='Suurin luku' tmcname='osa06-01_suurin_luku'><p>Tiedostoon <code class=\"language-text\">luvut.txt</code> on tallennettu lukuja, yksi luku per rivi seuraavan esimerkin mukaisesti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"sh\"><pre class=\"language-sh\"><code class=\"language-sh\"><span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">45</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">108</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">3</span>\n<span class=\"token parameter variable\">-10</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">1100</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">..</span>.jne<span class=\"token punctuation\">..</span>.</code></pre></div><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">suurin</code>, joka lukee tiedoston ja palauttaa suurimman tiedostosta löytyvän luvun.</p><p>Huomaa, että tiedoston nimi on aina <code class=\"language-text\">luvut.txt</code> eikä funktiolle anneta parametria.</p><p><strong>Huom!</strong> Jos VS Code ei löydä tiedostoa vaikka olet tarkastanut tiedoston nimen kirjoitusasun, voit kokeilla seuraavaa heti tehtävän jälkeen olevaa ohjetta.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"mita-jos-vs-code-ei-loyda-tiedostoja-koodia-suoritettaessa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Mitä jos VS code ei löydä tiedostoja koodia suoritettaessa?<a href=\"#mita-jos-vs-code-ei-loyda-tiedostoja-koodia-suoritettaessa\" aria-label=\"mita jos vs code ei loyda tiedostoja koodia suoritettaessa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos VS Code ei löydä tiedostoa suorittaessasi koodia (vihreää nappia painamalla) vaikka olet tarkastanut tiedoston nimen kirjoitusasun, voit kokeilla seuraavaa:</p><ul>\n<li>Mene asetuksiin valikosta <em>File</em> -> <em>Preferences</em> -> <em>Settings</em></li>\n<li>Etsi muutettava kohta hakusanalla \"executeinfile\"</li>\n<li>Valitse välilehti <em>Workspace</em></li>\n<li>Laita raksi kohtaan <em>Python</em> -> <em>Terminal</em> -> <em>Execute In File Dir</em></li>\n</ul><p>Oikein tehtynä asetus näyttää suunilleen seuraavalta:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/6e5d89f76dfd47af6f9ea67b097452e8/e405b/6_1_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 16.521739130434785%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAADCAIAAAAcOLh5AAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAZElEQVQI11XOQQqAMAwEwP5DknRNkNIilaInvXn3/8+RKIoOOe4uCQAQHYDWWq01/xS/UnLO07rP+9HbEEU8DQT+SCmZmZqlB77GRdvGUCa687+yiDAzVH3i8hb9MyZQJ0xv/gSEjBk5LU20dgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/6e5d89f76dfd47af6f9ea67b097452e8/a0b58/6_1_1.webp 230w,\n/static/6e5d89f76dfd47af6f9ea67b097452e8/bc10c/6_1_1.webp 460w,\n/static/6e5d89f76dfd47af6f9ea67b097452e8/966d8/6_1_1.webp 920w,\n/static/6e5d89f76dfd47af6f9ea67b097452e8/445df/6_1_1.webp 1380w,\n/static/6e5d89f76dfd47af6f9ea67b097452e8/9b2c8/6_1_1.webp 1566w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/6e5d89f76dfd47af6f9ea67b097452e8/81c8e/6_1_1.png 230w,\n/static/6e5d89f76dfd47af6f9ea67b097452e8/08a84/6_1_1.png 460w,\n/static/6e5d89f76dfd47af6f9ea67b097452e8/c0255/6_1_1.png 920w,\n/static/6e5d89f76dfd47af6f9ea67b097452e8/b1001/6_1_1.png 1380w,\n/static/6e5d89f76dfd47af6f9ea67b097452e8/e405b/6_1_1.png 1566w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/6e5d89f76dfd47af6f9ea67b097452e8/c0255/6_1_1.png\" alt=\"6 1 1\" title=\"6 1 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Jos edellinenkään ei toimi, voit kopioida kansiossa <em>src</em> olevan testaukseen käytetyn tiedoston sisällön</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/6297e/6_1_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 22.17391304347826%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAECAIAAAABPYjBAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAApklEQVQI123N0QqCQBAFUH/CUVlnt3JnVtcSyx1XikKCHur/PyhQih463KcLl5s87rcQRcLoa98037TO1czsFtba6p/kFESm8+U6HyTuT4FcY11Dtd9WVH4gol7keQ4Aa4OIySBjfxwkyKuLc90P5ImYiHeWtdmYRVmWSqmiKLIsAwCllDFGa50EiW3Xj3F6tjKQr5YlE28tozbrISKmaQoAiPg7fgOYxyLFEKvBSAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/a0b58/6_1_2.webp 230w,\n/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/bc10c/6_1_2.webp 460w,\n/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/966d8/6_1_2.webp 920w,\n/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/445df/6_1_2.webp 1380w,\n/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/78de1/6_1_2.webp 1840w,\n/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/4b7c9/6_1_2.webp 2044w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/81c8e/6_1_2.png 230w,\n/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/08a84/6_1_2.png 460w,\n/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/c0255/6_1_2.png 920w,\n/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/b1001/6_1_2.png 1380w,\n/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/161ec/6_1_2.png 1840w,\n/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/6297e/6_1_2.png 2044w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/a57483e6084d39a596ee24c41a42de70/c0255/6_1_2.png\" alt=\"6 1 2\" title=\"6 1 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>suoraan tehtäväkansion alle</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/6297e/6_1_3.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 26.956521739130434%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAFCAIAAADKYVtkAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAAt0lEQVQY023P3Q6CMAwFYN6DjqjtNta1MxlDdILGxBvf/4UMGO/4cm5Pf5pa79N0m+eHSBJJMSqzMKv3vaqklPq+995ba51zdkNkPR2COzallJzL8/lalketc86FWWJUIsfMqtq2bdd1sDF/AOaE2AzDUIYyjmPOWUQRiWidjYgxRlU1xnQ7DBGtmyWdy2ViZqL1ul8QSSQyMwDsVI1BxOZ6md65fsYlyTms3/6iznnd7JYBIITwBcyRLmVWTxqEAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/a0b58/6_1_3.webp 230w,\n/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/bc10c/6_1_3.webp 460w,\n/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/966d8/6_1_3.webp 920w,\n/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/445df/6_1_3.webp 1380w,\n/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/78de1/6_1_3.webp 1840w,\n/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/4b7c9/6_1_3.webp 2044w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/81c8e/6_1_3.png 230w,\n/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/08a84/6_1_3.png 460w,\n/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/c0255/6_1_3.png 920w,\n/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/b1001/6_1_3.png 1380w,\n/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/161ec/6_1_3.png 1840w,\n/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/6297e/6_1_3.png 2044w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/bc83b27162a67ce98f825821dc304a7e/c0255/6_1_3.png\" alt=\"6 1 3\" title=\"6 1 3\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><h2 id=\"tiedostoja-lukevan-koodin-debuggaus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tiedostoja lukevan koodin debuggaus<a href=\"#tiedostoja-lukevan-koodin-debuggaus\" aria-label=\"tiedostoja lukevan koodin debuggaus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos yrität käyttää VS Coden <a href=\"/osa-4/1-vscode#debuggeri\">debuggeria</a> tiedostoja lukevan koodin suorittamiseen, törmäät ikävään virheilmoitukseen:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/eff3b/6_1_4.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 31.304347826086953%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/a0b58/6_1_4.webp 230w,\n/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/bc10c/6_1_4.webp 460w,\n/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/966d8/6_1_4.webp 920w,\n/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/445df/6_1_4.webp 1380w,\n/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/78de1/6_1_4.webp 1840w,\n/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/5340a/6_1_4.webp 2072w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/81c8e/6_1_4.png 230w,\n/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/08a84/6_1_4.png 460w,\n/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/c0255/6_1_4.png 920w,\n/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/b1001/6_1_4.png 1380w,\n/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/161ec/6_1_4.png 1840w,\n/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/eff3b/6_1_4.png 2072w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/b0c7745f7a4cc9c485a52d483e0aa290/c0255/6_1_4.png\" alt=\"6 1 4\" title=\"6 1 4\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Syynä tälle on se, että debuggeri etsii tiedostoja tehtäväkansion juuresta eikä edes <em>Execute In File Dir</em> -asetus ei asiaa muuta. Helpoin ratkaisu ongelmaan on edellisessä luvussa kuvattu testaukseen käytetyn tiedoston kopioiminen  tehtävähakemiston juureen.</p><p>Kun olet kopioinut tiedostot tehtävähakemiston juureen, joudut ehkä vielä käynnistämään visual studio coden uudelleen jotta kaikki toimisi.</p><h2 id=\"csv-tiedoston-lukeminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">CSV-tiedoston lukeminen<a href=\"#csv-tiedoston-lukeminen\" aria-label=\"csv tiedoston lukeminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>CSV-tiedosto (<em>Comma Separated Values</em>) on tekstitiedosto, jonka jokaisella rivillä on tietyllä välimerkillä erotettua tietoa. Välimerkkinä on usein pilkku <code class=\"language-text\">,</code> tai puolipiste <code class=\"language-text\">;</code>, mutta mikä tahansa muukin merkki on periaatteessa mahdollinen.</p><p>CSV-tiedostoja käytetään usein erilaisten aineistojen esittämiseen. Myös Excelin ja muiden vastaavien ohjelmien taulukot voidaan tallentaa CSV-muodossa, jolloin niitä on helppo käsitellä muilla ohjelmilla.</p><p>Voimme lukea CSV-tiedoston rivit <code class=\"language-text\">for</code>-silmukalla, mutta miten erottaa rivillä olevat tiedot toisistaan? Helppo tapa on käyttää merkkijonojen <code class=\"language-text\">split</code>-metodia: metodille annetaan haluttu välimerkki, ja se palauttaa tiedot välimerkin mukaan eroteltuna listana merkkijonoja.</p><p>Esimerkki metodin käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">teksti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"apina,banaani,cembalo\"</span>\nsanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> teksti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\",\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>apina\nbanaani\ncembalo</p></sample-output><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä tiedostoa <code class=\"language-text\">arvosanat.csv</code>, joka sisältää jokaisella rivillä aluksi opiskelijan nimen ja sen jälkeen tämän eri kursseista saamat arvosanat. Tiedot on erotettu toisistaan puolipisteillä.</p><sample-data><p>Pekka;5;4;5;3;4;5;5;4;2;4\nPaula;3;4;2;4;4;2;3;1;3;3\nPirjo;4;5;5;4;5;5;4;5;4;4</p></sample-data><p>Seuraava ohjelma käy läpi tiedoston rivit, jakaa jokaisen rivin osiin ja näyttää opiskelijan nimen sekä arvosanat.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"arvosanat.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        rivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>replace<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\";\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        arvosanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nimi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Arvosanat:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvosanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Nimi: Pekka\nArvosanat: ['5', '4', '5', '3', '4', '5', '5', '4', '2', '4']\nNimi: Paula\nArvosanat: ['3', '4', '2', '4', '4', '2', '3', '1', '3', '3']\nNimi: Pirjo\nArvosanat: ['4', '5', '5', '4', '5', '5', '4', '5', '4', '4']</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Hedelmäkauppa' tmcname='osa06-02_hedelmakauppa'><p>Tiedostossa <code class=\"language-text\">hedelmat.csv</code> on hedelmiä hintoineen seuraavan esimerkin mukaisesti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"sh\"><pre class=\"language-sh\"><code class=\"language-sh\">banaani<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span><span class=\"token number\">6.50</span>\nomena<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span><span class=\"token number\">4.95</span>\nappelsiini<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span><span class=\"token number\">8.0</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">..</span>.jne<span class=\"token punctuation\">..</span>.</code></pre></div><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lue_hedelmat</code>, joka lukee hedelmätiedoston ja muodostaa siitä sanakirjan, jossa hedelmän nimi on avain ja hinta arvo. Hinnan tulee olla <code class=\"language-text\">float</code>-arvona sanakirjassa.</p><p>Huomaa, että tiedoston nimi on aina <code class=\"language-text\">hedelmat.csv</code> eikä funktiolle anneta parametria.</p><p>Lopuksi funktio palauttaa tämän sanakirjan.</p><p><strong>Huom!</strong> Jos VS Code ei löydä tiedostoa vaikka olet tarkastanut tiedoston nimen kirjoitusasun, voit kokeilla <a href=\"/osa-6/1-tiedostojen-lukeminen#mita-jos-vs-code-ei-loyda-tiedostoja-koodia-suoritettaessa\">täällä</a> olevaa ohjetta.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Matriisi' tmcname='osa06-03_matriisi'><p>Tiedostossa <code class=\"language-text\">matriisi.txt</code> on seuraavan esimerkin kaltainen matriisi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"sh\"><pre class=\"language-sh\"><code class=\"language-sh\"><span class=\"token number\">1,0</span>,2,8,2,1,3,2,5,2,2,2\n<span class=\"token number\">9,2</span>,4,5,2,4,2,4,1,10,4,2\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">..</span>.jne<span class=\"token punctuation\">..</span>.</code></pre></div><p>Kirjoita funktiot <code class=\"language-text\">summa</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">maksimi</code>, jotka lukevat ja palauttavat nimensä mukaisesti matriisin kaikkien alkioiden summan ja suurimman alkion.</p><p>Kirjoita lisäksi funktio <code class=\"language-text\">rivisummat</code>, joka palauttaa listassa kaikkien matriisin rivien summat. Esimerkiksi matriisille</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"sh\"><pre class=\"language-sh\"><code class=\"language-sh\"><span class=\"token number\">1,2</span>,3\n<span class=\"token number\">2,3</span>,4</code></pre></div><p>funktio palauttaisi listan <code class=\"language-text\">[6, 9]</code>.</p><p>Vinkki: Voit kirjoittaa ohjelmaan myös muita funktioita – kannattaa siis miettiä, mitä kaikkia yhteisiä toimintoja kolmea funktiota varten vaaditaan. Huomaa, että tiedoston nimi on aina <code class=\"language-text\">matriisi.txt</code> eikä tehtävänannossa määritellyille funktioille anneta parametreja. Itse lisäämäsi funktiot voivat hyödyntää myös parametreja.</p><p><strong>Huom!</strong> Jos VS Code ei löydä tiedostoa vaikka olet tarkastanut tiedoston nimen kirjoitusasun, voit kokeilla <a href=\"/osa-6/1-tiedostojen-lukeminen#mita-jos-vs-code-ei-loyda-tiedostoja-koodia-suoritettaessa\">täällä</a> olevaa ohjetta.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"saman-tiedoston-lukeminen-moneen-kertaan\" style=\"position:relative;\">Saman tiedoston lukeminen moneen kertaan<a href=\"#saman-tiedoston-lukeminen-moneen-kertaan\" aria-label=\"saman tiedoston lukeminen moneen kertaan permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Joissain tilanteissa ohjelman on tarvetta lukea sama tiedosto useampaan kertaan. Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä seuraavaa ohjelmaa, joka käsittelee henkilötietoja sisältävää tiedostoa:</p><sample-data>\nPekka;40;Helsinki\nEmilia;34;Espoo\nErkki;42;Turku\nAntti;100;Helsinki\nLiisa;58;Suonenjoki\n</sample-data><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"henkilot.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># tulostetaan nimet</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\";\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nimi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># etsitään vanhin</span>\n    vanhimman_ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\";\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> ika <span class=\"token operator\">></span> vanhimman_ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            vanhimman_ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> ika\n            vanhin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vanhin on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vanhin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma aiheuttaa erikoisen virheilmoituksen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">Traceback <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>most recent call last<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vanhin on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span> vanhin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nUnboundLocalError<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> local variable <span class=\"token string\">'vanhin'</span> referenced before assignment</code></pre></div><p>Syynä virheelle on se, että jälkimmäistä for-silmukkaa ei suoriteta ollenkaan, sillä tiedoston voi lukea vain kerran. Tämän jälkeen ollaan päästy \"tiedoston loppuun\", ja vaikka yritetään lukea tiedostosta lisää jälkimmäisessä silmukassa, tietoon ei päästä enää käsiksi.</p><p>Tiedosto onkin avattava uudelleen komennolla <code class=\"language-text\">open</code> toista lukukertaa varten:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"henkilot.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># tulostetaan nimet</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\";\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nimi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"henkilot.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># etsitään vanhin</span>\n    vanhimman_ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\";\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> ika <span class=\"token operator\">></span> vanhimman_ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            vanhimman_ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> ika\n            vanhin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vanhin on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vanhin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Yleensä aina on kuitenkin parasta lukea tiedosto vain kerran ja tallentaa se muotoon, jota ohjelman toiminnallisuudet pystyvät hyödyntämään:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># luetaan tiedostosta henkilöt listaan</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"henkilot.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\";\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># tulostetaan nimet</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> henkilo <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nimi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># etsitään vanhin</span>\nvanhimman_ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> henkilo <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> henkilot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> ika <span class=\"token operator\">></span> vanhimman_ika<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        vanhimman_ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> ika\n        vanhin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"vanhin on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vanhin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"lisaa-csv-tiedoston-kasittelya\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lisää CSV-tiedoston käsittelyä<a href=\"#lisaa-csv-tiedoston-kasittelya\" aria-label=\"lisaa csv tiedoston kasittelya permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jatketaan opiskelijoiden arvosanoja sisältävän tiedoston <code class=\"language-text\">arvosanat.csv</code> käsittelyä. Tiedosto näyttää siis seuraavalta:</p><sample-data><p>Pekka;5;4;5;3;4;5;5;4;2;4\nPaula;3;4;2;4;4;2;3;1;3;3\nPirjo;4;5;5;4;5;5;4;5;4;4</p></sample-data><p>Seuraava ohjelma luo tiedoston perusteella sanakirjan <code class=\"language-text\">arvosanat</code>, jossa jokainen avain on opiskelijan nimi ja vastaava arvo on lista arvosanoista. Ohjelma muuttaa arvosanat kokonaisluvuiksi, jotta niitä on mukavampaa käsitellä myöhemmin.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">arvosanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"arvosanat.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        rivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>replace<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\";\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        arvosanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> arvosana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            arvosanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>arvosana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>arvosanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>{'Pekka': [5, 4, 5, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4, 2, 4], 'Paula': [3, 4, 2, 4, 4, 2, 3, 1, 3, 3], 'Pirjo': [4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4]}</p></sample-output><p>Tämän jälkeen voimme vaikkapa tulostaa analyysin arvosanoista käymällä läpi sanakirjan <code class=\"language-text\">arvosanat</code> perusteella:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lista <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> arvosanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>items<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    paras <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">max</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    keskiarvo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sum</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">: paras arvosana </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>paras<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, keskiarvo </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>keskiarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token format-spec\">.2f</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pekka: paras arvosana 5, keskiarvo 4.10\nPaula: paras arvosana 4, keskiarvo 2.90\nPirjo: paras arvosana 5, keskiarvo 4.50</p></sample-output><p>Kannattaa tutustua huolella esimerkkikoodiin. Se voi ensisilmäyksellä vaikuttaa monimutkaiselta, mutta ratkaisu on helposti sovellettavissa monenlaisiin datatiedostoihin.</p><h2 id=\"eroon-turhista-riveista-valilyonneista-ja-rivinvaihdoista\" style=\"position:relative;\">Eroon turhista riveistä, välilyönneistä ja rivinvaihdoista<a href=\"#eroon-turhista-riveista-valilyonneista-ja-rivinvaihdoista\" aria-label=\"eroon turhista riveista valilyonneista ja rivinvaihdoista permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Olemme tallentaneet Excelistä nimiä taulukon CSV-muodossa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"sh\"><pre class=\"language-sh\"><code class=\"language-sh\">etunimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span> sukunimi\nPekka<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span> Python\nJaana<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span> Java\nHeikki<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span> Haskell</code></pre></div><p>Kuten tyypillistä, Excel on lisännyt sarakkeiden väliin erottimena toimivan puolipisteen lisäksi myös välilyönnin.</p><p>Haluamme tulostaa listalla olevat sukunimet. Koska ensimmäinen rivi kertoo sarakkeiden otsikot, ohitamme sen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sukunimet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"henkilot.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\";\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># ohitetaan otsikkorivi</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"etunimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">continue</span>\n        sukunimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sukunimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tulostus näyttää seuraavalta:</p><sample-output><p>[' Python\\n', ' Java\\n', ' Haskell']</p></sample-output><p>Kaikkiin paitsi viimeiseen rivin sukunimeen on jäänyt mukaan rivinvaihtomerkki, ja jokaisen sukunimen alkuun on jäänyt ikävä välilyönti.</p><p>Pääsisimme näistä eroon aiempien esimerkkien tapaan käyttämällä metodia <code class=\"language-text\">replace</code>, mutta parempi vaihtoehto tässä tilanteessa on käyttää metodia <code class=\"language-text\">strip</code>, joka poistaa merkkijonon alusta ja lopusta ns. whitespace-merkit, eli välilyönnit, rivinvaihdot ja muut normaalina merkkinä tulostumattomat merkit.</p><p>Kokeillaan metodin toimintaa konsolissa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token string\">\" koe \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>strip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'koe'</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\\n\\ntesti\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>strip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'testi'</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span></code></pre></div><p>Tarvittava muutos ohjelmaan on helppo:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sukunimet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"henkilot.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">';'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"etunimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">continue</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># tämä oli otsikkorivi, ei huomioida!</span>\n        sukunimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>strip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sukunimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämän jälkeen tulostus on halutunlainen:</p><sample-output><p>['Python', 'Java', 'Haskell']</p></sample-output><p>Merkkijonoilla on myös metodit <code class=\"language-text\">lstrip</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">rstrip</code>, jotka poistavat ainoastaan merkkijonon vasemmalla tai oikealla puolella olevia merkkejä.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token string\">\" testimerkkijono  \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rstrip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">' testimerkkijono'</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token string\">\" testimerkkijono  \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lstrip<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token string\">'testimerkkijono  '</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"eri-tiedostoissa-olevien-tietojen-yhdistely\" style=\"position:relative;\">Eri tiedostoissa olevien tietojen yhdistely<a href=\"#eri-tiedostoissa-olevien-tietojen-yhdistely\" aria-label=\"eri tiedostoissa olevien tietojen yhdistely permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>On hyvin yleistä, että ohjelmassa tarvittava data on talletettu useaan erilliseen tiedostoon. Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä tilannetta, jossa yrityksen henkilöstön tiedot ovat omassa tiedostossaan <code class=\"language-text\">tyontekijat.csv</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"csv\"><pre class=\"language-csv\"><code class=\"language-csv\"><span class=\"token value\">hetu;nimi;osoite;kaupunki</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">080488-123X;Pekka Mikkola;Vilppulantie 7;00700 Helsinki</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">290274-044S;Liisa Marttinen;Mannerheimintie 100 A 10;00100 Helsinki</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">010479-007Z;Arto Vihavainen;Pihapolku 4;01010 Kerava</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">010499-345K;Leevi Hellas;Tapiolantie 11 B;02000 Espoo</span></code></pre></div><p>Työntekijöiden palkat taas ovat talletettu omaan tiedostoonsa <code class=\"language-text\">palkat.csv</code></p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"csv\"><pre class=\"language-csv\"><code class=\"language-csv\"><span class=\"token value\">hetu;palkka;bonus</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">080488-123X;3300;0</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">290274-044S;4150;200</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">010479-007Z;1300;1200</span></code></pre></div><p>Molempien tiedostojen riveillä on ensin <em>henkilötunnus</em>, joka kertoo kenen tiedoista on kyse. Käyttämällä henkilötunnusta yhdistävänä tekijänä, on helppo yhdistää henkilöiden nimet ja palkat toisiinsa, ja tehdä esimerkiksi ohjelma, joka tulostaa seuraavanlaisen näkymän henkilöiden ansioihin:</p><sample-output><pre>\nansiot:\nPekka Mikkola    3300 euroa\nLiisa Marttinen  4350 euroa\nArto Vihavainen  2500 euroa\n</pre></sample-output><p>Ohjelma käyttää aputietorakenteena kahta saankirjaa <code class=\"language-text\">nimet</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">palkat</code>, joissa molemmissa avaimena toimii henkilötunnus:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tyontekijat.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">';'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"hetu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">continue</span>\n        nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\npalkat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"palkat.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">';'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"hetu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">continue</span>\n        palkat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span><span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ansiot:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> hetu<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> nimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>items<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> hetu <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> palkat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        palkka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> palkat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>hetu<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token format-spec\">16</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>palkka<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> euroa\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token format-spec\">16</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> 0 euroa\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma siis muodostaa ensin sanakirjat <code class=\"language-text\">nimet</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">palkat</code>, joiden sisältö näyttää seuraavilta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"sh\"><pre class=\"language-sh\"><code class=\"language-sh\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>\n    <span class=\"token string\">'080488-123X'</span><span class=\"token builtin class-name\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">'Pekka Mikkola'</span>,\n    <span class=\"token string\">'290274-044S'</span><span class=\"token builtin class-name\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">'Liisa Marttinen'</span>,\n    <span class=\"token string\">'010479-007Z'</span><span class=\"token builtin class-name\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">'Arto Vihavainen'</span>,\n    <span class=\"token string\">'010499-345K'</span><span class=\"token builtin class-name\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">'Leevi Hellas'</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>\n    <span class=\"token string\">'080488-123X'</span><span class=\"token builtin class-name\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">3300</span>,\n    <span class=\"token string\">'290274-044S'</span><span class=\"token builtin class-name\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">4350</span>,\n    <span class=\"token string\">'010479-007Z'</span><span class=\"token builtin class-name\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">2500</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></code></pre></div><p>Lopun for-silmukka yhdistää henkilöiden nimet ja niitä vastaavat palkat sanakirjojen avulla.</p><p>Ohjelma huomioi myös tilanteen, jossa henkilön palkkatietoja ei ole olemassa.</p><p>Huomaa, että koska ohjelma käyttää aputietorakenteena sanakirjaa, ei henkilöitä vastaavien rivien järjestyksellä ole merkitystä.</p><programming-exercise name='Kurssin tulokset, osa 1' tmcname='osa06-04_kurssin_tulokset_osa1'><p>Ohjelma käsittelee kahta CSV-muotoista tiedostoa. Toisessa on tieto opiskelijoista:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"csv\"><pre class=\"language-csv\"><code class=\"language-csv\"><span class=\"token value\">opnro;etunimi;sukunimi</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">12345678;pekka;peloton</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">12345687;jaana;javanainen</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">12345699;liisa;virtanen</span></code></pre></div><p>ja toisessa opiskelijoiden viikoittaisesta tehtävien lukumäärästä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"csv\"><pre class=\"language-csv\"><code class=\"language-csv\"><span class=\"token value\">opnro;v1;v2;v3;v4;v5;v6;v7</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">12345678;4;1;1;4;5;2;4</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">12345687;3;5;3;1;5;4;6</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">12345699;10;2;2;7;10;2;2</span></code></pre></div><p>Molempien CSV-tiedostojen ensimmäinen rivi on otsikkorivi, joka kertoo kunkin kentän sisällön.</p><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy tiedostojen nimet ja tämän jälkeen tulostaa kunkin opiskelijan tehtävien yhteenlasketun määrän. Ohjelma toimii seuraavasti, kun tiedostojen sisältö on yllä oleva:</p><sample-output><p>Opiskelijatiedot: <strong>opiskelijat1.csv</strong>\nTehtävätiedot: <strong>tehtavat1.csv</strong>\npekka peloton 21\njaana javanainen 27\nliisa virtanen 35</p></sample-output><p>Vinkki: Ohjelman testaileminen on toivottoman hidasta, jos käyttäjä joutuu kirjoittamaan syötteen aina käsin. Testausvaiheessa syötteet kannattaakin antaa \"kovakoodaamalla\" ne esim. seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># tänne ei tulla</span>\n    opiskelijatiedot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Opiskelijatiedot: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tehtavatiedot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tehtävätiedot: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># kovakoodatut syötteet</span>\n    opiskelijatiedot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"opiskelijat1.csv\"</span>\n    tehtavatiedot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tehtavat1.csv\"</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman varsinainen toiminnallisuus on nyt \"piilotettu\" ehdon <code class=\"language-text\">False</code>-haaraan, jota ei suoriteta koskaan.</p><p>Jos taas halutaan nopeasti tarkastaa, toimiiko ohjelma myös käyttäjän kirjoittaessa syötteen, voidaan arvo <code class=\"language-text\">False</code> muuttaa arvoksi <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    opiskelijatiedot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Opiskelijatiedot: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tehtavatiedot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tehtävätiedot: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># tänne ei tulla!</span>\n    opiskelijatiedot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"opiskelijat1.csv\"</span>\n    tehtavatiedot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tehtavat1.csv\"</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun koodi on kunnossa, voi ehtorakenteen poistaa.</p><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p><p><strong>Toinen huomio</strong> Jos VS Code ei löydä tiedostoa vaikka olet tarkastanut tiedoston nimen kirjoitusasun, voit <a href=\"/osa-6/1-tiedostojen-lukeminen#mita-jos-vs-code-ei-loyda-tiedostoja-koodia-suoritettaessa\">täällä</a> kokeilla olevaa ohjetta.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kurssin tulokset, osa 2' tmcname='osa06-05_kurssin_tulokset_osa2'><p>Edellinen tehtävä laajenee vielä siten, että myös opiskelijan koepisteet luetaan CSV-tiedostosta. Tiedoston sisältö näyttää seuraavalta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"csv\"><pre class=\"language-csv\"><code class=\"language-csv\"><span class=\"token value\">opnro;k1;k2;k3</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">12345678;4;1;4</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">12345687;3;5;3</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">12345699;10;2;2</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkiksi opiskelija jonka opiskelijanumero on 12345678 on saanut kokeesta 4+1+4 eli yhteensä 9 pistettä.</p><p>Ohjelma kysyy tiedostojen nimet ja tulostaa jokaisen opiskelijan arvosanan:</p><sample-output><p>Opiskelijatiedot: <strong>opiskelijat1.csv</strong>\nTehtävätiedot: <strong>tehtavat1.csv</strong>\nKoepisteet: <strong>koepisteet1.csv</strong>\npekka peloton 0\njaana javanainen 1\nliisa virtanen 3</p></sample-output><p>Tehtyjen harjoitustehtävien määrästä saa <em>pisteitä</em> siten, että vähintään 10 % tehtävämäärästä tuo 1 pisteen, vähintään 20% tuo 2 pistettä jne., ja 100 % eli 40 harjoitustehtävää tuo 10 pistettä. Harjoitustehtävistä saatava pistemäärä on kokonaisluku.</p><p>Kurssin arvosana määräytyy kokeen ja harjoituspisteiden summan perusteella seuraavan taulukon mukaan:</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"center\">kokeen pisteet + harjoitusten pisteet</th>\n<th align=\"center\">arvosana</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">0-14</td>\n<td align=\"center\">0 (eli hylätty)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">15-17</td>\n<td align=\"center\">1</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">18-20</td>\n<td align=\"center\">2</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">21-23</td>\n<td align=\"center\">3</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">24-27</td>\n<td align=\"center\">4</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">28-</td>\n<td align=\"center\">5</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kurssin tulokset, osa 3' tmcname='osa06-06_kurssin_tulokset_osa3'><p>Tässä tehtävässä muotoillaan edellisen tehtävän tulostus parempaan muotoon:</p><sample-output><p>Opiskelijatiedot: <strong>opiskelijat1.csv</strong>\nTehtävätiedot: <strong>tehtavat1.csv</strong>\nKoepisteet: <strong>koepisteet1.csv</strong></p><pre>\nnimi                          teht_lkm  teht_pist koe_pist  yht_pist  arvosana\npekka peloton                 21        5         9         14        0\njaana javanainen              27        6         11        17        1\nliisa virtanen                35        8         14        22        3\n</pre></sample-output><p>Jokaisella rivillä siis tulostetaan opiskelijan tehtävien lukumäärä, tehtävistä saatavat pisteet, kokeen pisteet, yhteispisteet (koe+harjoitukset) sekä arvosana \"siististi\" siten, että tulostus on jaoteltu sarakkeisiin. Nimisarakkeen leveys on 30 merkkiä ja muiden sarakkeiden leveys on tasan 10 merkkiä.</p><p>Tehtävässä kannattaa käyttää <a href=\"/osa-4/5-tulostuksen-muotoilu\">osassa 4</a> käsiteltyjä f-merkkijonoja.</p><p>Kannattaa huomata, että merkkijonojen ja lukujen tulostaminen noudattaa hieman erilaista logiikkaa f-merkkijonoissa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"python\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token format-spec\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">jatkuu\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token format-spec\">>10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">jatkuu\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\npython    jatkuu\n    pythonjatkuu\n</pre></sample-output><p>Oletusarvoisesti siis merkkijono sisentyy määritellyn levyisen alueen <em>vasempaan</em> reunaan. Merkillä <code class=\"language-text\">></code>voidaan ohjata tulostus sisentymään oikeaan reunaan.</p><p>Lukuja tulostettaessa logiikka on päinvastainen</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">42</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token format-spec\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">jatkuu\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token format-spec\">&lt;10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">jatkuu\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\n        42jatkuu\n42        jatkuu\n</pre></sample-output><p>Oletusarvo lukujen yhteydessä on tulostuksen sisentyminen <em>oikeaan</em> reunaan. Merkillä <code class=\"language-text\">&lt;</code> voidaan ohjata luvun tulostus sisentymään vasempaan reunaan.</p><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Spell checker' tmcname='osa06-07_spellchecker'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka pyytää käyttäjää kirjoittamaan rivin englanninkielistä tekstiä. Ohjelma suorittaa tekstille oikeinkirjoitustarkistuksen ja tulostaa saman tekstin siten, että kaikki väärin kirjoitetut sanat on ympäröity tähdillä. Seuraavassa kaksi käyttöesimerkkiä:</p><sample-output><p>Write text: <strong>We use ptython to make a spell checker</strong></p><pre>\nWe use *ptython* to make a spell checker\n</pre></sample-output><sample-output><p>Write text: <strong>This is acually a good and usefull program</strong></p><pre>\nThis is *acually* good and *usefull* program\n</pre></sample-output><p>Kirjainten koolla ei ole merkitystä ohjelman toiminnan kannalta.</p><p>Ohjelma tunnistaa oikein kirjoitetut sanat käyttämällä tehtäväpohjassa olevaa tiedostoa <code class=\"language-text\">wordlist.txt</code>.</p><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p><p><strong>Toinen huomio</strong> Jos VS Code ei löydä tiedostoa vaikka olet tarkastanut tiedoston nimen kirjoitusasun, voit <a href=\"/osa-6/1-tiedostojen-lukeminen#mita-jos-vs-code-ei-loyda-tiedostoja-koodia-suoritettaessa\">täällä</a> kokeilla olevaa ohjetta.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Reseptihaku' tmcname='osa06-08_reseptihaku'><p>Tässä tehtävässä tehdään ohjelma, joka tarjoaa käyttäjälle mahdollisuuden reseptien hakuun reseptin nimen, valmistusajan tai raaka-aineen nimen perusteella. Ohjelma lukee reseptit käyttäjän antamasta tiedostosta.</p><p>Jokainen resepti koostuu kolmesta tai useammasta rivistä reseptitiedostossa. Ensimmäisellä rivillä on reseptin nimi, toisella rivillä reseptin valmistusaika (kokonaisluku), ja kolmas ja sitä seuraavat rivit kertovat reseptin raaka-aineet. Reseptin raaka-aineiden kuvaus päättyy tyhjään riviin, poislukien viimeinen resepti. Tiedostossa voi olla useampia reseptejä. Alla kuvattuna esimerkkitiedosto.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"sh\"><pre class=\"language-sh\"><code class=\"language-sh\">Lettutaikina\n<span class=\"token number\">15</span>\nmaito\nkananmuna\njauho\nsokeri\nsuola\nvoi\n\nLihapullat\n<span class=\"token number\">45</span>\njauheliha\nkananmuna\nkorppujauho\n\nTofurullat\n<span class=\"token number\">30</span>\ntofu\nriisi\nvesi\nporkkana\nkurkku\navokado\nwasabi\n\nPullataikina\n<span class=\"token number\">60</span>\nmaito\nhiiva\nkananmuna\nsuola\nsokeri\nkardemumma\nvoi</code></pre></div><p><strong>Vihje</strong> tässä tehtävässä lienee järkevintä lukea ensin tiedoston rivit listalle ja käsitellä sitten tätä listaa tehtävän edellyttämällä tavalla.</p><h4 id=\"reseptien-haku-nimen-perusteella\" style=\"position:relative;\">reseptien haku nimen perusteella<a href=\"#reseptien-haku-nimen-perusteella\" aria-label=\"reseptien haku nimen perusteella permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h4><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">hae_nimi(tiedosto: str, sana: str)</code> joka hakee parametrina annetun nimisestä tiedostosta reseptit, joiden nimessä esiintyy toisena parametrina annettu merkkijono. Funktio palauttaa listan, jossa kutakin löydettyä reseptiä vastaa merkkijono, joka kertoo reseptin nimen.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">loydetyt <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> hae_nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"reseptit1.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pulla\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> resepti <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> loydetyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>resepti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Lihapullat\nPullataikina</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että hakusanojen kirjainten koolla ei ole merkitystä, eli hakusana <em>pulla</em> löytää myös reseptin <em>Pullataikina</em>, joka alkaa isolla kirjaimella.</p><p><strong>Huom!</strong> Jos VS Code ei löydä tiedostoa vaikka olet tarkastanut tiedoston nimen kirjoitusasun, voit <a href=\"/osa-6/1-tiedostojen-lukeminen#mita-jos-vs-code-ei-loyda-tiedostoja-koodia-suoritettaessa\">täällä</a> kokeilla olevaa ohjetta.</p><h4 id=\"reseptien-hakeminen-valmistusajan-perusteella\" style=\"position:relative;\">reseptien hakeminen valmistusajan perusteella<a href=\"#reseptien-hakeminen-valmistusajan-perusteella\" aria-label=\"reseptien hakeminen valmistusajan perusteella permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h4><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">hae_aika(tiedosto: str, aika: int)</code> joka hakee parametrina annetun nimisestä tiedostosta reseptit, joiden valmistusaika on korkeintaan parametrina kerrottu minuuttimäärä.</p><p>Kriteerin täyttävät reseptit palautetaan edellisen tehtävän tapaan listana, nyt kerrotaan myös reseptin valmistumisaika. Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">loydetyt <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> hae_aika<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"reseptit1.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> resepti <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> loydetyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>resepti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Lettutaikina, valmistusaika 15 min</p></sample-output><h4 id=\"reseptien-hakeminen-raaka-aineen-perusteella\" style=\"position:relative;\">reseptien hakeminen raaka-aineen perusteella<a href=\"#reseptien-hakeminen-raaka-aineen-perusteella\" aria-label=\"reseptien hakeminen raaka aineen perusteella permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h4><p><strong>Varoitus</strong> tämä osa on edellisiä selvästi haastavampi. Jos tehtävä ei lähde heti aukenemaan, kannattanee tehdä ensin osan muut tehtävät ja palata lopuksi takaisin tähän. Huomaa, että voit lähettää moniosaisessa tehtävässä palvelimelle myös yksittäiset osat</p><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">hae_raakaaine(tiedosto: str, aine: str)</code> joka hakee parametrina annetun nimisestä tiedostosta reseptit, jotka sisältävät toisena parametrina annetun raaka-aineen.</p><p>Kriteerin täyttävät reseptit palautetaan edellisen tehtävän tapaan listana. Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">loydetyt <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> hae_raakaaine<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"reseptit1.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"maito\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> resepti <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> loydetyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>resepti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Lettutaikina, valmistusaika 15 min\nPullataikina, valmistusaika 60 min</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kaupunkipyörät' tmcname='osa06-09_kaupunkipyorat'><p>Tässä tehtävässä tehdään muutama funktio, joiden avulla voidaan tarkastella <a href=\"https://kaupunkipyorat.hsl.fi/fi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">kaupunkipyörien</a> asemien sijaintia sisältävää tiedostoa.</p><p>Tiedostot näyttävät seuraavilta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"csv\"><pre class=\"language-csv\"><code class=\"language-csv\"><span class=\"token value\">Longitude;Latitude;FID;name;total_slot;operative;id</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">24.950292890004903;60.155444793742276;1;Kaivopuisto;30;Yes;001</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">24.956347471358754;60.160959093887129;2;Laivasillankatu;12;Yes;002</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">24.944927399779715;60.158189199971673;3;Kapteeninpuistikko;16;Yes;003</span></code></pre></div><p>Kutakin asemaa kohti tiedostossa on yksi rivi, joka kertoo aseman koordinaatit, aseman nimen ja muuta tunnistetietoa.</p><h4 id=\"asemien-valinen-etaisyys\" style=\"position:relative;\">asemien välinen etäisyys<a href=\"#asemien-valinen-etaisyys\" aria-label=\"asemien valinen etaisyys permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h4><p>Tee ensin funktio <code class=\"language-text\">hae_asematiedot(tiedosto: str)</code>, joka lukee asematiedot tiedostosta ja palauttaa ne sanakirjana, joka näyttää tältä:</p><sample-output><pre>\n{\n  \"Kaivopuisto: (24.950292890004903, 60.155444793742276),\n  \"Laivasillankatu: (24.956347471358754, 60.160959093887129),\n  \"Kapteeninpuistikko: (24.944927399779715, 60.158189199971673)\n}\n</pre></sample-output><p>Eli sanakirjan avaimena on aseman nimi ja arvona tuple, joka koostuu aseman koordinaateista, ensimmäisenä <em>Longitude</em> ja toisena <em>Latitude</em>.</p><p>Tee seuraavaksi funktio <code class=\"language-text\">etaisyys(asemat: dict, asema1: str, asema2: str)</code>, joka palauttaa parametrina kerrottujen asemien välisen etäisyyden.</p><p>Etäisyys lasketaan seuraavalla kaavalla (hyödyntäen Pythagoraan lausetta):</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># tämä rivi tarvitaan, jotta saadaan käyttöön metodi sqrt</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> math\n\nx_kilometreina <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>longitude1 <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> longitude2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">55.26</span>\ny_kilometreina <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>latitude1 <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> latitude2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">111.2</span>\netaisyys <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> math<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sqrt<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x_kilometreina<span class=\"token operator\">**</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> y_kilometreina<span class=\"token operator\">**</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkkisuorituksia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">asemat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> hae_asematiedot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">'stations1.csv'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ne <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> etaisyys<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>asemat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Designmuseo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Hietalahdentori\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ne <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> etaisyys<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>asemat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Viiskulma\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Kaivopuisto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>e<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>0.9032737292463177\n0.7753594392019532</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huom!</strong> Jos VS Code ei löydä tiedostoa vaikka olet tarkastanut tiedoston nimen kirjoitusasun, voit <a href=\"/osa-6/1-tiedostojen-lukeminen#mita-jos-vs-code-ei-loyda-tiedostoja-koodia-suoritettaessa\">täällä</a> kokeilla olevaa ohjetta.</p><h4 id=\"pisin-valimatka\" style=\"position:relative;\">pisin välimatka<a href=\"#pisin-valimatka\" aria-label=\"pisin valimatka permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h4><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">suurin_etaisyys(asemat: dict)</code>, joka selvittää, mitkä kaksi asemaa ovat kauimpana toisistaan. Funktio palauttaa tuplen, jonka ensimmäiset kaksi arvoa kertovat asemien nimet ja kolmas arvo niiden välisen etäisyyden.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">asemat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> hae_asematiedot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">'stations1.csv'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nasema1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> asema2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> suurin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> suurin_etaisyys<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>asemat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>asema1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> asema2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> suurin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Laivasillankatu Hietalahdentori 1.478708873076181</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"cdac5075-c9cf-56f5-9ea3-eda73a48df4e\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-6/1-tiedostojen-lukeminen","title":"Tiedostojen lukeminen"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-6/1-tiedostojen-lukeminen.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna sana suomeksi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"auto"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna sana englanniksi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"car"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSanapari lisätty\n1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna sana suomeksi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"roska"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna sana englanniksi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"garbage"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSanapari lisätty\n1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna sana suomeksi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"laukku"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna sana englanniksi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"bag"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSanapari lisätty\n1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna sana: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"bag"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nroska - garbage\nlaukku - bag\n1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna sana: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"car"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nauto - car\n1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna sana: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"laukku"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nlaukku - bag\n1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nMoi!"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sanat tallennetaan tiedostoon "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"sanakirja.txt"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Ohjelma lukee tiedoston sisällön kun se käynnistetään. Uudet sanaparit lisätään tiedostoon aina tallennuksen yhteydessä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Voit itse päättää tiedostoon tallennettavan tiedon muodon."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huomaa, että paikallisten TMC-testien ajaminen voi tyhjentää sanakirja-tiedoston."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huom:"}]},{"type":"text","value":" tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ei"}]},{"type":"text","value":" erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ei tule sijoittaa"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"if __name__ == \"__main__\""}]},{"type":"text","value":"-lohkoon!"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"58b92c76-559a-588f-8662-6c430d212bc2"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat luoda itse tiedoston Pythonilla</li>\n<li>Osaat kirjoittaa tekstimuotoista tietoa tiedostoon</li>\n<li>Osaat kirjoittaa CSV-muotoisen tiedoston omasta datastasi</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Tiedoston lukemisen lisäksi voimme luonnollisesti myös kirjoittaa tiedostoon tietoa. Tyypillinen esimerkki on ohjelman tulosten tallentaminen tiedostoon, jotta niitä voidaan käyttää myös myöhemmin tai muokata edelleen jollain toisella ohjelmalla.</p><p>Tiedoston kirjoittamisessa voimme joko luoda uuden tiedoston tai lisätä tietoa olemassa olevan tiedoston vanhan tiedon perään. Molemmissa tapauksissa käytetään edellisestä osasta tuttua <code class=\"language-text\">open</code>-funktiota, mutta kirjoittamista varten funktiolle annetaan toinen parametri.</p><h2 id=\"uuden-tiedoston-luominen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Uuden tiedoston luominen<a href=\"#uuden-tiedoston-luominen\" aria-label=\"uuden tiedoston luominen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Uusi tiedosto luodaan antamalla <code class=\"language-text\">open</code>-funktiolle tiedoston nimen lisäksi avaustilaksi <code class=\"language-text\">w</code> (tulee sanasta \"write\"). Esimerkiksi</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"uusi_tiedosto.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"w\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># tiedostoon kirjoittaminen</span></code></pre></div><p>Huomaa, että <strong>mikäli tiedosto on jo olemassa, kaikki sen sisältö ylikirjoitetaan</strong>. Ole siis erittäin huolellinen uusia tiedostoja luodessasi.</p><p>Kun tiedosto on avattu, sinne voidaan kirjoittaa tietoa. Kirjoittaminen tapahtuu metodilla <code class=\"language-text\">write</code>, joka saa parametrikseen kirjoitettavan merkkijonon.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"uusi_tiedosto.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"w\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi kaikki!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suorittamisen jälkeen samaan hakemistoon ilmestyy tiedosto <code class=\"language-text\">uusi_tiedosto.txt</code>, jonka sisältö näyttää tältä:</p><sample-data><p>Moi kaikki!</p></sample-data><p>Huomaa, että jos tiedostoon halutaan rivinvaihtoja, ne täytyy lisätä tekstiin itse. Esimerkiksi ohjelma</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"uusi_tiedosto.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"w\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi kaikki!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Toinen rivi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Viimeinen rivi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>tuottaa seuraavanlaisen tiedoston:</p><sample-data><p>Moi kaikki!Toinen riviViimeinen rivi</p></sample-data><p>Tulostukset saadaan omille riveilleen lisäämällä rivien loppuun rivivaihtomerkki <code class=\"language-text\">\\n</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"uusi_tiedosto.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"w\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi kaikki!\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Toinen rivi\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Viimeinen rivi\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt tiedosto <code class=\"language-text\">uusi_tiedosto.txt</code> näyttää tältä:</p><sample-data><p>Moi kaikki!\nToinen rivi\nViimeinen rivi</p></sample-data><programming-exercise name='Omistuskirjoitus' tmcname='osa06-10_omistuskirjoitus'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy nimeä ja luo \"omistuskirjoituksen\" käyttäjän haluamaan tiedostoon. Seuraavassa ohjelman esimerkkisuoritus:</p><sample-output><p>Kenelle teos omistetaan: <strong>Arto</strong>\nMihin kirjoitetaan: <strong>omistettu.txt</strong></p></sample-output><p>Tiedoston <code class=\"language-text\">omistettu.txt</code> sisällöksi tulee</p><sample-data><p>Hei Arto, toivomme viihtyisiä hetkiä python-kurssimateriaalin parissa! Terveisin mooc.fi-tiimi</p></sample-data><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"tiedon-lisaaminen-olemassaolevaan-tiedostoon\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tiedon lisääminen olemassaolevaan tiedostoon<a href=\"#tiedon-lisaaminen-olemassaolevaan-tiedostoon\" aria-label=\"tiedon lisaaminen olemassaolevaan tiedostoon permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos haluamme lisätä tietoa olemassa olevaan tiedostoon, voimme avata tiedoston tilassa <code class=\"language-text\">a</code> (lyhenne sanasta \"append\"). Tällöin tiedoston nykyistä sisältöä ei pyyhitä, vaan uusi tieto kirjoitetaan tiedoston loppuun.</p><p>Jos tiedostoa ei ole olemassa, tila <code class=\"language-text\">a</code> toimii samalla tavalla kuin tila <code class=\"language-text\">w</code>.</p><p>Seuraava ohjelma avaa edellisen esimerkin tuottaman tiedoston <code class=\"language-text\">uusi_tiedosto.txt</code> ja lisää sen perään pari riviä tekstiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"uusi_tiedosto.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"a\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Rivi numero 4\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ja taas yksi.\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suorituksen jälkeen tiedosto näyttää tältä:</p><sample-output><p>Moi kaikki!\nToinen rivi\nViimeinen rivi\nRivi numero 4\nJa taas yksi.</p></sample-output><p>Tiedon lisääminen tiedostoon on kuitenkin suhteellisen harvoin tarvittava operaatio.</p><p>Tiedostoon lisäämisen sijaan on usein yksinkertaisinta kirjoittaa tiedosto kokonaan uudelleen. Näin joudutaan useimmiten tekemään jos esimerkiksi tiedoston sisältö muuttuu keskeltä tiedostoa.</p><programming-exercise name='Päiväkirja' tmcname='osa06-11_paivakirja'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka mallintaa yksinkertaista päiväkirjaa. Ohjelman tulee tallentaa päiväkirjamerkinnät tiedostoon <code class=\"language-text\">paivakirja.txt</code>. Kun ohjelma käynnistetään, se lukee merkinnät tiedostosta.</p><p>Huom! Paikalliset testit voivat muuttaa tiedoston sisältöä - kopioi siis tiedosto talteen ennen testien ajamista, jos haluat säilyttää sen sisällön.</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavan esimerkin mukaisesti:</p><sample-output><p>1 - lisää merkintä, 2 - lue merkinnät, 0 - lopeta\nValinta: <strong>1</strong>\nAnna merkintä: <strong>Tänään söin puuroa</strong>\nPäiväkirja tallennettu</p><p>1 - lisää merkintä, 2 - lue merkinnät, 0 - lopeta\nValinta: <strong>2</strong>\nMerkinnät:\nTänään söin puuroa\n1 - lisää merkintä, 2 - lue merkinnät, 0 - lopeta\nValinta: <strong>1</strong>\nAnna merkintä: <strong>Illalla kävin saunassa</strong>\nPäiväkirja tallennettu</p><p>1 - lisää merkintä, 2 - lue merkinnät, 0 - lopeta\nValinta: <strong>2</strong>\nMerkinnät:\nTänään söin puuroa\nIllalla kävin saunassa\n1 - lisää merkintä, 2 - lue merkinnät, 0 - lopeta\nValinta: <strong>0</strong>\nHeippa!</p></sample-output><p>Uusi käynnistys:</p><sample-output><p>1 - lisää merkintä, 2 - lue merkinnät, 0 - lopeta\nValinta: <strong>2</strong>\nMerkinnät:\nTänään söin puuroa\nIllalla kävin saunassa\n1 - lisää merkintä, 2 - lue merkinnät, 0 - lopeta\nValinta: <strong>0</strong>\nHeippa!</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"csv-tiedoston-kirjoittaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">CSV-tiedoston kirjoittaminen<a href=\"#csv-tiedoston-kirjoittaminen\" aria-label=\"csv tiedoston kirjoittaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>CSV-tiedoston voi kirjoittaa rivi riviltä <code class=\"language-text\">write</code>-metodilla. Esimerkiksi seuraava esimerkki luo tiedoston <code class=\"language-text\">koodarit.csv</code>, jonka jokaisella rivillä on koodarin nimi, työympäristö, lempikieli ja kokemus vuosissa. Tiedot on erotettu puolipisteillä.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"koodarit.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"w\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki;Windows;Pascal;10\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Matti;Linux;PHP;2\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti;Linux;Java;17\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia;Mac;Cobol;9\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämän tuloksena on seuraava tiedosto:</p><sample-output><p>Erkki;Windows;Pascal;10\nMatti;Linux;PHP;2\nAntti;Linux;Java;17\nEmilia;Mac;Cobol;9</p></sample-output><p>Tarkastellaan sitten tilannetta, jossa tiedostoon kirjoitettavat tiedot ovatkin muistissa listoina:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">koodarit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nkoodarit<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Windows\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pascal\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkoodarit<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Matti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Linux\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"PHP\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkoodarit<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Linux\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Java\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">17</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkoodarit<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Mac\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Cobol\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt voimme kirjoittaa koodarien tiedot CSV-tiedostoon näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"koodarit.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"w\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> koodari <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> koodarit<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        rivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>koodari<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">;</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>koodari<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">;</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>koodari<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">;</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>koodari<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span>\n        tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token operator\">+</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos koodaria kuvaavissa listoissa olisi suuri määrä alkioita, olisi csv-tiedostoon kirjoitetavien rivien muodostaminen yllä olevalla tekniikalla työläähköä, ja rivit kannattaisikin koota silmukan avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"koodarit.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"w\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> koodari <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> koodarit<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        rivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> arvo <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> koodari<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            rivi <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">;\"</span></span>\n        rivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token operator\">+</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"tiedoston-tyhjentaminen-ja-poisto\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tiedoston tyhjentäminen ja poisto<a href=\"#tiedoston-tyhjentaminen-ja-poisto\" aria-label=\"tiedoston tyhjentaminen ja poisto permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Joissain tilanteissa ohjelmassa on tarvetta tyhjentää olemassaolevan tiedoston sisältö. Tämä onnistuu avaamalla tiedosto kirjoitustilassa \"w\" ja sulkemalla tiedosto välittömästi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tyhjennettava_tiedosto.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"w\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt <code class=\"language-text\">with</code>-lohkossa on ainoastaan komento <code class=\"language-text\">pass</code>, joka ei tee mitään. Komento tarvitaan, sillä Python ei salli sellaisia lohkoja missä ei ole mitään komentoja.</p><p>Tiedoston tyhjennys on mahdollista tehdä myös ilman <code class=\"language-text\">with</code>-lohkokon käyttöä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">'tyhjennettava_tiedosto.txt'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'w'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>close<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><text-box variant='hint' name='Tiedoston poistaminen'><p>Tiedosto voidaan myös poistaa kokonaan. Poisto tapahtuu seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># poisto-komento tuodaan koodin käyttöön import-lauseella</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> os\n\nos<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>remove<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tarpeeton_tiedosto.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämä ei kuitenkaan teknisten rajoitteiden takia toimi palvelimella suoritettavissa testeissä, joten käytä ylläolevia tapoja jos joudut tehtävissä tyhjentämään tiedoston.</p></text-box><programming-exercise name='Aineiston suodatus' tmcname='osa06-12_aineiston_suodatus'><p>Tiedostossa laskut.csv on tehtävien ratkaisuja seuraavan esimerkin mukaisesti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"csv\"><pre class=\"language-csv\"><code class=\"language-csv\"><span class=\"token value\">Arto;2+5;7</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">Pekka;3-2;1</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">Erkki;9+3;11</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">Arto;8-3;4</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">Pekka;5+5;10</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">...jne...</span></code></pre></div><p>Jokaisella rivin muoto on siis <code class=\"language-text\">oppilaan_nimi;lasku;lopputulos</code>. Laskut ovat kaikki esimerkin mukaisesti joko yhteen- tai vähennyslaskuja, ja kaikissa on kaksi operandia.</p><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">suodata_laskut()</code>, joka</p><ul>\n<li>Lukee tiedoston <code class=\"language-text\">laskut.csv</code> sisällön ja</li>\n<li>kirjoittaa tiedostoon <code class=\"language-text\">oikeat.csv</code> ne rivit, joilla laskutoimituksen lopputulos on oikein sekä</li>\n<li>kirjoittaa tiedostoon <code class=\"language-text\">vaarat.csv</code> ne rivit, joilla laskutoimituksen lopputulos on väärin.</li>\n</ul><p>Edellisestä esimerkistä tiedostoon <code class=\"language-text\">oikeat.csv</code> olisi siis kirjoitettu rivit</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"sh\"><pre class=\"language-sh\"><code class=\"language-sh\">Arto<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span>+5<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span>\nPekka<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span>-2<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span>\nPekka<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span>+5<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span></code></pre></div><p>Kaksi muuta riviä olisi kirjoitettu tiedostoon <code class=\"language-text\">vaarat.csv</code>.</p><p>Kirjoita rivit samassa järjestyksessä kuin ne esiintyvät alkuperäisessä tiedostossa. Älä muuta alkuperäistä tiedostoa.</p><p><em>Huomaa</em> että funktion tulee toimia oikein siinäkin tapauksessa että funktiota kutsutaan monta kertaa perkkäin. Eli riippumatta siitä suoritatko funktion vain kerran</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">suodata_laskut<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>tai useita kertoja peräkkän</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">suodata_laskut<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsuodata_laskut<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsuodata_laskut<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsuodata_laskut<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>tiedostojen sisältöjen tulee lopulta olla samat.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Henkilöt talteen' tmcname='osa06-13_henkilot_talteen'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">tallenna_henkilo(henkilo: tuple)</code> joka saa parametrikseen henkilöä kuvaavan tuplen. Tuplessa on seuraavat tiedot tässä järjestyksessä:</p><ul>\n<li>Nimi (merkkijono)</li>\n<li>Ikä (kokonaisluku)</li>\n<li>Pituus (liukuluku)</li>\n</ul><p>Tallenna henkilön tiedot tiedostoon <code class=\"language-text\">henkilot.csv</code> olemassa olevien tietojen perään. Tiedot tulee tallentaa muodosssa</p><p>nimi;ikä;pituus</p><p>eli yhden henkilön tiedot tulevat yhdelle riville. Jos funktiota esim. kutsuttaisiin parametrien arvoilla <code class=\"language-text\">(\"Kimmo Kimmonen\", 37, 175.5)</code>, ohjelma kirjoittaisi tiedoston loppuun rivin</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">Kimmo Kimmonen;37;175.5</code></p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"tiedon-kasittely-csvna\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tiedon käsittely CSV:nä<a href=\"#tiedon-kasittely-csvna\" aria-label=\"tiedon kasittely csvna permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tehdään vielä lopuksi ohjelma, joka lukee CSV-tiedostosta opiskelijoiden viikoittaiset kurssipistemäärät ja laskee näiden avulla kurssin arvosanan. Lopuksi ohjelma luo CSV-tiedoston, josta selviää opiskelijan yhteispistemäärä sekä arvosana</p><p>Ohjelman lukema CSV-tiedosto näyttää seuraavalta:</p><sample-data><p>Pekka;4;2;3;5;4;0;0\nPaula;7;2;8;3;5;4;5\nPirjo;3;4;3;5;3;4;4\nEmilia;6;6;5;5;0;4;8</p></sample-data><p>Ohjelman logiikka on jaettu kolmeen funktioon. Tiedoston lukeminen tapahtuu samaan tapaan kuin edellisessä aliluvussa: tiedot talletetaan sanakirjaan, jossa avaimena on opiskelijan nimi ja arvona lista viikkopisteistä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lue_viikkopisteet</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tiedostonimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    viikkopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tiedostonimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\";\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> pisteet <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            viikkopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lista\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> viikkopisteet</code></pre></div><p>Arvosanojen laskemista varten on tehty oma funktionsa, jota tiedostoon kirjoittava funktio hyödyntää:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">arvosana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">25</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">30</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">35</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">40</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tallenna_tulokset</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tiedostonimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> viikkopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tiedostonimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"w\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lista <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> viikkopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>items<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sum</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">;</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">;</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>arvosana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\\n\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Itse \"pääohjelma\" on nyt hyvin yksinkertainen. Huomaa, että luettavan ja kirjoitettavan tiedoston nimet annetaan funktioille parametrina:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">viikkopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue_viikkopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"viikkopisteet.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntallenna_tulokset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tulokset.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> viikkopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Suorituksen tuloksena oleva CSV-tiedosto näyttää seuraavalta:</p><sample-data><p>Pekka;18;0\nPaula;34;3\nPirjo;26;2\nEmilia;41;5</p></sample-data><p>Huomaa, miten ohjelma on koostettu suhteellisen yksinkertaisista, vain yhteen asiaan keskittyvistä funktioista. Tämä on yleisesti ottaen suositeltava tapa ohjelmoinnissa, se helpottaa ohjelman toiminnallisuuden varmistamista sekä myöhemmin ohjelmaan tehtävien muutosten sekä laajennusten tekemistä.</p><p>Jos esimerkiksi haluaisimme ohjelmaan toiminnallisuuden, joka tulostaa yhden opiskelijan arvosanan, olisi toiminnallisuus helppo koostaa käyttäen apuna jo valmiina olevaa arvosanan laskevaa funktiota:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hae_arvosana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>haettava<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> viikkopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lista <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> viikkopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>items<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> haettava<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> arvosana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">sum</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n\nviikkopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue_viikkopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"viikkopisteet.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>hae_arvosana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Paula\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> viikkopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-data><p>3</p></sample-data><p>Jos ohjelmasta halutaan muuttaa tai korjata \"yhtä asiaa\", esimerkiksi arvosanojen pisterajoja, kohdistuu muokkaus hyvin rakennetussa ohjelmassa ainoastaan yhteen tai muutamaan funktioon. Jos sama logiikka, esimerkiksi arvosanan laskeminen, olisi kopioitu useaan paikkaan, kasvaisi riski, että muutoksia ei muistettaisi tehdä kaikkiin oikeisiin paikkoihin.</p><programming-exercise name='Kurssin tulokset, osa 4' tmcname='osa06-14_kurssin_tulokset_osa4'><p>Laajennetaan vielä hieman aiemmin kurssien tulokset generoivaa sovellusta.</p><p>Tällä hetkellä tiedostosta luetaan opiskelijoiden nimet, tehtäväpisteet sekä koepisteet. Laajennetaan ohjelmaa siten, että myös kurssin nimi ja laajuus luetaan tiedostosta, jonka muoto on seuraava (tiedosto on kirjoitettu ilman ääkkösiä, jotta se ei aiheuttaisi ongelmia Windowsissa):</p><sample-data><pre>\n\nnimi: Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\nlaajuus opintopisteina: 5\n</pre></sample-data><p>Ohjelma luo kaksi tiedostoa. Tiedoston <code class=\"language-text\">tulos.txt</code> muoto on seuraava:</p><sample-data><pre>\nOhjelmoinnin perusteet, 5 opintopistettä\n========================================\nnimi                          teht_lkm  teht_pist koe_pist  yht_pist  arvosana\npekka peloton                 21        5         9         14        0\njaana javanainen              27        6         11        17        1\nliisa virtanen                35        8         14        22        3\n</pre></sample-data><p>Tulokset kertova osa on siis samanlainen kuin tehtävän edellisen osan tulostus.</p><p>Tämän lisäksi luodaan tiedosto <code class=\"language-text\">tulos.csv</code>, jonka muoto on seuraava:</p><sample-data><pre>\n12345678;pekka peloton;0\n12345687;jaana javanainen;1\n12345699;liisa virtanen;3\n</pre></sample-data><p>Ohjelman suoritus näyttää seuraavalta:</p><sample-output><p>opiskelijatiedot: <strong>opiskelijat1.csv</strong>\ntehtävätiedot: <strong>tehtavat1.csv</strong>\nkoepisteet: <strong>koepisteet1.csv</strong>\nkurssin tiedot: <strong>kurssi1.txt</strong>\nTulokset talletettu tiedostoihin tulos.txt ja tulos.csv</p></sample-output><p>Ohjelma siis ainoastaan kyselee tiedostojen nimet ja varsinaiset tulokset tallennetaan vain tiedostoihin.</p><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Sanahaku' tmcname='osa06-15_sanahaku'><p>Tehtäväpohjasta löytyy tiedosto <code class=\"language-text\">sanat.txt</code>, joka sisältää englanninkielisiä sanoja.</p><p>Tehtäväsi on kirjoittaa funktio <code class=\"language-text\">hae_sanat(hakusana: str)</code>, joka palauttaa listana annetun hakusanan mukaiset sanat tiedostosta.</p><p>Hakusanassa voi käyttää pienten kirjainten lisäksi seuraavia erikoismerkkejä:</p><ul>\n<li>Piste <code class=\"language-text\">.</code> tarkoittaa, että mikä tahansa merkki käy (esim <code class=\"language-text\">ca.</code> vastaa vaikkapa sanoja cat ja car, <code class=\"language-text\">p.ng</code> sanoja ping ja pong ja <code class=\"language-text\">.a.e</code> sanoja sane, care tai late.</li>\n<li>Asteriski <code class=\"language-text\">*</code> tarkoittaa, että sanan alku- tai loppuosaksi käy mikä tahansa jono, esim. <code class=\"language-text\">ca*</code> vastaa vaikkapa sanoja california, cat, caring tai catapult. Vastaavasti hakusana <code class=\"language-text\">*ane</code> vastaa vaikkapa sanoja crane, insane tai aeroplane. Voit olettaa, että asteriski on aina joko hakusanan alussa tai lopussa, ja että hakusanassa esiintyy korkeintaan yksi asteriski.</li>\n<li>Jos hakusanassa ei ole erikoismerkkejä, haetaan vain täsmälleen hakusanaa vastaava sana.</li>\n</ul><p>Sovitaan, että samassa hakusanassa ei voi käyttää molempia erikoismerkkejä.</p><p>Sanat ovat tiedostossa kokonaan pienillä kirjaimilla kirjoitettuna. Voit myös olettaa, että funktion parametri on annettu kokonaan pienillä kirjaimilla.</p><p>Jos yhtään tulosta ei löydy, funktio palauttaa tyhjän listan.</p><p>Vinkki: Pythonin merkkijonometodeista startswith() ja endswith() saattaa olla hyötyä tehtävässä, googlaa niiden toiminta tarvittaessa tarkemmin!</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>hae_sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"*vokes\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>['convokes', 'equivokes', 'evokes', 'invokes', 'provokes', 'reinvokes', 'revokes']</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Muistava sanakirja' tmcname='osa06-16_muistava_sanakirja'><p>Tee sanakirjaa mallintava ohjelma, johon voi syöttää uusia sanoja tai josta voi hakea syötettyjä sanoja.</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia näin:</p><sample-output><p>1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: <strong>1</strong>\nAnna sana suomeksi: <strong>auto</strong>\nAnna sana englanniksi: <strong>car</strong>\nSanapari lisätty\n1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: <strong>1</strong>\nAnna sana suomeksi: <strong>roska</strong>\nAnna sana englanniksi: <strong>garbage</strong>\nSanapari lisätty\n1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: <strong>1</strong>\nAnna sana suomeksi: <strong>laukku</strong>\nAnna sana englanniksi: <strong>bag</strong>\nSanapari lisätty\n1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: <strong>2</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>bag</strong>\nroska - garbage\nlaukku - bag\n1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: <strong>2</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>car</strong>\nauto - car\n1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: <strong>2</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>laukku</strong>\nlaukku - bag\n1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: <strong>3</strong>\nMoi!</p></sample-output><p>Sanat tallennetaan tiedostoon <code class=\"language-text\">sanakirja.txt</code>. Ohjelma lukee tiedoston sisällön kun se käynnistetään. Uudet sanaparit lisätään tiedostoon aina tallennuksen yhteydessä.</p><p>Voit itse päättää tiedostoon tallennettavan tiedon muodon.</p><p>Huomaa, että paikallisten TMC-testien ajaminen voi tyhjentää sanakirja-tiedoston.</p><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"58b92c76-559a-588f-8662-6c430d212bc2\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-6/2-tiedostojen-kirjoittaminen","title":"Tiedostojen kirjoittaminen"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-6/2-tiedostojen-kirjoittaminen.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja 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Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna sana suomeksi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"auto"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna sana englanniksi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"car"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSanapari lisätty\n1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna sana suomeksi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"roska"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna sana englanniksi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"garbage"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSanapari lisätty\n1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna sana suomeksi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"laukku"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna sana englanniksi: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"bag"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSanapari lisätty\n1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna sana: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"bag"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nroska - garbage\nlaukku - bag\n1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna sana: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"car"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nauto - car\n1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna sana: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"laukku"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nlaukku - bag\n1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nMoi!"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sanat tallennetaan tiedostoon "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"sanakirja.txt"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Ohjelma lukee tiedoston sisällön kun se käynnistetään. Uudet sanaparit lisätään tiedostoon aina tallennuksen yhteydessä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Voit itse päättää tiedostoon tallennettavan tiedon muodon."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huomaa, että paikallisten TMC-testien ajaminen voi tyhjentää sanakirja-tiedoston."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huom:"}]},{"type":"text","value":" tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ei"}]},{"type":"text","value":" erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ei tule sijoittaa"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"if __name__ == \"__main__\""}]},{"type":"text","value":"-lohkoon!"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"58b92c76-559a-588f-8662-6c430d212bc2"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat luoda itse tiedoston Pythonilla</li>\n<li>Osaat kirjoittaa tekstimuotoista tietoa tiedostoon</li>\n<li>Osaat kirjoittaa CSV-muotoisen tiedoston omasta datastasi</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Tiedoston lukemisen lisäksi voimme luonnollisesti myös kirjoittaa tiedostoon tietoa. Tyypillinen esimerkki on ohjelman tulosten tallentaminen tiedostoon, jotta niitä voidaan käyttää myös myöhemmin tai muokata edelleen jollain toisella ohjelmalla.</p><p>Tiedoston kirjoittamisessa voimme joko luoda uuden tiedoston tai lisätä tietoa olemassa olevan tiedoston vanhan tiedon perään. Molemmissa tapauksissa käytetään edellisestä osasta tuttua <code class=\"language-text\">open</code>-funktiota, mutta kirjoittamista varten funktiolle annetaan toinen parametri.</p><h2 id=\"uuden-tiedoston-luominen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Uuden tiedoston luominen<a href=\"#uuden-tiedoston-luominen\" aria-label=\"uuden tiedoston luominen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Uusi tiedosto luodaan antamalla <code class=\"language-text\">open</code>-funktiolle tiedoston nimen lisäksi avaustilaksi <code class=\"language-text\">w</code> (tulee sanasta \"write\"). Esimerkiksi</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"uusi_tiedosto.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"w\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># tiedostoon kirjoittaminen</span></code></pre></div><p>Huomaa, että <strong>mikäli tiedosto on jo olemassa, kaikki sen sisältö ylikirjoitetaan</strong>. Ole siis erittäin huolellinen uusia tiedostoja luodessasi.</p><p>Kun tiedosto on avattu, sinne voidaan kirjoittaa tietoa. Kirjoittaminen tapahtuu metodilla <code class=\"language-text\">write</code>, joka saa parametrikseen kirjoitettavan merkkijonon.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"uusi_tiedosto.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"w\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi kaikki!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suorittamisen jälkeen samaan hakemistoon ilmestyy tiedosto <code class=\"language-text\">uusi_tiedosto.txt</code>, jonka sisältö näyttää tältä:</p><sample-data><p>Moi kaikki!</p></sample-data><p>Huomaa, että jos tiedostoon halutaan rivinvaihtoja, ne täytyy lisätä tekstiin itse. Esimerkiksi ohjelma</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"uusi_tiedosto.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"w\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi kaikki!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Toinen rivi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Viimeinen rivi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>tuottaa seuraavanlaisen tiedoston:</p><sample-data><p>Moi kaikki!Toinen riviViimeinen rivi</p></sample-data><p>Tulostukset saadaan omille riveilleen lisäämällä rivien loppuun rivivaihtomerkki <code class=\"language-text\">\\n</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"uusi_tiedosto.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"w\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moi kaikki!\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Toinen rivi\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Viimeinen rivi\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt tiedosto <code class=\"language-text\">uusi_tiedosto.txt</code> näyttää tältä:</p><sample-data><p>Moi kaikki!\nToinen rivi\nViimeinen rivi</p></sample-data><programming-exercise name='Omistuskirjoitus' tmcname='osa06-10_omistuskirjoitus'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy nimeä ja luo \"omistuskirjoituksen\" käyttäjän haluamaan tiedostoon. Seuraavassa ohjelman esimerkkisuoritus:</p><sample-output><p>Kenelle teos omistetaan: <strong>Arto</strong>\nMihin kirjoitetaan: <strong>omistettu.txt</strong></p></sample-output><p>Tiedoston <code class=\"language-text\">omistettu.txt</code> sisällöksi tulee</p><sample-data><p>Hei Arto, toivomme viihtyisiä hetkiä python-kurssimateriaalin parissa! Terveisin mooc.fi-tiimi</p></sample-data><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"tiedon-lisaaminen-olemassaolevaan-tiedostoon\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tiedon lisääminen olemassaolevaan tiedostoon<a href=\"#tiedon-lisaaminen-olemassaolevaan-tiedostoon\" aria-label=\"tiedon lisaaminen olemassaolevaan tiedostoon permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos haluamme lisätä tietoa olemassa olevaan tiedostoon, voimme avata tiedoston tilassa <code class=\"language-text\">a</code> (lyhenne sanasta \"append\"). Tällöin tiedoston nykyistä sisältöä ei pyyhitä, vaan uusi tieto kirjoitetaan tiedoston loppuun.</p><p>Jos tiedostoa ei ole olemassa, tila <code class=\"language-text\">a</code> toimii samalla tavalla kuin tila <code class=\"language-text\">w</code>.</p><p>Seuraava ohjelma avaa edellisen esimerkin tuottaman tiedoston <code class=\"language-text\">uusi_tiedosto.txt</code> ja lisää sen perään pari riviä tekstiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"uusi_tiedosto.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"a\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Rivi numero 4\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ja taas yksi.\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman suorituksen jälkeen tiedosto näyttää tältä:</p><sample-output><p>Moi kaikki!\nToinen rivi\nViimeinen rivi\nRivi numero 4\nJa taas yksi.</p></sample-output><p>Tiedon lisääminen tiedostoon on kuitenkin suhteellisen harvoin tarvittava operaatio.</p><p>Tiedostoon lisäämisen sijaan on usein yksinkertaisinta kirjoittaa tiedosto kokonaan uudelleen. Näin joudutaan useimmiten tekemään jos esimerkiksi tiedoston sisältö muuttuu keskeltä tiedostoa.</p><programming-exercise name='Päiväkirja' tmcname='osa06-11_paivakirja'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka mallintaa yksinkertaista päiväkirjaa. Ohjelman tulee tallentaa päiväkirjamerkinnät tiedostoon <code class=\"language-text\">paivakirja.txt</code>. Kun ohjelma käynnistetään, se lukee merkinnät tiedostosta.</p><p>Huom! Paikalliset testit voivat muuttaa tiedoston sisältöä - kopioi siis tiedosto talteen ennen testien ajamista, jos haluat säilyttää sen sisällön.</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavan esimerkin mukaisesti:</p><sample-output><p>1 - lisää merkintä, 2 - lue merkinnät, 0 - lopeta\nValinta: <strong>1</strong>\nAnna merkintä: <strong>Tänään söin puuroa</strong>\nPäiväkirja tallennettu</p><p>1 - lisää merkintä, 2 - lue merkinnät, 0 - lopeta\nValinta: <strong>2</strong>\nMerkinnät:\nTänään söin puuroa\n1 - lisää merkintä, 2 - lue merkinnät, 0 - lopeta\nValinta: <strong>1</strong>\nAnna merkintä: <strong>Illalla kävin saunassa</strong>\nPäiväkirja tallennettu</p><p>1 - lisää merkintä, 2 - lue merkinnät, 0 - lopeta\nValinta: <strong>2</strong>\nMerkinnät:\nTänään söin puuroa\nIllalla kävin saunassa\n1 - lisää merkintä, 2 - lue merkinnät, 0 - lopeta\nValinta: <strong>0</strong>\nHeippa!</p></sample-output><p>Uusi käynnistys:</p><sample-output><p>1 - lisää merkintä, 2 - lue merkinnät, 0 - lopeta\nValinta: <strong>2</strong>\nMerkinnät:\nTänään söin puuroa\nIllalla kävin saunassa\n1 - lisää merkintä, 2 - lue merkinnät, 0 - lopeta\nValinta: <strong>0</strong>\nHeippa!</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"csv-tiedoston-kirjoittaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">CSV-tiedoston kirjoittaminen<a href=\"#csv-tiedoston-kirjoittaminen\" aria-label=\"csv tiedoston kirjoittaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>CSV-tiedoston voi kirjoittaa rivi riviltä <code class=\"language-text\">write</code>-metodilla. Esimerkiksi seuraava esimerkki luo tiedoston <code class=\"language-text\">koodarit.csv</code>, jonka jokaisella rivillä on koodarin nimi, työympäristö, lempikieli ja kokemus vuosissa. Tiedot on erotettu puolipisteillä.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"koodarit.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"w\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki;Windows;Pascal;10\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Matti;Linux;PHP;2\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti;Linux;Java;17\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia;Mac;Cobol;9\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämän tuloksena on seuraava tiedosto:</p><sample-output><p>Erkki;Windows;Pascal;10\nMatti;Linux;PHP;2\nAntti;Linux;Java;17\nEmilia;Mac;Cobol;9</p></sample-output><p>Tarkastellaan sitten tilannetta, jossa tiedostoon kirjoitettavat tiedot ovatkin muistissa listoina:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">koodarit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nkoodarit<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Windows\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pascal\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkoodarit<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Matti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Linux\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"PHP\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkoodarit<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Linux\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Java\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">17</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkoodarit<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Mac\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Cobol\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt voimme kirjoittaa koodarien tiedot CSV-tiedostoon näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"koodarit.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"w\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> koodari <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> koodarit<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        rivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>koodari<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">;</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>koodari<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">;</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>koodari<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">;</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>koodari<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span>\n        tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token operator\">+</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos koodaria kuvaavissa listoissa olisi suuri määrä alkioita, olisi csv-tiedostoon kirjoitetavien rivien muodostaminen yllä olevalla tekniikalla työläähköä, ja rivit kannattaisikin koota silmukan avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"koodarit.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"w\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> koodari <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> koodarit<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        rivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> arvo <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> koodari<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            rivi <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">;\"</span></span>\n        rivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token operator\">+</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\\n\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"tiedoston-tyhjentaminen-ja-poisto\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tiedoston tyhjentäminen ja poisto<a href=\"#tiedoston-tyhjentaminen-ja-poisto\" aria-label=\"tiedoston tyhjentaminen ja poisto permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Joissain tilanteissa ohjelmassa on tarvetta tyhjentää olemassaolevan tiedoston sisältö. Tämä onnistuu avaamalla tiedosto kirjoitustilassa \"w\" ja sulkemalla tiedosto välittömästi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tyhjennettava_tiedosto.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"w\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt <code class=\"language-text\">with</code>-lohkossa on ainoastaan komento <code class=\"language-text\">pass</code>, joka ei tee mitään. Komento tarvitaan, sillä Python ei salli sellaisia lohkoja missä ei ole mitään komentoja.</p><p>Tiedoston tyhjennys on mahdollista tehdä myös ilman <code class=\"language-text\">with</code>-lohkokon käyttöä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">'tyhjennettava_tiedosto.txt'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">'w'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>close<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><text-box variant='hint' name='Tiedoston poistaminen'><p>Tiedosto voidaan myös poistaa kokonaan. Poisto tapahtuu seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># poisto-komento tuodaan koodin käyttöön import-lauseella</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> os\n\nos<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>remove<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tarpeeton_tiedosto.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämä ei kuitenkaan teknisten rajoitteiden takia toimi palvelimella suoritettavissa testeissä, joten käytä ylläolevia tapoja jos joudut tehtävissä tyhjentämään tiedoston.</p></text-box><programming-exercise name='Aineiston suodatus' tmcname='osa06-12_aineiston_suodatus'><p>Tiedostossa laskut.csv on tehtävien ratkaisuja seuraavan esimerkin mukaisesti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"csv\"><pre class=\"language-csv\"><code class=\"language-csv\"><span class=\"token value\">Arto;2+5;7</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">Pekka;3-2;1</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">Erkki;9+3;11</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">Arto;8-3;4</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">Pekka;5+5;10</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">...jne...</span></code></pre></div><p>Jokaisella rivin muoto on siis <code class=\"language-text\">oppilaan_nimi;lasku;lopputulos</code>. Laskut ovat kaikki esimerkin mukaisesti joko yhteen- tai vähennyslaskuja, ja kaikissa on kaksi operandia.</p><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">suodata_laskut()</code>, joka</p><ul>\n<li>Lukee tiedoston <code class=\"language-text\">laskut.csv</code> sisällön ja</li>\n<li>kirjoittaa tiedostoon <code class=\"language-text\">oikeat.csv</code> ne rivit, joilla laskutoimituksen lopputulos on oikein sekä</li>\n<li>kirjoittaa tiedostoon <code class=\"language-text\">vaarat.csv</code> ne rivit, joilla laskutoimituksen lopputulos on väärin.</li>\n</ul><p>Edellisestä esimerkistä tiedostoon <code class=\"language-text\">oikeat.csv</code> olisi siis kirjoitettu rivit</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"sh\"><pre class=\"language-sh\"><code class=\"language-sh\">Arto<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span>+5<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span>\nPekka<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span>-2<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span>\nPekka<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span>+5<span class=\"token punctuation\">;</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span></code></pre></div><p>Kaksi muuta riviä olisi kirjoitettu tiedostoon <code class=\"language-text\">vaarat.csv</code>.</p><p>Kirjoita rivit samassa järjestyksessä kuin ne esiintyvät alkuperäisessä tiedostossa. Älä muuta alkuperäistä tiedostoa.</p><p><em>Huomaa</em> että funktion tulee toimia oikein siinäkin tapauksessa että funktiota kutsutaan monta kertaa perkkäin. Eli riippumatta siitä suoritatko funktion vain kerran</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">suodata_laskut<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>tai useita kertoja peräkkän</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">suodata_laskut<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsuodata_laskut<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsuodata_laskut<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsuodata_laskut<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>tiedostojen sisältöjen tulee lopulta olla samat.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Henkilöt talteen' tmcname='osa06-13_henkilot_talteen'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">tallenna_henkilo(henkilo: tuple)</code> joka saa parametrikseen henkilöä kuvaavan tuplen. Tuplessa on seuraavat tiedot tässä järjestyksessä:</p><ul>\n<li>Nimi (merkkijono)</li>\n<li>Ikä (kokonaisluku)</li>\n<li>Pituus (liukuluku)</li>\n</ul><p>Tallenna henkilön tiedot tiedostoon <code class=\"language-text\">henkilot.csv</code> olemassa olevien tietojen perään. Tiedot tulee tallentaa muodosssa</p><p>nimi;ikä;pituus</p><p>eli yhden henkilön tiedot tulevat yhdelle riville. Jos funktiota esim. kutsuttaisiin parametrien arvoilla <code class=\"language-text\">(\"Kimmo Kimmonen\", 37, 175.5)</code>, ohjelma kirjoittaisi tiedoston loppuun rivin</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">Kimmo Kimmonen;37;175.5</code></p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"tiedon-kasittely-csvna\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tiedon käsittely CSV:nä<a href=\"#tiedon-kasittely-csvna\" aria-label=\"tiedon kasittely csvna permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tehdään vielä lopuksi ohjelma, joka lukee CSV-tiedostosta opiskelijoiden viikoittaiset kurssipistemäärät ja laskee näiden avulla kurssin arvosanan. Lopuksi ohjelma luo CSV-tiedoston, josta selviää opiskelijan yhteispistemäärä sekä arvosana</p><p>Ohjelman lukema CSV-tiedosto näyttää seuraavalta:</p><sample-data><p>Pekka;4;2;3;5;4;0;0\nPaula;7;2;8;3;5;4;5\nPirjo;3;4;3;5;3;4;4\nEmilia;6;6;5;5;0;4;8</p></sample-data><p>Ohjelman logiikka on jaettu kolmeen funktioon. Tiedoston lukeminen tapahtuu samaan tapaan kuin edellisessä aliluvussa: tiedot talletetaan sanakirjaan, jossa avaimena on opiskelijan nimi ja arvona lista viikkopisteistä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lue_viikkopisteet</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tiedostonimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    viikkopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tiedostonimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\";\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> pisteet <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            viikkopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lista\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> viikkopisteet</code></pre></div><p>Arvosanojen laskemista varten on tehty oma funktionsa, jota tiedostoon kirjoittava funktio hyödyntää:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">arvosana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">25</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">30</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">35</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">40</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tallenna_tulokset</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tiedostonimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> viikkopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tiedostonimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"w\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lista <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> viikkopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>items<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sum</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>write<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">;</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">;</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>arvosana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\\n\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Itse \"pääohjelma\" on nyt hyvin yksinkertainen. Huomaa, että luettavan ja kirjoitettavan tiedoston nimet annetaan funktioille parametrina:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">viikkopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue_viikkopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"viikkopisteet.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntallenna_tulokset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tulokset.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> viikkopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Suorituksen tuloksena oleva CSV-tiedosto näyttää seuraavalta:</p><sample-data><p>Pekka;18;0\nPaula;34;3\nPirjo;26;2\nEmilia;41;5</p></sample-data><p>Huomaa, miten ohjelma on koostettu suhteellisen yksinkertaisista, vain yhteen asiaan keskittyvistä funktioista. Tämä on yleisesti ottaen suositeltava tapa ohjelmoinnissa, se helpottaa ohjelman toiminnallisuuden varmistamista sekä myöhemmin ohjelmaan tehtävien muutosten sekä laajennusten tekemistä.</p><p>Jos esimerkiksi haluaisimme ohjelmaan toiminnallisuuden, joka tulostaa yhden opiskelijan arvosanan, olisi toiminnallisuus helppo koostaa käyttäen apuna jo valmiina olevaa arvosanan laskevaa funktiota:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hae_arvosana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>haettava<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> viikkopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lista <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> viikkopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>items<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> haettava<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> arvosana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">sum</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n\nviikkopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue_viikkopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"viikkopisteet.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>hae_arvosana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Paula\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> viikkopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-data><p>3</p></sample-data><p>Jos ohjelmasta halutaan muuttaa tai korjata \"yhtä asiaa\", esimerkiksi arvosanojen pisterajoja, kohdistuu muokkaus hyvin rakennetussa ohjelmassa ainoastaan yhteen tai muutamaan funktioon. Jos sama logiikka, esimerkiksi arvosanan laskeminen, olisi kopioitu useaan paikkaan, kasvaisi riski, että muutoksia ei muistettaisi tehdä kaikkiin oikeisiin paikkoihin.</p><programming-exercise name='Kurssin tulokset, osa 4' tmcname='osa06-14_kurssin_tulokset_osa4'><p>Laajennetaan vielä hieman aiemmin kurssien tulokset generoivaa sovellusta.</p><p>Tällä hetkellä tiedostosta luetaan opiskelijoiden nimet, tehtäväpisteet sekä koepisteet. Laajennetaan ohjelmaa siten, että myös kurssin nimi ja laajuus luetaan tiedostosta, jonka muoto on seuraava (tiedosto on kirjoitettu ilman ääkkösiä, jotta se ei aiheuttaisi ongelmia Windowsissa):</p><sample-data><pre>\n\nnimi: Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\nlaajuus opintopisteina: 5\n</pre></sample-data><p>Ohjelma luo kaksi tiedostoa. Tiedoston <code class=\"language-text\">tulos.txt</code> muoto on seuraava:</p><sample-data><pre>\nOhjelmoinnin perusteet, 5 opintopistettä\n========================================\nnimi                          teht_lkm  teht_pist koe_pist  yht_pist  arvosana\npekka peloton                 21        5         9         14        0\njaana javanainen              27        6         11        17        1\nliisa virtanen                35        8         14        22        3\n</pre></sample-data><p>Tulokset kertova osa on siis samanlainen kuin tehtävän edellisen osan tulostus.</p><p>Tämän lisäksi luodaan tiedosto <code class=\"language-text\">tulos.csv</code>, jonka muoto on seuraava:</p><sample-data><pre>\n12345678;pekka peloton;0\n12345687;jaana javanainen;1\n12345699;liisa virtanen;3\n</pre></sample-data><p>Ohjelman suoritus näyttää seuraavalta:</p><sample-output><p>opiskelijatiedot: <strong>opiskelijat1.csv</strong>\ntehtävätiedot: <strong>tehtavat1.csv</strong>\nkoepisteet: <strong>koepisteet1.csv</strong>\nkurssin tiedot: <strong>kurssi1.txt</strong>\nTulokset talletettu tiedostoihin tulos.txt ja tulos.csv</p></sample-output><p>Ohjelma siis ainoastaan kyselee tiedostojen nimet ja varsinaiset tulokset tallennetaan vain tiedostoihin.</p><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Sanahaku' tmcname='osa06-15_sanahaku'><p>Tehtäväpohjasta löytyy tiedosto <code class=\"language-text\">sanat.txt</code>, joka sisältää englanninkielisiä sanoja.</p><p>Tehtäväsi on kirjoittaa funktio <code class=\"language-text\">hae_sanat(hakusana: str)</code>, joka palauttaa listana annetun hakusanan mukaiset sanat tiedostosta.</p><p>Hakusanassa voi käyttää pienten kirjainten lisäksi seuraavia erikoismerkkejä:</p><ul>\n<li>Piste <code class=\"language-text\">.</code> tarkoittaa, että mikä tahansa merkki käy (esim <code class=\"language-text\">ca.</code> vastaa vaikkapa sanoja cat ja car, <code class=\"language-text\">p.ng</code> sanoja ping ja pong ja <code class=\"language-text\">.a.e</code> sanoja sane, care tai late.</li>\n<li>Asteriski <code class=\"language-text\">*</code> tarkoittaa, että sanan alku- tai loppuosaksi käy mikä tahansa jono, esim. <code class=\"language-text\">ca*</code> vastaa vaikkapa sanoja california, cat, caring tai catapult. Vastaavasti hakusana <code class=\"language-text\">*ane</code> vastaa vaikkapa sanoja crane, insane tai aeroplane. Voit olettaa, että asteriski on aina joko hakusanan alussa tai lopussa, ja että hakusanassa esiintyy korkeintaan yksi asteriski.</li>\n<li>Jos hakusanassa ei ole erikoismerkkejä, haetaan vain täsmälleen hakusanaa vastaava sana.</li>\n</ul><p>Sovitaan, että samassa hakusanassa ei voi käyttää molempia erikoismerkkejä.</p><p>Sanat ovat tiedostossa kokonaan pienillä kirjaimilla kirjoitettuna. Voit myös olettaa, että funktion parametri on annettu kokonaan pienillä kirjaimilla.</p><p>Jos yhtään tulosta ei löydy, funktio palauttaa tyhjän listan.</p><p>Vinkki: Pythonin merkkijonometodeista startswith() ja endswith() saattaa olla hyötyä tehtävässä, googlaa niiden toiminta tarvittaessa tarkemmin!</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>hae_sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"*vokes\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>['convokes', 'equivokes', 'evokes', 'invokes', 'provokes', 'reinvokes', 'revokes']</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Muistava sanakirja' tmcname='osa06-16_muistava_sanakirja'><p>Tee sanakirjaa mallintava ohjelma, johon voi syöttää uusia sanoja tai josta voi hakea syötettyjä sanoja.</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia näin:</p><sample-output><p>1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: <strong>1</strong>\nAnna sana suomeksi: <strong>auto</strong>\nAnna sana englanniksi: <strong>car</strong>\nSanapari lisätty\n1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: <strong>1</strong>\nAnna sana suomeksi: <strong>roska</strong>\nAnna sana englanniksi: <strong>garbage</strong>\nSanapari lisätty\n1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: <strong>1</strong>\nAnna sana suomeksi: <strong>laukku</strong>\nAnna sana englanniksi: <strong>bag</strong>\nSanapari lisätty\n1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: <strong>2</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>bag</strong>\nroska - garbage\nlaukku - bag\n1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: <strong>2</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>car</strong>\nauto - car\n1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: <strong>2</strong>\nAnna sana: <strong>laukku</strong>\nlaukku - bag\n1 - Lisää sana, 2 - Hae sanaa, 3 - Poistu\nValinta: <strong>3</strong>\nMoi!</p></sample-output><p>Sanat tallennetaan tiedostoon <code class=\"language-text\">sanakirja.txt</code>. Ohjelma lukee tiedoston sisällön kun se käynnistetään. Uudet sanaparit lisätään tiedostoon aina tallennuksen yhteydessä.</p><p>Voit itse päättää tiedostoon tallennettavan tiedon muodon.</p><p>Huomaa, että paikallisten TMC-testien ajaminen voi tyhjentää sanakirja-tiedoston.</p><p><strong>Huom:</strong> tässä tehtävässä (eikä missään muussakaan tehtävissä missä <em>ei</em> erikseen pyydetä funktioiden toteuttamista) mitään koodia <strong>ei tule sijoittaa</strong>\n<code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkoon!</p></programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"58b92c76-559a-588f-8662-6c430d212bc2\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-6/2-tiedostojen-kirjoittaminen","title":"Tiedostojen kirjoittaminen"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-6/2-tiedostojen-kirjoittaminen.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa 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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"0"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n        "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"raise"}]},{"type":"text","value":" ValueError"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Negatiivinen syöte: \""}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"+"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"str"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    k "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n        k "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"*="}]},{"type":"text","value":" i\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"return"}]},{"type":"text","value":" k\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"kertoma"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"kertoma"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"kertoma"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"-"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6\n720\nTraceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"testi.py\", line 11, in "},{"type":"element","tagName":"module","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\nprint(kertoma(-1))\nFile \"testi.py\", line 3, in kertoma\nraise ValueError(\"Negatiivinen syöte: \" + str(n))\nValueError: Negatiivinen syöte: -1"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Parametrien validointi ","tmcname":"osa06-18_parametrien_validointi"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kirjoita funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"uusi_henkilo(nimi: str, ika: int)"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka luo ja palauttaa uuden henkilö-tuplen. Tuplessa ensimmäinen alkio on nimi ja jälkimmäinen ikä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jos funktion parametrit ovat virheelliset, sen tulee tuplen palauttamisen sijasta tuottaa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ValueError"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-poikkeus."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Virheellisiä parametreja tässä tapauksessa ovat:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"nimi on tyhjä merkkijono"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"nimi ei koostu vähintään kahdesta sanasta"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"nimen pituus on yli 40 merkkiä"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ikä on negatiivinen luku"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ikä on suurempi kuin 150"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Virheelliset lottonumerot","tmcname":"osa06-19_virheelliset_lottonumerot"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tiedostoon "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"lottonumerot.csv"}]},{"type":"text","value":" on tallennettu lottonumeroita seuraavan esimerkin mukaisesti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-data","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"viikko 1;5,7,11,13,23,24,30\nviikko 2;9,13,14,24,34,35,37\n...jne..."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Aluksi pitäisi olla siis otsikko "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"viikko x"}]},{"type":"text","value":", ja sen jälkeen seitsemän numeroa väliltä 1...39."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tiedosto on kuitenkin osittain korruptoitunut. Seuraavat rivit ovat esimerkkejä virheellisistä riveistä (huomaa, että tehtäväpohjassa olevassa tiedostossa ei ole juuri näitä virheitä):"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Viikkonumero pielessä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-data","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"viikko zzc;1,5,13,22,24,25,26"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Numero tai numeroita pielessä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-data","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"viikko 22;1,**,5,6,13,2b,34"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Liian vähän numeroita:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-data","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"viikko 13;4,6,17,19,24,33"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Liian pieniä tai suuria numeroita:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-data","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"viikko 39;5,9,15,35,39,41,105"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Rivissä esiintyy sama numero kahdesti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-data","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"viikko 41;5,12,3,35,12,14,36"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kirjoita funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"suodata_virheelliset()"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka luo tiedoston "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"korjatut_numerot.csv"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Tiedostoon on kopioitu kelvolliset rivit alkuperäisestä tiedostosta."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"22f95adb-d57f-5380-87c6-4857dda1e79f"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, miten virheellisiä syötteitä voidaan käsitellä</li>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä tarkoitetaan poikkeuksella ohjelmoinnissa</li>\n<li>Tunnistat tyypillisiä poikkeuksia Pythonissa</li>\n<li>Osaat käsitellä poikkeuksia omissa ohjelmissa</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Ohjelmointiin liittyvät virheet voidaan jakaa kahteen ryhmään:</p><ol>\n<li>Syntaksivirheet, jotka estävät ohjelman suorittamisen kokonaan</li>\n<li>Suorituksen aikaiset virheet, jotka keskeyttävät ohjelman suorituksen</li>\n</ol><p>Ryhmän 1 virheet on yleensä helppoa korjata, koska Python-tulkki huomauttaa niistä, kun ohjelmaa yritetään suorittaa. Tällaisia virheitä ovat esimerkiksi puuttuva kaksoispiste silmukan alussa tai puuttuva lainausmerkki merkkijonon lopussa.</p><p>Ryhmän 2 virheet voivat olla hankalampia havaita, koska virhe voi tapahtua jossain vaiheessa ohjelman suorituksen aikana ja vain tietyissä tilanteissa. Ohjelma saattaa toimia yleensä hyvin mutta keskeytyä virheen takia jossain reunatapauksessa. Keskitymme seuraavaksi tällaisten virheiden käsittelyyn.</p><h2 id=\"syotteiden-tarkastaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Syötteiden tarkastaminen<a href=\"#syotteiden-tarkastaminen\" aria-label=\"syotteiden tarkastaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Usein virhetilanteet ohjelmien suorituksen aikana liittyvät jotenkin virheelliseen syötteeseen. Esimerkkejä virheellisistä syötteistä ovat</p><ul>\n<li>puuttuvat tai tyhjät arvot: esimerkiksi pituus nolla tai tyhjä merkkijono nimenä</li>\n<li>negatiiviset arvot: esimerkiksi –15 reseptin aineosan painona</li>\n<li>puuttuva tai väärän niminen tiedosto</li>\n<li>liian pienet tai liian suuret arvot</li>\n<li>väärä indeksi (esim. viittaaminen indeksiin 3 merkkijonossa \"moi\")</li>\n<li>väärän tyyppiset arvot, esimerkiksi merkkijono luvun sijasta</li>\n</ul><p>Useimpiin virheistä voidaan onneksi varautua ohjelmallisesti. Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä ohjelmaa, joka lukee käyttäjältä syötteenä tämän iän ja testaa, että se on sallituissa rajoissa (vähintään 0 ja korkeintaan 150):</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna ikäsi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> ika <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> ika <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> <span class=\"token number\">150</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ikä kelpaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Virheellinen ikä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna ikäsi: <strong>25</strong>\nIkä kelpaa</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna ikäsi: <strong>-3</strong>\nVirheellinen ikä</p></sample-output><p>Syötteen tarkastamisessa (eli <em>validoinnissa</em>) ilmenee kuitenkin puutteita, jos syötteeksi annetaan esimerkiksi merkkijono:</p><sample-output><p>Anna ikäsi: <strong>kakskytkolme</strong>\nValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'kakskytkolme'</p></sample-output><p>Virhe johtuu siitä, että funktio <code class=\"language-text\">int</code> ei pysty muuttamaan merkkijonoa <code class=\"language-text\">kakskytkolme</code> kokonaisluvuksi. Tämän seurauksena ohjelman suoritus keskeytyy yllä olevaan virheilmoitukseen.</p><h2 id=\"poikkeukset\" style=\"position:relative;\">Poikkeukset<a href=\"#poikkeukset\" aria-label=\"poikkeukset permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Ohjelman suorituksen aikaisia virheitä kutsutaan <em>poikkeuksiksi</em> (exception). Ohjelman koodissa on mahdollista varautua poikkeuksiin ja käsitellä ne ilman, että ohjelman suoritus keskeytyy.</p><p>Pythonissa poikkeukset käsitellään <code class=\"language-text\">try</code>- ja <code class=\"language-text\">except</code>-lauseilla. Ideana on, että mikäli <code class=\"language-text\">try</code>-lohkossa tapahtuu jokin poikkeus, Python tarkistaa, onko tälle poikkeukselle määritelty <code class=\"language-text\">except</code>-lohkoa. Mikäli on, suoritetaan tämä lohko ja suoritus jatkuu sen jälkeen normaalisti.</p><p>Muutetaan edellä esitettyä esimerkkiä siten, että ohjelma varautuu poikkeukseen <code class=\"language-text\">ValueError</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">try</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna ikäsi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">except</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> ika <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> ika <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> <span class=\"token number\">150</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ikä kelpaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Virheellinen ikä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna ikäsi: <strong>kakskytkolme</strong>\nVirheellinen ikä</p></sample-output><p>Ohjelmassa voidaan siis <code class=\"language-text\">try</code>-lauseella ilmoittaa, että seuraavan lohkon sisällä tapahtuva toiminta voi aiheuttaa virheen. Välittömästi <code class=\"language-text\">try</code>-lohkoa seuraavassa <code class=\"language-text\">except</code>-lauseessa ilmoitetaan, mihin virheeseen varaudutaan. Edellisessä esimerkissä varauduttiin ainoastaan virheeseen <code class=\"language-text\">ValueError</code> - jokin muu virhe olisi edelleen katkaissut ohjelman suorituksen.</p><p>Tässä tapauksessa virhetilanteessa muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">ika</code> saa arvon -1, jolloin ohjelma tunnistaa oikein virheellisen iän, koska ehtona on, että ikä on vähintään 0.</p><p>Seuraava funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lue_kokonaisluku</code> lukee käyttäjältä kokonaisluvun varautuen siihen, että käyttäjä antaa virheellisen syötteen. Funktio kysyy lukua uudestaan niin kauan, kunnes käyttäjä lopulta antaa kelvollisen luvun.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lue_kokonaisluku</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">try</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            syote <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Syötä kokonaisluku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">except</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Virheellinen syöte\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue_kokonaisluku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kiitos!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"potenssiin kolme on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luku<span class=\"token operator\">**</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Syötä kokonaisluku: <strong>kolme</strong>\nVirheellinen syöte\nSyötä kokonaisluku: <strong>aybabtu</strong>\nVirheellinen syöte\nSyötä kokonaisluku: <strong>5</strong>\nKiitos!\n5 potenssiin kolme on 125</p></sample-output><p>Joissain tilanteissa saattaa olla tarvetta varautua poikkeukseen, mutta poikkeuksen tapahtuessa riittää \"ignoorata\" se, eli jättää koko asia huomiomatta <code class=\"language-text\">except</code>-lohkossa.</p><p>Jos muuttaisimme edellistä esimerkkiä siten, että funktio hyväksyisi ainoastaan lukua 100 pienemmät kokonaisluvut, voisimme muuttaa toteutusta seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lue_pieni_kokonaisluku</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">try</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            syote <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Syötä kokonaisluku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> luku\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">except</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># tämä komento ei tee mitään</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Virheellinen syöte\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue_pieni_kokonaisluku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"potenssiin kolme on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luku<span class=\"token operator\">**</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Syötä kokonaisluku: <strong>kolme</strong>\nVirheellinen syöte\nSyötä kokonaisluku: <strong>1000</strong>\nVirheellinen syöte\nSyötä kokonaisluku: <strong>5</strong>\nKiitos!\n5 potenssiin kolme on 125</p></sample-output><p>Nyt siis poikkeuksen käsittelevässä lohkossa on ainoastaan komento <code class=\"language-text\">pass</code>, joka ei tee mitään. Komento tarvitaan, sillä Python ei salli tyhjiä lohkoja.</p><programming-exercise name='Syötteen luku' tmcname='osa06-17_syotteen_luku'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lue</code>, joka kysyy käyttäjältä syötettä, kunnes se on parametrien määrittelemällä välillä oleva kokonaisluku. Funktio palauttaa käyttäjän antaman syötteen.</p><p>Funktio toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"syötä luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"syötit luvun:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>syötä luku: <strong>seitsemän</strong>\nSyötteen on oltava kokonaisluku väliltä 5...10\nsyötä luku: <strong>-3</strong>\nSyötteen on oltava kokonaisluku väliltä 5...10\nsyötä luku: <strong>8</strong>\nsyötit luvun: 8</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"tyypillisia-virheita\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tyypillisiä virheitä<a href=\"#tyypillisia-virheita\" aria-label=\"tyypillisia virheita permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraavassa on listattu joitakin yleisiä virheitä ja syitä niiden ilmenemiselle:</p><p><strong>ValueError</strong></p><p>Tämä poikkeus voi johtua siitä, että funktion parametri on vääränlainen. Esimerkiksi kutsu <code class=\"language-text\">float(\"1,23\")</code> tuottaa tämän poikkeuksen, koska Pythonissa desimaalierottimen tulee olla piste eikä pilkku.</p><p><strong>TypeError</strong></p><p>Tämä poikkeus tapahtuu, kun arvo on väärän tyyppinen. Esimerkiksi kutsu <code class=\"language-text\">len(10)</code> saa aikaan tämän poikkeuksen, koska funktio <code class=\"language-text\">len</code> haluaa parametrin, jolle voidaan laskea pituus (kuten merkkijonon tai listan).</p><p><strong>IndexError</strong></p><p>Tämä poikkeus tapahtuu, jos yritetään viitata indeksiin, jota ei ole olemassa. Esimerkiksi <code class=\"language-text\">\"abc\"[5]</code> aiheuttaa tämän poikkeuksen, koska merkkijonossa ei ole indeksiä 5.</p><p><strong>ZeroDivisionError</strong></p><p>Tämä poikkeus tapahtuu, jos yritetään jakaa nollalla. Yksi esimerkki on tilanne, jossa yritetään laskea listan arvojen keskiarvo kaavalla <code class=\"language-text\">sum(lista) / len(lista)</code>, mutta listan pituus on nolla.</p><p><strong>Tiedostojen poikkeukset</strong></p><p>Tiedostojen käsittelyssä voi tulla vastaan esimerkiksi poikkeukset <strong>FileNotFoundError</strong> (koetetaan lukea tiedostoa, jota ei ole olemassa), <strong>io.UnsupportedOperation</strong> (tiedosto on avattu tilassa, joka ei salli operaatiota) tai <strong>PermissionError</strong> (ohjelmalla ei ole oikeutta käsitellä tiedostoa).</p><h2 id=\"useamman-poikkeuksen-kasittely\" style=\"position:relative;\">Useamman poikkeuksen käsittely<a href=\"#useamman-poikkeuksen-kasittely\" aria-label=\"useamman poikkeuksen kasittely permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Yhtä <code class=\"language-text\">try</code>-lohkoa kohti voi olla useampia <code class=\"language-text\">except</code>-lauseita. Esimerkiksi seuraavassa ohjelmassa varaudutaan sekä poikkeukseen <code class=\"language-text\">FileNotFoundException</code> että <code class=\"language-text\">PermissionError</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">try</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"esimerkki.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">except</span> FileNotFoundError<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tiedostoa esimerkki.txt ei löytynyt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">except</span> PermissionError<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ei oikeutta avata tiedostoa esimerkki.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Aina ei ole tarpeen eritellä tapahtuneita virheitä. Esimerkiksi juuri tiedostoa avatessa saattaa riittää, että tiedetään virheen tapahtuneen, muttei ole niin tärkeää tietää, miksi virhe tapahtui. Kaikki mahdolliset virheet voi käsitellä käyttämällä <code class=\"language-text\">except</code>-lausetta määrittelemättä poikkeuksen tyyppiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">try</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"esimerkki.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">except</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tapahtui virhe tiedoston lukemisessa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>Huomaa, että tällaisessa tapauksessa <code class=\"language-text\">except</code>-lause käsittelee kaikki mahdolliset virheet, myös ohjelmoijan tekemät virheet lukuun ottamatta syntaksivirheitä, jotka estävät ohjelman suorittamisen.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma heittää aina poikkeuksen, koska muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">tiedosto</code> nimi on kirjoitettu toisessa kohdassa väärin <code class=\"language-text\">tiedotso</code>.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">try</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"esimerkki.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedotso<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">except</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tapahtui virhe tiedoston lukemisessa.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tästä näkee, että <code class=\"language-text\">except</code> voi peittää varsinaisen virheen: tässä tapauksessa virheen syynä ei ole tiedoston käsittely vaan väärin kirjoitettu muuttuja.</p><h2 id=\"poikkeusten-valittyminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Poikkeusten välittyminen<a href=\"#poikkeusten-valittyminen\" aria-label=\"poikkeusten valittyminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos funktion sisällä tapahtuu poikkeus, jota ei käsitellä, poikkeus välitetään funktion kutsujalle. Tätä jatketaan, kunnes ollaan pääohjelman tasolla. Jos poikkeusta ei tässäkään käsitellä sopivalla <code class=\"language-text\">except</code>-lauseella, ohjelman suoritus katkeaa ja poikkeus yleensä tulostetaan ruudulle.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraavassa ohjelmassa funktiossa <code class=\"language-text\">testi</code> tapahtuva poikkeus käsitellään vasta pääohjelmassa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">testi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">try</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    testi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">except</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Jotain meni pieleen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>kolme</strong>\nJotain meni pieleen</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"poikkeusten-tuottaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Poikkeusten tuottaminen<a href=\"#poikkeusten-tuottaminen\" aria-label=\"poikkeusten tuottaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Voimme myös tarvittaessa tuottaa poikkeuksen itse komennolla <code class=\"language-text\">raise</code>. Vaikka virheiden tuottaminen varta vasten voi aluksi tuntua oudolta ajatukselta, mekanismi on itse asiassa hyvinkin hyödyllinen.</p><p>Esimerkiksi jos teemme funktion, jolle annetaan virheellinen parametri, voimme ilmaista tämän poikkeuksen avulla. Tämä voi olla parempi tapa kuin esimerkiksi palauttaa jokin virhearvo tai tulostaa viesti ruudulle, koska funktion käyttäjä ei välttämättä huomaisi asiaa.</p><p>Seuraavassa esimerkissä funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kertoma</code> laskee parametrina annetun luvun kertoman (esimerkiksi luvun 5 kertoma on 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5). Kuitenkin jos annettu luku on negatiivinen, funktio tuottaa poikkeuksen.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kertoma</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Negatiivinen syöte: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    k <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        k <span class=\"token operator\">*=</span> i\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> k\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><div>6\n720\nTraceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"testi.py\", line 11, in <module>\nprint(kertoma(-1))\nFile \"testi.py\", line 3, in kertoma\nraise ValueError(\"Negatiivinen syöte: \" + str(n))\nValueError: Negatiivinen syöte: -1</div></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Parametrien validointi ' tmcname='osa06-18_parametrien_validointi'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">uusi_henkilo(nimi: str, ika: int)</code>, joka luo ja palauttaa uuden henkilö-tuplen. Tuplessa ensimmäinen alkio on nimi ja jälkimmäinen ikä.</p><p>Jos funktion parametrit ovat virheelliset, sen tulee tuplen palauttamisen sijasta tuottaa <code class=\"language-text\">ValueError</code>-poikkeus.</p><p>Virheellisiä parametreja tässä tapauksessa ovat:</p><ul>\n<li>nimi on tyhjä merkkijono</li>\n<li>nimi ei koostu vähintään kahdesta sanasta</li>\n<li>nimen pituus on yli 40 merkkiä</li>\n<li>ikä on negatiivinen luku</li>\n<li>ikä on suurempi kuin 150</li>\n</ul></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Virheelliset lottonumerot' tmcname='osa06-19_virheelliset_lottonumerot'><p>Tiedostoon <code class=\"language-text\">lottonumerot.csv</code> on tallennettu lottonumeroita seuraavan esimerkin mukaisesti:</p><sample-data><p>viikko 1;5,7,11,13,23,24,30\nviikko 2;9,13,14,24,34,35,37\n...jne...</p></sample-data><p>Aluksi pitäisi olla siis otsikko <code class=\"language-text\">viikko x</code>, ja sen jälkeen seitsemän numeroa väliltä 1...39.</p><p>Tiedosto on kuitenkin osittain korruptoitunut. Seuraavat rivit ovat esimerkkejä virheellisistä riveistä (huomaa, että tehtäväpohjassa olevassa tiedostossa ei ole juuri näitä virheitä):</p><p>Viikkonumero pielessä:</p><sample-data><p>viikko zzc;1,5,13,22,24,25,26</p></sample-data><p>Numero tai numeroita pielessä:</p><sample-data><p>viikko 22;1,**,5,6,13,2b,34</p></sample-data><p>Liian vähän numeroita:</p><sample-data><p>viikko 13;4,6,17,19,24,33</p></sample-data><p>Liian pieniä tai suuria numeroita:</p><sample-data><p>viikko 39;5,9,15,35,39,41,105</p></sample-data><p>Rivissä esiintyy sama numero kahdesti:</p><sample-data><p>viikko 41;5,12,3,35,12,14,36</p></sample-data><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">suodata_virheelliset()</code>, joka luo tiedoston <code class=\"language-text\">korjatut_numerot.csv</code>. Tiedostoon on kopioitu kelvolliset rivit alkuperäisestä tiedostosta.</p></programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"22f95adb-d57f-5380-87c6-4857dda1e79f\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-6/3-virheet","title":"Virhetilanteisiin varautuminen"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-6/3-virheet.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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Tuplessa ensimmäinen alkio on nimi ja jälkimmäinen ikä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jos funktion parametrit ovat virheelliset, sen tulee tuplen palauttamisen sijasta tuottaa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ValueError"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-poikkeus."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Virheellisiä parametreja tässä tapauksessa ovat:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"nimi on tyhjä merkkijono"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"nimi ei koostu vähintään kahdesta sanasta"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"nimen pituus on yli 40 merkkiä"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ikä on negatiivinen luku"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ikä on suurempi kuin 150"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Virheelliset lottonumerot","tmcname":"osa06-19_virheelliset_lottonumerot"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tiedostoon "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"lottonumerot.csv"}]},{"type":"text","value":" on tallennettu lottonumeroita seuraavan esimerkin mukaisesti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-data","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"viikko 1;5,7,11,13,23,24,30\nviikko 2;9,13,14,24,34,35,37\n...jne..."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Aluksi pitäisi olla siis otsikko "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"viikko x"}]},{"type":"text","value":", ja sen jälkeen seitsemän numeroa väliltä 1...39."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tiedosto on kuitenkin osittain korruptoitunut. Seuraavat rivit ovat esimerkkejä virheellisistä riveistä (huomaa, että tehtäväpohjassa olevassa tiedostossa ei ole juuri näitä virheitä):"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Viikkonumero pielessä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-data","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"viikko zzc;1,5,13,22,24,25,26"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Numero tai numeroita pielessä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-data","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"viikko 22;1,**,5,6,13,2b,34"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Liian vähän numeroita:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-data","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"viikko 13;4,6,17,19,24,33"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Liian pieniä tai suuria numeroita:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-data","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"viikko 39;5,9,15,35,39,41,105"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Rivissä esiintyy sama numero kahdesti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-data","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"viikko 41;5,12,3,35,12,14,36"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kirjoita funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"suodata_virheelliset()"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka luo tiedoston "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"korjatut_numerot.csv"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Tiedostoon on kopioitu kelvolliset rivit alkuperäisestä tiedostosta."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"22f95adb-d57f-5380-87c6-4857dda1e79f"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, miten virheellisiä syötteitä voidaan käsitellä</li>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä tarkoitetaan poikkeuksella ohjelmoinnissa</li>\n<li>Tunnistat tyypillisiä poikkeuksia Pythonissa</li>\n<li>Osaat käsitellä poikkeuksia omissa ohjelmissa</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Ohjelmointiin liittyvät virheet voidaan jakaa kahteen ryhmään:</p><ol>\n<li>Syntaksivirheet, jotka estävät ohjelman suorittamisen kokonaan</li>\n<li>Suorituksen aikaiset virheet, jotka keskeyttävät ohjelman suorituksen</li>\n</ol><p>Ryhmän 1 virheet on yleensä helppoa korjata, koska Python-tulkki huomauttaa niistä, kun ohjelmaa yritetään suorittaa. Tällaisia virheitä ovat esimerkiksi puuttuva kaksoispiste silmukan alussa tai puuttuva lainausmerkki merkkijonon lopussa.</p><p>Ryhmän 2 virheet voivat olla hankalampia havaita, koska virhe voi tapahtua jossain vaiheessa ohjelman suorituksen aikana ja vain tietyissä tilanteissa. Ohjelma saattaa toimia yleensä hyvin mutta keskeytyä virheen takia jossain reunatapauksessa. Keskitymme seuraavaksi tällaisten virheiden käsittelyyn.</p><h2 id=\"syotteiden-tarkastaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Syötteiden tarkastaminen<a href=\"#syotteiden-tarkastaminen\" aria-label=\"syotteiden tarkastaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Usein virhetilanteet ohjelmien suorituksen aikana liittyvät jotenkin virheelliseen syötteeseen. Esimerkkejä virheellisistä syötteistä ovat</p><ul>\n<li>puuttuvat tai tyhjät arvot: esimerkiksi pituus nolla tai tyhjä merkkijono nimenä</li>\n<li>negatiiviset arvot: esimerkiksi –15 reseptin aineosan painona</li>\n<li>puuttuva tai väärän niminen tiedosto</li>\n<li>liian pienet tai liian suuret arvot</li>\n<li>väärä indeksi (esim. viittaaminen indeksiin 3 merkkijonossa \"moi\")</li>\n<li>väärän tyyppiset arvot, esimerkiksi merkkijono luvun sijasta</li>\n</ul><p>Useimpiin virheistä voidaan onneksi varautua ohjelmallisesti. Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä ohjelmaa, joka lukee käyttäjältä syötteenä tämän iän ja testaa, että se on sallituissa rajoissa (vähintään 0 ja korkeintaan 150):</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna ikäsi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> ika <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> ika <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> <span class=\"token number\">150</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ikä kelpaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Virheellinen ikä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna ikäsi: <strong>25</strong>\nIkä kelpaa</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Anna ikäsi: <strong>-3</strong>\nVirheellinen ikä</p></sample-output><p>Syötteen tarkastamisessa (eli <em>validoinnissa</em>) ilmenee kuitenkin puutteita, jos syötteeksi annetaan esimerkiksi merkkijono:</p><sample-output><p>Anna ikäsi: <strong>kakskytkolme</strong>\nValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'kakskytkolme'</p></sample-output><p>Virhe johtuu siitä, että funktio <code class=\"language-text\">int</code> ei pysty muuttamaan merkkijonoa <code class=\"language-text\">kakskytkolme</code> kokonaisluvuksi. Tämän seurauksena ohjelman suoritus keskeytyy yllä olevaan virheilmoitukseen.</p><h2 id=\"poikkeukset\" style=\"position:relative;\">Poikkeukset<a href=\"#poikkeukset\" aria-label=\"poikkeukset permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Ohjelman suorituksen aikaisia virheitä kutsutaan <em>poikkeuksiksi</em> (exception). Ohjelman koodissa on mahdollista varautua poikkeuksiin ja käsitellä ne ilman, että ohjelman suoritus keskeytyy.</p><p>Pythonissa poikkeukset käsitellään <code class=\"language-text\">try</code>- ja <code class=\"language-text\">except</code>-lauseilla. Ideana on, että mikäli <code class=\"language-text\">try</code>-lohkossa tapahtuu jokin poikkeus, Python tarkistaa, onko tälle poikkeukselle määritelty <code class=\"language-text\">except</code>-lohkoa. Mikäli on, suoritetaan tämä lohko ja suoritus jatkuu sen jälkeen normaalisti.</p><p>Muutetaan edellä esitettyä esimerkkiä siten, että ohjelma varautuu poikkeukseen <code class=\"language-text\">ValueError</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">try</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna ikäsi: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">except</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    ika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> ika <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> ika <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> <span class=\"token number\">150</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ikä kelpaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Virheellinen ikä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna ikäsi: <strong>kakskytkolme</strong>\nVirheellinen ikä</p></sample-output><p>Ohjelmassa voidaan siis <code class=\"language-text\">try</code>-lauseella ilmoittaa, että seuraavan lohkon sisällä tapahtuva toiminta voi aiheuttaa virheen. Välittömästi <code class=\"language-text\">try</code>-lohkoa seuraavassa <code class=\"language-text\">except</code>-lauseessa ilmoitetaan, mihin virheeseen varaudutaan. Edellisessä esimerkissä varauduttiin ainoastaan virheeseen <code class=\"language-text\">ValueError</code> - jokin muu virhe olisi edelleen katkaissut ohjelman suorituksen.</p><p>Tässä tapauksessa virhetilanteessa muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">ika</code> saa arvon -1, jolloin ohjelma tunnistaa oikein virheellisen iän, koska ehtona on, että ikä on vähintään 0.</p><p>Seuraava funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lue_kokonaisluku</code> lukee käyttäjältä kokonaisluvun varautuen siihen, että käyttäjä antaa virheellisen syötteen. Funktio kysyy lukua uudestaan niin kauan, kunnes käyttäjä lopulta antaa kelvollisen luvun.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lue_kokonaisluku</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">try</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            syote <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Syötä kokonaisluku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">except</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Virheellinen syöte\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue_kokonaisluku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kiitos!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"potenssiin kolme on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luku<span class=\"token operator\">**</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Syötä kokonaisluku: <strong>kolme</strong>\nVirheellinen syöte\nSyötä kokonaisluku: <strong>aybabtu</strong>\nVirheellinen syöte\nSyötä kokonaisluku: <strong>5</strong>\nKiitos!\n5 potenssiin kolme on 125</p></sample-output><p>Joissain tilanteissa saattaa olla tarvetta varautua poikkeukseen, mutta poikkeuksen tapahtuessa riittää \"ignoorata\" se, eli jättää koko asia huomiomatta <code class=\"language-text\">except</code>-lohkossa.</p><p>Jos muuttaisimme edellistä esimerkkiä siten, että funktio hyväksyisi ainoastaan lukua 100 pienemmät kokonaisluvut, voisimme muuttaa toteutusta seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lue_pieni_kokonaisluku</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">try</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            syote <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Syötä kokonaisluku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syote<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> luku <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> luku\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">except</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># tämä komento ei tee mitään</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Virheellinen syöte\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue_pieni_kokonaisluku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"potenssiin kolme on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luku<span class=\"token operator\">**</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Syötä kokonaisluku: <strong>kolme</strong>\nVirheellinen syöte\nSyötä kokonaisluku: <strong>1000</strong>\nVirheellinen syöte\nSyötä kokonaisluku: <strong>5</strong>\nKiitos!\n5 potenssiin kolme on 125</p></sample-output><p>Nyt siis poikkeuksen käsittelevässä lohkossa on ainoastaan komento <code class=\"language-text\">pass</code>, joka ei tee mitään. Komento tarvitaan, sillä Python ei salli tyhjiä lohkoja.</p><programming-exercise name='Syötteen luku' tmcname='osa06-17_syotteen_luku'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lue</code>, joka kysyy käyttäjältä syötettä, kunnes se on parametrien määrittelemällä välillä oleva kokonaisluku. Funktio palauttaa käyttäjän antaman syötteen.</p><p>Funktio toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"syötä luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"syötit luvun:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>syötä luku: <strong>seitsemän</strong>\nSyötteen on oltava kokonaisluku väliltä 5...10\nsyötä luku: <strong>-3</strong>\nSyötteen on oltava kokonaisluku väliltä 5...10\nsyötä luku: <strong>8</strong>\nsyötit luvun: 8</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"tyypillisia-virheita\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tyypillisiä virheitä<a href=\"#tyypillisia-virheita\" aria-label=\"tyypillisia virheita permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraavassa on listattu joitakin yleisiä virheitä ja syitä niiden ilmenemiselle:</p><p><strong>ValueError</strong></p><p>Tämä poikkeus voi johtua siitä, että funktion parametri on vääränlainen. Esimerkiksi kutsu <code class=\"language-text\">float(\"1,23\")</code> tuottaa tämän poikkeuksen, koska Pythonissa desimaalierottimen tulee olla piste eikä pilkku.</p><p><strong>TypeError</strong></p><p>Tämä poikkeus tapahtuu, kun arvo on väärän tyyppinen. Esimerkiksi kutsu <code class=\"language-text\">len(10)</code> saa aikaan tämän poikkeuksen, koska funktio <code class=\"language-text\">len</code> haluaa parametrin, jolle voidaan laskea pituus (kuten merkkijonon tai listan).</p><p><strong>IndexError</strong></p><p>Tämä poikkeus tapahtuu, jos yritetään viitata indeksiin, jota ei ole olemassa. Esimerkiksi <code class=\"language-text\">\"abc\"[5]</code> aiheuttaa tämän poikkeuksen, koska merkkijonossa ei ole indeksiä 5.</p><p><strong>ZeroDivisionError</strong></p><p>Tämä poikkeus tapahtuu, jos yritetään jakaa nollalla. Yksi esimerkki on tilanne, jossa yritetään laskea listan arvojen keskiarvo kaavalla <code class=\"language-text\">sum(lista) / len(lista)</code>, mutta listan pituus on nolla.</p><p><strong>Tiedostojen poikkeukset</strong></p><p>Tiedostojen käsittelyssä voi tulla vastaan esimerkiksi poikkeukset <strong>FileNotFoundError</strong> (koetetaan lukea tiedostoa, jota ei ole olemassa), <strong>io.UnsupportedOperation</strong> (tiedosto on avattu tilassa, joka ei salli operaatiota) tai <strong>PermissionError</strong> (ohjelmalla ei ole oikeutta käsitellä tiedostoa).</p><h2 id=\"useamman-poikkeuksen-kasittely\" style=\"position:relative;\">Useamman poikkeuksen käsittely<a href=\"#useamman-poikkeuksen-kasittely\" aria-label=\"useamman poikkeuksen kasittely permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Yhtä <code class=\"language-text\">try</code>-lohkoa kohti voi olla useampia <code class=\"language-text\">except</code>-lauseita. Esimerkiksi seuraavassa ohjelmassa varaudutaan sekä poikkeukseen <code class=\"language-text\">FileNotFoundException</code> että <code class=\"language-text\">PermissionError</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">try</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"esimerkki.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">except</span> FileNotFoundError<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tiedostoa esimerkki.txt ei löytynyt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">except</span> PermissionError<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ei oikeutta avata tiedostoa esimerkki.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Aina ei ole tarpeen eritellä tapahtuneita virheitä. Esimerkiksi juuri tiedostoa avatessa saattaa riittää, että tiedetään virheen tapahtuneen, muttei ole niin tärkeää tietää, miksi virhe tapahtui. Kaikki mahdolliset virheet voi käsitellä käyttämällä <code class=\"language-text\">except</code>-lausetta määrittelemättä poikkeuksen tyyppiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">try</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"esimerkki.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">except</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tapahtui virhe tiedoston lukemisessa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><p>Huomaa, että tällaisessa tapauksessa <code class=\"language-text\">except</code>-lause käsittelee kaikki mahdolliset virheet, myös ohjelmoijan tekemät virheet lukuun ottamatta syntaksivirheitä, jotka estävät ohjelman suorittamisen.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma heittää aina poikkeuksen, koska muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">tiedosto</code> nimi on kirjoitettu toisessa kohdassa väärin <code class=\"language-text\">tiedotso</code>.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">try</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"esimerkki.txt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tiedotso<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">except</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tapahtui virhe tiedoston lukemisessa.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tästä näkee, että <code class=\"language-text\">except</code> voi peittää varsinaisen virheen: tässä tapauksessa virheen syynä ei ole tiedoston käsittely vaan väärin kirjoitettu muuttuja.</p><h2 id=\"poikkeusten-valittyminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Poikkeusten välittyminen<a href=\"#poikkeusten-valittyminen\" aria-label=\"poikkeusten valittyminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos funktion sisällä tapahtuu poikkeus, jota ei käsitellä, poikkeus välitetään funktion kutsujalle. Tätä jatketaan, kunnes ollaan pääohjelman tasolla. Jos poikkeusta ei tässäkään käsitellä sopivalla <code class=\"language-text\">except</code>-lauseella, ohjelman suoritus katkeaa ja poikkeus yleensä tulostetaan ruudulle.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraavassa ohjelmassa funktiossa <code class=\"language-text\">testi</code> tapahtuva poikkeus käsitellään vasta pääohjelmassa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">testi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">try</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    testi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">except</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Jotain meni pieleen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna luku: <strong>kolme</strong>\nJotain meni pieleen</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"poikkeusten-tuottaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Poikkeusten tuottaminen<a href=\"#poikkeusten-tuottaminen\" aria-label=\"poikkeusten tuottaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Voimme myös tarvittaessa tuottaa poikkeuksen itse komennolla <code class=\"language-text\">raise</code>. Vaikka virheiden tuottaminen varta vasten voi aluksi tuntua oudolta ajatukselta, mekanismi on itse asiassa hyvinkin hyödyllinen.</p><p>Esimerkiksi jos teemme funktion, jolle annetaan virheellinen parametri, voimme ilmaista tämän poikkeuksen avulla. Tämä voi olla parempi tapa kuin esimerkiksi palauttaa jokin virhearvo tai tulostaa viesti ruudulle, koska funktion käyttäjä ei välttämättä huomaisi asiaa.</p><p>Seuraavassa esimerkissä funktio <code class=\"language-text\">kertoma</code> laskee parametrina annetun luvun kertoman (esimerkiksi luvun 5 kertoma on 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5). Kuitenkin jos annettu luku on negatiivinen, funktio tuottaa poikkeuksen.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kertoma</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Negatiivinen syöte: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>n<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    k <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> n <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        k <span class=\"token operator\">*=</span> i\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> k\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kertoma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><div>6\n720\nTraceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"testi.py\", line 11, in <module>\nprint(kertoma(-1))\nFile \"testi.py\", line 3, in kertoma\nraise ValueError(\"Negatiivinen syöte: \" + str(n))\nValueError: Negatiivinen syöte: -1</div></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Parametrien validointi ' tmcname='osa06-18_parametrien_validointi'><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">uusi_henkilo(nimi: str, ika: int)</code>, joka luo ja palauttaa uuden henkilö-tuplen. Tuplessa ensimmäinen alkio on nimi ja jälkimmäinen ikä.</p><p>Jos funktion parametrit ovat virheelliset, sen tulee tuplen palauttamisen sijasta tuottaa <code class=\"language-text\">ValueError</code>-poikkeus.</p><p>Virheellisiä parametreja tässä tapauksessa ovat:</p><ul>\n<li>nimi on tyhjä merkkijono</li>\n<li>nimi ei koostu vähintään kahdesta sanasta</li>\n<li>nimen pituus on yli 40 merkkiä</li>\n<li>ikä on negatiivinen luku</li>\n<li>ikä on suurempi kuin 150</li>\n</ul></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Virheelliset lottonumerot' tmcname='osa06-19_virheelliset_lottonumerot'><p>Tiedostoon <code class=\"language-text\">lottonumerot.csv</code> on tallennettu lottonumeroita seuraavan esimerkin mukaisesti:</p><sample-data><p>viikko 1;5,7,11,13,23,24,30\nviikko 2;9,13,14,24,34,35,37\n...jne...</p></sample-data><p>Aluksi pitäisi olla siis otsikko <code class=\"language-text\">viikko x</code>, ja sen jälkeen seitsemän numeroa väliltä 1...39.</p><p>Tiedosto on kuitenkin osittain korruptoitunut. Seuraavat rivit ovat esimerkkejä virheellisistä riveistä (huomaa, että tehtäväpohjassa olevassa tiedostossa ei ole juuri näitä virheitä):</p><p>Viikkonumero pielessä:</p><sample-data><p>viikko zzc;1,5,13,22,24,25,26</p></sample-data><p>Numero tai numeroita pielessä:</p><sample-data><p>viikko 22;1,**,5,6,13,2b,34</p></sample-data><p>Liian vähän numeroita:</p><sample-data><p>viikko 13;4,6,17,19,24,33</p></sample-data><p>Liian pieniä tai suuria numeroita:</p><sample-data><p>viikko 39;5,9,15,35,39,41,105</p></sample-data><p>Rivissä esiintyy sama numero kahdesti:</p><sample-data><p>viikko 41;5,12,3,35,12,14,36</p></sample-data><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">suodata_virheelliset()</code>, joka luo tiedoston <code class=\"language-text\">korjatut_numerot.csv</code>. Tiedostoon on kopioitu kelvolliset rivit alkuperäisestä tiedostosta.</p></programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"22f95adb-d57f-5380-87c6-4857dda1e79f\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-6/3-virheet","title":"Virhetilanteisiin varautuminen"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-6/3-virheet.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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vaikuttaa sen käyttöön</li>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä Pythonissa tekee avainsana <code class=\"language-text\">global</code></li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää paikallisia ja globaaleja muuttujia oikein</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Muuttujan <em>näkyvyysalue</em> (<em>scope</em>) tarkoittaa, missä ohjelman osissa muuttujaa voi käyttää. <em>Paikallinen</em> muuttuja on muuttuja, joka on näkyvissä vain tietyn rajatun alueen sisällä ohjelmassa. <em>Globaali</em> muuttuja on puolestaan käytettävissä missä tahansa ohjelman osassa.</p><h2 id=\"paikalliset-muuttujat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Paikalliset muuttujat<a href=\"#paikalliset-muuttujat\" aria-label=\"paikalliset muuttujat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Pythonissa funktion sisällä määritellyt muuttujat ovat funktion paikallisia muuttujia. Tämä koskee sekä parametreja että funktion lohkon sisällä esiteltyjä muuttujia. Paikallisuus tarkoittaa, että muuttuja <em>ei ole olemassa funktion ulkopuolella</em>.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraavassa ohjelmassa yritys viitata muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">x</code> pääohjelmassa antaa virheen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">testi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>5\nNameError: name 'x' is not defined</p></sample-output><p>Ohjelmassa muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">x</code> on siis olemassa vain funktion <code class=\"language-text\">testi</code> suorituksen ajan eikä siihen pääse käsiksi muista funktioista tai pääohjelmasta.</p><h2 id=\"globaalit-muuttujat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Globaalit muuttujat<a href=\"#globaalit-muuttujat\" aria-label=\"globaalit muuttujat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Pääohjelmassa eli kaikkien funktioiden ulkopuolella määritellyt muuttujat ovat globaaleja muuttujia. Globaalin muuttujan arvo voidaan lukea funktiossa. Esimerkiksi seuraava toimii:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">testi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nx <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\ntesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>3</p></sample-output><p>Kuitenkaan globaalia muuttujaa ei voi muuttaa suoraan. Esimerkiksi seuraava funktio <em>ei vaikuta</em> globaaliin muuttujaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">testi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nx <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\ntesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>5\n3</p></sample-output><p>Tässä tapauksessa funktio <code class=\"language-text\">testi</code> luo paikallisen muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">x</code>, joka saa arvon 5. Tämä on kuitenkin eri muuttuja kuin pääohjelmassa oleva muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">x</code>.</p><p>Entä miten toimii seuraava koodi?</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">testi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span>\n\nx <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\ntesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>UnboundLocalError: local variable 'x' referenced before assignment</p></sample-output><p>Funktiossa <code class=\"language-text\">testi</code> annetaan arvo muuttujalle <code class=\"language-text\">x</code>, jolloin Python päättelee, että <code class=\"language-text\">x</code> on funktion paikallinen muuttuja (eikä globaali muuttuja). Koska muuttujaan yritetään viitata ennen arvon asettamista, tapahtuu virhe.</p><p>Jos kuitenkin haluamme muuttaa funktiossa globaalia muuttujaa, tämä onnistuu avainsanan <code class=\"language-text\">global</code> avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">testi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">global</span> x\n    x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nx <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span>\ntesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>3\n3</p></sample-output><p>Nyt funktiossa tehty muutos <code class=\"language-text\">x = 3</code> vaikuttaa myös pääohjelmaan, eli kaikissa ohjelman kohdissa <code class=\"language-text\">x</code> viittaa samaan muuttujaan.</p><h2 id=\"milloin-kayttaa-globaalia-muuttujaa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Milloin käyttää globaalia muuttujaa?<a href=\"#milloin-kayttaa-globaalia-muuttujaa\" aria-label=\"milloin kayttaa globaalia muuttujaa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Globaalien muuttujien tarkoituksena ei ole korvata funktion parametreja tai paluuarvoa. Esimerkiksi on sinänsä mahdollista tehdä seuraava funktio, joka tallentaa laskun tuloksen globaaliin muuttujaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">laske_summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">global</span> tulos\n    tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> b\n\nlaske_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Parempi tapa on kuitenkin toteuttaa funktio kuten ennenkin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">laske_summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> b\n\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> laske_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jälkimmäisen tavan etuna on, että funktio on <em>itsenäinen</em> kokonaisuus, jolle annetaan tietyt parametrit ja joka palauttaa tietyn tuloksen. Funktiolla ei ole sivuvaikutuksia, minkä ansiosta sitä voi testata muusta koodista riippumattomasti.</p><p>Kuitenkin globaali muuttuja voi olla hyödyllinen, jos halutaan pitää yllä jotain funktioille yhteistä \"ylemmän tason\" tietoa. Tässä on yksi esimerkki asiasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">laske_summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">global</span> laskuri\n    laskuri <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> b\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">laske_erotus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">global</span> laskuri\n    laskuri <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> b\n\n\nlaskuri <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>laske_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>laske_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>laske_erotus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>laske_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Funktioita kutsuttiin\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> laskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kertaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output>\n5\n10\n3\n1\nFunktioita kutsuttiin 4 kertaa</sample-output><p>Tässä haluamme pitää ohjelman suorituksen aikana kirjaa siitä, montako kertaa funktioita on kutsuttu ohjelman eri kohdista. Nyt globaali muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">laskuri</code> on kätevä, koska voimme kasvattaa sen arvoa jokaisella funktion kutsukerralla ja katsoa globaalista muuttujasta, montako kertaa funktiota on kutsuttu.</p><h2 id=\"tiedon-valittaminen-funktiosta-toiseen-revisited\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tiedon välittäminen funktiosta toiseen revisited<a href=\"#tiedon-valittaminen-funktiosta-toiseen-revisited\" aria-label=\"tiedon valittaminen funktiosta toiseen revisited permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos ohjelma koostuu useista funktioista, nousee esiin kysymys miten tietoa siirretään funktiosta toiseen.</p><p>Seuraavassa on jo pari osaa sitten nähty esimerkki ohjelmasta, joka lukee käyttäjältä joukon kokonaislukuarvoja. Sen jälkeen ohjelma tulostaa arvot ja tekee niille vielä \"analyysin\". Ohjelma on jaettu kolmeen erilliseen funktioon:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lue_kayttajalta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"syötä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> lukua:\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    i <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> maara\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> i<span class=\"token operator\">></span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        i <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> luvut\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"luvut ovat: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">analysoi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    ka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sum</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"lukuja yhteensä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, keskikarvo </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>ka<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, pienin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token builtin\">min</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> ja suurin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token builtin\">max</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># funktioita käyttävä  \"pääohjelma\"</span>\nsyotteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue_kayttajalta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nanalyysin_tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> analysoi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>analyysin_tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkkisuoritus</p><sample-output><p>syötä 5 lukua:\nanna luku: <strong>10</strong>\nanna luku: <strong>34</strong>\nanna luku: <strong>-32</strong>\nanna luku: <strong>99</strong>\nanna luku: <strong>-53</strong>\nluvut ovat:\n10\n34\n-32\n99\n-53\nlukuja yhteensä 5, keskikarvo 11.6, pienin- 53 ja suurin 99</p></sample-output><p>Perusperiaatteena ohjelmassa on se, että pääohjelma \"tallettaa\" ohjelman käsittelemän tiedon, eli tässä tapauksessa käyttäjän syöttämät luvut muuttujassa <code class=\"language-text\">syotteet</code>.</p><p>Jos lukuja on tarve käsitellä jossain funktiossa, ne välitetään sinne parametrina. Näin tapahtuu funktioissa <code class=\"language-text\">tulosta</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">analysoi</code>.\nJos taas funktio tuottaa tietoa, jota muut ohjelman osat tarvitsevat, palauttaa funktio datan returnilla. Näin tekevät käyttäjän syötteen lukeva funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lue_kayttajalta</code> sekä analyysin tekevä funktio <code class=\"language-text\">analysoi</code>.</p><p>Olisi periaatteessa mahdollista, että funktiot käyttäisivät avainsanaa <code class=\"language-text\">global</code> hyväksikäyttäen suoraan \"pääohjelman\" globaalia muuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">syotteet</code>. Se <a href=\"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/148108/why-is-global-state-so-evil\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ei kuitenkaan ole ollenkaan järkevää</a>, sillä jos usea funktio pääsee sorkkimaan globaalia muuttujaa, voi ohjelmassa alkaa tapahtua jotain hallitsematonta, varsinkin kun funktioiden määrä kasvaa.</p><p>Tiedon välitys funktioihin ja niistä ulos on siis järkevintä hoitaa parametrien ja paluuarvojen avulla.</p><p>Jos haluaisimme tehdä edellisen esimerkin ohjelman siten, että sen \"pääohjelma\" eriytettäisiin omaan funktioon <code class=\"language-text\">main</code>, siirrettäisiin ohjelman käsittelemä data pääohjelmaa edustavan funktion sisäiseksi muuttujaksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lue_kayttajalta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"syötä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> lukua:\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    i <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> maara\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> i<span class=\"token operator\">></span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        i <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> luvut\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"luvut ovat: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">analysoi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    ka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sum</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"lukuja yhteensä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> keskikarvo </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>ka<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> pienin</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token builtin\">min</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> ja suurin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token builtin\">max</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># pääohjelmaa edustava funktio</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">main</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    syotteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue_kayttajalta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    analyysin_tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> analysoi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syotteet<span class=\"token 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käynnistys"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nmain"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"940683ab-207c-5bd8-8fb4-eb40f65a33f4"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"cc370bd2-a6b7-5d00-bddc-f0aa5f1c1237"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät mitä tarkoitetaan paikallisella muuttujalla</li>\n<li>Tiedät, miten muuttujan näkyvyysalue vaikuttaa sen käyttöön</li>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä Pythonissa tekee avainsana <code class=\"language-text\">global</code></li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää paikallisia ja globaaleja muuttujia oikein</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Muuttujan <em>näkyvyysalue</em> (<em>scope</em>) tarkoittaa, missä ohjelman osissa muuttujaa voi käyttää. <em>Paikallinen</em> muuttuja on muuttuja, joka on näkyvissä vain tietyn rajatun alueen sisällä ohjelmassa. <em>Globaali</em> muuttuja on puolestaan käytettävissä missä tahansa ohjelman osassa.</p><h2 id=\"paikalliset-muuttujat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Paikalliset muuttujat<a href=\"#paikalliset-muuttujat\" aria-label=\"paikalliset muuttujat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Pythonissa funktion sisällä määritellyt muuttujat ovat funktion paikallisia muuttujia. Tämä koskee sekä parametreja että funktion lohkon sisällä esiteltyjä muuttujia. Paikallisuus tarkoittaa, että muuttuja <em>ei ole olemassa funktion ulkopuolella</em>.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraavassa ohjelmassa yritys viitata muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">x</code> pääohjelmassa antaa virheen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">testi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>5\nNameError: name 'x' is not defined</p></sample-output><p>Ohjelmassa muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">x</code> on siis olemassa vain funktion <code class=\"language-text\">testi</code> suorituksen ajan eikä siihen pääse käsiksi muista funktioista tai pääohjelmasta.</p><h2 id=\"globaalit-muuttujat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Globaalit muuttujat<a href=\"#globaalit-muuttujat\" aria-label=\"globaalit muuttujat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Pääohjelmassa eli kaikkien funktioiden ulkopuolella määritellyt muuttujat ovat globaaleja muuttujia. Globaalin muuttujan arvo voidaan lukea funktiossa. Esimerkiksi seuraava toimii:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">testi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nx <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\ntesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>3</p></sample-output><p>Kuitenkaan globaalia muuttujaa ei voi muuttaa suoraan. Esimerkiksi seuraava funktio <em>ei vaikuta</em> globaaliin muuttujaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">testi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nx <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\ntesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>5\n3</p></sample-output><p>Tässä tapauksessa funktio <code class=\"language-text\">testi</code> luo paikallisen muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">x</code>, joka saa arvon 5. Tämä on kuitenkin eri muuttuja kuin pääohjelmassa oleva muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">x</code>.</p><p>Entä miten toimii seuraava koodi?</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">testi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span>\n\nx <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\ntesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>UnboundLocalError: local variable 'x' referenced before assignment</p></sample-output><p>Funktiossa <code class=\"language-text\">testi</code> annetaan arvo muuttujalle <code class=\"language-text\">x</code>, jolloin Python päättelee, että <code class=\"language-text\">x</code> on funktion paikallinen muuttuja (eikä globaali muuttuja). Koska muuttujaan yritetään viitata ennen arvon asettamista, tapahtuu virhe.</p><p>Jos kuitenkin haluamme muuttaa funktiossa globaalia muuttujaa, tämä onnistuu avainsanan <code class=\"language-text\">global</code> avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">testi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">global</span> x\n    x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nx <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span>\ntesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>3\n3</p></sample-output><p>Nyt funktiossa tehty muutos <code class=\"language-text\">x = 3</code> vaikuttaa myös pääohjelmaan, eli kaikissa ohjelman kohdissa <code class=\"language-text\">x</code> viittaa samaan muuttujaan.</p><h2 id=\"milloin-kayttaa-globaalia-muuttujaa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Milloin käyttää globaalia muuttujaa?<a href=\"#milloin-kayttaa-globaalia-muuttujaa\" aria-label=\"milloin kayttaa globaalia muuttujaa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Globaalien muuttujien tarkoituksena ei ole korvata funktion parametreja tai paluuarvoa. Esimerkiksi on sinänsä mahdollista tehdä seuraava funktio, joka tallentaa laskun tuloksen globaaliin muuttujaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">laske_summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">global</span> tulos\n    tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> b\n\nlaske_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Parempi tapa on kuitenkin toteuttaa funktio kuten ennenkin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">laske_summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> b\n\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> laske_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jälkimmäisen tavan etuna on, että funktio on <em>itsenäinen</em> kokonaisuus, jolle annetaan tietyt parametrit ja joka palauttaa tietyn tuloksen. Funktiolla ei ole sivuvaikutuksia, minkä ansiosta sitä voi testata muusta koodista riippumattomasti.</p><p>Kuitenkin globaali muuttuja voi olla hyödyllinen, jos halutaan pitää yllä jotain funktioille yhteistä \"ylemmän tason\" tietoa. Tässä on yksi esimerkki asiasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">laske_summa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">global</span> laskuri\n    laskuri <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> b\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">laske_erotus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">global</span> laskuri\n    laskuri <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> a <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> b\n\n\nlaskuri <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>laske_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>laske_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>laske_erotus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>laske_summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Funktioita kutsuttiin\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> laskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kertaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output>\n5\n10\n3\n1\nFunktioita kutsuttiin 4 kertaa</sample-output><p>Tässä haluamme pitää ohjelman suorituksen aikana kirjaa siitä, montako kertaa funktioita on kutsuttu ohjelman eri kohdista. Nyt globaali muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">laskuri</code> on kätevä, koska voimme kasvattaa sen arvoa jokaisella funktion kutsukerralla ja katsoa globaalista muuttujasta, montako kertaa funktiota on kutsuttu.</p><h2 id=\"tiedon-valittaminen-funktiosta-toiseen-revisited\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tiedon välittäminen funktiosta toiseen revisited<a href=\"#tiedon-valittaminen-funktiosta-toiseen-revisited\" aria-label=\"tiedon valittaminen funktiosta toiseen revisited permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos ohjelma koostuu useista funktioista, nousee esiin kysymys miten tietoa siirretään funktiosta toiseen.</p><p>Seuraavassa on jo pari osaa sitten nähty esimerkki ohjelmasta, joka lukee käyttäjältä joukon kokonaislukuarvoja. Sen jälkeen ohjelma tulostaa arvot ja tekee niille vielä \"analyysin\". Ohjelma on jaettu kolmeen erilliseen funktioon:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lue_kayttajalta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"syötä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> lukua:\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    i <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> maara\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> i<span class=\"token operator\">></span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        i <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> luvut\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"luvut ovat: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">analysoi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    ka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sum</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"lukuja yhteensä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, keskikarvo </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>ka<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, pienin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token builtin\">min</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> ja suurin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token builtin\">max</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># funktioita käyttävä  \"pääohjelma\"</span>\nsyotteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue_kayttajalta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nanalyysin_tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> analysoi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>analyysin_tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Esimerkkisuoritus</p><sample-output><p>syötä 5 lukua:\nanna luku: <strong>10</strong>\nanna luku: <strong>34</strong>\nanna luku: <strong>-32</strong>\nanna luku: <strong>99</strong>\nanna luku: <strong>-53</strong>\nluvut ovat:\n10\n34\n-32\n99\n-53\nlukuja yhteensä 5, keskikarvo 11.6, pienin- 53 ja suurin 99</p></sample-output><p>Perusperiaatteena ohjelmassa on se, että pääohjelma \"tallettaa\" ohjelman käsittelemän tiedon, eli tässä tapauksessa käyttäjän syöttämät luvut muuttujassa <code class=\"language-text\">syotteet</code>.</p><p>Jos lukuja on tarve käsitellä jossain funktiossa, ne välitetään sinne parametrina. Näin tapahtuu funktioissa <code class=\"language-text\">tulosta</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">analysoi</code>.\nJos taas funktio tuottaa tietoa, jota muut ohjelman osat tarvitsevat, palauttaa funktio datan returnilla. Näin tekevät käyttäjän syötteen lukeva funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lue_kayttajalta</code> sekä analyysin tekevä funktio <code class=\"language-text\">analysoi</code>.</p><p>Olisi periaatteessa mahdollista, että funktiot käyttäisivät avainsanaa <code class=\"language-text\">global</code> hyväksikäyttäen suoraan \"pääohjelman\" globaalia muuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">syotteet</code>. Se <a href=\"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/148108/why-is-global-state-so-evil\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ei kuitenkaan ole ollenkaan järkevää</a>, sillä jos usea funktio pääsee sorkkimaan globaalia muuttujaa, voi ohjelmassa alkaa tapahtua jotain hallitsematonta, varsinkin kun funktioiden määrä kasvaa.</p><p>Tiedon välitys funktioihin ja niistä ulos on siis järkevintä hoitaa parametrien ja paluuarvojen avulla.</p><p>Jos haluaisimme tehdä edellisen esimerkin ohjelman siten, että sen \"pääohjelma\" eriytettäisiin omaan funktioon <code class=\"language-text\">main</code>, siirrettäisiin ohjelman käsittelemä data pääohjelmaa edustavan funktion sisäiseksi muuttujaksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lue_kayttajalta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"syötä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> lukua:\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    i <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> maara\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> i<span class=\"token operator\">></span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        luku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"anna luku: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        i <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> luvut\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"luvut ovat: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> luku <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">analysoi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    ka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sum</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"lukuja yhteensä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> keskikarvo </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>ka<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> pienin</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token builtin\">min</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> ja suurin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token builtin\">max</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># pääohjelmaa edustava funktio</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">main</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    syotteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lue_kayttajalta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syotteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    analyysin_tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> analysoi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syotteet<span class=\"token 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Visual Studio Coden <a href=\"/osa-4/1-vscode#debuggeri\">debuggeriakin</a> monet ovat jo kokeilleet. Debuggerilla voi olla vaikeuksia selvitä tiedostoja käsittelevästä koodista, mutta siihenkin on olemassa <a href=\"/osa-6/1-tiedostojen-lukeminen#tiedostoja-lukevan-koodin-debuggaus\">lääke</a>.</p><p>Pythonin versio 3.7 tarjoaa vielä yhden erittäin helppokäyttöisen tavan debuggaukseen, komennon <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html?highlight=breakpoint#breakpoint\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">breakpoint()</a>.</p><p>Voit lisätä komennon mihin kohtaan tahansa ohjelmaasi, ja kun suoritat ohjelman, pysähtyy suoritus komennon kohdalle. Seuraavassa esimerkki viime viikon tehtävän debuggaamisesta:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/ec5f6/7_1_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 62.173913043478265%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/a0b58/7_1_1.webp 230w,\n/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/bc10c/7_1_1.webp 460w,\n/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/966d8/7_1_1.webp 920w,\n/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/445df/7_1_1.webp 1380w,\n/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/78de1/7_1_1.webp 1840w,\n/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/a02b9/7_1_1.webp 1852w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/81c8e/7_1_1.png 230w,\n/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/08a84/7_1_1.png 460w,\n/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/c0255/7_1_1.png 920w,\n/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/b1001/7_1_1.png 1380w,\n/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/161ec/7_1_1.png 1840w,\n/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/ec5f6/7_1_1.png 1852w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/c0255/7_1_1.png\" alt=\"7 1 1\" title=\"7 1 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Kun koodi pysähtyy breakpoint()-komentoon, avautuu samalla konsolinäkymä, johon on mahdollista kirjoittaa mitä tahansa koodia ja kokeilla miten se toimisi ohjelman kyseisessä kohdassa.</p><p>Komento on erityisen kätevä jos ohjelmasi jokin rivi aiheuttaa virheen, etkä ole ihan varma mistä virhe johtuu. Näissä tilanteissa kannattaa laittaa breakpoint-kutsu juuri ennen virheellistä riviä. Sen jälkeen on debuggerin konsolissa helppo kokeilla, mikä olisi oikea komento juuri siinä kohtaa suoritettavaksi.</p><p>Koodin suoritusta on myös mahdollista jatkaa pysähtymisen jälkeen. Esimerkiksi konsoliin annettu komento <em>continue</em> tai sen lyhennetty versio <em>c</em> jatkaa suoritusta seuraavaan breakpointiin asti. Seuraavassa esimerkki siitä, kun silmukkaa käydään läpi muutamaan kertaan:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/c7bb6/7_1_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 44.78260869565218%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAJCAIAAAC9o5sfAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAA/ElEQVQoz42R22rDMAyG8xi7iGMpPqSuHZ8SzErrOlfd5WDQ93+VkXjLOhij34XQjyX9Qm5Yz0ajvbdqQwhBCOmeo0HEcTQ5X1JKgNB1HX2Cn2ajjyFGY91BKQDo/nImhLRtSzaqXJsB4IW2HVCOPWMMEevgfXwFEesrAFBKa2y0MXeV3qSfD5r1TAixmn+z12mt53k2xiilOOdCCERscs63S5l8GIN3zllr/cY0TSGEYRiklMMG5/xRCiGavJSP07IM9ojbWr+p54EHdrmufTqf7+X2/lpKSLPz1rnqHGP03u9WSqk9VqSUTbmWmGZ+GGiPgFANAb6S///5E+mjTgE+v0lMAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/a0b58/7_1_2.webp 230w,\n/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/bc10c/7_1_2.webp 460w,\n/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/966d8/7_1_2.webp 920w,\n/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/445df/7_1_2.webp 1380w,\n/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/78de1/7_1_2.webp 1840w,\n/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/ca269/7_1_2.webp 1986w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/81c8e/7_1_2.png 230w,\n/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/08a84/7_1_2.png 460w,\n/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/c0255/7_1_2.png 920w,\n/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/b1001/7_1_2.png 1380w,\n/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/161ec/7_1_2.png 1840w,\n/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/c7bb6/7_1_2.png 1986w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/c0255/7_1_2.png\" alt=\"7 1 2\" title=\"7 1 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Muut debuggerikonsolin komennot selviävät <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/pdb.html#debugger-commands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">täältä</a> tai antamalla debuggerkonsolissa komento <em>help</em>:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/ca98b/7_1_3.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 42.608695652173914%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAJCAIAAAC9o5sfAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAA5klEQVQoz4WPy07EMAxF+yF9pHnHTds4cVxpkNixYc3/fwuiURGgmeGsbEvH9u0WAAeg12XD5IIHAKnUdA9mJqJ1XUMIWmtrbXe83N7L7cMSCWuGqR+G8WI4+W7FSVvUJl2p9TXXt8S07nlPAUIT+r6fpmme50e7vuSM6BfYqRDzlvaUUjjx3m/bBgB/hF8yIjJzrRURY4zNPI4DEUspWutnMhGllBDRe99eHcexBZNSCiHGx3S11pxzjFEpNV807Wfg+zIz55yttVJKY4w+McYopZxz/1xupnMOAJxz/qLVQognmT8B8I9MXlB9in4AAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/a0b58/7_1_3.webp 230w,\n/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/bc10c/7_1_3.webp 460w,\n/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/966d8/7_1_3.webp 920w,\n/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/445df/7_1_3.webp 1380w,\n/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/78de1/7_1_3.webp 1840w,\n/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/28038/7_1_3.webp 1968w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/81c8e/7_1_3.png 230w,\n/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/08a84/7_1_3.png 460w,\n/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/c0255/7_1_3.png 920w,\n/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/b1001/7_1_3.png 1380w,\n/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/161ec/7_1_3.png 1840w,\n/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/ca98b/7_1_3.png 1968w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/c0255/7_1_3.png\" alt=\"7 1 3\" title=\"7 1 3\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Komento <em>exit</em> siis lopettaa ohjelman suorituksen.</p><p>Kun lopetat debuggaamisen, muista poistaa koodista komento <code class=\"language-text\">breakpoint()</code>!</p><h2 id=\"moduulin-kayttaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Moduulin käyttäminen<a href=\"#moduulin-kayttaminen\" aria-label=\"moduulin kayttaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Python-kieli sisältää itsessään joukon valmiita funktioita, esimerkiksi merkkijonojen ja listojen pituuden kertovan funktion <code class=\"language-text\">len</code> sekä alkioiden summan laskevan funktion <code class=\"language-text\">sum</code>. Python-kielen <em>standardikirjasto</em> on kokoelma monenlaisia hyödyllisiä funktioita ja olioita joiden avulla kielen \"ilmaisuvoimaa\" on helppo laajentaa. Olemme jo käyttäneet muutamassa tehtävässä standardikirjastosta eräitä matemaattisia operaatioita tarjoavia funktioita esim. neliöjuurten laskemisessa.</p><p>Standardikirjasto muodostuu <em>moduuleista</em>, joihin on ryhmitelty eri aiheisiin liittyviä funktioita ja luokkia. Tutustumme tässä osassa joihinkin hyödyllisiin moduuleihin ja opimme myös tekemään moduulin itse.</p><p>Komento <code class=\"language-text\">import</code> ottaa käyttöön halutun moduulin. Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä moduulia <code class=\"language-text\">math</code>, jossa on matemaattisia funktioita. Seuraava koodi laskee luvun neliöjuuren funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">sqrt</code> ja logaritmin funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">log</code></p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> math\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># luvun 5 neliöjuuri</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>math<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sqrt<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># luvun 8 logaritmi (2-kantainen)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>math<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>log<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2.23606797749979\n3.0</p></sample-output><p>Koska funktiot ovat moduulissa <code class=\"language-text\">math</code>, niihin viitataan koodissa nimillä <code class=\"language-text\">math.sqrt</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">math.log</code>.</p><h2 id=\"moduulin-osien-valinta\" style=\"position:relative;\">Moduulin osien valinta<a href=\"#moduulin-osien-valinta\" aria-label=\"moduulin osien valinta permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toinen tapa käyttää moduulia on valita sieltä mukaan <code class=\"language-text\">from</code>-komennolla tiettyjä osia, joita haluamme käyttää. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi ottaa käyttöön funktiot <code class=\"language-text\">sqrt</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">log</code> moduulista <code class=\"language-text\">math</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> math <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> sqrt<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> log\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sqrt<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>log<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämän tavan etuna on, että voimme käyttää funktioita suoraan ilman <code class=\"language-text\">math</code>-etuliitettä.</p><p>Voimme myös ottaa suoraan käytettäväksi <em>kaiken</em> moduulin sisällön tähden avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> math <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sqrt<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>log<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämä tapa voi olla kätevä testailussa ja pienissä ohjelmissa, mutta siinä on omat ongelmansa, kuten näemme myöhemmin.</p><programming-exercise name='Hypotenuusa' tmcname='osa07-01_hypotenuusa'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">hypotenuusa(kateetti1: float, kateetti2: float)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen suorakulmaisen kolmion kateettien pituudet. Funktio palauttaa kolmion hypotenuusan pituuden.</p><p>Ratkaisu lasketaan <a href=\"https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoraan_lause\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pythagoraan</a> lauseen avulla. Saat laskettua neliöjuuren <code class=\"language-text\">math</code>-moduulin funktion avulla.</p><p>Esimerkkejä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>hypotenuusa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># 5.0</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>hypotenuusa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># 13.0</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>hypotenuusa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># 1.4142135623730951</span></code></pre></div></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"moduulin-sisalto\" style=\"position:relative;\">Moduulin sisältö<a href=\"#moduulin-sisalto\" aria-label=\"moduulin sisalto permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Pythonin dokumentaatio kertoo jokaisesta standardikirjaston moduulista, mitä moduuli sisältää ja kuinka sitä käytetään. Esimerkiksi moduulin <code class=\"language-text\">math</code> dokumentaatio on tässä:</p><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html</a></li>\n</ul><p>Voimme myös tutkia funktion <code class=\"language-text\">dir</code> avulla moduulin sisältöä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> math\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">dir</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>math<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktio antaa listan nimistä, jotka moduuli määrittelee:</p><sample-output><p>['__doc__', '__name__', '__package__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'ceil', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'hypot', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'modf', 'pi', 'pow', 'radians', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'trunc']</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Erikoismerkit' tmcname='osa07-02_erikoismerkit'><p>Moduulissa <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">string</a> on merkkijonovakioita, jotka määrittelevät tiettyjä merkkiryhmiä (esim. pienet kirjaimet ja välimerkit). Tutustu näihin vakioihin ja kirjoita niitä käyttäen funktio <code class=\"language-text\">jaa_merkkeihin(merkkijono: str)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen merkkijonon. Funktio palauttaa tuplen, jossa parametrina saadun merkkijonon merkit on jaettu kolmeen eri merkkijonoon:</p><ul>\n<li>Ensimmäisessä jonossa on kaikki pienet ja suuret englanninkieliset kirjaimet (vakio <code class=\"language-text\">ascii_letters</code>)</li>\n<li>Toisessa jonossa on kaikki vakiossa <code class=\"language-text\">punctuation</code> määritellyt välimerkit</li>\n<li>Kolmannessa jonossa on kaikki merkit (mukaan lukien esim. välilyönnit), jotka eivät kuulu kahteen edelliseen ryhmään</li>\n</ul><p>Merkit tulee tallentaa palautettuihin merkkijonoihin siinä järjestyksessä kuin ne esiintyvät alkuperäisessä merkkijonossa.</p><p>Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> jaa_merkkeihin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tämä on testi!!! Toimiiko, mitä?\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>TmontestiToimiikomit\n!!!,?\nää    ä</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Murtoluvuilla laskeminen' tmcname='osa07-03_murtoluvuilla_laskeminen'><p>Tutustu Pythonin moduuliin <code class=\"language-text\">fractions</code> ja toteuta sen avulla funktio <code class=\"language-text\">jaa_palasiksi(maara: int)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen palasten määrän. Funktio jakaa luvun 1 parametrin mukaisesti yhtä suuriin murtolukupalasiin ja palauttaa nämä palaset listassa.</p><p>Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> p <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> jaa_palasiksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jaa_palasiksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span 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Python-kielen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"standardikirjasto"}]},{"type":"text","value":" on kokoelma monenlaisia hyödyllisiä funktioita ja olioita joiden avulla kielen \"ilmaisuvoimaa\" on helppo laajentaa. Olemme jo käyttäneet muutamassa tehtävässä standardikirjastosta eräitä matemaattisia operaatioita tarjoavia funktioita esim. neliöjuurten laskemisessa."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Standardikirjasto muodostuu "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"moduuleista"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joihin on ryhmitelty eri aiheisiin liittyviä funktioita ja luokkia. 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Toimiiko, mitä?\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"osat"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"0"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"osat"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"osat"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"TmontestiToimiikomit\n!!!,?\nää    ä"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Murtoluvuilla laskeminen","tmcname":"osa07-03_murtoluvuilla_laskeminen"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tutustu Pythonin moduuliin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"fractions"}]},{"type":"text","value":" ja toteuta sen avulla funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"jaa_palasiksi(maara: int)"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka saa parametrikseen palasten määrän. Funktio jakaa luvun 1 parametrin mukaisesti yhtä suuriin murtolukupalasiin ja palauttaa nämä palaset listassa."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkki:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"for"}]},{"type":"text","value":" p "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"in"}]},{"type":"text","value":" jaa_palasiksi"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"p"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"jaa_palasiksi"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1/3\n1/3\n1/3"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"[Fraction(1, 5), Fraction(1, 5), Fraction(1, 5), Fraction(1, 5), Fraction(1, 5)]"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"26b53ed8-0c22-573e-a0e9-60b89ef34855"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, mikä on moduuli</li>\n<li>Osaat ottaa käyttöön moduulin <code class=\"language-text\">import</code>-lauseella</li>\n<li>Tiedät, miten moduulin sisällöstä voi etsiä tietoa</li>\n</ul></text-box><h2 id=\"debugging-revisited\" style=\"position:relative;\">Debugging revisited<a href=\"#debugging-revisited\" aria-label=\"debugging revisited permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kurssilla on jo moneen otteeseen puhuttu erilaisista debuggausmenetelmistä. <a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Visualisaattori</a> on jo monille tuttu ja vanha kunnon <a href=\"osa-2/1-ohjelmoinnin-termeja#debuggaaminen\">debuggaustulostus</a> toimii aina. Visual Studio Coden <a href=\"/osa-4/1-vscode#debuggeri\">debuggeriakin</a> monet ovat jo kokeilleet. Debuggerilla voi olla vaikeuksia selvitä tiedostoja käsittelevästä koodista, mutta siihenkin on olemassa <a href=\"/osa-6/1-tiedostojen-lukeminen#tiedostoja-lukevan-koodin-debuggaus\">lääke</a>.</p><p>Pythonin versio 3.7 tarjoaa vielä yhden erittäin helppokäyttöisen tavan debuggaukseen, komennon <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html?highlight=breakpoint#breakpoint\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">breakpoint()</a>.</p><p>Voit lisätä komennon mihin kohtaan tahansa ohjelmaasi, ja kun suoritat ohjelman, pysähtyy suoritus komennon kohdalle. Seuraavassa esimerkki viime viikon tehtävän debuggaamisesta:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/ec5f6/7_1_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 62.173913043478265%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/a0b58/7_1_1.webp 230w,\n/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/bc10c/7_1_1.webp 460w,\n/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/966d8/7_1_1.webp 920w,\n/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/445df/7_1_1.webp 1380w,\n/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/78de1/7_1_1.webp 1840w,\n/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/a02b9/7_1_1.webp 1852w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/81c8e/7_1_1.png 230w,\n/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/08a84/7_1_1.png 460w,\n/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/c0255/7_1_1.png 920w,\n/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/b1001/7_1_1.png 1380w,\n/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/161ec/7_1_1.png 1840w,\n/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/ec5f6/7_1_1.png 1852w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/f9eb8b0c4a4f642d316973fc108cae86/c0255/7_1_1.png\" alt=\"7 1 1\" title=\"7 1 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Kun koodi pysähtyy breakpoint()-komentoon, avautuu samalla konsolinäkymä, johon on mahdollista kirjoittaa mitä tahansa koodia ja kokeilla miten se toimisi ohjelman kyseisessä kohdassa.</p><p>Komento on erityisen kätevä jos ohjelmasi jokin rivi aiheuttaa virheen, etkä ole ihan varma mistä virhe johtuu. Näissä tilanteissa kannattaa laittaa breakpoint-kutsu juuri ennen virheellistä riviä. Sen jälkeen on debuggerin konsolissa helppo kokeilla, mikä olisi oikea komento juuri siinä kohtaa suoritettavaksi.</p><p>Koodin suoritusta on myös mahdollista jatkaa pysähtymisen jälkeen. Esimerkiksi konsoliin annettu komento <em>continue</em> tai sen lyhennetty versio <em>c</em> jatkaa suoritusta seuraavaan breakpointiin asti. Seuraavassa esimerkki siitä, kun silmukkaa käydään läpi muutamaan kertaan:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/c7bb6/7_1_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 44.78260869565218%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAJCAIAAAC9o5sfAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAA/ElEQVQoz42R22rDMAyG8xi7iGMpPqSuHZ8SzErrOlfd5WDQ93+VkXjLOhij34XQjyX9Qm5Yz0ajvbdqQwhBCOmeo0HEcTQ5X1JKgNB1HX2Cn2ajjyFGY91BKQDo/nImhLRtSzaqXJsB4IW2HVCOPWMMEevgfXwFEesrAFBKa2y0MXeV3qSfD5r1TAixmn+z12mt53k2xiilOOdCCERscs63S5l8GIN3zllr/cY0TSGEYRiklMMG5/xRCiGavJSP07IM9ojbWr+p54EHdrmufTqf7+X2/lpKSLPz1rnqHGP03u9WSqk9VqSUTbmWmGZ+GGiPgFANAb6S///5E+mjTgE+v0lMAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/a0b58/7_1_2.webp 230w,\n/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/bc10c/7_1_2.webp 460w,\n/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/966d8/7_1_2.webp 920w,\n/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/445df/7_1_2.webp 1380w,\n/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/78de1/7_1_2.webp 1840w,\n/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/ca269/7_1_2.webp 1986w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/81c8e/7_1_2.png 230w,\n/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/08a84/7_1_2.png 460w,\n/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/c0255/7_1_2.png 920w,\n/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/b1001/7_1_2.png 1380w,\n/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/161ec/7_1_2.png 1840w,\n/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/c7bb6/7_1_2.png 1986w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/c0255/7_1_2.png\" alt=\"7 1 2\" title=\"7 1 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Muut debuggerikonsolin komennot selviävät <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/pdb.html#debugger-commands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">täältä</a> tai antamalla debuggerkonsolissa komento <em>help</em>:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/ca98b/7_1_3.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 42.608695652173914%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAJCAIAAAC9o5sfAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAA5klEQVQoz4WPy07EMAxF+yF9pHnHTds4cVxpkNixYc3/fwuiURGgmeGsbEvH9u0WAAeg12XD5IIHAKnUdA9mJqJ1XUMIWmtrbXe83N7L7cMSCWuGqR+G8WI4+W7FSVvUJl2p9TXXt8S07nlPAUIT+r6fpmme50e7vuSM6BfYqRDzlvaUUjjx3m/bBgB/hF8yIjJzrRURY4zNPI4DEUspWutnMhGllBDRe99eHcexBZNSCiHGx3S11pxzjFEpNV807Wfg+zIz55yttVJKY4w+McYopZxz/1xupnMOAJxz/qLVQognmT8B8I9MXlB9in4AAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/a0b58/7_1_3.webp 230w,\n/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/bc10c/7_1_3.webp 460w,\n/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/966d8/7_1_3.webp 920w,\n/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/445df/7_1_3.webp 1380w,\n/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/78de1/7_1_3.webp 1840w,\n/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/28038/7_1_3.webp 1968w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/81c8e/7_1_3.png 230w,\n/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/08a84/7_1_3.png 460w,\n/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/c0255/7_1_3.png 920w,\n/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/b1001/7_1_3.png 1380w,\n/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/161ec/7_1_3.png 1840w,\n/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/ca98b/7_1_3.png 1968w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/19fd7ec3fff52d6018519fac3d868e78/c0255/7_1_3.png\" alt=\"7 1 3\" title=\"7 1 3\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Komento <em>exit</em> siis lopettaa ohjelman suorituksen.</p><p>Kun lopetat debuggaamisen, muista poistaa koodista komento <code class=\"language-text\">breakpoint()</code>!</p><h2 id=\"moduulin-kayttaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Moduulin käyttäminen<a href=\"#moduulin-kayttaminen\" aria-label=\"moduulin kayttaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Python-kieli sisältää itsessään joukon valmiita funktioita, esimerkiksi merkkijonojen ja listojen pituuden kertovan funktion <code class=\"language-text\">len</code> sekä alkioiden summan laskevan funktion <code class=\"language-text\">sum</code>. Python-kielen <em>standardikirjasto</em> on kokoelma monenlaisia hyödyllisiä funktioita ja olioita joiden avulla kielen \"ilmaisuvoimaa\" on helppo laajentaa. Olemme jo käyttäneet muutamassa tehtävässä standardikirjastosta eräitä matemaattisia operaatioita tarjoavia funktioita esim. neliöjuurten laskemisessa.</p><p>Standardikirjasto muodostuu <em>moduuleista</em>, joihin on ryhmitelty eri aiheisiin liittyviä funktioita ja luokkia. Tutustumme tässä osassa joihinkin hyödyllisiin moduuleihin ja opimme myös tekemään moduulin itse.</p><p>Komento <code class=\"language-text\">import</code> ottaa käyttöön halutun moduulin. Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä moduulia <code class=\"language-text\">math</code>, jossa on matemaattisia funktioita. Seuraava koodi laskee luvun neliöjuuren funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">sqrt</code> ja logaritmin funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">log</code></p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> math\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># luvun 5 neliöjuuri</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>math<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sqrt<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># luvun 8 logaritmi (2-kantainen)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>math<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>log<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2.23606797749979\n3.0</p></sample-output><p>Koska funktiot ovat moduulissa <code class=\"language-text\">math</code>, niihin viitataan koodissa nimillä <code class=\"language-text\">math.sqrt</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">math.log</code>.</p><h2 id=\"moduulin-osien-valinta\" style=\"position:relative;\">Moduulin osien valinta<a href=\"#moduulin-osien-valinta\" aria-label=\"moduulin osien valinta permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toinen tapa käyttää moduulia on valita sieltä mukaan <code class=\"language-text\">from</code>-komennolla tiettyjä osia, joita haluamme käyttää. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi ottaa käyttöön funktiot <code class=\"language-text\">sqrt</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">log</code> moduulista <code class=\"language-text\">math</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> math <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> sqrt<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> log\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sqrt<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>log<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämän tavan etuna on, että voimme käyttää funktioita suoraan ilman <code class=\"language-text\">math</code>-etuliitettä.</p><p>Voimme myös ottaa suoraan käytettäväksi <em>kaiken</em> moduulin sisällön tähden avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> math <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> <span class=\"token operator\">*</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sqrt<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>log<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämä tapa voi olla kätevä testailussa ja pienissä ohjelmissa, mutta siinä on omat ongelmansa, kuten näemme myöhemmin.</p><programming-exercise name='Hypotenuusa' tmcname='osa07-01_hypotenuusa'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">hypotenuusa(kateetti1: float, kateetti2: float)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen suorakulmaisen kolmion kateettien pituudet. Funktio palauttaa kolmion hypotenuusan pituuden.</p><p>Ratkaisu lasketaan <a href=\"https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoraan_lause\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pythagoraan</a> lauseen avulla. Saat laskettua neliöjuuren <code class=\"language-text\">math</code>-moduulin funktion avulla.</p><p>Esimerkkejä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>hypotenuusa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># 5.0</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>hypotenuusa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># 13.0</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>hypotenuusa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># 1.4142135623730951</span></code></pre></div></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"moduulin-sisalto\" style=\"position:relative;\">Moduulin sisältö<a href=\"#moduulin-sisalto\" aria-label=\"moduulin sisalto permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Pythonin dokumentaatio kertoo jokaisesta standardikirjaston moduulista, mitä moduuli sisältää ja kuinka sitä käytetään. Esimerkiksi moduulin <code class=\"language-text\">math</code> dokumentaatio on tässä:</p><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html</a></li>\n</ul><p>Voimme myös tutkia funktion <code class=\"language-text\">dir</code> avulla moduulin sisältöä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> math\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">dir</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>math<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktio antaa listan nimistä, jotka moduuli määrittelee:</p><sample-output><p>['__doc__', '__name__', '__package__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'ceil', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'hypot', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'modf', 'pi', 'pow', 'radians', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'trunc']</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Erikoismerkit' tmcname='osa07-02_erikoismerkit'><p>Moduulissa <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">string</a> on merkkijonovakioita, jotka määrittelevät tiettyjä merkkiryhmiä (esim. pienet kirjaimet ja välimerkit). Tutustu näihin vakioihin ja kirjoita niitä käyttäen funktio <code class=\"language-text\">jaa_merkkeihin(merkkijono: str)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen merkkijonon. Funktio palauttaa tuplen, jossa parametrina saadun merkkijonon merkit on jaettu kolmeen eri merkkijonoon:</p><ul>\n<li>Ensimmäisessä jonossa on kaikki pienet ja suuret englanninkieliset kirjaimet (vakio <code class=\"language-text\">ascii_letters</code>)</li>\n<li>Toisessa jonossa on kaikki vakiossa <code class=\"language-text\">punctuation</code> määritellyt välimerkit</li>\n<li>Kolmannessa jonossa on kaikki merkit (mukaan lukien esim. välilyönnit), jotka eivät kuulu kahteen edelliseen ryhmään</li>\n</ul><p>Merkit tulee tallentaa palautettuihin merkkijonoihin siinä järjestyksessä kuin ne esiintyvät alkuperäisessä merkkijonossa.</p><p>Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> jaa_merkkeihin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tämä on testi!!! Toimiiko, mitä?\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>TmontestiToimiikomit\n!!!,?\nää    ä</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Murtoluvuilla laskeminen' tmcname='osa07-03_murtoluvuilla_laskeminen'><p>Tutustu Pythonin moduuliin <code class=\"language-text\">fractions</code> ja toteuta sen avulla funktio <code class=\"language-text\">jaa_palasiksi(maara: int)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen palasten määrän. Funktio jakaa luvun 1 parametrin mukaisesti yhtä suuriin murtolukupalasiin ja palauttaa nämä palaset listassa.</p><p>Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> p <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> jaa_palasiksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jaa_palasiksi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1/3\n1/3\n1/3</p><p>[Fraction(1, 5), Fraction(1, 5), Fraction(1, 5), Fraction(1, 5), Fraction(1, 5)]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"26b53ed8-0c22-573e-a0e9-60b89ef34855\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-7/1-moduulit","title":"Moduulit"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-7/1-moduulit.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea 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Funktio palauttaa tuplen, joka kertoo nopan 1 voittojen lukumäärän, nopan 2 voittojen lukumäärän ja tasapelien lukumäärän."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tulos "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" pelaa"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"A\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"C\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1000"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"tulos"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\ntulos "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" pelaa"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"B\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"B\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1000"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"tulos"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"(292, 708, 0)\n(249, 273, 478)"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Satunnaiset sanat","tmcname":"osa07-08_satunnaiset_sanat"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tehtäväpohjassa on annettu tiedosto "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"sanat.txt"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka sisältää englannin kielen sanoja, yksi sana joka rivillä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kirjoita funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"sanat(n: int, alku: str)"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka palauttaa listassa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"n"}]},{"type":"text","value":" kappaletta satunnaisia sanoja tiedostosta. Kaikkien palautettujen sanojen tulee alkaa annetulla merkkijonolla."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jos funktiota esim. kutsuttaisiin parametreilla "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"sanat(3, \"ca\")"}]},{"type":"text","value":", se voisi palauttaa listassa esim. sanat \"cat\", \"car\" ja \"carbon\". Sama sana ei saa esiintyä listassa kahdesti."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jos annetulla merkkijonolla alkavia sanoja ei löydy tarpeeksi annetun kokoisen ryhmän muodostamiseen, funktio tuottaa poikkeuksen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ValueError"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkki:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"lista "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" sanat"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"ca\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"for"}]},{"type":"text","value":" sana "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"in"}]},{"type":"text","value":" lista"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"sana"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"cat\ncar\ncarbon"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"1a7d3d96-42a9-55a7-b3b5-fba27e14751e"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tunnet moduulin <code class=\"language-text\">random</code> funktioita</li>\n<li>Osaat hyödyntää satunnaisuutta omissa ohjelmissasi</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Tässä luvussa tutustutaan standardikirjaston moduuliin <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html?highlight=random#module-random\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">random</a>, joka tarjoaa välineistöä satunnaislukujen generointiin ja muuhun satunnaiseen toiminnallisuuteen.</p><p>Tässä ja seuraavissa luvuissa esiteltävien funktioiden yhteyteen on lisäilty linkkejä standardikirjaston <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dokumentaatioon</a>. Linkkejä kannattaa klikkailla ja pikkuhiljaa totutella siihen, miltä dokumentaatio näyttää.</p><h2 id=\"luvun-arpominen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Luvun arpominen<a href=\"#luvun-arpominen\" aria-label=\"luvun arpominen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktio <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html?highlight=random#random.randint\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">randint(a, b)</a> antaa satunnaisen kokonaisluvun väliltä <code class=\"language-text\">a</code>...<code class=\"language-text\">b</code>. Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma simuloi nopan heittämistä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> random <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> randint\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Noppa antaa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> randint<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulos voisi olla vaikkapa:</p><sample-output><p>Noppa antaa: 4</p></sample-output><p>Seuraava ohjelma puolestaan heittää noppaa kymmenen kertaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> random <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> randint\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Noppa antaa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> randint<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulos voisi olla seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>Noppa antaa: 5\nNoppa antaa: 4\nNoppa antaa: 3\nNoppa antaa: 2\nNoppa antaa: 3\nNoppa antaa: 4\nNoppa antaa: 6\nNoppa antaa: 4\nNoppa antaa: 4\nNoppa antaa: 3</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että funktio <code class=\"language-text\">randint</code> toimii eri logiikalla kuin aiemmin käyttämämme funktio <code class=\"language-text\">range</code>, joka luo lukuvälin. Kun kutsumme funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">randint(1, 6)</code>, lukuväli on 1...6, mutta kun kutsumme funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">range(1, 6)</code>, lukuväli on 1...5.</p><h2 id=\"lisaa-funktioita\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lisää funktioita<a href=\"#lisaa-funktioita\" aria-label=\"lisaa funktioita permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktio <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html?highlight=random#random.shuffle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">shuffle</a> sekoittaa sille annetun tietorakenteen. Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma sekoittaa listalla olevat sanat:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> random <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> shuffle\n\nsanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"apina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"cembalo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nshuffle<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>['banaani', 'apina', 'cembalo']</p></sample-output><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">choice</code> puolestaan valitsee satunnaisen alkion tietorakenteesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> random <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> choice\n\nsanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"apina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"cembalo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>choice<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>'cembalo'</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"lottorivin-arvonta\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lottorivin arvonta<a href=\"#lottorivin-arvonta\" aria-label=\"lottorivin arvonta permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä tilannetta, jossa haluamme arpoa lottorivin. Lotossa on yhteensä 40 numeroa, joista arvotaan 7 numeroa riviin.</p><p>Yksinkertainen tapa koettaa arpoa lottorivi on seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> random <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> randint\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>randint<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">40</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämä ei ole kuitenkaan toimiva tapa, koska sama numero saattaa tulla useita kertoja riviin. Tarvitsemme jonkin menetelmän, joka varmistaa, että jokainen numero on eri numero.</p><p>Yksi mahdollisuus on tallentaa arvotut numerot listaan ja lisätä uusi numero listaan vain, jos sitä ei vielä ole siellä. Voimme jatkaa tätä, kunnes listassa on 7 numeroa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> random <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> randint\n\nrivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    uusi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> randint<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">40</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> uusi <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>uusi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Voimme kuitenkin toteuttaa arvonnan myös lyhyemmin funktion <code class=\"language-text\">shuffle</code> avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> random <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> shuffle\n\nkaikki <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">41</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nshuffle<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kaikki<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nrivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kaikki<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tässä ideana on, että luomme ensin listan, jossa on kaikki numerot väliltä 1–40. Tämän jälkeen sekoitamme listan ja valitsemme sitten 7 ensimmäistä numeroa riviin. Tämän ansiosta meidän ei tarvitse tehdä silmukkaa.</p><p>Itse asiassa voimme toteuttaa arvonnan vielä helpommin, koska Pythonin standardikirjastossa on myös funktio <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html?highlight=random#random.sample\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sample</a>, joka valitsee annetusta tietorakenteesta halutun määrän alkioita:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> random <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> sample\n\nkaikki_luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">41</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nrivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sample<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kaikki_luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Lottonumerot' tmcname='osa07-04_lottonumerot'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lottonumerot(maara: int, alaraja: int, ylaraja: int)</code>, joka arpoo annetun määrän satunnaislukuja väliltä <code class=\"language-text\">alaraja</code>...<code class=\"language-text\">ylaraja</code>, tallentaa ne listaan ja palauttaa listan. Lukujen tulee olla palautetussa listassa suuruusjärjestyksessä.</p><p>Koska kyseessä ovat lottonumerot, sama numero ei saa esiintyä listassa kahta kertaa.</p><p>Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> numero <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lottonumerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">40</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>4\n7\n11\n16\n22\n29\n38</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"mista-satunnaisluvut-tulevat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Mistä satunnaisluvut tulevat?<a href=\"#mista-satunnaisluvut-tulevat\" aria-label=\"mista satunnaisluvut tulevat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Moduulin <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">random</a> toiminta perustuu algoritmiin, joka tuottaa satunnaislukuja tietyn lähtöarvon ja matemaattisten operaatioiden avulla. Lähtöarvoa kutsutaan myös nimellä <em>siemenarvo</em> (engl. <em>seed value</em>).</p><p>Voimme halutessamme antaa siemenarvon itse funktiolla <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html?highlight=random#random.seed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">seed</a>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> random <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> randint<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> seed\n\nseed<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1337</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># tästä tulee aina sama satunnaisluku</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>randint<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun annamme siemenarvon itse, satunnaisuutta käyttävät funktiot antavat samat tulokset ohjelman jokaisella suorituskerralla. Tulokset voivat kuitenkin riippua käytetystä Pythonin versiosta.</p><text-box variant=\"info\" name=\"Aito satunnaisuus\"><p>Jos tarkkoja ollaan, moduulin <code class=\"language-text\">random</code> muodostamat luvut eivät ole aitoja satunnaislukuja, vaan <em>pseudosatunnaislukuja</em>. Tietokoneen avulla on vaikea arpoa täysin satunnaisia lukuja, koska sen toiminta on kaikilta osin ennustettavissa. Monissa käyttötarkoituksissa luvut ovat kuitenkin tarpeeksi satunnaisia. Aitoja satunnaislukuja muodostettaessa lähteenä käytetään yleensä jotain tietokoneen ulkopuolista satunnaista ilmiötä, esimerkiksi radioaktiivista taustasäteilyä tai äänentasoa.</p><div>Lisätietoa löydät esimerkiksi sivulta <a href=\"https://www.random.org/randomness/\">random.org</a>.</div></text-box><programming-exercise name='Salasanan arpoja, osa 1' tmcname='osa07-05_salasanan_arpoja_1'><p>Tee funktio, jonka avulla on mahdollista luoda halutun pituisia satunnaisista pienistä kirjaimista (väliltä a-z) muodostettuja salasanoja.</p><p>Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luo_salasana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>lttehepy\nolsxttjl\ncbjncrzo\ndwxqjdgu\ngpfdcecs\njabyvgar\nxnbbonbl\nktmsjyww\nejhprmel\nrjkoacib</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Salasanan arpoja, osa 2' tmcname='osa07-06_salasanan_arpoja_2'><p>Tee paranneltu versio edellisen tehtävän funktiosta. Funktio saa nyt kolme parametria:</p><ul>\n<li>jos toinen parametri on <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, salasanassa on myös (yksi tai useampi) numero</li>\n<li>jos kolmas parametri on <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, salasanassa on myös (yksi tai useampi) erikoismerkki joukosta <code class=\"language-text\">!?=+-()#</code></li>\n</ul><p>Salasanassa täytyy olla parametreista riippumatta aina vähintään yksi kirjain. Voit olettaa, että funktiota kutsutaan aina parametreilla, joilla on mahdollista tuottaa halutunlaisia salasanoja.</p><p>Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luo_hyva_salasana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2?0n+u31\nu=m4nl94\nn#=i6r#(\nda9?zvm?\n7h)!)g?!\na=59x2n5\n(jr6n3b5\n9n(4i+2!\n32+qba#=\nn?b0a7ey</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Noppasimulaatio' tmcname='osa07-07_noppasimulaatio'><p>Tehdään tässä tehtävässä muutamia funktioita, joita on mahdollista käyttää nopanheittoon liittyvissä peleissä.</p><p>Normaalin nopan sijaan tehtävässä käytetään ns. epätransitiivisia noppia, joista on lisää tietoa esim. <a href=\"https://singingbanana.com/dice/article.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tässä artikkelissa</a> tai <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LrIp6CKUlH8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tässä videossa</a>.</p><p>Käytössä on kolme noppaa:</p><ul>\n<li>Nopassa A on numerot 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 6</li>\n<li>Nopassa B on numerot 2, 2, 2, 5, 5, 5</li>\n<li>Nopassa C on numerot 1, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4</li>\n</ul></pre><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">heita(noppa: str)</code>, joka heittää parametrinsa kertomaa noppaa. Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>heita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"A\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> end<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>heita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"B\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> end<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>heita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"C\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> end<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  6  3  6  3\n2  2  5  2  2  5  5  2  2  5  2  5  5  5  2  5  2  2  2  2\n4  4  4  4  4  1  1  4  4  4  1  4  4  4  4  4  4  4  4  4</p></sample-output><p>Tee vielä funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pelaa(noppa1: str, noppa2: str, kertaa: int)</code> joka heittää kokonaisluvun kertoman määrän parametreina olevia noppia. Funktio palauttaa tuplen, joka kertoo nopan 1 voittojen lukumäärän, nopan 2 voittojen lukumäärän ja tasapelien lukumäärän.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pelaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"A\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"C\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pelaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"B\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"B\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>(292, 708, 0)\n(249, 273, 478)</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Satunnaiset sanat' tmcname='osa07-08_satunnaiset_sanat'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on annettu tiedosto <code class=\"language-text\">sanat.txt</code>, joka sisältää englannin kielen sanoja, yksi sana joka rivillä.</p><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">sanat(n: int, alku: str)</code>, joka palauttaa listassa <code class=\"language-text\">n</code> kappaletta satunnaisia sanoja tiedostosta. Kaikkien palautettujen sanojen tulee alkaa annetulla merkkijonolla.</p><p>Jos funktiota esim. kutsuttaisiin parametreilla <code class=\"language-text\">sanat(3, \"ca\")</code>, se voisi palauttaa listassa esim. sanat \"cat\", \"car\" ja \"carbon\". Sama sana ei saa esiintyä listassa kahdesti.</p><p>Jos annetulla merkkijonolla alkavia sanoja ei löydy tarpeeksi annetun kokoisen ryhmän muodostamiseen, funktio tuottaa poikkeuksen <code class=\"language-text\">ValueError</code>.</p><p>Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ca\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>cat\ncar\ncarbon</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"1a7d3d96-42a9-55a7-b3b5-fba27e14751e\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-7/2-satunnaisuus","title":"Satunnaisuus"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-7/2-satunnaisuus.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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Funktio palauttaa tuplen, joka kertoo nopan 1 voittojen lukumäärän, nopan 2 voittojen lukumäärän ja tasapelien lukumäärän."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tulos "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" pelaa"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"A\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"C\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1000"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"tulos"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\ntulos "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" pelaa"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"B\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"B\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1000"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"tulos"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"(292, 708, 0)\n(249, 273, 478)"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Satunnaiset sanat","tmcname":"osa07-08_satunnaiset_sanat"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tehtäväpohjassa on annettu tiedosto "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"sanat.txt"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka sisältää englannin kielen sanoja, yksi sana joka rivillä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kirjoita funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"sanat(n: int, alku: str)"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka palauttaa listassa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"n"}]},{"type":"text","value":" kappaletta satunnaisia sanoja tiedostosta. Kaikkien palautettujen sanojen tulee alkaa annetulla merkkijonolla."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jos funktiota esim. kutsuttaisiin parametreilla "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"sanat(3, \"ca\")"}]},{"type":"text","value":", se voisi palauttaa listassa esim. sanat \"cat\", \"car\" ja \"carbon\". Sama sana ei saa esiintyä listassa kahdesti."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jos annetulla merkkijonolla alkavia sanoja ei löydy tarpeeksi annetun kokoisen ryhmän muodostamiseen, funktio tuottaa poikkeuksen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ValueError"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkki:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"lista "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" sanat"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"ca\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"for"}]},{"type":"text","value":" sana "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"in"}]},{"type":"text","value":" lista"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"sana"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"cat\ncar\ncarbon"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"1a7d3d96-42a9-55a7-b3b5-fba27e14751e"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tunnet moduulin <code class=\"language-text\">random</code> funktioita</li>\n<li>Osaat hyödyntää satunnaisuutta omissa ohjelmissasi</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Tässä luvussa tutustutaan standardikirjaston moduuliin <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html?highlight=random#module-random\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">random</a>, joka tarjoaa välineistöä satunnaislukujen generointiin ja muuhun satunnaiseen toiminnallisuuteen.</p><p>Tässä ja seuraavissa luvuissa esiteltävien funktioiden yhteyteen on lisäilty linkkejä standardikirjaston <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dokumentaatioon</a>. Linkkejä kannattaa klikkailla ja pikkuhiljaa totutella siihen, miltä dokumentaatio näyttää.</p><h2 id=\"luvun-arpominen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Luvun arpominen<a href=\"#luvun-arpominen\" aria-label=\"luvun arpominen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktio <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html?highlight=random#random.randint\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">randint(a, b)</a> antaa satunnaisen kokonaisluvun väliltä <code class=\"language-text\">a</code>...<code class=\"language-text\">b</code>. Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma simuloi nopan heittämistä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> random <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> randint\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Noppa antaa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> randint<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulos voisi olla vaikkapa:</p><sample-output><p>Noppa antaa: 4</p></sample-output><p>Seuraava ohjelma puolestaan heittää noppaa kymmenen kertaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> random <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> randint\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Noppa antaa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> randint<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulos voisi olla seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>Noppa antaa: 5\nNoppa antaa: 4\nNoppa antaa: 3\nNoppa antaa: 2\nNoppa antaa: 3\nNoppa antaa: 4\nNoppa antaa: 6\nNoppa antaa: 4\nNoppa antaa: 4\nNoppa antaa: 3</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että funktio <code class=\"language-text\">randint</code> toimii eri logiikalla kuin aiemmin käyttämämme funktio <code class=\"language-text\">range</code>, joka luo lukuvälin. Kun kutsumme funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">randint(1, 6)</code>, lukuväli on 1...6, mutta kun kutsumme funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">range(1, 6)</code>, lukuväli on 1...5.</p><h2 id=\"lisaa-funktioita\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lisää funktioita<a href=\"#lisaa-funktioita\" aria-label=\"lisaa funktioita permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktio <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html?highlight=random#random.shuffle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">shuffle</a> sekoittaa sille annetun tietorakenteen. Esimerkiksi seuraava ohjelma sekoittaa listalla olevat sanat:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> random <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> shuffle\n\nsanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"apina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"cembalo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nshuffle<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>['banaani', 'apina', 'cembalo']</p></sample-output><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">choice</code> puolestaan valitsee satunnaisen alkion tietorakenteesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> random <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> choice\n\nsanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"apina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"banaani\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"cembalo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>choice<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>'cembalo'</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"lottorivin-arvonta\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lottorivin arvonta<a href=\"#lottorivin-arvonta\" aria-label=\"lottorivin arvonta permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä tilannetta, jossa haluamme arpoa lottorivin. Lotossa on yhteensä 40 numeroa, joista arvotaan 7 numeroa riviin.</p><p>Yksinkertainen tapa koettaa arpoa lottorivi on seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> random <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> randint\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>randint<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">40</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tämä ei ole kuitenkaan toimiva tapa, koska sama numero saattaa tulla useita kertoja riviin. Tarvitsemme jonkin menetelmän, joka varmistaa, että jokainen numero on eri numero.</p><p>Yksi mahdollisuus on tallentaa arvotut numerot listaan ja lisätä uusi numero listaan vain, jos sitä ei vielä ole siellä. Voimme jatkaa tätä, kunnes listassa on 7 numeroa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> random <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> randint\n\nrivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">while</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    uusi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> randint<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">40</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> uusi <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>uusi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Voimme kuitenkin toteuttaa arvonnan myös lyhyemmin funktion <code class=\"language-text\">shuffle</code> avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> random <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> shuffle\n\nkaikki <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">41</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nshuffle<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kaikki<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nrivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kaikki<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tässä ideana on, että luomme ensin listan, jossa on kaikki numerot väliltä 1–40. Tämän jälkeen sekoitamme listan ja valitsemme sitten 7 ensimmäistä numeroa riviin. Tämän ansiosta meidän ei tarvitse tehdä silmukkaa.</p><p>Itse asiassa voimme toteuttaa arvonnan vielä helpommin, koska Pythonin standardikirjastossa on myös funktio <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html?highlight=random#random.sample\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sample</a>, joka valitsee annetusta tietorakenteesta halutun määrän alkioita:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> random <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> sample\n\nkaikki_luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">41</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nrivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sample<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kaikki_luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Lottonumerot' tmcname='osa07-04_lottonumerot'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">lottonumerot(maara: int, alaraja: int, ylaraja: int)</code>, joka arpoo annetun määrän satunnaislukuja väliltä <code class=\"language-text\">alaraja</code>...<code class=\"language-text\">ylaraja</code>, tallentaa ne listaan ja palauttaa listan. Lukujen tulee olla palautetussa listassa suuruusjärjestyksessä.</p><p>Koska kyseessä ovat lottonumerot, sama numero ei saa esiintyä listassa kahta kertaa.</p><p>Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> numero <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lottonumerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">40</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>4\n7\n11\n16\n22\n29\n38</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"mista-satunnaisluvut-tulevat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Mistä satunnaisluvut tulevat?<a href=\"#mista-satunnaisluvut-tulevat\" aria-label=\"mista satunnaisluvut tulevat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Moduulin <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">random</a> toiminta perustuu algoritmiin, joka tuottaa satunnaislukuja tietyn lähtöarvon ja matemaattisten operaatioiden avulla. Lähtöarvoa kutsutaan myös nimellä <em>siemenarvo</em> (engl. <em>seed value</em>).</p><p>Voimme halutessamme antaa siemenarvon itse funktiolla <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html?highlight=random#random.seed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">seed</a>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> random <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> randint<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> seed\n\nseed<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1337</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># tästä tulee aina sama satunnaisluku</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>randint<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun annamme siemenarvon itse, satunnaisuutta käyttävät funktiot antavat samat tulokset ohjelman jokaisella suorituskerralla. Tulokset voivat kuitenkin riippua käytetystä Pythonin versiosta.</p><text-box variant=\"info\" name=\"Aito satunnaisuus\"><p>Jos tarkkoja ollaan, moduulin <code class=\"language-text\">random</code> muodostamat luvut eivät ole aitoja satunnaislukuja, vaan <em>pseudosatunnaislukuja</em>. Tietokoneen avulla on vaikea arpoa täysin satunnaisia lukuja, koska sen toiminta on kaikilta osin ennustettavissa. Monissa käyttötarkoituksissa luvut ovat kuitenkin tarpeeksi satunnaisia. Aitoja satunnaislukuja muodostettaessa lähteenä käytetään yleensä jotain tietokoneen ulkopuolista satunnaista ilmiötä, esimerkiksi radioaktiivista taustasäteilyä tai äänentasoa.</p><div>Lisätietoa löydät esimerkiksi sivulta <a href=\"https://www.random.org/randomness/\">random.org</a>.</div></text-box><programming-exercise name='Salasanan arpoja, osa 1' tmcname='osa07-05_salasanan_arpoja_1'><p>Tee funktio, jonka avulla on mahdollista luoda halutun pituisia satunnaisista pienistä kirjaimista (väliltä a-z) muodostettuja salasanoja.</p><p>Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luo_salasana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>lttehepy\nolsxttjl\ncbjncrzo\ndwxqjdgu\ngpfdcecs\njabyvgar\nxnbbonbl\nktmsjyww\nejhprmel\nrjkoacib</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Salasanan arpoja, osa 2' tmcname='osa07-06_salasanan_arpoja_2'><p>Tee paranneltu versio edellisen tehtävän funktiosta. Funktio saa nyt kolme parametria:</p><ul>\n<li>jos toinen parametri on <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, salasanassa on myös (yksi tai useampi) numero</li>\n<li>jos kolmas parametri on <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, salasanassa on myös (yksi tai useampi) erikoismerkki joukosta <code class=\"language-text\">!?=+-()#</code></li>\n</ul><p>Salasanassa täytyy olla parametreista riippumatta aina vähintään yksi kirjain. Voit olettaa, että funktiota kutsutaan aina parametreilla, joilla on mahdollista tuottaa halutunlaisia salasanoja.</p><p>Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luo_hyva_salasana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2?0n+u31\nu=m4nl94\nn#=i6r#(\nda9?zvm?\n7h)!)g?!\na=59x2n5\n(jr6n3b5\n9n(4i+2!\n32+qba#=\nn?b0a7ey</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Noppasimulaatio' tmcname='osa07-07_noppasimulaatio'><p>Tehdään tässä tehtävässä muutamia funktioita, joita on mahdollista käyttää nopanheittoon liittyvissä peleissä.</p><p>Normaalin nopan sijaan tehtävässä käytetään ns. epätransitiivisia noppia, joista on lisää tietoa esim. <a href=\"https://singingbanana.com/dice/article.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tässä artikkelissa</a> tai <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LrIp6CKUlH8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tässä videossa</a>.</p><p>Käytössä on kolme noppaa:</p><ul>\n<li>Nopassa A on numerot 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 6</li>\n<li>Nopassa B on numerot 2, 2, 2, 5, 5, 5</li>\n<li>Nopassa C on numerot 1, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4</li>\n</ul></pre><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">heita(noppa: str)</code>, joka heittää parametrinsa kertomaa noppaa. Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>heita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"A\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> end<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>heita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"B\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> end<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>heita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"C\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> end<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  3  6  3  6  3\n2  2  5  2  2  5  5  2  2  5  2  5  5  5  2  5  2  2  2  2\n4  4  4  4  4  1  1  4  4  4  1  4  4  4  4  4  4  4  4  4</p></sample-output><p>Tee vielä funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pelaa(noppa1: str, noppa2: str, kertaa: int)</code> joka heittää kokonaisluvun kertoman määrän parametreina olevia noppia. Funktio palauttaa tuplen, joka kertoo nopan 1 voittojen lukumäärän, nopan 2 voittojen lukumäärän ja tasapelien lukumäärän.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pelaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"A\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"C\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pelaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"B\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"B\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>(292, 708, 0)\n(249, 273, 478)</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Satunnaiset sanat' tmcname='osa07-08_satunnaiset_sanat'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on annettu tiedosto <code class=\"language-text\">sanat.txt</code>, joka sisältää englannin kielen sanoja, yksi sana joka rivillä.</p><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">sanat(n: int, alku: str)</code>, joka palauttaa listassa <code class=\"language-text\">n</code> kappaletta satunnaisia sanoja tiedostosta. Kaikkien palautettujen sanojen tulee alkaa annetulla merkkijonolla.</p><p>Jos funktiota esim. kutsuttaisiin parametreilla <code class=\"language-text\">sanat(3, \"ca\")</code>, se voisi palauttaa listassa esim. sanat \"cat\", \"car\" ja \"carbon\". Sama sana ei saa esiintyä listassa kahdesti.</p><p>Jos annetulla merkkijonolla alkavia sanoja ei löydy tarpeeksi annetun kokoisen ryhmän muodostamiseen, funktio tuottaa poikkeuksen <code class=\"language-text\">ValueError</code>.</p><p>Esimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ca\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>cat\ncar\ncarbon</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"1a7d3d96-42a9-55a7-b3b5-fba27e14751e\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-7/2-satunnaisuus","title":"Satunnaisuus"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-7/2-satunnaisuus.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"kesakuun_loppu.txt"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka näyttää yllä olevalla syötteellä seuraavalta:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-data","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ajanjakso: 24.06.2020-28.06.2020\nYht. minuutteja: 780\nKeskim. minuutteja: 156.0\n24.06.2020: 60/120/0\n25.06.2020: 0/0/0\n26.06.2020: 180/0/0\n27.06.2020: 25/240/15\n28.06.2020: 45/90/5"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"272963db-2dee-56c0-8be6-258e68a3e166"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät tavan käsitellä päivämääriä ja kellonaikoja Pythonissa</li>\n<li>Osaat muodostaa ja käyttää <code class=\"language-text\">datetime</code>-olioita</li>\n<li>Osaat vertailla päivämääriä ja kellonaikoja toisiinsa ja laskea niiden erotuksia</li>\n</ul></text-box><h2 id=\"aikaolio\" style=\"position:relative;\">Aikaolio<a href=\"#aikaolio\" aria-label=\"aikaolio permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Moduulin <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html?highlight=datetime#datetime.datetime\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">datetime</a> funktio <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html?highlight=datetime#datetime.datetime.now\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">now</a> antaa aikaolion, jossa on nykyinen päivämäärä ja kellonaika. Voimme esimerkiksi tulostaa nykyhetken päivämäärän ja kellonajan näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> datetime\n\naika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>now<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>aika<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2020-10-13 12:46:49.311393</p></sample-output><p>Toinen tapa muodostaa aikaolio on määrittää ajanhetki itse:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> datetime\n\naika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1952</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>aika<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1952-12-24 00:00:00</p></sample-output><p>Kun emme antaneet kellonaikaa, oletuksena on, että kyseessä on keskiyö.</p><p>Voimme hakea aikaoliosta ajan osia tähän tapaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> datetime\n\naika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1952</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Päivä:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> aika<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>day<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kuukausi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> aika<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>month<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Vuosi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> aika<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>year<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Päivä: 24\nKuukausi: 12\nVuosi: 1952</p></sample-output><p>Aikaoliolle voidaan antaa myös kellonaika halutulla tarkkuudella. Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> datetime\n\npv1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">30</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">13</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">00</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># 30.6.2020 klo 13.00</span>\npv2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">30</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">18</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">45</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># 30.6.2020 klo 18.45</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"aikojen-vertailu-ja-ero\" style=\"position:relative;\">Aikojen vertailu ja ero<a href=\"#aikojen-vertailu-ja-ero\" aria-label=\"aikojen vertailu ja ero permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Voimme vertailla aikoja samaan tapaan kuin lukuja käyttämällä tuttuja vertailuoperaattoreita:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> datetime\n\nnyt <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>now<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\njuhannus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nyt <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> juhannus<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ei ole vielä juhannus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> nyt <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> juhannus<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hyvää juhannusta!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> nyt <span class=\"token operator\">></span> juhannus<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Juhannus on mennyt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Juhannus on mennyt</p></sample-output><p>Voimme myös laskea kahden ajankohdan eron vähennyslaskuna:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> datetime\n\nnyt <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>now<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\njuhannus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> juhannus <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> nyt\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Juhannukseen on vielä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> ero<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>days<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"päivää\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Juhannukseen on vielä 37 päivää</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että vähennyslaskun tuloksena on <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html?highlight=datetime#timedelta-objects\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">timedelta</a>-olio, jolta voi kysyä vain rajoitetusti ajan yksikköjä. Voimme kysyä päivien määrän, mutta emme voi kysyä esimerkiksi vuosien määrää, koska vuoden pituus vaihtelee.</p><p>Timedelta-olion avulla on myös mahdollista selvittää, mikä ajanhetki saadaan kun tietty aika (viikkoina ja päivinä) lisätään johonkin ajanhetkeen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> timedelta\njuhannus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nviikko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> timedelta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>days<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nviikon_paasta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> juhannus <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> viikko\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kun viikko juhannuksesta kuluu on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> viikon_paasta<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npitka_aika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> timedelta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>weeks<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token number\">32</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> days<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token number\">15</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kun juhannuksesta kuluu 32 viikkoa ja 15 päivää on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> juhannus <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> pitka_aika<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Kun viikko juhannuksesta kuluu on 2020-06-27 00:00:00\nKun juhannuksesta kuluu 32 viikkoa ja 15 päivää on 2021-02-14 00:00:00</p></sample-output><p>Timedelta-olio toimii viikkojen ja päivien lisäksi tarkemmallakin tasolla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nyt <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>now<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkeskiyo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">30</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nerotus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> keskiyo<span class=\"token operator\">-</span>nyt\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"keskiyöhön on vielä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>erotus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>seconds<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> sekuntia\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>keskiyöhön on vielä 8188 sekuntia</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Kuinka vanha' tmcname='osa07-09_kuinka_vanha'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjän syntymäajan (erikseen päivä, kuukausi ja vuosi) ja tulostaa, kuinka monta päivää vanha käyttäjä oli 31.12.1999 seuraavan esimerkin mukaisesti:</p><sample-output><p>Päivä: <strong>10</strong>\nKuukausi: <strong>9</strong>\nVuosi: <strong>1979</strong>\nOlit 7417 päivää vanha, kun vuosituhat vaihtui.</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Päivä: <strong>28</strong>\nKuukausi: <strong>3</strong>\nVuosi: <strong>2005</strong>\nEt ollut syntynyt, kun vuosituhat vaihtui.</p></sample-output><p>Voit olettaa, että kaikki annetut päivä-kuukausi-vuosi-yhdistelmät ovat mahdollisia (eli käyttäjä ei siis anna esim. syötettä 31.2.1999).</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Henkilötunnus oikein?' tmcname='osa07-10_henkilotunnus_oikein'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">onko_validi(hetu: str)</code>, joka palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">True</code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">False</code> sen mukaan, onko annettu henkilötunnus oikea. Henkilötunnus on muotoa <code class=\"language-text\">ppkkvvXyyyz</code>, jossa <code class=\"language-text\">ppkkvv</code> kertoo syntymäajan (päivä/kuukausi/vuosi), <code class=\"language-text\">X</code> on syntymävuosisadasta riippuva välimerkki, <code class=\"language-text\">yyy</code> henkilökohtainen yksilönumero ja <code class=\"language-text\">z</code> tarkistemerkki.</p><p>Ohjelman tulee tarkastaa, että</p><ul>\n<li>alkuosassa on ppkkvv-muodossa oleva päivämäärä, joka on olemassa oleva päivämäärä</li>\n<li>välimerkki on <code class=\"language-text\">+</code> (1800-luku), <code class=\"language-text\">-</code> (1900-luku) tai <code class=\"language-text\">A</code> (2000-luku) ja</li>\n<li>lopussa oleva tarkastusmerkki on oikein.</li>\n</ul><p>Tarkastusmerkki lasketaan jakamalla syntymäajasta ja yksilönumerosta muodostuva numerosarja 31:llä ja ottamalla tästä jakojäännös. Merkki valitaan sitten jakojäännöksen mukaisesta indeksistä merkkijonosta <code class=\"language-text\">0123456789ABCDEFHJKLMNPRSTUVWXY</code>. Esimerkiksi jos jakojäännös on 12, valitaan indeksissä 12 oleva merkki <code class=\"language-text\">C</code>.</p><p>Lisätietoa laskemisesta löydät esimerkiksi <a href=\"https://dvv.fi/henkilotunnus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Digi- ja väestötietoviraston sivuilta</a>.</p><p><strong>HUOM!</strong> Pidä huolta, ettet jaa omaa henkilötunnustasi esimerkiksi testikoodin mukana, jos kysyt neuvoja tehtävään kurssin keskustelualueella tai muualla.</p><p>Oikeamuotoisia henkilötunnuksia testaamiseen ovat esimerkiksi seuraavat:</p><ul>\n<li>230827-906F</li>\n<li>120488+246L</li>\n<li>310823A9877</li>\n</ul></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"aikojen-muotoilu\" style=\"position:relative;\">Aikojen muotoilu<a href=\"#aikojen-muotoilu\" aria-label=\"aikojen muotoilu permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Voimme muotoilla ajanhetken haluamallamme tavalla <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html?highlight=datetime#datetime.date.strftime\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">strftime</a>-metodin avulla. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi tulostaa nykyisen päivämäärän muodossa <code class=\"language-text\">pp.kk.vvvv</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> datetime\n\naika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>now<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>aika<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>strftime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"%d.%m.%Y\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>04.02.2020</p></sample-output><p>Ajan muotoilussa käytetään tiettyjä kirjainlyhenteitä. Seuraavassa listassa on joitakin mahdollisia lyhenteitä (täydellinen lista on Pythonin <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/time.html#time.strftime\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dokumentaatiossa</a>):</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Lyhenne</th>\n<th align=\"left\">Merkitys</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><code class=\"language-text\">%d</code></td>\n<td align=\"left\">päivä (01–31)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><code class=\"language-text\">%m</code></td>\n<td align=\"left\">kuukausi (01–12)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><code class=\"language-text\">%Y</code></td>\n<td align=\"left\">vuosi nelinumeroisena</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><code class=\"language-text\">%H</code></td>\n<td align=\"left\">tunnit 24 tunnin formaatissa</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><code class=\"language-text\">%M</code></td>\n<td align=\"left\">minuutit (00–59)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><code class=\"language-text\">%S</code></td>\n<td align=\"left\">sekunnit (00–59)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Voimme myös tehdä muotoilun toiseen suuntaan, jos esimerkiksi haluamme muuttaa käyttäjän antaman ajanhetken aikaolioksi. Tämä onnistuu metodilla <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html?highlight=datetime#datetime.datetime.strptime\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">strptime</a>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> datetime\n\nsyote <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna syntymäpäiväsi muodossa pv.kk.vvvv: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\naika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>strptime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syote<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"%d.%m.%Y\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> aika <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Synnyit viime vuosituhannella\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Synnyit tällä vuosituhannella\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna syntymäpäiväsi muodossa pv.kk.vvvv: <strong>5.11.1986</strong>\nSynnyit viime vuosituhannella</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Ruutuaika' tmcname='osa07-11_ruutuaika'><p>Ohjelmassa kirjoitetaan käyttäjän määrittelemään tiedostoon \"ruutuaikoja\", eli käyttäjän television, tietokoneen ja mobiililaitteen ääressä tiettyinä päivinä viettämää aikaa.</p><p>Ohjelma toimii seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Tiedosto: <strong>kesakuun_loppu.txt</strong>\nAloituspäivä: <strong>24.6.2020</strong>\nMontako päivää: <strong>5</strong>\nAnna ruutuajat kunakin päivänä minuutteina (TV tietokone mobiililaite):\nRuutuaika 24.06.2020: <strong>60 120 0</strong>\nRuutuaika 25.06.2020: <strong>0 0 0</strong>\nRuutuaika 26.06.2020: <strong>180 0 0</strong>\nRuutuaika 27.06.2020: <strong>25 240 15</strong>\nRuutuaika 28.06.2020: <strong>45 90 5</strong>\nTiedot tallennettu tiedostoon kesakuun_loppu.txt</p></sample-output><p>Kunkin päivän riville on siis annettu välilyönnillä eroteltuna kolme minuuttimäärää.</p><p>Ohjelma tallentaa 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Seuraavassa listassa on joitakin mahdollisia lyhenteitä (täydellinen lista on Pythonin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://docs.python.org/3/library/time.html#time.strftime","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"dokumentaatiossa"}]},{"type":"text","value":"):"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"table","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"thead","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"th","properties":{"align":"left"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lyhenne"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"th","properties":{"align":"left"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Merkitys"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tbody","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"left"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"%d"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"left"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"päivä (01–31)"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"left"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"%m"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"left"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"kuukausi (01–12)"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"left"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"%Y"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"left"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"vuosi nelinumeroisena"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"left"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"%H"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"left"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tunnit 24 tunnin formaatissa"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"left"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"%M"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"left"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"minuutit (00–59)"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"left"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"%S"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"left"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"sekunnit (00–59)"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Voimme myös tehdä muotoilun toiseen suuntaan, jos esimerkiksi haluamme muuttaa käyttäjän antaman ajanhetken aikaolioksi. Tämä onnistuu metodilla "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html?highlight=datetime#datetime.datetime.strptime","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"strptime"}]},{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"from"}]},{"type":"text","value":" datetime "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"import"}]},{"type":"text","value":" datetime\n\nsyote 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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Synnyit viime 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vuosituhannella\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna syntymäpäiväsi muodossa pv.kk.vvvv: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5.11.1986"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSynnyit viime vuosituhannella"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Ruutuaika","tmcname":"osa07-11_ruutuaika"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelmassa kirjoitetaan käyttäjän määrittelemään tiedostoon \"ruutuaikoja\", eli käyttäjän television, tietokoneen ja mobiililaitteen ääressä tiettyinä päivinä viettämää aikaa."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelma toimii seuraavasti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tiedosto: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"kesakuun_loppu.txt"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAloituspäivä: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"24.6.2020"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nMontako päivää: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nAnna ruutuajat kunakin päivänä minuutteina (TV tietokone mobiililaite):\nRuutuaika 24.06.2020: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"60 120 0"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nRuutuaika 25.06.2020: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"0 0 0"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nRuutuaika 26.06.2020: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"180 0 0"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nRuutuaika 27.06.2020: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"25 240 15"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nRuutuaika 28.06.2020: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"45 90 5"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nTiedot tallennettu tiedostoon kesakuun_loppu.txt"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kunkin päivän riville on siis annettu välilyönnillä eroteltuna kolme minuuttimäärää."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelma tallentaa tilaston ruutuajoista tiedostoon "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"kesakuun_loppu.txt"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka näyttää yllä olevalla syötteellä seuraavalta:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-data","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ajanjakso: 24.06.2020-28.06.2020\nYht. minuutteja: 780\nKeskim. minuutteja: 156.0\n24.06.2020: 60/120/0\n25.06.2020: 0/0/0\n26.06.2020: 180/0/0\n27.06.2020: 25/240/15\n28.06.2020: 45/90/5"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"272963db-2dee-56c0-8be6-258e68a3e166"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät tavan käsitellä päivämääriä ja kellonaikoja Pythonissa</li>\n<li>Osaat muodostaa ja käyttää <code class=\"language-text\">datetime</code>-olioita</li>\n<li>Osaat vertailla päivämääriä ja kellonaikoja toisiinsa ja laskea niiden erotuksia</li>\n</ul></text-box><h2 id=\"aikaolio\" style=\"position:relative;\">Aikaolio<a href=\"#aikaolio\" aria-label=\"aikaolio permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Moduulin <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html?highlight=datetime#datetime.datetime\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">datetime</a> funktio <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html?highlight=datetime#datetime.datetime.now\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">now</a> antaa aikaolion, jossa on nykyinen päivämäärä ja kellonaika. Voimme esimerkiksi tulostaa nykyhetken päivämäärän ja kellonajan näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> datetime\n\naika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>now<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>aika<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2020-10-13 12:46:49.311393</p></sample-output><p>Toinen tapa muodostaa aikaolio on määrittää ajanhetki itse:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> datetime\n\naika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1952</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>aika<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1952-12-24 00:00:00</p></sample-output><p>Kun emme antaneet kellonaikaa, oletuksena on, että kyseessä on keskiyö.</p><p>Voimme hakea aikaoliosta ajan osia tähän tapaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> datetime\n\naika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1952</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Päivä:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> aika<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>day<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kuukausi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> aika<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>month<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Vuosi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> aika<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>year<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Päivä: 24\nKuukausi: 12\nVuosi: 1952</p></sample-output><p>Aikaoliolle voidaan antaa myös kellonaika halutulla tarkkuudella. Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> datetime\n\npv1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">30</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">13</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">00</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># 30.6.2020 klo 13.00</span>\npv2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">30</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">18</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">45</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># 30.6.2020 klo 18.45</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"aikojen-vertailu-ja-ero\" style=\"position:relative;\">Aikojen vertailu ja ero<a href=\"#aikojen-vertailu-ja-ero\" aria-label=\"aikojen vertailu ja ero permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Voimme vertailla aikoja samaan tapaan kuin lukuja käyttämällä tuttuja vertailuoperaattoreita:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> datetime\n\nnyt <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>now<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\njuhannus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nyt <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> juhannus<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ei ole vielä juhannus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> nyt <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> juhannus<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hyvää juhannusta!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">elif</span> nyt <span class=\"token operator\">></span> juhannus<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Juhannus on mennyt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Juhannus on mennyt</p></sample-output><p>Voimme myös laskea kahden ajankohdan eron vähennyslaskuna:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> datetime\n\nnyt <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>now<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\njuhannus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> juhannus <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> nyt\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Juhannukseen on vielä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> ero<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>days<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"päivää\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Juhannukseen on vielä 37 päivää</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että vähennyslaskun tuloksena on <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html?highlight=datetime#timedelta-objects\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">timedelta</a>-olio, jolta voi kysyä vain rajoitetusti ajan yksikköjä. Voimme kysyä päivien määrän, mutta emme voi kysyä esimerkiksi vuosien määrää, koska vuoden pituus vaihtelee.</p><p>Timedelta-olion avulla on myös mahdollista selvittää, mikä ajanhetki saadaan kun tietty aika (viikkoina ja päivinä) lisätään johonkin ajanhetkeen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> timedelta\njuhannus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nviikko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> timedelta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>days<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nviikon_paasta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> juhannus <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> viikko\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kun viikko juhannuksesta kuluu on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> viikon_paasta<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npitka_aika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> timedelta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>weeks<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token number\">32</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> days<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token number\">15</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kun juhannuksesta kuluu 32 viikkoa ja 15 päivää on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> juhannus <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> pitka_aika<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Kun viikko juhannuksesta kuluu on 2020-06-27 00:00:00\nKun juhannuksesta kuluu 32 viikkoa ja 15 päivää on 2021-02-14 00:00:00</p></sample-output><p>Timedelta-olio toimii viikkojen ja päivien lisäksi tarkemmallakin tasolla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nyt <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>now<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkeskiyo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">30</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nerotus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> keskiyo<span class=\"token operator\">-</span>nyt\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"keskiyöhön on vielä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>erotus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>seconds<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> sekuntia\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>keskiyöhön on vielä 8188 sekuntia</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Kuinka vanha' tmcname='osa07-09_kuinka_vanha'><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy käyttäjän syntymäajan (erikseen päivä, kuukausi ja vuosi) ja tulostaa, kuinka monta päivää vanha käyttäjä oli 31.12.1999 seuraavan esimerkin mukaisesti:</p><sample-output><p>Päivä: <strong>10</strong>\nKuukausi: <strong>9</strong>\nVuosi: <strong>1979</strong>\nOlit 7417 päivää vanha, kun vuosituhat vaihtui.</p></sample-output><sample-output><p>Päivä: <strong>28</strong>\nKuukausi: <strong>3</strong>\nVuosi: <strong>2005</strong>\nEt ollut syntynyt, kun vuosituhat vaihtui.</p></sample-output><p>Voit olettaa, että kaikki annetut päivä-kuukausi-vuosi-yhdistelmät ovat mahdollisia (eli käyttäjä ei siis anna esim. syötettä 31.2.1999).</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Henkilötunnus oikein?' tmcname='osa07-10_henkilotunnus_oikein'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">onko_validi(hetu: str)</code>, joka palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">True</code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">False</code> sen mukaan, onko annettu henkilötunnus oikea. Henkilötunnus on muotoa <code class=\"language-text\">ppkkvvXyyyz</code>, jossa <code class=\"language-text\">ppkkvv</code> kertoo syntymäajan (päivä/kuukausi/vuosi), <code class=\"language-text\">X</code> on syntymävuosisadasta riippuva välimerkki, <code class=\"language-text\">yyy</code> henkilökohtainen yksilönumero ja <code class=\"language-text\">z</code> tarkistemerkki.</p><p>Ohjelman tulee tarkastaa, että</p><ul>\n<li>alkuosassa on ppkkvv-muodossa oleva päivämäärä, joka on olemassa oleva päivämäärä</li>\n<li>välimerkki on <code class=\"language-text\">+</code> (1800-luku), <code class=\"language-text\">-</code> (1900-luku) tai <code class=\"language-text\">A</code> (2000-luku) ja</li>\n<li>lopussa oleva tarkastusmerkki on oikein.</li>\n</ul><p>Tarkastusmerkki lasketaan jakamalla syntymäajasta ja yksilönumerosta muodostuva numerosarja 31:llä ja ottamalla tästä jakojäännös. Merkki valitaan sitten jakojäännöksen mukaisesta indeksistä merkkijonosta <code class=\"language-text\">0123456789ABCDEFHJKLMNPRSTUVWXY</code>. Esimerkiksi jos jakojäännös on 12, valitaan indeksissä 12 oleva merkki <code class=\"language-text\">C</code>.</p><p>Lisätietoa laskemisesta löydät esimerkiksi <a href=\"https://dvv.fi/henkilotunnus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Digi- ja väestötietoviraston sivuilta</a>.</p><p><strong>HUOM!</strong> Pidä huolta, ettet jaa omaa henkilötunnustasi esimerkiksi testikoodin mukana, jos kysyt neuvoja tehtävään kurssin keskustelualueella tai muualla.</p><p>Oikeamuotoisia henkilötunnuksia testaamiseen ovat esimerkiksi seuraavat:</p><ul>\n<li>230827-906F</li>\n<li>120488+246L</li>\n<li>310823A9877</li>\n</ul></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"aikojen-muotoilu\" style=\"position:relative;\">Aikojen muotoilu<a href=\"#aikojen-muotoilu\" aria-label=\"aikojen muotoilu permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Voimme muotoilla ajanhetken haluamallamme tavalla <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html?highlight=datetime#datetime.date.strftime\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">strftime</a>-metodin avulla. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi tulostaa nykyisen päivämäärän muodossa <code class=\"language-text\">pp.kk.vvvv</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> datetime\n\naika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>now<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>aika<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>strftime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"%d.%m.%Y\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>04.02.2020</p></sample-output><p>Ajan muotoilussa käytetään tiettyjä kirjainlyhenteitä. Seuraavassa listassa on joitakin mahdollisia lyhenteitä (täydellinen lista on Pythonin <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/time.html#time.strftime\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dokumentaatiossa</a>):</p><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Lyhenne</th>\n<th align=\"left\">Merkitys</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><code class=\"language-text\">%d</code></td>\n<td align=\"left\">päivä (01–31)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><code class=\"language-text\">%m</code></td>\n<td align=\"left\">kuukausi (01–12)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><code class=\"language-text\">%Y</code></td>\n<td align=\"left\">vuosi nelinumeroisena</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><code class=\"language-text\">%H</code></td>\n<td align=\"left\">tunnit 24 tunnin formaatissa</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><code class=\"language-text\">%M</code></td>\n<td align=\"left\">minuutit (00–59)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><code class=\"language-text\">%S</code></td>\n<td align=\"left\">sekunnit (00–59)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table><p>Voimme myös tehdä muotoilun toiseen suuntaan, jos esimerkiksi haluamme muuttaa käyttäjän antaman ajanhetken aikaolioksi. Tämä onnistuu metodilla <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html?highlight=datetime#datetime.datetime.strptime\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">strptime</a>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> datetime\n\nsyote <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna syntymäpäiväsi muodossa pv.kk.vvvv: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\naika <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>strptime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>syote<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"%d.%m.%Y\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> aika <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> datetime<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Synnyit viime vuosituhannella\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Synnyit tällä vuosituhannella\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna syntymäpäiväsi muodossa pv.kk.vvvv: <strong>5.11.1986</strong>\nSynnyit viime vuosituhannella</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Ruutuaika' tmcname='osa07-11_ruutuaika'><p>Ohjelmassa kirjoitetaan käyttäjän määrittelemään tiedostoon \"ruutuaikoja\", eli käyttäjän television, tietokoneen ja mobiililaitteen ääressä tiettyinä päivinä viettämää aikaa.</p><p>Ohjelma toimii seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Tiedosto: <strong>kesakuun_loppu.txt</strong>\nAloituspäivä: <strong>24.6.2020</strong>\nMontako päivää: <strong>5</strong>\nAnna ruutuajat kunakin päivänä minuutteina (TV tietokone mobiililaite):\nRuutuaika 24.06.2020: <strong>60 120 0</strong>\nRuutuaika 25.06.2020: <strong>0 0 0</strong>\nRuutuaika 26.06.2020: <strong>180 0 0</strong>\nRuutuaika 27.06.2020: <strong>25 240 15</strong>\nRuutuaika 28.06.2020: <strong>45 90 5</strong>\nTiedot tallennettu tiedostoon kesakuun_loppu.txt</p></sample-output><p>Kunkin päivän riville on siis annettu välilyönnillä eroteltuna kolme minuuttimäärää.</p><p>Ohjelma tallentaa tilaston ruutuajoista tiedostoon <code class=\"language-text\">kesakuun_loppu.txt</code>, joka näyttää yllä olevalla syötteellä seuraavalta:</p><sample-data><p>Ajanjakso: 24.06.2020-28.06.2020\nYht. minuutteja: 780\nKeskim. minuutteja: 156.0\n24.06.2020: 60/120/0\n25.06.2020: 0/0/0\n26.06.2020: 180/0/0\n27.06.2020: 25/240/15\n28.06.2020: 45/90/5</p></sample-data></programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"272963db-2dee-56c0-8be6-258e68a3e166\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-7/3-aikojen-kasittely","title":"Aikojen käsittely"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-7/3-ajanhetket.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki 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Esimerkiksi:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"csv"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-csv"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-csv"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","value"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"jarmo;1;8;16:05"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","value"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"timo;2;10;21:22"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","value"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"jarmo;2;10;19:15"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","value"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"jne..."}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tehtäväsi on etsiä ne opiskelijat, jotka ovat käyttäneet tenttiin yli 3 tuntia aikaa, eli opiskelijat, joiden "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"jonkin"}]},{"type":"text","value":" tehtävän palautus on tehty yli 3 tuntia tentin aloitusajasta. Palautuksia voi siis olla useampi. Voit olettaa, että kaikki ajat ovat saman vuorokauden puolella."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kirjoita funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"huijarit()"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka palauttaa listan huijanneiden opiskelijoiden käyttäjätunnuksista."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Kuka huijasi, versio 2","tmcname":"osa07-15_kuka_huijasi_2"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Käytössäsi on edellisessä tehtävässä määritellyt datatiedostot. Kirjoita funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"viralliset_pisteet()"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka palauttaa sanakirjassa (dict) opiskelijoiden koepisteet seuraavien sääntöjen mukaan:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jos samaan tehtävänumeroon on tehty useita palautuksia, korkeimman pistemäärän palautus otetaan huomioon"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jos tehtäväpalautus on tehty yli 3 tuntia tentin aloittamisen jälkeen, palautusta ei huomioida ollenkaan"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tehtävät on numeroitu 1–8 ja jokaisesta tehtävästä voi saada 0–6 pistettä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Palautetussa sanakirjassa tunnus on avain ja tehtävien yhteispistemäärä arvo."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vinkki: sisäkkäiset sanakirjat (dict) ovat mainio työkalua tallennettaessa eri opiskelijoiden pisteitä ja aikoja."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"moduulien-etsiminen","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Moduulien etsiminen"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#moduulien-etsiminen","ariaLabel":"moduulien etsiminen permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pythonin dokumentaatiosta löytyy tietoa kaikista standardikirjaston moduuleista:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://docs.python.org/3/library/","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"https://docs.python.org/3/library/"}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Standardikirjaston lisäksi verkosta löytyy lukuisia vapaasti käytettäviä kirjastoja eri tarpeisiin. Joitakin yleisesti käytettyjä moduuleja on täällä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://wiki.python.org/moin/UsefulModules","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"https://wiki.python.org/moin/UsefulModules"}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Spellchecker, versio 2","tmcname":"osa07-16_spellchecker_versio2"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Teemme tässä tehtävässä hieman parannellun version edellisen osan tehtävästä Spellchecker."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Edellisen osan version tapaan ohjelma pyytää käyttäjää kirjoittamaan rivin englanninkielistä tekstiä. Ohjelma suorittaa tekstille oikeinkirjoitustarkistuksen ja tulostaa saman tekstin siten, että kaikki väärin kirjoitetut sanat on ympäröity tähdillä. "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tämän lisäksi ohjelma antaa listan korjausehdotuksia väärin kirjotettuihin sanoihin."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Seuraavassa kaksi käyttöesimerkkiä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"write text: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"We use ptython to make a spell checker"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"We use *ptython* to make a spell checker\nkorjausehdotukset:\nptython: python, pythons, typhon\n"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"write text: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"this is acually a good and usefull program"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"this is *acually* a good and *usefull* program\nkorjausehdotukset:\nacually: actually, tactually, factually\nusefull: usefully, useful, museful\n"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Korjausehdotukset etsitään standardikirjaston moduulin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://docs.python.org/3/library/difflib.html","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"difflib"}]},{"type":"text","value":" tarjoaman funktion "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://docs.python.org/3/library/difflib.html#difflib.get_close_matches","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"get_close_matches"}]},{"type":"text","value":" avulla."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huom"}]},{"type":"text","value":": jotta testit toimisivat, käytä funktiota \"oletusasetuksilla\", eli antamalla sille kaksi parametria: virheellinen sana ja lista oikeista sanoista."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"84313649-9311-51a5-a46d-71802083cede"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen:</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat käyttää moduulia CSV-tiedoston käsittelyyn</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää moduulia JSON-tiedoston käsittelyyn</li>\n<li>Osaat hakea netissä olevan tiedoston sisällön</li>\n</ul></text-box><h2 id=\"csv-tiedoston-lukeminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">CSV-tiedoston lukeminen<a href=\"#csv-tiedoston-lukeminen\" aria-label=\"csv tiedoston lukeminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Olemme tähän mennessä käsitelleet CSV-tiedostoja omalla koodilla, mutta tähän on myös valmis moduuli <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/csv.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">csv</a>, jota voi käyttää näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> csv\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"testi.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> csv<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>reader<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> delimiter<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\";\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Yllä oleva koodi lukee rivit CSV-tiedostosta <code class=\"language-text\">testi.csv</code>, jossa erotinmerkki on <code class=\"language-text\">;</code>. Esimerkiksi jos tiedoston sisältö on</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"x\"><pre class=\"language-x\"><code class=\"language-x\">012121212;5\n012345678;2\n015151515;4</code></pre></div><p>niin koodi antaa seuraavan tuloksen:</p><sample-output><p>['012121212', '5']\n['012345678', '2']\n['015151515', '4']</p></sample-output><p>Mitä hyötyä on käyttää moduulia sen sijaan, että toteuttaa lukemisen itse <code class=\"language-text\">split</code>-funktiolla? Yksi hyöty on, että moduulin toteutus toimii myös silloin, kun arvona on merkkijono, jonka sisällä on erotinmerkki. Esimerkiksi jos tiedoston sisältö on</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"x\"><pre class=\"language-x\"><code class=\"language-x\">&quot;aaa;bbb&quot;;&quot;ccc;ddd&quot;</code></pre></div><p>niin koodin tulos on:</p><sample-output><p>['aaa;bbb', 'ccc;ddd']</p></sample-output><p>Jos vain jakaisimme rivin osiin <code class=\"language-text\">;</code>-merkkien kohdista, lukeminen ei toimisi oikein, koska myös merkkijonot jakaantuisivat.</p><h2 id=\"json-tiedoston-lukeminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">JSON-tiedoston lukeminen<a href=\"#json-tiedoston-lukeminen\" aria-label=\"json tiedoston lukeminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>CSV-muodon lisäksi on olemassa muitakin koneluettavia tiedostomuotoja. Eräs näistä on erityisesti tietojen siirrossa yleisesti käytetty <a href=\"https://www.json.org/json-en.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">JSON</a>.</p><p>JSON-tiedostot ovat tekstitiedostoja, joilla on tietty tarkka muoto. Seuraavassa esimerkkinä JSON-tiedosto <code class=\"language-text\">kurssit.json</code>, jossa on tietoa kursseista:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"x\"><pre class=\"language-x\"><code class=\"language-x\">[\n    {\n        &quot;nimi&quot;: &quot;Ohjelmoinnin perusteet&quot;,\n        &quot;tunnus&quot;: &quot;Ohpe&quot;,\n        &quot;periodit&quot;: [1, 3]\n    },\n    {\n        &quot;nimi&quot;: &quot;Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi&quot;,\n        &quot;tunnus&quot;: &quot;Ohja&quot;,\n        &quot;periodit&quot;: [2, 4]\n    },\n    {\n        &quot;nimi&quot;: &quot;Tietokantasovellus&quot;,\n        &quot;tunnus&quot;: &quot;Tsoha&quot;,\n        &quot;periodit&quot;: [1, 2, 3, 4]\n    }\n]</code></pre></div><p>JSON-tiedostot näyttävät kohtuullisen tutulta Pythonin käyttäjille. Itse asiassa tiedoston sisältö vastaa Pythonin listaa, jonka sisällä on kolme sanakirjaa.</p><p>Standardikirjastossa on JSON-tiedostojen käsittelyyn moduuli <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/json.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">json</a>. Siinä oleva funktio <code class=\"language-text\">loads</code> muuttaa merkkijonona annetun JSON-datan Pythonin tietorakenteiksi. Esimerkiksi koodin</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> json\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"kurssit.json\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    data <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>read<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkurssit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> json<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>loads<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kurssit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>tulos on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>[{'nimi': 'Ohjelmoinnin perusteet', 'tunnus': 'Ohpe', 'periodit': [1, 3]}, {'nimi': 'Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi', 'tunnus': 'Ohja', 'periodit': [2, 4]}, {'nimi': 'Tietokantasovellus', 'tunnus': 'Tsoha', 'periodit': [1, 2, 3, 4]}]</p></sample-output><p>Koodia voisi jatkaa vaikka seuraavasti, jolloin koodi tulostaa jokaisen kurssin nimen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> kurssi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> kurssit<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\nOhjelmoinnin jatkokurssi\nTietokantasovellus</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='JSON-tiedoston käsittely' tmcname='osa07-12_jsontiedostot'><p>Tarkastellaan JSON-tiedostoa, jossa on tietoa opiskelijoista seuraavassa muodossa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"json\"><pre class=\"language-json\"><code class=\"language-json\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>\n        <span class=\"token property\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Pythonisti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n        <span class=\"token property\">\"ika\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">27</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n        <span class=\"token property\">\"harrastukset\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n            <span class=\"token string\">\"koodaus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n            <span class=\"token string\">\"kutominen\"</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>\n        <span class=\"token property\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Jaana Javanainen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n        <span class=\"token property\">\"ika\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n        <span class=\"token property\">\"harrastukset\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n            <span class=\"token string\">\"koodaus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n            <span class=\"token string\">\"kalliokiipeily\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n            <span class=\"token string\">\"lukeminen\"</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Toteuta funktio <code class=\"language-text\">tulosta_henkilot(tiedosto: str)</code>, joka lukee esimerkin tavalla muodostetun JSON-tiedoston (jonka sisältönä voi olla mielivaltainen määrä henkilöitä) ja tulostaa ne seuraavassa muodossa:</p><sample-output><p>Pekka Pythonisti 27 vuotta (koodaus, kutominen)\nJaana Javanainen 24 vuotta (koodaus, kalliokiipeily, lukeminen)</p></sample-output><p>Harrastukset tulee luetella samassa järjestyksessä kuin ne on annettu JSON-tiedostossa.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"netissa-olevan-tiedoston-hakeminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Netissä olevan tiedoston hakeminen<a href=\"#netissa-olevan-tiedoston-hakeminen\" aria-label=\"netissa olevan tiedoston hakeminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Pythonin standardikirjaston funktion <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/urllib.request.html#urllib.request.urlopen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">urllib.request.urlopen</a> avulla on helppo hakea internetistä sisältöä ohjelmista käsin.</p><p>Esim. seuraava koodi tulostaa Helsingin yliopiston etusivun sisällön:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> urllib<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>request\n\npyynto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> urllib<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>request<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>urlopen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"https://helsinki.fi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pyynto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>read<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ihmisille tarkoitetut sivut tosin eivät tulostu kovin selkeinä, mutta internetissä on myös runsaasti koneluettavaa dataa, joka on usein JSON-muodossa.</p><programming-exercise name='Kurssien tilastot' tmcname='osa07-13_kurssistatistiikka'><h4 id=\"tieto-kursseista\" style=\"position:relative;\">tieto kursseista<a href=\"#tieto-kursseista\" aria-label=\"tieto kursseista permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h4><p>Osoitteesta <a href=\"https://studies.cs.helsinki.fi/stats-mock/api/courses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https://studies.cs.helsinki.fi/stats-mock/api/courses</a> löytyy JSON-muodossa muutaman laitoksen verkkokurssin perustiedot.</p><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">hae_kaikki()</code> joka hakee ja palauttaa kaikkien menossa olevien kurssien (kentän <code class=\"language-text\">enabled</code> arvona <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>) tiedot listana tupleja. Paluuarvon muoto on seuraava:</p><sample-output><pre>\n[\n    ('Full Stack Open 2020', 'ofs2019', 2020, 201),\n    ('DevOps with Docker 2019', 'docker2019', 2019, 36),\n    ('DevOps with Docker 2020', 'docker2020', 2020, 36),\n    ('Beta DevOps with Kubernetes', 'beta-dwk-20', 2020, 28)\n]\n</pre></sample-output><p>Jokainen tuple siis sisältää seuraavat arvot:</p><ul>\n<li>kurssin koko nimi (<code class=\"language-text\">fullName</code>)</li>\n<li>nimi (<code class=\"language-text\">name</code>)</li>\n<li>vuosi (<code class=\"language-text\">year</code>)</li>\n<li>harjoitusten (<code class=\"language-text\">exercises</code>) yhteenlaskettu määrä</li>\n</ul><p><em>Huom</em>: Tämän tehtävän testien toimivuuden osalta on oleellista, että haet tiedot funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">urllib.request.urlopen</code>.</p><p><em>Huom2:</em> Testeissä käytetään myös ovelaa kikkaa, joka hieman muuttaa internetistä tulevaa dataa ja tämän avulla varmistaa, että et huijaa tehtävässäsi palauttamalla \"kovakoodattua\" dataa.</p><p><em>Huom3:</em> Jotkut Mac-käyttäjät ovat törmänneet tehtävässä seuraavaan ongelmaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"sh\"><pre class=\"language-sh\"><code class=\"language-sh\">File <span class=\"token string\">\"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/urllib/request.py\"</span>, line <span class=\"token number\">1353</span>, <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> do_open\n    raise URLError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>err<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nurllib.error.URLError: <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span>urlopen error <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> certificate verify failed: unable to get <span class=\"token builtin class-name\">local</span> issuer certificate <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>_ssl.c:1124<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">></span></code></pre></div><p>Ongelman ratkaisutapa riippuu siitä miten python on asennettu koneellesi. Joissain tapauksissa toimii seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"sh\"><pre class=\"language-sh\"><code class=\"language-sh\"><span class=\"token builtin class-name\">cd</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"/Applications/Python 3.8/\"</span>\n<span class=\"token function\">sudo</span> \"./Install Certificates.command</code></pre></div><p>Huomaa, että cd-komennon polku riippuu käyttämästäsi Pythonin versiosta. Se voi olla myös \"/Applications/Python 3.8/\".</p><p><a href=\"https://stackoverflow.com/questions/27835619/urllib-and-ssl-certificate-verify-failed-error\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Täällä</a> on ehdotettu useita erilaisia ratkaisuja ongelmaan.</p><p>Eräs kikka jota voit kokeilla, on seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> urllib<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>request\n<span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> json\n<span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> ssl <span class=\"token comment\"># lisää tämä kirjasto importeihin</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hae_kaikki</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ja tämä rivi funktioiden alkuun</span>\n    context <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> ssl<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_create_unverified_context<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># muu koodi</span></code></pre></div><p>Toinen tapa kiertää ongelma on seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> urllib<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>request\n<span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> certifi <span class=\"token comment\"># lisää tämä kirjasto importeihin</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> json\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hae_kaikki</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n   osoite <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"https://studies.cs.helsinki.fi/stats-mock/api/courses\"</span>\n   <span class=\"token comment\"># lisätään kutsuun toinen parametri</span>\n   pyynto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> urllib<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>request<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>urlopen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osoite<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> cafile<span class=\"token operator\">=</span>certifi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>where<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   <span class=\"token comment\"># muu koodi</span></code></pre></div><h4 id=\"yhden-kurssin-tiedot\" style=\"position:relative;\">yhden kurssin tiedot<a href=\"#yhden-kurssin-tiedot\" aria-label=\"yhden kurssin tiedot permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h4><p>Kunkin kurssin JSON-muotoinen tehtävästatistiikka löytyy omasta osoitteesta, joka saadaan vaihtamalla kurssin kenttä <code class=\"language-text\">name</code> seuraavassa tähtien paikalle <a href=\"https://studies.cs.helsinki.fi/stats-mock/api/courses/****/stats\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https://studies.cs.helsinki.fi/stats-mock/api/courses/****/stats</a></p><p>Esimerkiksi kurssin <code class=\"language-text\">docker2019</code> tiedot ovat osoitteessa <a href=\"https://studies.cs.helsinki.fi/stats-mock/api/courses/docker2019/stats\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https://studies.cs.helsinki.fi/stats-mock/api/courses/docker2019/stats</a></p><p>Tee ohjelmaasi funktio <code class=\"language-text\">hae_kurssi(kurssi: str)</code>, joka palauttaa kurssin tarkemman tehtävästatistiikan.</p><p>Kun kutsutaan <code class=\"language-text\">hae_kurssi(\"docker2019\")</code>, funktio palauttaa sanakirjan, jonka sisältö on seuraava:</p><sample-output><pre>\n{\n    'viikkoja': 4,\n    'opiskelijoita': 220,\n    'tunteja': 5966,\n    'tunteja_keskimaarin': 27,\n    'tehtavia': 4988,\n    'tehtavia_keskimaarin': 22\n}\n</pre></sample-output><p>Sanakirjaan tallennetut arvot määrittyvät seuraavasti:</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">viikkoja</code>: kurssia vastaavan JSON-olioiden määrä</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">opiskelijoita</code> viikkojen opiskelijamäärien maksimi</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">tunteja</code>: kakkien viikkojen tuntimäärien (<code class=\"language-text\">hour_total</code>) summa</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">tunteja_keskimaarin</code>: edellinen jaettuna opiskelijamäärällä (kokonaislukuna pyöristettynä alaspäin)</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">tehtavia</code>: kakkien viikkojen tehtävämäärien (<code class=\"language-text\">exercise_total</code>) summa</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">tehtavia_keskimaarin</code>: edellinen jaettuna opiskelijamäärällä (kokonaislukuna pyöristettynä alaspäin)</li>\n</ul><p><em>Huom</em>: Samat huomiot pätevät tähän osaan kuin edelliseen!</p><p><em>Huom2</em>: löydät <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">math</a> -moduulista funktion, jonka avulla kokonaisluvun alaspäin pyöristäminen on helppoa</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kuka huijasi' tmcname='osa07-14_kuka_huijasi'><p>Tiedostossa <code class=\"language-text\">tentin_aloitus.csv</code> on tenttien aloitusaikoja muodossa <code class=\"language-text\">tunnus;hh:mm</code>. Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"csv\"><pre class=\"language-csv\"><code class=\"language-csv\"><span class=\"token value\">jarmo;09:00</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">timo;18:42</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">kalle;13:23</span></code></pre></div><p>Lisäksi tiedostossa <code class=\"language-text\">palautus.csv</code> on tehtävien palautusaikoja muodossa <code class=\"language-text\">tunnus;tehtävä;pisteet;hh:mm</code>. Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"csv\"><pre class=\"language-csv\"><code class=\"language-csv\"><span class=\"token value\">jarmo;1;8;16:05</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">timo;2;10;21:22</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">jarmo;2;10;19:15</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">jne...</span></code></pre></div><p>Tehtäväsi on etsiä ne opiskelijat, jotka ovat käyttäneet tenttiin yli 3 tuntia aikaa, eli opiskelijat, joiden <em>jonkin</em> tehtävän palautus on tehty yli 3 tuntia tentin aloitusajasta. Palautuksia voi siis olla useampi. Voit olettaa, että kaikki ajat ovat saman vuorokauden puolella.</p><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">huijarit()</code>, joka palauttaa listan huijanneiden opiskelijoiden käyttäjätunnuksista.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kuka huijasi, versio 2' tmcname='osa07-15_kuka_huijasi_2'><p>Käytössäsi on edellisessä tehtävässä määritellyt datatiedostot. Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">viralliset_pisteet()</code>, joka palauttaa sanakirjassa (dict) opiskelijoiden koepisteet seuraavien sääntöjen mukaan:</p><ul>\n<li>Jos samaan tehtävänumeroon on tehty useita palautuksia, korkeimman pistemäärän palautus otetaan huomioon</li>\n<li>Jos tehtäväpalautus on tehty yli 3 tuntia tentin aloittamisen jälkeen, palautusta ei huomioida ollenkaan</li>\n</ul><p>Tehtävät on numeroitu 1–8 ja jokaisesta tehtävästä voi saada 0–6 pistettä.</p><p>Palautetussa sanakirjassa tunnus on avain ja tehtävien yhteispistemäärä arvo.</p><p>Vinkki: sisäkkäiset sanakirjat (dict) ovat mainio työkalua tallennettaessa eri opiskelijoiden pisteitä ja aikoja.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"moduulien-etsiminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Moduulien etsiminen<a href=\"#moduulien-etsiminen\" aria-label=\"moduulien etsiminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Pythonin dokumentaatiosta löytyy tietoa kaikista standardikirjaston moduuleista:</p><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https://docs.python.org/3/library/</a></li>\n</ul><p>Standardikirjaston lisäksi verkosta löytyy lukuisia vapaasti käytettäviä kirjastoja eri tarpeisiin. Joitakin yleisesti käytettyjä moduuleja on täällä:</p><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://wiki.python.org/moin/UsefulModules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https://wiki.python.org/moin/UsefulModules</a></li>\n</ul><programming-exercise name='Spellchecker, versio 2' tmcname='osa07-16_spellchecker_versio2'><p>Teemme tässä tehtävässä hieman parannellun version edellisen osan tehtävästä Spellchecker.</p><p>Edellisen osan version tapaan ohjelma pyytää käyttäjää kirjoittamaan rivin englanninkielistä tekstiä. Ohjelma suorittaa tekstille oikeinkirjoitustarkistuksen ja tulostaa saman tekstin siten, että kaikki väärin kirjoitetut sanat on ympäröity tähdillä. <em>Tämän lisäksi ohjelma antaa listan korjausehdotuksia väärin kirjotettuihin sanoihin.</em></p><p>Seuraavassa kaksi käyttöesimerkkiä:</p><sample-output><p>write text: <strong>We use ptython to make a spell checker</strong></p><pre>\nWe use *ptython* to make a spell checker\nkorjausehdotukset:\nptython: python, pythons, typhon\n</pre></sample-output><sample-output><p>write text: <strong>this is acually a good and usefull program</strong></p><pre>\nthis is *acually* a good and *usefull* program\nkorjausehdotukset:\nacually: actually, tactually, factually\nusefull: usefully, useful, museful\n</pre></sample-output><p>Korjausehdotukset etsitään standardikirjaston moduulin <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/difflib.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">difflib</a> tarjoaman funktion <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/difflib.html#difflib.get_close_matches\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">get_close_matches</a> avulla.</p><p><em>Huom</em>: jotta testit toimisivat, käytä funktiota \"oletusasetuksilla\", eli antamalla sille kaksi parametria: virheellinen sana ja lista oikeista sanoista.</p></programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"84313649-9311-51a5-a46d-71802083cede\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-7/4-datan-kasittely","title":"Datan käsittely"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-7/4-datan-kasittely.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki 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Joitakin yleisesti käytettyjä moduuleja on täällä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://wiki.python.org/moin/UsefulModules","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"https://wiki.python.org/moin/UsefulModules"}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Spellchecker, versio 2","tmcname":"osa07-16_spellchecker_versio2"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Teemme tässä tehtävässä hieman parannellun version edellisen osan tehtävästä Spellchecker."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Edellisen osan version tapaan ohjelma pyytää käyttäjää kirjoittamaan rivin englanninkielistä tekstiä. Ohjelma suorittaa tekstille oikeinkirjoitustarkistuksen ja tulostaa saman tekstin siten, että kaikki väärin kirjoitetut sanat on ympäröity tähdillä. "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tämän lisäksi ohjelma antaa listan korjausehdotuksia väärin kirjotettuihin sanoihin."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Seuraavassa kaksi käyttöesimerkkiä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"write text: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"We use ptython to make a spell checker"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"We use *ptython* to make a spell checker\nkorjausehdotukset:\nptython: python, pythons, typhon\n"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"write text: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"this is acually a good and usefull program"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"this is *acually* a good and *usefull* program\nkorjausehdotukset:\nacually: actually, tactually, factually\nusefull: usefully, useful, museful\n"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Korjausehdotukset etsitään standardikirjaston moduulin "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://docs.python.org/3/library/difflib.html","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"difflib"}]},{"type":"text","value":" tarjoaman funktion "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://docs.python.org/3/library/difflib.html#difflib.get_close_matches","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"get_close_matches"}]},{"type":"text","value":" avulla."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huom"}]},{"type":"text","value":": jotta testit toimisivat, käytä funktiota \"oletusasetuksilla\", eli antamalla sille kaksi parametria: virheellinen sana ja lista oikeista sanoista."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"84313649-9311-51a5-a46d-71802083cede"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen:</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat käyttää moduulia CSV-tiedoston käsittelyyn</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää moduulia JSON-tiedoston käsittelyyn</li>\n<li>Osaat hakea netissä olevan tiedoston sisällön</li>\n</ul></text-box><h2 id=\"csv-tiedoston-lukeminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">CSV-tiedoston lukeminen<a href=\"#csv-tiedoston-lukeminen\" aria-label=\"csv tiedoston lukeminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Olemme tähän mennessä käsitelleet CSV-tiedostoja omalla koodilla, mutta tähän on myös valmis moduuli <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/csv.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">csv</a>, jota voi käyttää näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> csv\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"testi.csv\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> rivi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> csv<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>reader<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> delimiter<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\";\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>rivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Yllä oleva koodi lukee rivit CSV-tiedostosta <code class=\"language-text\">testi.csv</code>, jossa erotinmerkki on <code class=\"language-text\">;</code>. Esimerkiksi jos tiedoston sisältö on</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"x\"><pre class=\"language-x\"><code class=\"language-x\">012121212;5\n012345678;2\n015151515;4</code></pre></div><p>niin koodi antaa seuraavan tuloksen:</p><sample-output><p>['012121212', '5']\n['012345678', '2']\n['015151515', '4']</p></sample-output><p>Mitä hyötyä on käyttää moduulia sen sijaan, että toteuttaa lukemisen itse <code class=\"language-text\">split</code>-funktiolla? Yksi hyöty on, että moduulin toteutus toimii myös silloin, kun arvona on merkkijono, jonka sisällä on erotinmerkki. Esimerkiksi jos tiedoston sisältö on</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"x\"><pre class=\"language-x\"><code class=\"language-x\">&quot;aaa;bbb&quot;;&quot;ccc;ddd&quot;</code></pre></div><p>niin koodin tulos on:</p><sample-output><p>['aaa;bbb', 'ccc;ddd']</p></sample-output><p>Jos vain jakaisimme rivin osiin <code class=\"language-text\">;</code>-merkkien kohdista, lukeminen ei toimisi oikein, koska myös merkkijonot jakaantuisivat.</p><h2 id=\"json-tiedoston-lukeminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">JSON-tiedoston lukeminen<a href=\"#json-tiedoston-lukeminen\" aria-label=\"json tiedoston lukeminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>CSV-muodon lisäksi on olemassa muitakin koneluettavia tiedostomuotoja. Eräs näistä on erityisesti tietojen siirrossa yleisesti käytetty <a href=\"https://www.json.org/json-en.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">JSON</a>.</p><p>JSON-tiedostot ovat tekstitiedostoja, joilla on tietty tarkka muoto. Seuraavassa esimerkkinä JSON-tiedosto <code class=\"language-text\">kurssit.json</code>, jossa on tietoa kursseista:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"x\"><pre class=\"language-x\"><code class=\"language-x\">[\n    {\n        &quot;nimi&quot;: &quot;Ohjelmoinnin perusteet&quot;,\n        &quot;tunnus&quot;: &quot;Ohpe&quot;,\n        &quot;periodit&quot;: [1, 3]\n    },\n    {\n        &quot;nimi&quot;: &quot;Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi&quot;,\n        &quot;tunnus&quot;: &quot;Ohja&quot;,\n        &quot;periodit&quot;: [2, 4]\n    },\n    {\n        &quot;nimi&quot;: &quot;Tietokantasovellus&quot;,\n        &quot;tunnus&quot;: &quot;Tsoha&quot;,\n        &quot;periodit&quot;: [1, 2, 3, 4]\n    }\n]</code></pre></div><p>JSON-tiedostot näyttävät kohtuullisen tutulta Pythonin käyttäjille. Itse asiassa tiedoston sisältö vastaa Pythonin listaa, jonka sisällä on kolme sanakirjaa.</p><p>Standardikirjastossa on JSON-tiedostojen käsittelyyn moduuli <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/json.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">json</a>. Siinä oleva funktio <code class=\"language-text\">loads</code> muuttaa merkkijonona annetun JSON-datan Pythonin tietorakenteiksi. Esimerkiksi koodin</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> json\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">with</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">open</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"kurssit.json\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">as</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    data <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tiedosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>read<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkurssit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> json<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>loads<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>data<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kurssit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>tulos on seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>[{'nimi': 'Ohjelmoinnin perusteet', 'tunnus': 'Ohpe', 'periodit': [1, 3]}, {'nimi': 'Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi', 'tunnus': 'Ohja', 'periodit': [2, 4]}, {'nimi': 'Tietokantasovellus', 'tunnus': 'Tsoha', 'periodit': [1, 2, 3, 4]}]</p></sample-output><p>Koodia voisi jatkaa vaikka seuraavasti, jolloin koodi tulostaa jokaisen kurssin nimen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> kurssi <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> kurssit<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\nOhjelmoinnin jatkokurssi\nTietokantasovellus</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='JSON-tiedoston käsittely' tmcname='osa07-12_jsontiedostot'><p>Tarkastellaan JSON-tiedostoa, jossa on tietoa opiskelijoista seuraavassa muodossa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"json\"><pre class=\"language-json\"><code class=\"language-json\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>\n        <span class=\"token property\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Pythonisti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n        <span class=\"token property\">\"ika\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">27</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n        <span class=\"token property\">\"harrastukset\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n            <span class=\"token string\">\"koodaus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n            <span class=\"token string\">\"kutominen\"</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>\n        <span class=\"token property\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Jaana Javanainen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n        <span class=\"token property\">\"ika\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n        <span class=\"token property\">\"harrastukset\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n            <span class=\"token string\">\"koodaus\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n            <span class=\"token string\">\"kalliokiipeily\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n            <span class=\"token string\">\"lukeminen\"</span>\n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Toteuta funktio <code class=\"language-text\">tulosta_henkilot(tiedosto: str)</code>, joka lukee esimerkin tavalla muodostetun JSON-tiedoston (jonka sisältönä voi olla mielivaltainen määrä henkilöitä) ja tulostaa ne seuraavassa muodossa:</p><sample-output><p>Pekka Pythonisti 27 vuotta (koodaus, kutominen)\nJaana Javanainen 24 vuotta (koodaus, kalliokiipeily, lukeminen)</p></sample-output><p>Harrastukset tulee luetella samassa järjestyksessä kuin ne on annettu JSON-tiedostossa.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"netissa-olevan-tiedoston-hakeminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Netissä olevan tiedoston hakeminen<a href=\"#netissa-olevan-tiedoston-hakeminen\" aria-label=\"netissa olevan tiedoston hakeminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Pythonin standardikirjaston funktion <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/urllib.request.html#urllib.request.urlopen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">urllib.request.urlopen</a> avulla on helppo hakea internetistä sisältöä ohjelmista käsin.</p><p>Esim. seuraava koodi tulostaa Helsingin yliopiston etusivun sisällön:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> urllib<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>request\n\npyynto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> urllib<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>request<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>urlopen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"https://helsinki.fi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pyynto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>read<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ihmisille tarkoitetut sivut tosin eivät tulostu kovin selkeinä, mutta internetissä on myös runsaasti koneluettavaa dataa, joka on usein JSON-muodossa.</p><programming-exercise name='Kurssien tilastot' tmcname='osa07-13_kurssistatistiikka'><h4 id=\"tieto-kursseista\" style=\"position:relative;\">tieto kursseista<a href=\"#tieto-kursseista\" aria-label=\"tieto kursseista permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h4><p>Osoitteesta <a href=\"https://studies.cs.helsinki.fi/stats-mock/api/courses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https://studies.cs.helsinki.fi/stats-mock/api/courses</a> löytyy JSON-muodossa muutaman laitoksen verkkokurssin perustiedot.</p><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">hae_kaikki()</code> joka hakee ja palauttaa kaikkien menossa olevien kurssien (kentän <code class=\"language-text\">enabled</code> arvona <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>) tiedot listana tupleja. Paluuarvon muoto on seuraava:</p><sample-output><pre>\n[\n    ('Full Stack Open 2020', 'ofs2019', 2020, 201),\n    ('DevOps with Docker 2019', 'docker2019', 2019, 36),\n    ('DevOps with Docker 2020', 'docker2020', 2020, 36),\n    ('Beta DevOps with Kubernetes', 'beta-dwk-20', 2020, 28)\n]\n</pre></sample-output><p>Jokainen tuple siis sisältää seuraavat arvot:</p><ul>\n<li>kurssin koko nimi (<code class=\"language-text\">fullName</code>)</li>\n<li>nimi (<code class=\"language-text\">name</code>)</li>\n<li>vuosi (<code class=\"language-text\">year</code>)</li>\n<li>harjoitusten (<code class=\"language-text\">exercises</code>) yhteenlaskettu määrä</li>\n</ul><p><em>Huom</em>: Tämän tehtävän testien toimivuuden osalta on oleellista, että haet tiedot funktiolla <code class=\"language-text\">urllib.request.urlopen</code>.</p><p><em>Huom2:</em> Testeissä käytetään myös ovelaa kikkaa, joka hieman muuttaa internetistä tulevaa dataa ja tämän avulla varmistaa, että et huijaa tehtävässäsi palauttamalla \"kovakoodattua\" dataa.</p><p><em>Huom3:</em> Jotkut Mac-käyttäjät ovat törmänneet tehtävässä seuraavaan ongelmaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"sh\"><pre class=\"language-sh\"><code class=\"language-sh\">File <span class=\"token string\">\"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/urllib/request.py\"</span>, line <span class=\"token number\">1353</span>, <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> do_open\n    raise URLError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>err<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nurllib.error.URLError: <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span>urlopen error <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> certificate verify failed: unable to get <span class=\"token builtin class-name\">local</span> issuer certificate <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>_ssl.c:1124<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">></span></code></pre></div><p>Ongelman ratkaisutapa riippuu siitä miten python on asennettu koneellesi. Joissain tapauksissa toimii seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"sh\"><pre class=\"language-sh\"><code class=\"language-sh\"><span class=\"token builtin class-name\">cd</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"/Applications/Python 3.8/\"</span>\n<span class=\"token function\">sudo</span> \"./Install Certificates.command</code></pre></div><p>Huomaa, että cd-komennon polku riippuu käyttämästäsi Pythonin versiosta. Se voi olla myös \"/Applications/Python 3.8/\".</p><p><a href=\"https://stackoverflow.com/questions/27835619/urllib-and-ssl-certificate-verify-failed-error\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Täällä</a> on ehdotettu useita erilaisia ratkaisuja ongelmaan.</p><p>Eräs kikka jota voit kokeilla, on seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> urllib<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>request\n<span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> json\n<span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> ssl <span class=\"token comment\"># lisää tämä kirjasto importeihin</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hae_kaikki</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ja tämä rivi funktioiden alkuun</span>\n    context <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> ssl<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>_create_unverified_context<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># muu koodi</span></code></pre></div><p>Toinen tapa kiertää ongelma on seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> urllib<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>request\n<span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> certifi <span class=\"token comment\"># lisää tämä kirjasto importeihin</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> json\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hae_kaikki</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n   osoite <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"https://studies.cs.helsinki.fi/stats-mock/api/courses\"</span>\n   <span class=\"token comment\"># lisätään kutsuun toinen parametri</span>\n   pyynto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> urllib<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>request<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>urlopen<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osoite<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> cafile<span class=\"token operator\">=</span>certifi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>where<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n   <span class=\"token comment\"># muu koodi</span></code></pre></div><h4 id=\"yhden-kurssin-tiedot\" style=\"position:relative;\">yhden kurssin tiedot<a href=\"#yhden-kurssin-tiedot\" aria-label=\"yhden kurssin tiedot permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h4><p>Kunkin kurssin JSON-muotoinen tehtävästatistiikka löytyy omasta osoitteesta, joka saadaan vaihtamalla kurssin kenttä <code class=\"language-text\">name</code> seuraavassa tähtien paikalle <a href=\"https://studies.cs.helsinki.fi/stats-mock/api/courses/****/stats\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https://studies.cs.helsinki.fi/stats-mock/api/courses/****/stats</a></p><p>Esimerkiksi kurssin <code class=\"language-text\">docker2019</code> tiedot ovat osoitteessa <a href=\"https://studies.cs.helsinki.fi/stats-mock/api/courses/docker2019/stats\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https://studies.cs.helsinki.fi/stats-mock/api/courses/docker2019/stats</a></p><p>Tee ohjelmaasi funktio <code class=\"language-text\">hae_kurssi(kurssi: str)</code>, joka palauttaa kurssin tarkemman tehtävästatistiikan.</p><p>Kun kutsutaan <code class=\"language-text\">hae_kurssi(\"docker2019\")</code>, funktio palauttaa sanakirjan, jonka sisältö on seuraava:</p><sample-output><pre>\n{\n    'viikkoja': 4,\n    'opiskelijoita': 220,\n    'tunteja': 5966,\n    'tunteja_keskimaarin': 27,\n    'tehtavia': 4988,\n    'tehtavia_keskimaarin': 22\n}\n</pre></sample-output><p>Sanakirjaan tallennetut arvot määrittyvät seuraavasti:</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">viikkoja</code>: kurssia vastaavan JSON-olioiden määrä</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">opiskelijoita</code> viikkojen opiskelijamäärien maksimi</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">tunteja</code>: kakkien viikkojen tuntimäärien (<code class=\"language-text\">hour_total</code>) summa</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">tunteja_keskimaarin</code>: edellinen jaettuna opiskelijamäärällä (kokonaislukuna pyöristettynä alaspäin)</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">tehtavia</code>: kakkien viikkojen tehtävämäärien (<code class=\"language-text\">exercise_total</code>) summa</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">tehtavia_keskimaarin</code>: edellinen jaettuna opiskelijamäärällä (kokonaislukuna pyöristettynä alaspäin)</li>\n</ul><p><em>Huom</em>: Samat huomiot pätevät tähän osaan kuin edelliseen!</p><p><em>Huom2</em>: löydät <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">math</a> -moduulista funktion, jonka avulla kokonaisluvun alaspäin pyöristäminen on helppoa</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kuka huijasi' tmcname='osa07-14_kuka_huijasi'><p>Tiedostossa <code class=\"language-text\">tentin_aloitus.csv</code> on tenttien aloitusaikoja muodossa <code class=\"language-text\">tunnus;hh:mm</code>. Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"csv\"><pre class=\"language-csv\"><code class=\"language-csv\"><span class=\"token value\">jarmo;09:00</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">timo;18:42</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">kalle;13:23</span></code></pre></div><p>Lisäksi tiedostossa <code class=\"language-text\">palautus.csv</code> on tehtävien palautusaikoja muodossa <code class=\"language-text\">tunnus;tehtävä;pisteet;hh:mm</code>. Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"csv\"><pre class=\"language-csv\"><code class=\"language-csv\"><span class=\"token value\">jarmo;1;8;16:05</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">timo;2;10;21:22</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">jarmo;2;10;19:15</span>\n<span class=\"token value\">jne...</span></code></pre></div><p>Tehtäväsi on etsiä ne opiskelijat, jotka ovat käyttäneet tenttiin yli 3 tuntia aikaa, eli opiskelijat, joiden <em>jonkin</em> tehtävän palautus on tehty yli 3 tuntia tentin aloitusajasta. Palautuksia voi siis olla useampi. Voit olettaa, että kaikki ajat ovat saman vuorokauden puolella.</p><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">huijarit()</code>, joka palauttaa listan huijanneiden opiskelijoiden käyttäjätunnuksista.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kuka huijasi, versio 2' tmcname='osa07-15_kuka_huijasi_2'><p>Käytössäsi on edellisessä tehtävässä määritellyt datatiedostot. Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">viralliset_pisteet()</code>, joka palauttaa sanakirjassa (dict) opiskelijoiden koepisteet seuraavien sääntöjen mukaan:</p><ul>\n<li>Jos samaan tehtävänumeroon on tehty useita palautuksia, korkeimman pistemäärän palautus otetaan huomioon</li>\n<li>Jos tehtäväpalautus on tehty yli 3 tuntia tentin aloittamisen jälkeen, palautusta ei huomioida ollenkaan</li>\n</ul><p>Tehtävät on numeroitu 1–8 ja jokaisesta tehtävästä voi saada 0–6 pistettä.</p><p>Palautetussa sanakirjassa tunnus on avain ja tehtävien yhteispistemäärä arvo.</p><p>Vinkki: sisäkkäiset sanakirjat (dict) ovat mainio työkalua tallennettaessa eri opiskelijoiden pisteitä ja aikoja.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"moduulien-etsiminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Moduulien etsiminen<a href=\"#moduulien-etsiminen\" aria-label=\"moduulien etsiminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Pythonin dokumentaatiosta löytyy tietoa kaikista standardikirjaston moduuleista:</p><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https://docs.python.org/3/library/</a></li>\n</ul><p>Standardikirjaston lisäksi verkosta löytyy lukuisia vapaasti käytettäviä kirjastoja eri tarpeisiin. Joitakin yleisesti käytettyjä moduuleja on täällä:</p><ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://wiki.python.org/moin/UsefulModules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https://wiki.python.org/moin/UsefulModules</a></li>\n</ul><programming-exercise name='Spellchecker, versio 2' tmcname='osa07-16_spellchecker_versio2'><p>Teemme tässä tehtävässä hieman parannellun version edellisen osan tehtävästä Spellchecker.</p><p>Edellisen osan version tapaan ohjelma pyytää käyttäjää kirjoittamaan rivin englanninkielistä tekstiä. Ohjelma suorittaa tekstille oikeinkirjoitustarkistuksen ja tulostaa saman tekstin siten, että kaikki väärin kirjoitetut sanat on ympäröity tähdillä. <em>Tämän lisäksi ohjelma antaa listan korjausehdotuksia väärin kirjotettuihin sanoihin.</em></p><p>Seuraavassa kaksi käyttöesimerkkiä:</p><sample-output><p>write text: <strong>We use ptython to make a spell checker</strong></p><pre>\nWe use *ptython* to make a spell checker\nkorjausehdotukset:\nptython: python, pythons, typhon\n</pre></sample-output><sample-output><p>write text: <strong>this is acually a good and usefull program</strong></p><pre>\nthis is *acually* a good and *usefull* program\nkorjausehdotukset:\nacually: actually, tactually, factually\nusefull: usefully, useful, museful\n</pre></sample-output><p>Korjausehdotukset etsitään standardikirjaston moduulin <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/difflib.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">difflib</a> tarjoaman funktion <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/difflib.html#difflib.get_close_matches\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">get_close_matches</a> avulla.</p><p><em>Huom</em>: jotta testit toimisivat, käytä funktiota \"oletusasetuksilla\", eli antamalla sille kaksi parametria: virheellinen sana ja lista oikeista sanoista.</p></programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"84313649-9311-51a5-a46d-71802083cede\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-7/4-datan-kasittely","title":"Datan käsittely"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-7/4-datan-kasittely.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja 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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" merkkiapuri"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"poista_erikoismerkit"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Tämä on testi, katsotaan miten käy!!!11!\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"m2"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"mOI KAIKKI!\nMoi k\naikki!\nTämä on testi katsotaan miten käy11"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"caf731dc-cf22-5dfc-ad4d-a3224b2df020"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"7794fe8b-1641-5a54-94d5-16d900a14d13"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat luoda oman moduulin</li>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä Pythonin muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">__name__</code> ja sen arvo <code class=\"language-text\">__main__</code> merkitsevät</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Omien moduulien tekeminen on helppoa Pythonissa, koska mikä tahansa Python-koodia sisältävä tiedosto voi toimia moduulina. Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä seuraavaa tiedostoa <code class=\"language-text\">sanat.py</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">eka_sana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">vika_sana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">sanojen_maara</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Voimme käyttää tässä tiedostossa olevia funktioita toisessa tiedostossa seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> sanat\n\nmjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Vesihiisi sihisi hississä\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>eka_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vika_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanojen_maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Vesihiisi\nhississä\n3</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että moduulin kooditiedoston pitää sijaita joko samassa hakemistossa ohjelman kanssa tai jossakin Pythonin oletushakemistossa, jotta sen voi ottaa käyttöön <code class=\"language-text\">import</code>-komennolla.</p><p>Voimme käyttää omaa moduulia samalla periaatteella kuin standardikirjaston moduuleja. Esimerkiksi näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> sanat <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> eka_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vika_sana\n\nlause <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna lause: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Eka sana oli: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> eka_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Viimeinen sana oli: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> vika_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna lause: <strong>Python on metka ohjelmointikieli</strong>\nEka sana oli: Python\nViimeinen sana oli: ohjelmointikieli</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"hyotya-tyyppivihjeista\" style=\"position:relative;\">Hyötyä tyyppivihjeistä<a href=\"#hyotya-tyyppivihjeista\" aria-label=\"hyotya tyyppivihjeista permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Moduulissa on hyödyllistä, että funktioissa käytetään tyyppivihjeitä. Kun joku muu käyttää moduulia editorilla, joka ymmärtää tyyppivihjeitä, ne helpottavat moduulin käyttämistä.</p><p>Esimerkiksi Visual Studio Code näyttää funktion tyypit näin koodia kirjoittaessa:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 519px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/7772b5ee03bb1ca30f17560902916121/b23ad/7_vihje.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 23.91304347826087%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAFCAYAAABFA8wzAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAsklEQVQY032Q2w6DIBBE+Q4DmpSLilwEtG82sf//T9OwxD7VPpzM7IadJcv6vscdQojbPuec/DAMxOXZv0AuOKy12Pcn1jUh54JSCo7jhfN8I4RI/WmaEeMK7wNY3XRH13Wwcwvctp2ooc55Gq5B4zjBmJF8VWaMglIKWmtIKWGMofrq5ZKRc/7+poZJqfB4SNL2VpOvsBAsvHeIMWJZFqRUh1qdcoILrt1McNLKdbdffADLIo82jUnA7AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/7772b5ee03bb1ca30f17560902916121/a0b58/7_vihje.webp 230w,\n/static/7772b5ee03bb1ca30f17560902916121/bc10c/7_vihje.webp 460w,\n/static/7772b5ee03bb1ca30f17560902916121/ad2dd/7_vihje.webp 519w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 519px) 100vw, 519px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/7772b5ee03bb1ca30f17560902916121/81c8e/7_vihje.png 230w,\n/static/7772b5ee03bb1ca30f17560902916121/08a84/7_vihje.png 460w,\n/static/7772b5ee03bb1ca30f17560902916121/b23ad/7_vihje.png 519w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 519px) 100vw, 519px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/7772b5ee03bb1ca30f17560902916121/b23ad/7_vihje.png\" alt=\"7 vihje\" title=\"7 vihje\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><h2 id=\"moduulin-paatason-koodi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Moduulin päätason koodi<a href=\"#moduulin-paatason-koodi\" aria-label=\"moduulin paatason koodi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos moduulissa on päätason koodia, joka ei ole funktion sisällä, koodi suoritetaan automaattisesti, kun moduuli otetaan mukaan <code class=\"language-text\">import</code>-komennolla toisessa tiedostossa.</p><p>Oletetaan, että <code class=\"language-text\">sanat.py</code>-tiedostoon on kirjoitettu muutama testitapaus:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">eka_sana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">vika_sana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">sanojen_maara</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eka_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tämä on testi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vika_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tämä on testeistä toinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanojen_maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Yks kaks kolme neljä viisi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun moduuli otetaan nyt käyttöön <code class=\"language-text\">import</code>-lauseella, suoritetaan automaattisesti myös moduulissa funktioiden ulkopuolella oleva koodi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> sanat\n\nmjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Vesihiisi sihisi hississä\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>eka_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vika_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanojen_maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Tämä\ntoinen\n5\nVesihiisi\nhississä\n3</p></sample-output><p>Tämä ei ole hyvä, koska moduulin käyttäjän ohjelmaa sotkee moduulissa oleva testitulostus.</p><p>Pythonista löytyy onneksi ratkaisu pulmaan. Ohjelmassa on mahdollista testata, suoritetaanko ohjelmaa itseään vai onko ohjelma otettu käyttöön moduulina <code class=\"language-text\">import</code>-lauseella. Tämä onnistuu muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">__name__</code> avulla. Python tallentaa muuttujaan tiedon suoritettavasta ohjelmasta: jos ohjelmaa suoritetaan sellaisenaan, muuttujan arvo on merkkijono <code class=\"language-text\">__main__</code>. Jos ohjelma on tuotu osaksi jotain toista ohjelmaa, muuttujan arvona on suoritettavan ohjelman nimi (eli tässä tapauksessa <code class=\"language-text\">sanat</code>).</p><p>Moduuliin voidaan siis lisätä edellistä tietoa hyödyntäen ehtolause, jonka avulla testikoodi suoritetaan ainoastaan silloin, kun ohjelma ajetaan omana itsenään eikä toisen ohjelman osaksi tuotuna:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">eka_sana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">vika_sana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">sanojen_maara</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Testataan funktioiden toimintaa</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eka_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tämä on testi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vika_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tämä on testeistä toinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanojen_lkm<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Yks kaks kolme neljä viisi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt moduulin itsensä suorittaminen suorittaa testikutsut:</p><sample-output><p>Tämä\ntoinen\n5</p></sample-output><p>Kun moduuli sen sijaan tuodaan osaksi jotain muuta ohjelmaa, testejä ei suoriteta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> sanat\n\nmjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Vesihiisi sihisi hississä\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>eka_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vika_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanojen_maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Vesihiisi\nhississä\n3</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Merkkiapuri' tmcname='osa07-17_merkkiapuri'><p>Tee moduuli <code class=\"language-text\">merkkiapuri</code>, joka sisältää seuraavat funktiot:</p><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">vaihda_koko(merkkijono: str)</code> saa parametrikseen merkkijonon. Funktio luo ja palauttaa uuden merkkijonon, jossa alkuperäisen merkkijonon pienet kirjaimet on muutettu isoiksi kirjaimiksi ja päinvastoin.</p><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">puolita(merkkijono: str)</code> palauttaa tuplessa parametrinaan saamansa merkkijonon ensimmäisen ja toisen puolikkaan. Jos merkkijonossa on pariton määrä kirjaimia, ensimmäinen puolikas on lyhyempi.</p><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">poista_erikoismerkit(merkkijono: str)</code> palauttaa merkkijonon, josta on poistettu kaikki muut merkit paitsi aakkoset [a...ö, A...Ö], numerot ja välilyönnit.</p><p>Esimerkkejä moduulin toiminnasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> merkkiapuri\n\nmjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Moi kaikki!\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>merkkiapuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vaihda_koko<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\np1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> p2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> merkkiapuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>puolita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>p2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nm2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> merkkiapuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>poista_erikoismerkit<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tämä on testi, katsotaan miten käy!!!11!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>m2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>mOI KAIKKI!\nMoi k\naikki!\nTämä on testi katsotaan miten käy11</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><div><quiz id=\"caf731dc-cf22-5dfc-ad4d-a3224b2df020\"></quiz></div><p>Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:</p><div><quiz id=\"7794fe8b-1641-5a54-94d5-16d900a14d13\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-7/5-omat-moduulit","title":"Oman moduulin tekeminen"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-7/5-omat-moduulit.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" merkkiapuri"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"poista_erikoismerkit"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Tämä on testi, katsotaan miten käy!!!11!\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"m2"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"mOI KAIKKI!\nMoi k\naikki!\nTämä on testi katsotaan miten käy11"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"caf731dc-cf22-5dfc-ad4d-a3224b2df020"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"7794fe8b-1641-5a54-94d5-16d900a14d13"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat luoda oman moduulin</li>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä Pythonin muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">__name__</code> ja sen arvo <code class=\"language-text\">__main__</code> merkitsevät</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Omien moduulien tekeminen on helppoa Pythonissa, koska mikä tahansa Python-koodia sisältävä tiedosto voi toimia moduulina. Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä seuraavaa tiedostoa <code class=\"language-text\">sanat.py</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">eka_sana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">vika_sana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">sanojen_maara</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Voimme käyttää tässä tiedostossa olevia funktioita toisessa tiedostossa seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> sanat\n\nmjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Vesihiisi sihisi hississä\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>eka_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vika_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanojen_maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Vesihiisi\nhississä\n3</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että moduulin kooditiedoston pitää sijaita joko samassa hakemistossa ohjelman kanssa tai jossakin Pythonin oletushakemistossa, jotta sen voi ottaa käyttöön <code class=\"language-text\">import</code>-komennolla.</p><p>Voimme käyttää omaa moduulia samalla periaatteella kuin standardikirjaston moduuleja. Esimerkiksi näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> sanat <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> eka_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vika_sana\n\nlause <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">input</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Anna lause: \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Eka sana oli: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> eka_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Viimeinen sana oli: \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> vika_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lause<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Anna lause: <strong>Python on metka ohjelmointikieli</strong>\nEka sana oli: Python\nViimeinen sana oli: ohjelmointikieli</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"hyotya-tyyppivihjeista\" style=\"position:relative;\">Hyötyä tyyppivihjeistä<a href=\"#hyotya-tyyppivihjeista\" aria-label=\"hyotya tyyppivihjeista permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Moduulissa on hyödyllistä, että funktioissa käytetään tyyppivihjeitä. Kun joku muu käyttää moduulia editorilla, joka ymmärtää tyyppivihjeitä, ne helpottavat moduulin käyttämistä.</p><p>Esimerkiksi Visual Studio Code näyttää funktion tyypit näin koodia kirjoittaessa:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 519px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/7772b5ee03bb1ca30f17560902916121/b23ad/7_vihje.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 23.91304347826087%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAFCAYAAABFA8wzAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAsklEQVQY032Q2w6DIBBE+Q4DmpSLilwEtG82sf//T9OwxD7VPpzM7IadJcv6vscdQojbPuec/DAMxOXZv0AuOKy12Pcn1jUh54JSCo7jhfN8I4RI/WmaEeMK7wNY3XRH13Wwcwvctp2ooc55Gq5B4zjBmJF8VWaMglIKWmtIKWGMofrq5ZKRc/7+poZJqfB4SNL2VpOvsBAsvHeIMWJZFqRUh1qdcoILrt1McNLKdbdffADLIo82jUnA7AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/7772b5ee03bb1ca30f17560902916121/a0b58/7_vihje.webp 230w,\n/static/7772b5ee03bb1ca30f17560902916121/bc10c/7_vihje.webp 460w,\n/static/7772b5ee03bb1ca30f17560902916121/ad2dd/7_vihje.webp 519w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 519px) 100vw, 519px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/7772b5ee03bb1ca30f17560902916121/81c8e/7_vihje.png 230w,\n/static/7772b5ee03bb1ca30f17560902916121/08a84/7_vihje.png 460w,\n/static/7772b5ee03bb1ca30f17560902916121/b23ad/7_vihje.png 519w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 519px) 100vw, 519px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/7772b5ee03bb1ca30f17560902916121/b23ad/7_vihje.png\" alt=\"7 vihje\" title=\"7 vihje\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><h2 id=\"moduulin-paatason-koodi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Moduulin päätason koodi<a href=\"#moduulin-paatason-koodi\" aria-label=\"moduulin paatason koodi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos moduulissa on päätason koodia, joka ei ole funktion sisällä, koodi suoritetaan automaattisesti, kun moduuli otetaan mukaan <code class=\"language-text\">import</code>-komennolla toisessa tiedostossa.</p><p>Oletetaan, että <code class=\"language-text\">sanat.py</code>-tiedostoon on kirjoitettu muutama testitapaus:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">eka_sana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">vika_sana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">sanojen_maara</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eka_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tämä on testi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vika_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tämä on testeistä toinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanojen_maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Yks kaks kolme neljä viisi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun moduuli otetaan nyt käyttöön <code class=\"language-text\">import</code>-lauseella, suoritetaan automaattisesti myös moduulissa funktioiden ulkopuolella oleva koodi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> sanat\n\nmjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Vesihiisi sihisi hississä\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>eka_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vika_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanojen_maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Tämä\ntoinen\n5\nVesihiisi\nhississä\n3</p></sample-output><p>Tämä ei ole hyvä, koska moduulin käyttäjän ohjelmaa sotkee moduulissa oleva testitulostus.</p><p>Pythonista löytyy onneksi ratkaisu pulmaan. Ohjelmassa on mahdollista testata, suoritetaanko ohjelmaa itseään vai onko ohjelma otettu käyttöön moduulina <code class=\"language-text\">import</code>-lauseella. Tämä onnistuu muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">__name__</code> avulla. Python tallentaa muuttujaan tiedon suoritettavasta ohjelmasta: jos ohjelmaa suoritetaan sellaisenaan, muuttujan arvo on merkkijono <code class=\"language-text\">__main__</code>. Jos ohjelma on tuotu osaksi jotain toista ohjelmaa, muuttujan arvona on suoritettavan ohjelman nimi (eli tässä tapauksessa <code class=\"language-text\">sanat</code>).</p><p>Moduuliin voidaan siis lisätä edellistä tietoa hyödyntäen ehtolause, jonka avulla testikoodi suoritetaan ainoastaan silloin, kun ohjelma ajetaan omana itsenään eikä toisen ohjelman osaksi tuotuna:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">eka_sana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">vika_sana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">sanojen_maara</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    osat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>osat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Testataan funktioiden toimintaa</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eka_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tämä on testi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vika_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tämä on testeistä toinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanojen_lkm<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Yks kaks kolme neljä viisi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt moduulin itsensä suorittaminen suorittaa testikutsut:</p><sample-output><p>Tämä\ntoinen\n5</p></sample-output><p>Kun moduuli sen sijaan tuodaan osaksi jotain muuta ohjelmaa, testejä ei suoriteta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> sanat\n\nmjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Vesihiisi sihisi hississä\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>eka_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vika_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanojen_maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mjono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Vesihiisi\nhississä\n3</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Merkkiapuri' tmcname='osa07-17_merkkiapuri'><p>Tee moduuli <code class=\"language-text\">merkkiapuri</code>, joka sisältää seuraavat funktiot:</p><p>Funktio <code class=\"language-text\">vaihda_koko(merkkijono: str)</code> saa parametrikseen merkkijonon. 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A 1\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nohjelma4"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"append"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"IF A <= N JUMP alku\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\ntulos "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" suorita"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"ohjelma4"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"tulos"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47]"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa kurssin lopuksi loppukyselyyn. Kyselyn tuloksia käytetään kurssimateriaalin kehittämiseen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"e5513330-0599-5fa0-bfd0-a2d40a89773e"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät lisää Pythonin ominaisuuksia</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Tähän lukuun on koottu vielä joukko erinäisiä hyödyllisiä Pythoniin liittyviä ominaisuuksia.</p><h2 id=\"yhden-rivin-ehto\" style=\"position:relative;\">Yhden rivin ehto<a href=\"#yhden-rivin-ehto\" aria-label=\"yhden rivin ehto permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraavat koodit toimivat samalla tavalla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> x<span class=\"token operator\">%</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"parillinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pariton\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"parillinen\"</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> x<span class=\"token operator\">%</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pariton\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jälkimmäisessä koodissa on yhden rivin ehto muotoa <code class=\"language-text\">a if [ehto] else b</code>. Tällaisen lausekkeen arvo on <code class=\"language-text\">a</code>, jos ehto pätee, ja muuten <code class=\"language-text\">b</code>.</p><p>Sama rakenne on joskus hyödyllinen kun tehdään ehdollinen sijoituslause. Esimerkiksi jos haluaisimme joko kasvattaa muuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">y</code> tai nollata sen riippuen muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">x</code> arvon parillisuudesta, sen sijaan että kirjoittaisimme</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> x<span class=\"token operator\">%</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    y <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span></code></pre></div><p>sama voitaisiin tehdä yhden rivin ehdolla seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> y <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> x<span class=\"token operator\">%</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"tyhja-komento\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tyhjä komento<a href=\"#tyhja-komento\" aria-label=\"tyhja komento permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Komento <code class=\"language-text\">pass</code> ei tee mitään. Voimme tehdä sen avulla esimerkiksi funktion <code class=\"language-text\">testi</code>, joka ei tee mitään:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">testi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span></code></pre></div><p>Huomaa, että lohko ei voi olla tyhjä eli seuraava koodi ei toimisi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">testi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"silmukan-else-osa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Silmukan else-osa<a href=\"#silmukan-else-osa\" aria-label=\"silmukan else osa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kiinnostava Pythonin ominaisuus on, että ehtolauseen lisäksi myös silmukassa voi olla else-osa. Tämä osa suoritetaan, jos silmukka pääsee loppuun.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi etsii listalta parillista lukua. Jos sellainen löytyy, koodi tulostaa luvun ja silmukka päättyy. Kuitenkin jos lukua ei löytynyt, tästä tulee ilmoitus lopuksi.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> x <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> x<span class=\"token operator\">%</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"löytyi parillinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ei löytynyt parillista\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Perinteinen tapa tehdä tällainen silmukka olisi käyttää apumuuttujaa, joka muistaa, löytyikö haluttua asiaa silmukan aikana:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nloytyi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> x <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> x<span class=\"token operator\">%</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"löytyi parillinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        loytyi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> loytyi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ei löytynyt parillista\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kuitenkin silmukan else-osan avulla vältymme muuttujan tekemiseltä.</p><h2 id=\"funktion-oletusparametri\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktion oletusparametri<a href=\"#funktion-oletusparametri\" aria-label=\"funktion oletusparametri permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktion parametrilla voi olla oletusarvo, joka tulee käyttöön silloin, jos parametria ei anneta. Näin on esimerkiksi seuraavassa funktiossa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tervehdi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moikka,\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Matti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Moikka, Emilia\nMoikka, Erkki\nMoikka, Matti</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"muuttuva-maara-parametreja\" style=\"position:relative;\">Muuttuva määrä parametreja<a href=\"#muuttuva-maara-parametreja\" aria-label=\"muuttuva maara parametreja permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktiolla voi olla myös muuttuva määrä parametreja, mikä merkitään laittamalla tähti parametrin eteen. Tällöin kaikki loput parametrit kasautuvat listaksi tähän parametriin.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava funktio kertoo parametrien määrän ja summan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">testi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token operator\">*</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Annoit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"parametria\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Niiden summa on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sum</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Annoit 5 parametria\nNiiden summa on 15</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Oma ohjelmointikieli' tmcname='osa07-18_oma_ohjelmointikieli'><p>Tässä tehtävässä toteutetaan oman ohjelmointikielen suorittaja. Voit käyttää tehtävässä kaikkia kurssilla oppimiasi taitoja.</p><p>Ohjelma muodostuu riveistä, joista jokainen on yksi seuraavista:</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">PRINT [arvo]</code>: tulostaa annetun arvon</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">MOV [muuttuja] [arvo]</code>: asettaa muuttujaan annetun arvon</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">ADD [muuttuja] [arvo]</code>: lisää muuttujaan annetun arvon</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">SUB [muuttuja] [arvo}</code>: vähentää muuttujasta annetun arvon</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">MUL [muuttuja] [arvo]</code>: kertoo muuttujan annetulla arvolla</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">[kohta]:</code>: määrittelee kohdan, johon voidaan hypätä muualta</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">JUMP [kohta]</code>: hyppää annettuun kohtaan</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">IF [ehto] JUMP [kohta]</code>: jos ehto pätee, hyppää annettuun kohtaan</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">END</code>: lopettaa ohjelman</li>\n</ul><p>Ohjelmaa suoritetaan rivi kerrallaan ensimmäisestä rivistä aloittaen. Ohjelma päättyy, kun vastaan tulee komento <code class=\"language-text\">END</code> tai suoritus menee ohjelman viimeisen rivin yli.</p><p>Jokaisessa ohjelmassa on 26 muuttujaa, joiden nimet ovat <code class=\"language-text\">A</code>...<code class=\"language-text\">Z</code>. Jokaisen muuttujan arvo on 0 ohjelman alussa. Merkintä <code class=\"language-text\">[muuttuja]</code> viittaa tällaiseen muuttujaan.</p><p>Kaikki ohjelman käsittelemät arvot ovat kokonaislukuja. Merkintä <code class=\"language-text\">[arvo]</code> viittaa joko muuttujaan tai kokonaislukuna annettuun arvoon.</p><p>Merkintä <code class=\"language-text\">[kohta]</code> on mikä tahansa kohdan nimi, joka muodostuu pienistä kirjaimista <code class=\"language-text\">a</code>...<code class=\"language-text\">z</code> sekä numeroista <code class=\"language-text\">0</code>...<code class=\"language-text\">9</code>. Kahdella kohdalla ei saa olla samaa nimeä.</p><p>Merkintä <code class=\"language-text\">[ehto]</code> tarkoittaa ehtoa muotoa <code class=\"language-text\">[arvo] [vertailu] [arvo]</code>. Tässä <code class=\"language-text\">[vertailu]</code> on aina yksi seuraavista: <code class=\"language-text\">==</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">!=</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">&lt;</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">&lt;=</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">></code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">>=</code>.</p><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">suorita(ohjelma)</code>, jolle annetaan ohjelma listana. Jokainen listan alkio on yksi ohjelman rivi. Funktion tulee palauttaa listana kaikki <code class=\"language-text\">PRINT</code>-komentojen tulokset ohjelman suorituksen aikana.</p><p>Voit olettaa, että funktiolle annettu ohjelma on oikeanmuotoinen, eli funktion ei tarvitse toteuttaa virheenkäsittelyä.</p><p>Tehtävästä on saatavilla kaksi pistettä: saat yhden pisteen, jos komennot <code class=\"language-text\">PRINT</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">MOV</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">ADD</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">SUB</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">MUL</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">END</code> toimivat, ja vielä toisen pisteen, jos myös loput silmukoihin liittyvät komennot toimivat.</p><p>Esimerkki 1:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ohjelma1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nohjelma1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MOV A 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MOV B 2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"PRINT A\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"PRINT B\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ADD A B\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"PRINT A\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"END\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> suorita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ohjelma1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 2, 3]</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkki 2:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ohjelma2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nohjelma2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MOV A 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MOV B 10\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"alku:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"IF A >= B JUMP loppu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"PRINT A\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"PRINT B\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ADD A 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"SUB B 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"JUMP alku\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"loppu:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"END\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> suorita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ohjelma2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 10, 2, 9, 3, 8, 4, 7, 5, 6]</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkki 3 (kertoma):</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ohjelma3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nohjelma3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MOV A 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MOV B 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"alku:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"PRINT A\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ADD B 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MUL A B\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"IF B &lt;= 10 JUMP alku\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"END\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> suorita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ohjelma3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 2, 6, 24, 120, 720, 5040, 40320, 362880, 3628800]</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkki 4 (alkuluvut):</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ohjelma4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MOV N 50\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"PRINT 2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MOV A 3\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"alku:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MOV B 2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MOV Z 0\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"testi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MOV C B\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"uusi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"IF C == A JUMP virhe\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"IF C > A JUMP ohi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ADD C B\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"JUMP uusi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"virhe:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MOV Z 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"JUMP ohi2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ohi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ADD B 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"IF B &lt; A JUMP testi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ohi2:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"IF Z == 1 JUMP ohi3\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"PRINT A\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ohi3:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ADD A 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"IF A &lt;= N JUMP alku\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> suorita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><p>Vastaa kurssin lopuksi loppukyselyyn. Kyselyn tuloksia käytetään kurssimateriaalin kehittämiseen.</p><div><quiz id=\"e5513330-0599-5fa0-bfd0-a2d40a89773e\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-7/6-lisaa-pythonista","title":"Lisää Pythonista"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-7/6-lisaa-pythonista.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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47]"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa kurssin lopuksi loppukyselyyn. Kyselyn tuloksia käytetään kurssimateriaalin kehittämiseen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"e5513330-0599-5fa0-bfd0-a2d40a89773e"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät lisää Pythonin ominaisuuksia</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Tähän lukuun on koottu vielä joukko erinäisiä hyödyllisiä Pythoniin liittyviä ominaisuuksia.</p><h2 id=\"yhden-rivin-ehto\" style=\"position:relative;\">Yhden rivin ehto<a href=\"#yhden-rivin-ehto\" aria-label=\"yhden rivin ehto permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraavat koodit toimivat samalla tavalla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> x<span class=\"token operator\">%</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"parillinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pariton\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"parillinen\"</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> x<span class=\"token operator\">%</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pariton\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jälkimmäisessä koodissa on yhden rivin ehto muotoa <code class=\"language-text\">a if [ehto] else b</code>. Tällaisen lausekkeen arvo on <code class=\"language-text\">a</code>, jos ehto pätee, ja muuten <code class=\"language-text\">b</code>.</p><p>Sama rakenne on joskus hyödyllinen kun tehdään ehdollinen sijoituslause. Esimerkiksi jos haluaisimme joko kasvattaa muuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">y</code> tai nollata sen riippuen muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">x</code> arvon parillisuudesta, sen sijaan että kirjoittaisimme</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> x<span class=\"token operator\">%</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    y <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span></code></pre></div><p>sama voitaisiin tehdä yhden rivin ehdolla seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> y <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> x<span class=\"token operator\">%</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"tyhja-komento\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tyhjä komento<a href=\"#tyhja-komento\" aria-label=\"tyhja komento permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Komento <code class=\"language-text\">pass</code> ei tee mitään. Voimme tehdä sen avulla esimerkiksi funktion <code class=\"language-text\">testi</code>, joka ei tee mitään:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">testi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span></code></pre></div><p>Huomaa, että lohko ei voi olla tyhjä eli seuraava koodi ei toimisi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">testi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"silmukan-else-osa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Silmukan else-osa<a href=\"#silmukan-else-osa\" aria-label=\"silmukan else osa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kiinnostava Pythonin ominaisuus on, että ehtolauseen lisäksi myös silmukassa voi olla else-osa. Tämä osa suoritetaan, jos silmukka pääsee loppuun.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi etsii listalta parillista lukua. Jos sellainen löytyy, koodi tulostaa luvun ja silmukka päättyy. Kuitenkin jos lukua ei löytynyt, tästä tulee ilmoitus lopuksi.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> x <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> x<span class=\"token operator\">%</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"löytyi parillinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ei löytynyt parillista\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Perinteinen tapa tehdä tällainen silmukka olisi käyttää apumuuttujaa, joka muistaa, löytyikö haluttua asiaa silmukan aikana:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nloytyi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> x <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> x<span class=\"token operator\">%</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"löytyi parillinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        loytyi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">break</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> loytyi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ei löytynyt parillista\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kuitenkin silmukan else-osan avulla vältymme muuttujan tekemiseltä.</p><h2 id=\"funktion-oletusparametri\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktion oletusparametri<a href=\"#funktion-oletusparametri\" aria-label=\"funktion oletusparametri permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktion parametrilla voi olla oletusarvo, joka tulee käyttöön silloin, jos parametria ei anneta. Näin on esimerkiksi seuraavassa funktiossa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tervehdi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Moikka,\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntervehdi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Matti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Moikka, Emilia\nMoikka, Erkki\nMoikka, Matti</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"muuttuva-maara-parametreja\" style=\"position:relative;\">Muuttuva määrä parametreja<a href=\"#muuttuva-maara-parametreja\" aria-label=\"muuttuva maara parametreja permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktiolla voi olla myös muuttuva määrä parametreja, mikä merkitään laittamalla tähti parametrin eteen. Tällöin kaikki loput parametrit kasautuvat listaksi tähän parametriin.</p><p>Esimerkiksi seuraava funktio kertoo parametrien määrän ja summan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">testi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token operator\">*</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Annoit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"parametria\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Niiden summa on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sum</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Annoit 5 parametria\nNiiden summa on 15</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Oma ohjelmointikieli' tmcname='osa07-18_oma_ohjelmointikieli'><p>Tässä tehtävässä toteutetaan oman ohjelmointikielen suorittaja. Voit käyttää tehtävässä kaikkia kurssilla oppimiasi taitoja.</p><p>Ohjelma muodostuu riveistä, joista jokainen on yksi seuraavista:</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">PRINT [arvo]</code>: tulostaa annetun arvon</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">MOV [muuttuja] [arvo]</code>: asettaa muuttujaan annetun arvon</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">ADD [muuttuja] [arvo]</code>: lisää muuttujaan annetun arvon</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">SUB [muuttuja] [arvo}</code>: vähentää muuttujasta annetun arvon</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">MUL [muuttuja] [arvo]</code>: kertoo muuttujan annetulla arvolla</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">[kohta]:</code>: määrittelee kohdan, johon voidaan hypätä muualta</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">JUMP [kohta]</code>: hyppää annettuun kohtaan</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">IF [ehto] JUMP [kohta]</code>: jos ehto pätee, hyppää annettuun kohtaan</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">END</code>: lopettaa ohjelman</li>\n</ul><p>Ohjelmaa suoritetaan rivi kerrallaan ensimmäisestä rivistä aloittaen. Ohjelma päättyy, kun vastaan tulee komento <code class=\"language-text\">END</code> tai suoritus menee ohjelman viimeisen rivin yli.</p><p>Jokaisessa ohjelmassa on 26 muuttujaa, joiden nimet ovat <code class=\"language-text\">A</code>...<code class=\"language-text\">Z</code>. Jokaisen muuttujan arvo on 0 ohjelman alussa. Merkintä <code class=\"language-text\">[muuttuja]</code> viittaa tällaiseen muuttujaan.</p><p>Kaikki ohjelman käsittelemät arvot ovat kokonaislukuja. Merkintä <code class=\"language-text\">[arvo]</code> viittaa joko muuttujaan tai kokonaislukuna annettuun arvoon.</p><p>Merkintä <code class=\"language-text\">[kohta]</code> on mikä tahansa kohdan nimi, joka muodostuu pienistä kirjaimista <code class=\"language-text\">a</code>...<code class=\"language-text\">z</code> sekä numeroista <code class=\"language-text\">0</code>...<code class=\"language-text\">9</code>. Kahdella kohdalla ei saa olla samaa nimeä.</p><p>Merkintä <code class=\"language-text\">[ehto]</code> tarkoittaa ehtoa muotoa <code class=\"language-text\">[arvo] [vertailu] [arvo]</code>. Tässä <code class=\"language-text\">[vertailu]</code> on aina yksi seuraavista: <code class=\"language-text\">==</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">!=</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">&lt;</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">&lt;=</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">></code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">>=</code>.</p><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">suorita(ohjelma)</code>, jolle annetaan ohjelma listana. Jokainen listan alkio on yksi ohjelman rivi. Funktion tulee palauttaa listana kaikki <code class=\"language-text\">PRINT</code>-komentojen tulokset ohjelman suorituksen aikana.</p><p>Voit olettaa, että funktiolle annettu ohjelma on oikeanmuotoinen, eli funktion ei tarvitse toteuttaa virheenkäsittelyä.</p><p>Tehtävästä on saatavilla kaksi pistettä: saat yhden pisteen, jos komennot <code class=\"language-text\">PRINT</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">MOV</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">ADD</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">SUB</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">MUL</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">END</code> toimivat, ja vielä toisen pisteen, jos myös loput silmukoihin liittyvät komennot toimivat.</p><p>Esimerkki 1:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ohjelma1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nohjelma1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MOV A 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MOV B 2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"PRINT A\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"PRINT B\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ADD A B\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"PRINT A\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"END\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> suorita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ohjelma1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 2, 3]</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkki 2:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ohjelma2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nohjelma2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MOV A 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MOV B 10\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"alku:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"IF A >= B JUMP loppu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"PRINT A\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"PRINT B\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ADD A 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"SUB B 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"JUMP alku\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"loppu:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"END\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> suorita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ohjelma2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 10, 2, 9, 3, 8, 4, 7, 5, 6]</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkki 3 (kertoma):</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ohjelma3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nohjelma3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MOV A 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MOV B 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"alku:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"PRINT A\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ADD B 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MUL A B\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"IF B &lt;= 10 JUMP alku\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"END\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> suorita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ohjelma3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 2, 6, 24, 120, 720, 5040, 40320, 362880, 3628800]</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkki 4 (alkuluvut):</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ohjelma4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MOV N 50\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"PRINT 2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MOV A 3\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"alku:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MOV B 2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MOV Z 0\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"testi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MOV C B\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"uusi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"IF C == A JUMP virhe\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"IF C > A JUMP ohi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ADD C B\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"JUMP uusi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"virhe:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"MOV Z 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"JUMP ohi2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ohi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ADD B 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"IF B &lt; A JUMP testi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ohi2:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"IF Z == 1 JUMP ohi3\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"PRINT A\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ohi3:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ADD A 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"IF A &lt;= N JUMP alku\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> suorita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ohjelma4<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><p>Vastaa kurssin lopuksi loppukyselyyn. Kyselyn tuloksia käytetään kurssimateriaalin kehittämiseen.</p><div><quiz id=\"e5513330-0599-5fa0-bfd0-a2d40a89773e\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-7/6-lisaa-pythonista","title":"Lisää Pythonista"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-7/6-lisaa-pythonista.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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Tämä pätee myös silloin, kun mallinnetaan matriisia: jokainen päälistan alkion arvo on viittaus toiseen listaan (jonka alkiot taas ovat viittauksia arvoihin)."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"rivien_summat(matriisi: list)"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka saa parametrikseen kokonaislukuja sisältävän matriisin."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Funktio lisää jokaiselle matriisin riville uuden alkion, jonka arvo on rivin alkioiden summa. 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Jos et ole käyttänyt ennen VS Codea, löydät <a href=\"https://www.mooc.fi/fi/installation/vscode\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tästä</a> ohjeet ympäristön asentamiseen.</p><p>Jatkokurssi ja peruskurssi ovat TMC:ssä yhtenä kurssina. Jos lopetit juuri peruskurssin tekemisen, jatkokurssin tehtävät löytyvät samasta kurssista. Tämän jatkokurssin ensimmäisen osan numero on <strong>Osa 8</strong>. Mikäli et ole tehnyt tähän jatkokurssin liittyvää peruskurssia, valitse TMC-pluginissa organisaatioksi <strong>MOOC</strong> ja kurssiksi <strong>Ohjelmoinnin MOOC 2023</strong> ja aloita kurssin tekeminen osasta 8.</p><p>Kuten kurssin ensimmäisen puolikkaan aikana huomattiin, on usein hyödyllistä yhdistää samaan asiaan liittyvät tiedot yhdeksi kokonaisuudeksi. Esimerkiksi kirjaa on kätevä mallintaa vaikkapa tuplen tai sanakirjan avulla, kun kaikki kirjaan liittyvät tiedot voidaan tallentaa samaan rakenteeseen.</p><p>Tuplea käyttämällä esimerkki voisi näyttää tältä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Nuoruuteni näppäilyt\"</span>\nkirjailija <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span>\nvuosi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1992</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Yhdistetään yhdeksi tupleksi</span>\nkirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirjailija<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan kirjan nimi</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Sanakirjassa on tässä yhteydessä se etu, että avaimina voidaan käyttää merkkijonoja kokonaislukujen sijasta. Näin ollen alkioille voidaan antaa niiden sisältöä kuvaavat nimet:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Nuoruuteni näppäilyt\"</span>\nkirjailija <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span>\nvuosi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1992</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Yhdistetään yhdeksi sanakirjaksi</span>\nkirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kirjailija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> kirjailija<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"vuosi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan kirjan nimi</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Molemmissa tapauksissa tietojen tallentaminen tietorakenteeseen muodostaa <em>olion</em>. Olio on itsenäinen kokonaisuus, joka sisältää (tässä tapauksessa) toisiinsa liittyvää tietoa. Itsenäisyys tarkoittaa sitä, että olioon tehdyt muutokset eivät vaikuta muihin olioihin.</p><p>Jos esimerkiksi muodostetaan sanakirjaa käyttäen kaksi kirjaoliota, ensimmäiseen kirjaan tehdyt muutokset eivät vaikuta toiseen kirjaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kirja1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Vanhus ja Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kirjailija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ernest Pythonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"vuosi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">1952</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\nkirja2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Seitsemän Pythonia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kirjailija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Aleksis Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"vuosi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">1894</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja1<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja2<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkirja1<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Jäähyväiset aaseille\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja1<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja2<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Vanhus ja Python\nSeitsemän Pythonia\nJäähyväiset aaseille\nSeitsemän Pythonia</p></sample-output><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 341px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/74b678969e8df323e37bea6c8b4fae79/4c0ad/8_1_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 45.65217391304348%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/74b678969e8df323e37bea6c8b4fae79/a0b58/8_1_1.webp 230w,\n/static/74b678969e8df323e37bea6c8b4fae79/5af35/8_1_1.webp 341w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 341px) 100vw, 341px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/74b678969e8df323e37bea6c8b4fae79/81c8e/8_1_1.png 230w,\n/static/74b678969e8df323e37bea6c8b4fae79/4c0ad/8_1_1.png 341w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 341px) 100vw, 341px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/74b678969e8df323e37bea6c8b4fae79/4c0ad/8_1_1.png\" alt=\"8 1 1\" title=\"8 1 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><text-box variant=\"info\" name=\"Oliot Pythonissa\"><p>Kuten kurssin ensimmäisen puolikkaan aikana kerrottiin, Pythonissa kaikki arvot ovat itse asiassa olioita. Tämä tarkoittaa, että muuttujan arvo on <em>viittaus olioon</em>, ja varsinainen tieto on tallennettu olioon. Kun esimerkiksi alustetaan muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">a = 3</code>, ei muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">a</code> arvo ole 3 vaan <em>viittaus olioon, jonka sisältö on arvo 3</em>.</p><p>Useimmissa muissa ohjelmointikielissä on olioiden lisäksi ns. perustyyppisiä arvoja (esimerkiksi kokonais- ja liukuluvut sekä totuusarvot), jotka tallennetaan sellaisenaan muuttujiin. Pythonissakin perustyyppiset oliot (kuten vaikkapa luvut, totuusarvot tai merkkijonot) ovat kuitenkin muuttumattomia eli <em>mutatoitumattomia</em>. Ohjelmoijan kannalta niiden käyttö ei siis käytännössä eroa perustyyppisistä arvoista.</p></text-box><h2 id=\"oliot-ja-metodit\" style=\"position:relative;\">Oliot ja metodit<a href=\"#oliot-ja-metodit\" aria-label=\"oliot ja metodit permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Olioiden tietosisältöä voidaaan havainnoida ja muuttaa <em>metodien</em> avulla. Metodi on funktio, jonka toiminta kohdistuu annettuun olioon. Metodin erottaa muista funktioista tapa, jolla sitä kutsutaan: ensin kirjoitetaan kohdeolio ja sen perään kutsuttava metodi pisteellä erotettuna. Esimerkiksi sanakirja-olion kaikki arvot voidaan palauttaa metodin <code class=\"language-text\">values</code> avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># muodostetaan sanakirjatyyppinen kirjaolio</span>\nkirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Vanhus ja Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kirjailija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ernest Pythonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"vuosi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">1952</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan kaikki arvot</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Metodikutsu values() kirjoitetaan muuttujan perään</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># pisteellä erotettuna</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> arvo <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Vanhus ja Python\nErnest Pythonen\n1952</p></sample-output><p>Samalla tavalla merkkijonometodit kohdistuvat siihen merkkijonoon, jonka kautta niitä kutsutaan. Esimerkiksi merkkijonon metodeja ovat <code class=\"language-text\">count</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">find</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Keijo Keksitty\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan K-kirjaimien määrä</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>count<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"K\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># K-kirjaimien määrä toisessa jonossa</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Karkkilan Kolisevat Karjut\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>count<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"K\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Osajonon Keksitty indeksi</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>find<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Keksitty\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tästä merkkijonosta osajonoa ei löydy</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ihan eri jono\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>find<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Keksitty\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2\n3\n6\n-1</p></sample-output><p>Merkkijonometodit palauttavat arvoja, mutta niiden avulla ei voida muuttaa merkkijonoa. Kuitenkin esimerkiksi lista-olion metodien avulla voidaan muuttaa listan sisältöä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Lisätään pari alkiota</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Poistetaan alkio alusta</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pop<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 2, 3, 5, 1]\n[2, 3, 5, 1]</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Pienin keskiarvo' tmcname='osa08-01_pienin_keskiarvo'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pienin_keskiarvo(henkilo1: dict, henkilo2: dict, henkilo3: dict)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen kolme sanakirjaoliota.</p><p>Jokaisessa sanakirjaoliossa on alkiot, joihin viittaavat nämä avaimet:</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">\"nimi\"</code>: kilpailijan nimi</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">\"tulos1\"</code>: kilpailijan ensimmäinen tulos (kokonaisluku väliltä 1...10)</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">\"tulos2\"</code>: kilpailijan toinen tulos (kuten yllä)</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">\"tulos3\"</code>: kilpailijan kolmas tulos (kuten yllä)</li>\n</ul><p>Funktio laskee kaikkien kilpailijoiden tulosten keskiarvot ja palauttaa sen kilpailijan, jonka keskiarvo on pienin. Funktion palautusarvona on sanakirjaolio.</p><p>Voit olettaa, että vain yhdellä henkilöllä on pienin keskiarvo.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilo1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Keijo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tulos1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tulos2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tulos3\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\nhenkilo2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Reijo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tulos1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tulos2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tulos3\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\nhenkilo3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Veijo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tulos1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tulos2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tulos3\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pienin_keskiarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>henkilo1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> henkilo2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> henkilo3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>{'nimi': 'Veijo', 'tulos1': 3, 'tulos2': 1, 'tulos3': 1}</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Rivien summat' tmcname='osa08-02_rivien_summmat '><p>Listan alkioiden arvot ovat viittauksia olioihin. Tämä pätee myös silloin, kun mallinnetaan matriisia: jokainen päälistan alkion arvo on viittaus toiseen listaan (jonka alkiot taas ovat viittauksia arvoihin).</p><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">rivien_summat(matriisi: list)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen kokonaislukuja sisältävän matriisin.</p><p>Funktio lisää jokaiselle matriisin riville uuden alkion, jonka arvo on rivin alkioiden summa. Funktio ei palauta mitään, vaan muokkaa parametrinaan saamaansa matriisia.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">matriisi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nrivien_summat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[[1, 2, 3], [3, 4, 7]]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-8/1-oliot-ja-metodit","title":"Oliot ja metodit"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-8/1-oliot-ja-metodit.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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Jos et ole käyttänyt ennen VS Codea, löydät <a href=\"https://www.mooc.fi/fi/installation/vscode\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tästä</a> ohjeet ympäristön asentamiseen.</p><p>Jatkokurssi ja peruskurssi ovat TMC:ssä yhtenä kurssina. Jos lopetit juuri peruskurssin tekemisen, jatkokurssin tehtävät löytyvät samasta kurssista. Tämän jatkokurssin ensimmäisen osan numero on <strong>Osa 8</strong>. Mikäli et ole tehnyt tähän jatkokurssin liittyvää peruskurssia, valitse TMC-pluginissa organisaatioksi <strong>MOOC</strong> ja kurssiksi <strong>Ohjelmoinnin MOOC 2023</strong> ja aloita kurssin tekeminen osasta 8.</p><p>Kuten kurssin ensimmäisen puolikkaan aikana huomattiin, on usein hyödyllistä yhdistää samaan asiaan liittyvät tiedot yhdeksi kokonaisuudeksi. Esimerkiksi kirjaa on kätevä mallintaa vaikkapa tuplen tai sanakirjan avulla, kun kaikki kirjaan liittyvät tiedot voidaan tallentaa samaan rakenteeseen.</p><p>Tuplea käyttämällä esimerkki voisi näyttää tältä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Nuoruuteni näppäilyt\"</span>\nkirjailija <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span>\nvuosi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1992</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Yhdistetään yhdeksi tupleksi</span>\nkirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirjailija<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan kirjan nimi</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Sanakirjassa on tässä yhteydessä se etu, että avaimina voidaan käyttää merkkijonoja kokonaislukujen sijasta. Näin ollen alkioille voidaan antaa niiden sisältöä kuvaavat nimet:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Nuoruuteni näppäilyt\"</span>\nkirjailija <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span>\nvuosi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1992</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Yhdistetään yhdeksi sanakirjaksi</span>\nkirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kirjailija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> kirjailija<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"vuosi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan kirjan nimi</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Molemmissa tapauksissa tietojen tallentaminen tietorakenteeseen muodostaa <em>olion</em>. Olio on itsenäinen kokonaisuus, joka sisältää (tässä tapauksessa) toisiinsa liittyvää tietoa. Itsenäisyys tarkoittaa sitä, että olioon tehdyt muutokset eivät vaikuta muihin olioihin.</p><p>Jos esimerkiksi muodostetaan sanakirjaa käyttäen kaksi kirjaoliota, ensimmäiseen kirjaan tehdyt muutokset eivät vaikuta toiseen kirjaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kirja1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Vanhus ja Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kirjailija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ernest Pythonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"vuosi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">1952</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\nkirja2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Seitsemän Pythonia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kirjailija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Aleksis Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"vuosi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">1894</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja1<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja2<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkirja1<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Jäähyväiset aaseille\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja1<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja2<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Vanhus ja Python\nSeitsemän Pythonia\nJäähyväiset aaseille\nSeitsemän Pythonia</p></sample-output><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 341px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/74b678969e8df323e37bea6c8b4fae79/4c0ad/8_1_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 45.65217391304348%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/74b678969e8df323e37bea6c8b4fae79/a0b58/8_1_1.webp 230w,\n/static/74b678969e8df323e37bea6c8b4fae79/5af35/8_1_1.webp 341w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 341px) 100vw, 341px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/74b678969e8df323e37bea6c8b4fae79/81c8e/8_1_1.png 230w,\n/static/74b678969e8df323e37bea6c8b4fae79/4c0ad/8_1_1.png 341w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 341px) 100vw, 341px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/74b678969e8df323e37bea6c8b4fae79/4c0ad/8_1_1.png\" alt=\"8 1 1\" title=\"8 1 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><text-box variant=\"info\" name=\"Oliot Pythonissa\"><p>Kuten kurssin ensimmäisen puolikkaan aikana kerrottiin, Pythonissa kaikki arvot ovat itse asiassa olioita. Tämä tarkoittaa, että muuttujan arvo on <em>viittaus olioon</em>, ja varsinainen tieto on tallennettu olioon. Kun esimerkiksi alustetaan muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">a = 3</code>, ei muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">a</code> arvo ole 3 vaan <em>viittaus olioon, jonka sisältö on arvo 3</em>.</p><p>Useimmissa muissa ohjelmointikielissä on olioiden lisäksi ns. perustyyppisiä arvoja (esimerkiksi kokonais- ja liukuluvut sekä totuusarvot), jotka tallennetaan sellaisenaan muuttujiin. Pythonissakin perustyyppiset oliot (kuten vaikkapa luvut, totuusarvot tai merkkijonot) ovat kuitenkin muuttumattomia eli <em>mutatoitumattomia</em>. Ohjelmoijan kannalta niiden käyttö ei siis käytännössä eroa perustyyppisistä arvoista.</p></text-box><h2 id=\"oliot-ja-metodit\" style=\"position:relative;\">Oliot ja metodit<a href=\"#oliot-ja-metodit\" aria-label=\"oliot ja metodit permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Olioiden tietosisältöä voidaaan havainnoida ja muuttaa <em>metodien</em> avulla. Metodi on funktio, jonka toiminta kohdistuu annettuun olioon. Metodin erottaa muista funktioista tapa, jolla sitä kutsutaan: ensin kirjoitetaan kohdeolio ja sen perään kutsuttava metodi pisteellä erotettuna. Esimerkiksi sanakirja-olion kaikki arvot voidaan palauttaa metodin <code class=\"language-text\">values</code> avulla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># muodostetaan sanakirjatyyppinen kirjaolio</span>\nkirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Vanhus ja Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kirjailija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ernest Pythonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"vuosi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">1952</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan kaikki arvot</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Metodikutsu values() kirjoitetaan muuttujan perään</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># pisteellä erotettuna</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> arvo <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>values<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Vanhus ja Python\nErnest Pythonen\n1952</p></sample-output><p>Samalla tavalla merkkijonometodit kohdistuvat siihen merkkijonoon, jonka kautta niitä kutsutaan. Esimerkiksi merkkijonon metodeja ovat <code class=\"language-text\">count</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">find</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Keijo Keksitty\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan K-kirjaimien määrä</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>count<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"K\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># K-kirjaimien määrä toisessa jonossa</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Karkkilan Kolisevat Karjut\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>count<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"K\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Osajonon Keksitty indeksi</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>find<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Keksitty\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tästä merkkijonosta osajonoa ei löydy</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ihan eri jono\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>find<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Keksitty\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2\n3\n6\n-1</p></sample-output><p>Merkkijonometodit palauttavat arvoja, mutta niiden avulla ei voida muuttaa merkkijonoa. Kuitenkin esimerkiksi lista-olion metodien avulla voidaan muuttaa listan sisältöä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Lisätään pari alkiota</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Poistetaan alkio alusta</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pop<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1, 2, 3, 5, 1]\n[2, 3, 5, 1]</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Pienin keskiarvo' tmcname='osa08-01_pienin_keskiarvo'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">pienin_keskiarvo(henkilo1: dict, henkilo2: dict, henkilo3: dict)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen kolme sanakirjaoliota.</p><p>Jokaisessa sanakirjaoliossa on alkiot, joihin viittaavat nämä avaimet:</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">\"nimi\"</code>: kilpailijan nimi</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">\"tulos1\"</code>: kilpailijan ensimmäinen tulos (kokonaisluku väliltä 1...10)</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">\"tulos2\"</code>: kilpailijan toinen tulos (kuten yllä)</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">\"tulos3\"</code>: kilpailijan kolmas tulos (kuten yllä)</li>\n</ul><p>Funktio laskee kaikkien kilpailijoiden tulosten keskiarvot ja palauttaa sen kilpailijan, jonka keskiarvo on pienin. Funktion palautusarvona on sanakirjaolio.</p><p>Voit olettaa, että vain yhdellä henkilöllä on pienin keskiarvo.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">henkilo1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Keijo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tulos1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tulos2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tulos3\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\nhenkilo2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Reijo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tulos1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tulos2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tulos3\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\nhenkilo3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nimi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Veijo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tulos1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tulos2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"tulos3\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pienin_keskiarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>henkilo1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> henkilo2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> henkilo3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>{'nimi': 'Veijo', 'tulos1': 3, 'tulos2': 1, 'tulos3': 1}</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Rivien summat' tmcname='osa08-02_rivien_summmat '><p>Listan alkioiden arvot ovat viittauksia olioihin. Tämä pätee myös silloin, kun mallinnetaan matriisia: jokainen päälistan alkion arvo on viittaus toiseen listaan (jonka alkiot taas ovat viittauksia arvoihin).</p><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">rivien_summat(matriisi: list)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen kokonaislukuja sisältävän matriisin.</p><p>Funktio lisää jokaiselle matriisin riville uuden alkion, jonka arvo on rivin alkioiden summa. Funktio ei palauta mitään, vaan muokkaa parametrinaan saamaansa matriisia.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">matriisi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nrivien_summat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matriisi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[[1, 2, 3], [3, 4, 7]]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-8/1-oliot-ja-metodit","title":"Oliot ja metodit"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-8/1-oliot-ja-metodit.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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käsitellään kuitenkin kauppalistan tarjoamien metodien kautta. Toisin kuin listoissa, kauppalistan tuotteet on numeroitu ykkösestä alkaen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee esimerkkejä hyödyntäen funktio "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tuotteita_yhteensa(lista: Kauppalista)"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka saa parametrikseen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kauppalista"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-tyyppisen olion. Funktio laskee listalla yhteensä olevien tuotteiden määrän ja palauttaa sen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huomaa, että kauppalistalla tuotteet indeksoidaan ykkösestä alkaen, ei nollasta. Voit testata ohjelmaasi esim. tällä esimerkkikoodilla:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"if"}]},{"type":"text","value":" __name__ "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"=="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"__main__\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    lista 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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"tuotteita_yhteensa"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"lista"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"16"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huom"}]},{"type":"text","value":" koska luokan "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kauppalista"}]},{"type":"text","value":" koodi on tehtäväpohjassa valmiina, ei koodissa tarvitse käyttää "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"import"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-lausetta kuten edellisissä esimerkeissä, tehtävissä, jotka käyttävät Pythonin valmiita luokkia "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Fraction"}]},{"type":"text","value":" ja "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"date"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä tarkoitetaan luokalla</li>\n<li>Ymmärrät luokan ja olion yhteyden</li>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä olio-ohjelmointi tarkoittaa</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Edellisessä osassa käsitellyt esimerkkioliot – listat, tuplet, sanakirjat ja merkkijonot – ovat siinä mielessä erikoistapauksia, että niiden kaikkien muodostamiseen on Pythonissa sisäänrakennettuna oma syntaksinsa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># Lista luodaan antamalla arvot hakasuluissa</span>\nlista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Merkkijonovakio tunnistetaan lainausmerkeistä</span>\nmjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Moi kaikki!\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Sanakirja luodaan aaltosulkeilla</span>\nsanakirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"yksi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kaksi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tuplessa arvot ovat sulkeissa</span>\noma_tuple <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Muita olioita muodostettaessa kutsutaan erityistä metodia, joka luo olion. Tällaista metodia kutsutaan <em>konstruktoriksi</em>. Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä murtolukuolioiden muodostamista Fraction-luokasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># Tuodaan käyttöön luokka Fraction modulista fractions</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> fractions <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> Fraction\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Luodaan pari uutta murtolukuoliota</span>\npuolikas <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Fraction<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkolmasosa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Fraction<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkolmas <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Fraction<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>puolikas<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kolmasosa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kolmas<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Murtoluvuilla voi myös laskea</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>puolikas <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> kolmasosa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1/2\n1/3\n3/11\n5/6</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkistä huomataan, että konstuktorikutsut poikkeavat aiemmista metodikutsuista. Konstruktorikutsuja ei ole sidottu tiettyyn olioon (mikä on sikäli loogista, että olio muodostetaan kutsumalla konstruktoria). Lisäksi metodin nimi on kirjoitettu isolla alkukirjaimella: <code class=\"language-text\">puolikas = Fraction(1,2)</code>. Pureudutaan tarkemmin olion muodostamisen mekanismiin esittelemällä <em>luokan</em> käsite.</p><h2 id=\"luokka-on-olion-kasikirjoitus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Luokka on olion käsikirjoitus<a href=\"#luokka-on-olion-kasikirjoitus\" aria-label=\"luokka on olion kasikirjoitus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Materiaalissa on jo aiemmin vilahtanut käsite <em>luokka</em>. Edellisessä esimerkissä otettiin käyttöön luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Fraction</code> moduulista <code class=\"language-text\">fractions</code>. Uudet oliot muodostettiin kutsumalla luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Fraction</code> <em>konstruktoria</em>.</p><p>Luokassa määritellään siitä muodostettavien olioiden rakenne ja toiminnallisuus. Luokkaa nimitetään tästä syystä joskus olion käsikirjoitukseksi. Luokassa siis kerrotaan, millaista tietoa olio sisältää, ja määritellään metodit, joiden avulla oliota voidaan käsitellä. <em>Olio-ohjelmoinnilla</em> tarkoitetaan ohjelmointitapaa, jossa ohjelman toiminnallisuus tapahtuu luokkien ja niistä muodostettujen olioiden avulla.</p><p>Yhdestä luokasta voidaan muodostaa useita olioita. Niin kuin aiemmin kerrottiin, oliot ovat itsenäisiä - muutokset olioon eivät vaikuta muihin luokasta muodostettuihin olioihin. Jokaisella oliolla on oma tietosisältönsä. Vähän yksinkertaistaen voisi sanoa, että</p><ul>\n<li>luokassa määritellään muuttujat ja</li>\n<li>oliota muodostaessa niille annetaan arvot.</li>\n</ul><p>Luodaan esimerkkinä <code class=\"language-text\">Fraction</code>-luokasta olio ja tulostetaan sen osoittaja ja nimittäjä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> fractions <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> Fraction\n\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Fraction<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan osoittaja</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>numerator<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># ...ja sitten nimittäjä</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>denominator<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2\n5</p></sample-output><p>Luokassa <code class=\"language-text\">Fraction</code> on siis määritelty, että olioilla on muuttujat <code class=\"language-text\">numerator</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">denominator</code>. Jokaisella oliolla on kuitenkin oma arvonsa näille muuttujille.</p><p>Samalla tavalla <code class=\"language-text\">date</code>-luokasta muodostetuilla olioilla on kaikilla omat itsenäiset arvonsa vuodelle, kuukaudelle ja päivämäärälle:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> date\n\njoulu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\njuhannus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan kuukaudet molemmista</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>joulu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>month<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>juhannus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>month<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>12\n6</p></sample-output><p>Luokassa <code class=\"language-text\">date</code> on siis määritelty, että luokasta muodostettavilla olioilla on muuttujat <code class=\"language-text\">year</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">month</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">day</code>. Kun luokasta muodostetaan olio, annetaan muuttujille arvot. Joka oliolla on omat arvonsa muuttujille.</p><h2 id=\"olioita-kasittelevat-funktiot\" style=\"position:relative;\">Olioita käsittelevät funktiot<a href=\"#olioita-kasittelevat-funktiot\" aria-label=\"olioita kasittelevat funktiot permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktioiden parametrina oleviin olioihin ei liity oikeastaan mitään sen kummempaa. Niitä on jo kurssin aiemmissa osissa nähty runsaasti. Seuraavassa on esimerkki funktiosta, joka tarkastaa, onko sen parametrina oleva <code class=\"language-text\">date</code>-olio viikonloppu:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">onko_viikonloppu</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    viikonpaiva <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>isoweekday<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> viikonpaiva <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">or</span> viikonpaiva <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktio siis  käyttää parametrina olevan olion metodia <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#datetime.date.isoweekday\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">isoweekday</a>, joka palauttaa viikonpäivää vastaavan numeron niin, että maanantai on 1, tiistai on 2, jne.</p><p>Funktiota käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">joulu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\njuhannus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>onko_viikonloppu<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>joulu<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>onko_viikonloppu<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>juhannus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>False\nTrue</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"metodi-vs-olion-muuttuja\" style=\"position:relative;\">Metodi vs. olion muuttuja<a href=\"#metodi-vs-olion-muuttuja\" aria-label=\"metodi vs olion muuttuja permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos tarkastellaan <code class=\"language-text\">date</code>-oliota, niin huomataan, että sen käsittely poikkeaa hieman riippuen siitä, mitä asiaa olion sisällöstä tarkastellaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">paiva <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># kutsutaan metodia</span>\nviikonpaiva <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>isoweekday<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># viitataan olion muuttujaan</span>\nkuukausi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>month\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Viikonpäivä:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> viikonpaiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kuukausi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kuukausi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Viikonpäivä: 4\nKuukausi: 12</p></sample-output><p>Päiväolion viikonpäivä saadaan siis selville kutsumalla <em>metodia</em> isoweekday:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">viikonpaiva <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>isoweekday<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Koska on kyse metodikutsusta, niin metodin nimen perään laitetaan sulut. Jos sulut unohtuvat, on lopputulos outo:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">viikonpaiva <span class=\"token operator\">=</span>  paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>isoweekday\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Viikonpäivä:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> viikonpaiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Viikonpäivä: &#x3C;built-in method isoweekday of datetime.date object at 0x10ed66450></p></sample-output><p>Päiväolioon liittyvä kuukausi taas on olion muuttuja, ja sen arvo selviää <em>viittaamalla</em> muuttujaan</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kuukausi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>month</code></pre></div><p>Nyt siis käytössä <em>ei ole sulkuja</em>. Jos tässä tilanteessa yritettäisiin käyttää sulkuja, ohjelma aiheuttaisi virheen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kuukausi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>month<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><div>Traceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\nTypeError: 'int' object is not callable</div></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Vuodet listaan' tmcname='osa08-03_vuodet_listaan'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">vuodet_listaan(paivamaarat: list)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen listan, joka sisältää <code class=\"language-text\">date</code>-tyyppisiä olioita. Funktio palauttaa uuden listan, jossa on päivämäärien <em>vuodet suuruusjärjestyksessä pienimmästä suurimpaan</em>.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">paiva1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2019</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npaiva2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2006</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npaiva3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1993</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nvuodet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> vuodet_listaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>paiva1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> paiva2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> paiva3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vuodet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1993, 2006, 2019]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kauppalista' tmcname='osa08-04_kauppalista'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on määritelty valmiiksi <code class=\"language-text\">Kauppalista</code>-luokka, jolla voidaan mallintaa yhtä kauppalistaa.</p><p>Jos kauppalistaolio on tallennettu esimerkiksi muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">kauppalista</code>, sitä voidaan käsitellä seuraavan esimerkin mukaisesti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tuotteita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2\nBanaanit\n4\nMaito\n1</p></sample-output><p>Myös seuraava onnistuu:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># kauppalistalla tuotteet on indeksöity ykkösestä alkaen</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tuotteita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">+</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tuote <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    maara <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kpl\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>banaanit 4 kpl\nmaito 1 kpl</p></sample-output><p>Kauppalistat siis käyttäytyvät hieman listojen tavoin, mutta niitä käsitellään kuitenkin kauppalistan tarjoamien metodien kautta. Toisin kuin listoissa, kauppalistan tuotteet on numeroitu ykkösestä alkaen.</p><p>Tee esimerkkejä hyödyntäen funktio <code class=\"language-text\">tuotteita_yhteensa(lista: Kauppalista)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen <code class=\"language-text\">Kauppalista</code>-tyyppisen olion. Funktio laskee listalla yhteensä olevien tuotteiden määrän ja palauttaa sen.</p><p>Huomaa, että kauppalistalla tuotteet indeksoidaan ykkösestä alkaen, ei nollasta. Voit testata ohjelmaasi esim. tällä esimerkkikoodilla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaanit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"omenat\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ananas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuotteita_yhteensa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>16</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huom</strong> koska luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Kauppalista</code> koodi on tehtäväpohjassa valmiina, ei koodissa tarvitse käyttää <code class=\"language-text\">import</code>-lausetta kuten edellisissä esimerkeissä, tehtävissä, jotka käyttävät Pythonin valmiita luokkia <code class=\"language-text\">Fraction</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">date</code>.</p></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-8/2-luokat-ja-oliot","title":"Luokat ja oliot"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-8/2-luokat-ja-oliot.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt kysymykset"}}},{"node":{"id":"5f1658c8-6212-5b41-8330-eeaf14eacf73","frontmatter":{"path":"/verkkotentti","title":"Verkkotentti 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Voit testata ohjelmaasi esim. tällä esimerkkikoodilla:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"if"}]},{"type":"text","value":" __name__ "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"=="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"__main__\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    lista "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" Kauppalista"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    lista"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"banaanit\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"10"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    lista"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"omenat\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    lista"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"ananas\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"tuotteita_yhteensa"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"lista"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"16"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huom"}]},{"type":"text","value":" koska luokan "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kauppalista"}]},{"type":"text","value":" koodi on tehtäväpohjassa valmiina, ei koodissa tarvitse käyttää "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"import"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-lausetta kuten edellisissä esimerkeissä, tehtävissä, jotka käyttävät Pythonin valmiita luokkia "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Fraction"}]},{"type":"text","value":" ja "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"date"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä tarkoitetaan luokalla</li>\n<li>Ymmärrät luokan ja olion yhteyden</li>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä olio-ohjelmointi tarkoittaa</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Edellisessä osassa käsitellyt esimerkkioliot – listat, tuplet, sanakirjat ja merkkijonot – ovat siinä mielessä erikoistapauksia, että niiden kaikkien muodostamiseen on Pythonissa sisäänrakennettuna oma syntaksinsa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># Lista luodaan antamalla arvot hakasuluissa</span>\nlista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Merkkijonovakio tunnistetaan lainausmerkeistä</span>\nmjono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Moi kaikki!\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Sanakirja luodaan aaltosulkeilla</span>\nsanakirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"yksi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kaksi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tuplessa arvot ovat sulkeissa</span>\noma_tuple <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Muita olioita muodostettaessa kutsutaan erityistä metodia, joka luo olion. Tällaista metodia kutsutaan <em>konstruktoriksi</em>. Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä murtolukuolioiden muodostamista Fraction-luokasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># Tuodaan käyttöön luokka Fraction modulista fractions</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> fractions <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> Fraction\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Luodaan pari uutta murtolukuoliota</span>\npuolikas <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Fraction<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkolmasosa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Fraction<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkolmas <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Fraction<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>puolikas<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kolmasosa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kolmas<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Murtoluvuilla voi myös laskea</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>puolikas <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> kolmasosa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1/2\n1/3\n3/11\n5/6</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkistä huomataan, että konstuktorikutsut poikkeavat aiemmista metodikutsuista. Konstruktorikutsuja ei ole sidottu tiettyyn olioon (mikä on sikäli loogista, että olio muodostetaan kutsumalla konstruktoria). Lisäksi metodin nimi on kirjoitettu isolla alkukirjaimella: <code class=\"language-text\">puolikas = Fraction(1,2)</code>. Pureudutaan tarkemmin olion muodostamisen mekanismiin esittelemällä <em>luokan</em> käsite.</p><h2 id=\"luokka-on-olion-kasikirjoitus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Luokka on olion käsikirjoitus<a href=\"#luokka-on-olion-kasikirjoitus\" aria-label=\"luokka on olion kasikirjoitus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Materiaalissa on jo aiemmin vilahtanut käsite <em>luokka</em>. Edellisessä esimerkissä otettiin käyttöön luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Fraction</code> moduulista <code class=\"language-text\">fractions</code>. Uudet oliot muodostettiin kutsumalla luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Fraction</code> <em>konstruktoria</em>.</p><p>Luokassa määritellään siitä muodostettavien olioiden rakenne ja toiminnallisuus. Luokkaa nimitetään tästä syystä joskus olion käsikirjoitukseksi. Luokassa siis kerrotaan, millaista tietoa olio sisältää, ja määritellään metodit, joiden avulla oliota voidaan käsitellä. <em>Olio-ohjelmoinnilla</em> tarkoitetaan ohjelmointitapaa, jossa ohjelman toiminnallisuus tapahtuu luokkien ja niistä muodostettujen olioiden avulla.</p><p>Yhdestä luokasta voidaan muodostaa useita olioita. Niin kuin aiemmin kerrottiin, oliot ovat itsenäisiä - muutokset olioon eivät vaikuta muihin luokasta muodostettuihin olioihin. Jokaisella oliolla on oma tietosisältönsä. Vähän yksinkertaistaen voisi sanoa, että</p><ul>\n<li>luokassa määritellään muuttujat ja</li>\n<li>oliota muodostaessa niille annetaan arvot.</li>\n</ul><p>Luodaan esimerkkinä <code class=\"language-text\">Fraction</code>-luokasta olio ja tulostetaan sen osoittaja ja nimittäjä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> fractions <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> Fraction\n\nluku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Fraction<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan osoittaja</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>numerator<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># ...ja sitten nimittäjä</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>denominator<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2\n5</p></sample-output><p>Luokassa <code class=\"language-text\">Fraction</code> on siis määritelty, että olioilla on muuttujat <code class=\"language-text\">numerator</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">denominator</code>. Jokaisella oliolla on kuitenkin oma arvonsa näille muuttujille.</p><p>Samalla tavalla <code class=\"language-text\">date</code>-luokasta muodostetuilla olioilla on kaikilla omat itsenäiset arvonsa vuodelle, kuukaudelle ja päivämäärälle:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> date\n\njoulu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\njuhannus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan kuukaudet molemmista</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>joulu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>month<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>juhannus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>month<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>12\n6</p></sample-output><p>Luokassa <code class=\"language-text\">date</code> on siis määritelty, että luokasta muodostettavilla olioilla on muuttujat <code class=\"language-text\">year</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">month</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">day</code>. Kun luokasta muodostetaan olio, annetaan muuttujille arvot. Joka oliolla on omat arvonsa muuttujille.</p><h2 id=\"olioita-kasittelevat-funktiot\" style=\"position:relative;\">Olioita käsittelevät funktiot<a href=\"#olioita-kasittelevat-funktiot\" aria-label=\"olioita kasittelevat funktiot permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Funktioiden parametrina oleviin olioihin ei liity oikeastaan mitään sen kummempaa. Niitä on jo kurssin aiemmissa osissa nähty runsaasti. Seuraavassa on esimerkki funktiosta, joka tarkastaa, onko sen parametrina oleva <code class=\"language-text\">date</code>-olio viikonloppu:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">onko_viikonloppu</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    viikonpaiva <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>isoweekday<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> viikonpaiva <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">or</span> viikonpaiva <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktio siis  käyttää parametrina olevan olion metodia <a href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#datetime.date.isoweekday\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">isoweekday</a>, joka palauttaa viikonpäivää vastaavan numeron niin, että maanantai on 1, tiistai on 2, jne.</p><p>Funktiota käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">joulu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\njuhannus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>onko_viikonloppu<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>joulu<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>onko_viikonloppu<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>juhannus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>False\nTrue</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"metodi-vs-olion-muuttuja\" style=\"position:relative;\">Metodi vs. olion muuttuja<a href=\"#metodi-vs-olion-muuttuja\" aria-label=\"metodi vs olion muuttuja permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Jos tarkastellaan <code class=\"language-text\">date</code>-oliota, niin huomataan, että sen käsittely poikkeaa hieman riippuen siitä, mitä asiaa olion sisällöstä tarkastellaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">paiva <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># kutsutaan metodia</span>\nviikonpaiva <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>isoweekday<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># viitataan olion muuttujaan</span>\nkuukausi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>month\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Viikonpäivä:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> viikonpaiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kuukausi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kuukausi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Viikonpäivä: 4\nKuukausi: 12</p></sample-output><p>Päiväolion viikonpäivä saadaan siis selville kutsumalla <em>metodia</em> isoweekday:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">viikonpaiva <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>isoweekday<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Koska on kyse metodikutsusta, niin metodin nimen perään laitetaan sulut. Jos sulut unohtuvat, on lopputulos outo:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">viikonpaiva <span class=\"token operator\">=</span>  paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>isoweekday\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Viikonpäivä:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> viikonpaiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Viikonpäivä: &#x3C;built-in method isoweekday of datetime.date object at 0x10ed66450></p></sample-output><p>Päiväolioon liittyvä kuukausi taas on olion muuttuja, ja sen arvo selviää <em>viittaamalla</em> muuttujaan</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kuukausi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>month</code></pre></div><p>Nyt siis käytössä <em>ei ole sulkuja</em>. Jos tässä tilanteessa yritettäisiin käyttää sulkuja, ohjelma aiheuttaisi virheen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kuukausi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>month<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><div>Traceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\nTypeError: 'int' object is not callable</div></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Vuodet listaan' tmcname='osa08-03_vuodet_listaan'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">vuodet_listaan(paivamaarat: list)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen listan, joka sisältää <code class=\"language-text\">date</code>-tyyppisiä olioita. Funktio palauttaa uuden listan, jossa on päivämäärien <em>vuodet suuruusjärjestyksessä pienimmästä suurimpaan</em>.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">paiva1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2019</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npaiva2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2006</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npaiva3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1993</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nvuodet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> vuodet_listaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>paiva1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> paiva2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> paiva3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vuodet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[1993, 2006, 2019]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kauppalista' tmcname='osa08-04_kauppalista'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on määritelty valmiiksi <code class=\"language-text\">Kauppalista</code>-luokka, jolla voidaan mallintaa yhtä kauppalistaa.</p><p>Jos kauppalistaolio on tallennettu esimerkiksi muuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">kauppalista</code>, sitä voidaan käsitellä seuraavan esimerkin mukaisesti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tuotteita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2\nBanaanit\n4\nMaito\n1</p></sample-output><p>Myös seuraava onnistuu:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># kauppalistalla tuotteet on indeksöity ykkösestä alkaen</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tuotteita<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token operator\">+</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tuote <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    maara <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kpl\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>banaanit 4 kpl\nmaito 1 kpl</p></sample-output><p>Kauppalistat siis käyttäytyvät hieman listojen tavoin, mutta niitä käsitellään kuitenkin kauppalistan tarjoamien metodien kautta. Toisin kuin listoissa, kauppalistan tuotteet on numeroitu ykkösestä alkaen.</p><p>Tee esimerkkejä hyödyntäen funktio <code class=\"language-text\">tuotteita_yhteensa(lista: Kauppalista)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen <code class=\"language-text\">Kauppalista</code>-tyyppisen olion. Funktio laskee listalla yhteensä olevien tuotteiden määrän ja palauttaa sen.</p><p>Huomaa, että kauppalistalla tuotteet indeksoidaan ykkösestä alkaen, ei nollasta. Voit testata ohjelmaasi esim. tällä esimerkkikoodilla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"banaanit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"omenat\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ananas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tuotteita_yhteensa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>16</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huom</strong> koska luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Kauppalista</code> koodi on tehtäväpohjassa valmiina, ei koodissa tarvitse käyttää <code class=\"language-text\">import</code>-lausetta kuten edellisissä esimerkeissä, tehtävissä, jotka käyttävät Pythonin valmiita luokkia <code class=\"language-text\">Fraction</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">date</code>.</p></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-8/2-luokat-ja-oliot","title":"Luokat ja oliot"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-8/2-luokat-ja-oliot.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt kysymykset"}}},{"node":{"id":"5f1658c8-6212-5b41-8330-eeaf14eacf73","frontmatter":{"path":"/verkkotentti","title":"Verkkotentti 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Oksanen: Norma\nJo Nesbø: Lumiukko"}]}]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, miten omia luokkia määritellään</li>\n<li>Osaat muodostaa itse määritellystä luokasta olion</li>\n<li>Osaat kirjoittaa konstruktorin</li>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä tarkoittaa avainsana <code class=\"language-text\">self</code></li>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä ovat attribuutit ja miten niitä käytetään</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Luokka määritellään avainsanan <code class=\"language-text\">class</code> avulla. Syntaksi on</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">LuokanNimi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Luokan toteutus</span></code></pre></div><p>Luokat nimetään yleensä <em>camel case</em> -käytännöllä niin, että sanat kirjoitetaan yhteen ja jokainen sana alkaa isolla alkukirjaimella. Esimerkiksi seuraavat ovat tämän käytännön mukaisia luokkien nimiä:</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">Pankkitili</code></li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">OhjelmaApuri</code></li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">KirjastoTietokanta</code></li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">PythonKurssinArvosanat</code></li>\n</ul><p>Yhdellä luokalla pyritään mallintamaan jokin sellainen yksittäinen kokonaisuus, jonka sisältämät tiedot liittyvät kiinteästi yhteen. Monimutkaisemmissa ratkaisuissa luokka voi sisältää toisia luokkia (esimerkiksi luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Kurssi</code> voisi sisältää luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Osasuoritus</code> mukaisia olioita).</p><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä yksinkertaista luokkamäärittelyä, josta sisältö vielä puuttuu:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkitili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span></code></pre></div><p>Koodissa määritellään luokka, jonka nimi on <code class=\"language-text\">Pankkitili</code>. Luokalle ei ole määritelty varsinaista sisältöä, mutta tästä huolimatta luokasta voidaan muodostaa olio.</p><p>Tarkastellaan ohjelmaa, jossa luokasta muodostetun olion sisälle on määritelty kaksi muuttujaa, <code class=\"language-text\">saldo</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">omistaja</code>. Olion muuttujia kutsutaan <em>attribuuteiksi</em>. Attribuutista käytetään myös nimitystä <em>oliomuuttuja</em>.</p><p>Kun luokasta luodaan olio, voidaan attribuuttien arvoja käsitellä olion kautta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkitili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span>\n\npekan_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span>\npekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">5.0</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>omistaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pekka Python\n5.0</p></sample-output><p>Attribuutit ovat käytettävissä ainoastaan sen olion kautta, jossa ne on määritelty. Pankkitili-luokasta muodostetuilla olioilla on jokaisella omat arvonsa attribuuteille. Attribuuttien arvot haetaan olioiden kautta, esimerkiksi näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">155.50</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># Viittaa tilin attribuuttiin saldo</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># TÄSTÄ TULEE VIRHE, koska oliomuuttuja ei ole mukana!</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"konstruktorin-lisaaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Konstruktorin lisääminen<a href=\"#konstruktorin-lisaaminen\" aria-label=\"konstruktorin lisaaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kuten edellisestä esimerkistä huomataan, luokasta voi luoda uuden olion kutsumalla konstruktoria, joka on muotoa <code class=\"language-text\">LuokanNimi()</code>. Yleensä olisi kuitenkin kätevä antaa attribuuteille arvot heti kun olio luodaan – nyt esimerkiksi Pankkitilin omistaja ja saldo asetetaan vasta, kun pankkitiliolio on luotu.</p><p>Attribuuttien asettamisessa ilman konstruktoria on myös se ongelma, että samasta luokasta luoduilla olioilla voi olla eri attribuutit. Seuraava ohjelmakoodi esimerkiksi antaa virheen, koska oliolle <code class=\"language-text\">pirjon_tili</code> ei ole määritelty attribuuttia <code class=\"language-text\">saldo</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkitili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span>\n\npekan_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span>\npekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1400</span>\n\npirjon_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npirjon_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pirjo\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pirjon_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># TÄSTÄ TULEE VIRHE</span></code></pre></div><p>Sen sijaan että attribuuttien arvot alustettaisiin luokan luomisen jälkeen, on huomattavasti parempi ajatus alustaa arvot samalla, kun luokasta luodaan olio.</p><p>Konstruktori kirjoitetaan luokan sisään metodina <code class=\"language-text\">__init__</code> yleensä heti luokan alkuun.</p><p>Tarkastellaan <code class=\"language-text\">Pankkitili</code>-luokkaa, johon on lisätty konstruktori:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkitili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Konstruktori</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> omistaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> omistaja</code></pre></div><p>Konstruktorin nimi on aina <code class=\"language-text\">__init__</code>. Huomaa, että nimessä sanan <code class=\"language-text\">init</code> molemmilla puolilla on <em>kaksi alaviivaa</em>.</p><p>Konstruktorin ensimmäinen parametri on nimeltään <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>. Tämä viittaa olioon, jota käsitellään. Asetuslause</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">self.saldo = saldo</code></p><p>asettaa parametrina annetun saldon luotavan olion saldoksi. On tärkeä huomata, että tässä yhteydessä muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">self.saldo</code> on eri muuttuja kuin muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">saldo</code>:</p><ul>\n<li>\n<p>Muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">self.saldo</code> viittaa olion attribuuttiin. Jokaisella Pankkitili-luokan oliolla on oma saldonsa.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">saldo</code> on konstruktorimetodin <code class=\"language-text\">__init__</code> parametri, jolle annetaan arvo, kun metodia kutsutaan (eli kun halutaan luoda uusi olio luokasta).</p>\n</li>\n</ul><p>Nyt kun konstruktorille on määritelty parametrit, voidaan attribuuttien arvot antaa oliota luotaessa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkitili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Konstruktori</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> omistaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> omistaja\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Parametrille self ei anneta arvoa, vaan Python antaa sen</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># automaattisesti</span>\npekan_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npirjon_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">20000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pirjo Pythonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pirjon_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>100\n20000</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkistä huomataan, että olioiden luominen helpottuu, kun arvot voidaan antaa heti oliota muodostaessa. Samalla tämä varmistaa, että arvojen antaminen ei unohdu, ja ohjaa käyttäjää antamaan arvot attribuuteille.</p><p>Attribuuttien arvoja voi edelleen muuttaa myöhemmin ohjelmassa, vaikka alkuarvo olisikin annettu konstruktorissa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkitili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Konstruktori</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> omistaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> omistaja\n\npekan_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Saldoksi 1500</span>\npekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1500</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Lisätään saldoon 2000</span>\npekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2000</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>100\n1500\n3500</p></sample-output><p>Tarkastellaan vielä toista esimerkkiä luokasta ja olioista. Kirjoitetaan luokka, joka mallintaa yhtä lottokierrosta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> date\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">LottoKierros</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> viikko<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pvm<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>viikko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> viikko\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pvm <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pvm\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>numerot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> numerot\n\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Luodaan uusi lottokierros</span>\nkierros1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> LottoKierros<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2021</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">13</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">14</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">33</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan tiedot</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kierros1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>viikko<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kierros1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pvm<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> numero <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> kierros1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>numerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1\n2021-01-02\n1\n4\n8\n12\n13\n14\n33</p></sample-output><p>Attribuutit voivat olla siis minkä tahansa tyyppisiä – esimerkiksi edellisessä esimerkissä jokaiseen olioon tallennetaan lista ja päivämäärä.</p><programming-exercise name='Kirja' tmcname='osa08-06_kirja'><p>Tee luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Kirja</code>, jolla on attribuutteina muuttujat <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">kirjoittaja</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">genre</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">kirjoitusvuosi</code> sekä konstruktori, joka alustaa muuttujat.</p><p>Luokkaa käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">python <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Fluent Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Luciano Ramalho\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ohjelmointi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2015</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\neverest <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Huipulta huipulle\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Carina Räihä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"elämänkerta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2010</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>python<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjoittaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>python<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>python<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjoitusvuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Kirjan </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>everest<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> genre on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>everest<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>genre<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Luciano Ramalho: Fluent Python (2015)\nKirjan Huipulta huipulle genre on elämänkerta</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kirjoita luokat' tmcname='osa08-07_kirjoita_luokat'><p>Kirjoita alla pyydetyt luokat. Jokaisen luokan alle on kuvattu attribuuttien nimet ja tyypit.</p><p>Kirjoita jokaiselle luokalle myös konstruktori, jossa attribuutit annetaan siinä järjestyksessä kuin ne on kuvauksessa annettu.</p><ol>\n<li>Luokka Muistilista</li>\n</ol><ul>\n<li>attribuutti otsikko (merkkijono)</li>\n<li>attribuutti merkinnat (lista)</li>\n</ul><ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Luokka Asiakas</li>\n</ol><ul>\n<li>attribuutti tunniste (merkkijono)</li>\n<li>attribuutti saldo (desimaaliluku)</li>\n<li>attribuutti alennusprosentti (kokonaisluku)</li>\n</ul><ol start=\"3\">\n<li>Luokka Kaapeli</li>\n</ol><ul>\n<li>attribuutti malli (merkkijono)</li>\n<li>attribuutti pituus (desimaaliluku)</li>\n<li>attribuutti maksiminopeus (kokonaisluku)</li>\n<li>attribuutti kaksisuuntainen (totuusarvo)</li>\n</ul></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"omien-luokkien-olioiden-kaytto\" style=\"position:relative;\">Omien luokkien olioiden käyttö<a href=\"#omien-luokkien-olioiden-kaytto\" aria-label=\"omien luokkien olioiden kaytto permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Omasta luokasta muodostetut oliot käyttäytyvät esimerkiksi funktioiden parametrina ja paluuarvona samalla tavalla kuin muutkin oliot. Voisimme esimerkiksi tehdä pari apufunktiota tilien käsittelyyn:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># funktio luo uuden tiliolion ja palauttaa sen</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">avaa_tili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    uusi_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span>  Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> uusi_tili\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># funktio asettaa parametrina saamansa rahasumman parametrina olevalle tilille</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">laita_rahaa_tilille</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> summa\n\npekan_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> avaa_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nlaita_rahaa_tilille<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>0\n500</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Muodosta lemmikki' tmcname='osa08-07b_muodosta_lemmikki'><p>Määrittele luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Lemmikki</code>. Luokalla on konstruktori, jossa annetaan arvot attribuuteille <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">laji</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">syntymavuosi</code> tässä järjestyksessä.</p><p>Kirjoita sitten luokan ulkopuolelle funktio <code class=\"language-text\">uusi_lemmikki(nimi: str, laji: str, syntymavuosi: int)</code>, joka luo ja palauttaa uuden <code class=\"language-text\">Lemmikki</code>-tyyppisen (eli <code class=\"language-text\">Lemmikki</code>-luokkaa vastaavan) olion.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">musti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> uusi_lemmikki<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Musti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"koira\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2017</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>musti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>musti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>laji<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>musti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syntymavuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Musti\nkoira\n2017</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Vanhempi kirja' tmcname='osa08-08_vanhempi_kirja'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">vanhempi_kirja(kirja1: Kirja, kirja2: Kirja)</code>, joka saa parametriksi kaksi <code class=\"language-text\">Kirja</code>-oliota. Funktio kertoo, kumpi kirjoista on vanhempi.</p><p>Funktiota käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">python <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Fluent Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Luciano Ramalho\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ohjelmointi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2015</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\neverest <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Huipulta huipulle\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Carina Räihä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"elämänkerta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2010</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnorma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Norma\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Sofi Oksanen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"rikos\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2015</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nvanhempi_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>python<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> everest<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nvanhempi_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>python<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> norma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Huipulta huipulle on vanhempi, se kirjoitettiin 2010\nFluent Python ja Norma kirjoitettiin 2015</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Genren kirjat' tmcname='osa08-09_genren_kirjat'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">genren_kirjat(kirjat: list, genre: str)</code>, joka saa parametriksi listan <code class=\"language-text\">Kirja</code>-olioita sekä genren kertovan merkkijonon.</p><p>Funktio <em>palauttaa</em> uuden listan, jolle se laittaa parametrina olevista kirjoista ne, joilla on haluttu genre.</p><p>Funktiota käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">python <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Fluent Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Luciano Ramalho\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ohjelmointi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2015</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\neverest <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Huipulta huipulle\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Carina Räihä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"elämänkerta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2010</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnorma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Norma\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Sofi Oksanen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"rikos\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2015</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkirjat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>python<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> everest<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> norma<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lumiukko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Jo Nesbø\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"rikos\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2007</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"rikoskirjoja ovat\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> kirja <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> genren_kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"rikos\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjoittaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>rikoskirjoja ovat\nSofi Oksanen: Norma\nJo Nesbø: Lumiukko</p></sample-output></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-8/3-omat-luokat","title":"Omat luokat"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-8/3-omat-luokat.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt kysymykset"}}},{"node":{"id":"5f1658c8-6212-5b41-8330-eeaf14eacf73","frontmatter":{"path":"/verkkotentti","title":"Verkkotentti 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Luokalle ei ole määritelty varsinaista sisältöä, mutta tästä huolimatta luokasta voidaan muodostaa olio."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tarkastellaan ohjelmaa, jossa luokasta muodostetun olion sisälle on määritelty kaksi muuttujaa, "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"saldo"}]},{"type":"text","value":" ja "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"omistaja"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Olion muuttujia kutsutaan "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"attribuuteiksi"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Attribuutista käytetään myös nimitystä "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"oliomuuttuja"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kun luokasta luodaan olio, voidaan attribuuttien arvoja käsitellä olion kautta:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"class"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","class-name"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pankkitili"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"pass"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\npekan_tili "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" Pankkitili"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\npekan_tili"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"omistaja "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Pekka Python\""}]},{"type":"text","value":"\npekan_tili"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"saldo "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5.0"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"pekan_tili"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"omistaja"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"pekan_tili"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"saldo"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pekka Python\n5.0"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Attribuutit ovat käytettävissä ainoastaan sen olion kautta, jossa ne on määritelty. 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Yleensä olisi kuitenkin kätevä antaa attribuuteille arvot heti kun olio luodaan – nyt esimerkiksi Pankkitilin omistaja ja saldo asetetaan vasta, kun pankkitiliolio on luotu."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Attribuuttien asettamisessa ilman konstruktoria on myös se ongelma, että samasta luokasta luoduilla olioilla voi olla eri attribuutit. 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"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","interpolation"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"{"}]},{"type":"text","value":"kirja"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"nimi"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"}"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\""}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"rikoskirjoja ovat\nSofi Oksanen: Norma\nJo Nesbø: Lumiukko"}]}]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, miten omia luokkia määritellään</li>\n<li>Osaat muodostaa itse määritellystä luokasta olion</li>\n<li>Osaat kirjoittaa konstruktorin</li>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä tarkoittaa avainsana <code class=\"language-text\">self</code></li>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä ovat attribuutit ja miten niitä käytetään</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Luokka määritellään avainsanan <code class=\"language-text\">class</code> avulla. Syntaksi on</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">LuokanNimi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Luokan toteutus</span></code></pre></div><p>Luokat nimetään yleensä <em>camel case</em> -käytännöllä niin, että sanat kirjoitetaan yhteen ja jokainen sana alkaa isolla alkukirjaimella. Esimerkiksi seuraavat ovat tämän käytännön mukaisia luokkien nimiä:</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">Pankkitili</code></li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">OhjelmaApuri</code></li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">KirjastoTietokanta</code></li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">PythonKurssinArvosanat</code></li>\n</ul><p>Yhdellä luokalla pyritään mallintamaan jokin sellainen yksittäinen kokonaisuus, jonka sisältämät tiedot liittyvät kiinteästi yhteen. Monimutkaisemmissa ratkaisuissa luokka voi sisältää toisia luokkia (esimerkiksi luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Kurssi</code> voisi sisältää luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Osasuoritus</code> mukaisia olioita).</p><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä yksinkertaista luokkamäärittelyä, josta sisältö vielä puuttuu:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkitili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span></code></pre></div><p>Koodissa määritellään luokka, jonka nimi on <code class=\"language-text\">Pankkitili</code>. Luokalle ei ole määritelty varsinaista sisältöä, mutta tästä huolimatta luokasta voidaan muodostaa olio.</p><p>Tarkastellaan ohjelmaa, jossa luokasta muodostetun olion sisälle on määritelty kaksi muuttujaa, <code class=\"language-text\">saldo</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">omistaja</code>. Olion muuttujia kutsutaan <em>attribuuteiksi</em>. Attribuutista käytetään myös nimitystä <em>oliomuuttuja</em>.</p><p>Kun luokasta luodaan olio, voidaan attribuuttien arvoja käsitellä olion kautta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkitili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span>\n\npekan_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span>\npekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">5.0</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>omistaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pekka Python\n5.0</p></sample-output><p>Attribuutit ovat käytettävissä ainoastaan sen olion kautta, jossa ne on määritelty. Pankkitili-luokasta muodostetuilla olioilla on jokaisella omat arvonsa attribuuteille. Attribuuttien arvot haetaan olioiden kautta, esimerkiksi näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">155.50</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># Viittaa tilin attribuuttiin saldo</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># TÄSTÄ TULEE VIRHE, koska oliomuuttuja ei ole mukana!</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"konstruktorin-lisaaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Konstruktorin lisääminen<a href=\"#konstruktorin-lisaaminen\" aria-label=\"konstruktorin lisaaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kuten edellisestä esimerkistä huomataan, luokasta voi luoda uuden olion kutsumalla konstruktoria, joka on muotoa <code class=\"language-text\">LuokanNimi()</code>. Yleensä olisi kuitenkin kätevä antaa attribuuteille arvot heti kun olio luodaan – nyt esimerkiksi Pankkitilin omistaja ja saldo asetetaan vasta, kun pankkitiliolio on luotu.</p><p>Attribuuttien asettamisessa ilman konstruktoria on myös se ongelma, että samasta luokasta luoduilla olioilla voi olla eri attribuutit. Seuraava ohjelmakoodi esimerkiksi antaa virheen, koska oliolle <code class=\"language-text\">pirjon_tili</code> ei ole määritelty attribuuttia <code class=\"language-text\">saldo</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkitili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span>\n\npekan_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span>\npekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1400</span>\n\npirjon_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npirjon_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pirjo\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pirjon_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># TÄSTÄ TULEE VIRHE</span></code></pre></div><p>Sen sijaan että attribuuttien arvot alustettaisiin luokan luomisen jälkeen, on huomattavasti parempi ajatus alustaa arvot samalla, kun luokasta luodaan olio.</p><p>Konstruktori kirjoitetaan luokan sisään metodina <code class=\"language-text\">__init__</code> yleensä heti luokan alkuun.</p><p>Tarkastellaan <code class=\"language-text\">Pankkitili</code>-luokkaa, johon on lisätty konstruktori:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkitili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Konstruktori</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> omistaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> omistaja</code></pre></div><p>Konstruktorin nimi on aina <code class=\"language-text\">__init__</code>. Huomaa, että nimessä sanan <code class=\"language-text\">init</code> molemmilla puolilla on <em>kaksi alaviivaa</em>.</p><p>Konstruktorin ensimmäinen parametri on nimeltään <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>. Tämä viittaa olioon, jota käsitellään. Asetuslause</p><p><code class=\"language-text\">self.saldo = saldo</code></p><p>asettaa parametrina annetun saldon luotavan olion saldoksi. On tärkeä huomata, että tässä yhteydessä muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">self.saldo</code> on eri muuttuja kuin muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">saldo</code>:</p><ul>\n<li>\n<p>Muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">self.saldo</code> viittaa olion attribuuttiin. Jokaisella Pankkitili-luokan oliolla on oma saldonsa.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">saldo</code> on konstruktorimetodin <code class=\"language-text\">__init__</code> parametri, jolle annetaan arvo, kun metodia kutsutaan (eli kun halutaan luoda uusi olio luokasta).</p>\n</li>\n</ul><p>Nyt kun konstruktorille on määritelty parametrit, voidaan attribuuttien arvot antaa oliota luotaessa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkitili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Konstruktori</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> omistaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> omistaja\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Parametrille self ei anneta arvoa, vaan Python antaa sen</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># automaattisesti</span>\npekan_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npirjon_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">20000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pirjo Pythonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pirjon_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>100\n20000</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkistä huomataan, että olioiden luominen helpottuu, kun arvot voidaan antaa heti oliota muodostaessa. Samalla tämä varmistaa, että arvojen antaminen ei unohdu, ja ohjaa käyttäjää antamaan arvot attribuuteille.</p><p>Attribuuttien arvoja voi edelleen muuttaa myöhemmin ohjelmassa, vaikka alkuarvo olisikin annettu konstruktorissa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkitili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Konstruktori</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> omistaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> omistaja\n\npekan_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Saldoksi 1500</span>\npekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1500</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Lisätään saldoon 2000</span>\npekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2000</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>100\n1500\n3500</p></sample-output><p>Tarkastellaan vielä toista esimerkkiä luokasta ja olioista. Kirjoitetaan luokka, joka mallintaa yhtä lottokierrosta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> date\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">LottoKierros</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> viikko<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pvm<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>viikko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> viikko\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pvm <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pvm\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>numerot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> numerot\n\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Luodaan uusi lottokierros</span>\nkierros1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> LottoKierros<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2021</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">13</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">14</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">33</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan tiedot</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kierros1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>viikko<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kierros1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pvm<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> numero <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> kierros1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>numerot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1\n2021-01-02\n1\n4\n8\n12\n13\n14\n33</p></sample-output><p>Attribuutit voivat olla siis minkä tahansa tyyppisiä – esimerkiksi edellisessä esimerkissä jokaiseen olioon tallennetaan lista ja päivämäärä.</p><programming-exercise name='Kirja' tmcname='osa08-06_kirja'><p>Tee luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Kirja</code>, jolla on attribuutteina muuttujat <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">kirjoittaja</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">genre</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">kirjoitusvuosi</code> sekä konstruktori, joka alustaa muuttujat.</p><p>Luokkaa käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">python <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Fluent Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Luciano Ramalho\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ohjelmointi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2015</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\neverest <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Huipulta huipulle\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Carina Räihä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"elämänkerta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2010</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>python<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjoittaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>python<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>python<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjoitusvuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Kirjan </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>everest<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> genre on </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>everest<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>genre<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Luciano Ramalho: Fluent Python (2015)\nKirjan Huipulta huipulle genre on elämänkerta</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kirjoita luokat' tmcname='osa08-07_kirjoita_luokat'><p>Kirjoita alla pyydetyt luokat. Jokaisen luokan alle on kuvattu attribuuttien nimet ja tyypit.</p><p>Kirjoita jokaiselle luokalle myös konstruktori, jossa attribuutit annetaan siinä järjestyksessä kuin ne on kuvauksessa annettu.</p><ol>\n<li>Luokka Muistilista</li>\n</ol><ul>\n<li>attribuutti otsikko (merkkijono)</li>\n<li>attribuutti merkinnat (lista)</li>\n</ul><ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Luokka Asiakas</li>\n</ol><ul>\n<li>attribuutti tunniste (merkkijono)</li>\n<li>attribuutti saldo (desimaaliluku)</li>\n<li>attribuutti alennusprosentti (kokonaisluku)</li>\n</ul><ol start=\"3\">\n<li>Luokka Kaapeli</li>\n</ol><ul>\n<li>attribuutti malli (merkkijono)</li>\n<li>attribuutti pituus (desimaaliluku)</li>\n<li>attribuutti maksiminopeus (kokonaisluku)</li>\n<li>attribuutti kaksisuuntainen (totuusarvo)</li>\n</ul></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"omien-luokkien-olioiden-kaytto\" style=\"position:relative;\">Omien luokkien olioiden käyttö<a href=\"#omien-luokkien-olioiden-kaytto\" aria-label=\"omien luokkien olioiden kaytto permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Omasta luokasta muodostetut oliot käyttäytyvät esimerkiksi funktioiden parametrina ja paluuarvona samalla tavalla kuin muutkin oliot. Voisimme esimerkiksi tehdä pari apufunktiota tilien käsittelyyn:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># funktio luo uuden tiliolion ja palauttaa sen</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">avaa_tili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    uusi_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span>  Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> uusi_tili\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># funktio asettaa parametrina saamansa rahasumman parametrina olevalle tilille</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">laita_rahaa_tilille</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> summa\n\npekan_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> avaa_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nlaita_rahaa_tilille<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>0\n500</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Muodosta lemmikki' tmcname='osa08-07b_muodosta_lemmikki'><p>Määrittele luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Lemmikki</code>. Luokalla on konstruktori, jossa annetaan arvot attribuuteille <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">laji</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">syntymavuosi</code> tässä järjestyksessä.</p><p>Kirjoita sitten luokan ulkopuolelle funktio <code class=\"language-text\">uusi_lemmikki(nimi: str, laji: str, syntymavuosi: int)</code>, joka luo ja palauttaa uuden <code class=\"language-text\">Lemmikki</code>-tyyppisen (eli <code class=\"language-text\">Lemmikki</code>-luokkaa vastaavan) olion.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">musti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> uusi_lemmikki<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Musti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"koira\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2017</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>musti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>musti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>laji<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>musti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syntymavuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Musti\nkoira\n2017</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Vanhempi kirja' tmcname='osa08-08_vanhempi_kirja'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">vanhempi_kirja(kirja1: Kirja, kirja2: Kirja)</code>, joka saa parametriksi kaksi <code class=\"language-text\">Kirja</code>-oliota. Funktio kertoo, kumpi kirjoista on vanhempi.</p><p>Funktiota käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">python <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Fluent Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Luciano Ramalho\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ohjelmointi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2015</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\neverest <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Huipulta huipulle\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Carina Räihä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"elämänkerta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2010</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnorma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Norma\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Sofi Oksanen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"rikos\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2015</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nvanhempi_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>python<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> everest<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nvanhempi_kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>python<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> norma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Huipulta huipulle on vanhempi, se kirjoitettiin 2010\nFluent Python ja Norma kirjoitettiin 2015</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Genren kirjat' tmcname='osa08-09_genren_kirjat'><p>Tee funktio <code class=\"language-text\">genren_kirjat(kirjat: list, genre: str)</code>, joka saa parametriksi listan <code class=\"language-text\">Kirja</code>-olioita sekä genren kertovan merkkijonon.</p><p>Funktio <em>palauttaa</em> uuden listan, jolle se laittaa parametrina olevista kirjoista ne, joilla on haluttu genre.</p><p>Funktiota käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">python <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Fluent Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Luciano Ramalho\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ohjelmointi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2015</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\neverest <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Huipulta huipulle\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Carina Räihä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"elämänkerta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2010</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nnorma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Norma\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Sofi Oksanen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"rikos\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2015</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkirjat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>python<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> everest<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> norma<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> Kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lumiukko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Jo Nesbø\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"rikos\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2007</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"rikoskirjoja ovat\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> kirja <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> genren_kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"rikos\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kirjoittaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>rikoskirjoja ovat\nSofi Oksanen: 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Lukutilasto"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\ntilasto"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_luku"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\ntilasto"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_luku"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\ntilasto"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_luku"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\ntilasto"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_luku"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Lukujen 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tilasto"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lukujen_maara"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Summa:\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" tilasto"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"summa"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Keskiarvo:\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" tilasto"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"keskiarvo"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Määrä: 4\nSumma: 11\nKeskiarvo: 2.75"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"h3","properties":{"id":"summa-kayttajalta","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Summa käyttäjältä"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#summa-kayttajalta","ariaLabel":"summa kayttajalta permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy lukuja käyttäjältä, kunnes käyttäjä antaa luvun -1. Sitten ohjelma ilmoittaa lukujen summan."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelmassa tulee käyttää "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lukutilasto"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-oliota summan laskemiseen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"HUOM: Älä muuta tässä osassa luokkaa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lukutilasto"}]},{"type":"text","value":", vaan toteuta sitä hyödyntäen summan laskemiseen käytetty ohjelma."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"HUOM2: Älä kirjoita pääohjelmaa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"if __name__ == \"__main__\""}]},{"type":"text","value":"-lohkon sisään, jotta testit toimivat!"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna lukuja:\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"-1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSumma: 13\nKeskiarvo: 3.25"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"h3","properties":{"id":"monta-summaa","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Monta summaa"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#monta-summaa","ariaLabel":"monta summaa permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Muuta edellistä ohjelmaa niin, että ohjelma laskee myös parillisten ja parittomien lukujen summaa."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"HUOM: Älä edelleenkään muuta luokkaa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lukutilasto"}]},{"type":"text","value":", vaan määrittele ohjelmassa kolme "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lukutilasto"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-oliota. Laske ensimmäisen avulla kaikkien lukujen summa ja keskiarvo, toisen avulla parillisten lukujen summa ja kolmannen avulla parittomien lukujen summa."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"HUOM2: Älä kirjoita pääohjelmaa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"if __name__ == \"__main__\""}]},{"type":"text","value":"-lohkon sisään, jotta testit toimivat!"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna lukuja:\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"-1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSumma: 13\nKeskiarvo: 3.25\nParillisten summa: 8\nParittomien summa: 5"}]}]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen:</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, miten metodit toimivat luokissa</li>\n<li>Osaat kirjoittaa metodeita omiin luokkiin</li>\n<li>Ymmärrät, mitä tarkoitetaan kapseloinnilla ja asiakkaalla olio-ohjelmoinnissa</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Vain attribuutteja sisältävät luokat eivät käytännössä eroa juurikaan sanakirjoista. Seuraavassa esimerkissä on esitetty pankkitiliä mallintava rakenne sekä oman luokan että sanakirjan avulla toteutettuna:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># Esimerkki omaa luokkaa käyttäen</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkitili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilinumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> omistaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vuosikorko<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tilinumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tilinumero\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> omistaja\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vuosikorko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> vuosikorko\n\npekan_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"12345-678\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1500.0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.015</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># Esimerkki sanakirjaa käyttäen</span>\npekan_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tilinumero\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"12345-678\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"omistaja\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"saldo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">1500.0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"vuosikorko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></code></pre></div><p>Sanakirjaa käyttäen rakenteen toteutus on huomattavasti suoraviivaisempi ja koodi on lyhyempi. Luokan hyötynä tässä tapauksessa on, että se määrittelee rakenteen \"tiukemmin\", jolloin kaikki luokasta muodostetut oliot ovat rakenteeltaan samanlaisia. Luokka on lisäksi nimetty: oliota muodostaessa viitataan <code class=\"language-text\">Pankkitili</code>-luokkaan ja olion tyyppi on <code class=\"language-text\">Pankkitili</code> eikä sanakirja.</p><p>Luokilla on lisäksi etuna, että niihin voidaan lisätä attribuuttien lisäksi myös toiminnallisuutta. Yksi olio-ohjelmoinnin periaatteista onkin, että olioon on yhdistetty sekä tallennettavat tiedot että operaatiot, joilla tietoa voidaan käsitellä.</p><h2 id=\"metodit-luokissa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Metodit luokissa<a href=\"#metodit-luokissa\" aria-label=\"metodit luokissa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Metodi tarkoittaa luokkaan sidottua aliohjelmaa. Yleensä metodin toiminta kohdistuu vain yhteen olioon. Metodi kirjoitetaan luokan sisälle, ja se voi käsitellä attribuutteja kuten mitä tahansa muuttujia.</p><p>Katsotaan esimerkkinä <code class=\"language-text\">Pankkitili</code>-luokan metodia, joka lisää koron pankkitilille:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkitili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilinumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> omistaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vuosikorko<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tilinumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tilinumero\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> omistaja\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vuosikorko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> vuosikorko\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Metodi lisää koron tilin saldoon</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_korko</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vuosikorko\n\n\npekan_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"12345-678\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1500.0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.015</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_korko<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1522.5</p></sample-output><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_korko</code> kertoo olion saldon vuosikorkoprosentilla ja lisää tuloksen nykyiseen saldoon. Metodin toiminta kohdistuu siihen olioon, jonka kautta sitä kutsutaan.</p><p>Katsotaan vielä toinen esimerkki, jossa luokasta on muodostettu useampi olio:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># Luokka Pankkitili on määritelty edellisessä esimerkissä</span>\n\npekan_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"12345-678\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1500.0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.015</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npirjon_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"99999-999\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pirjo Pythonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1500.0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.05</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npaulin_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"1111-222\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pauli Paulinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1500.0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.001</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Lisätään korko Pekalle ja Pirjolle, mutta ei Paulille</span>\npekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_korko<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npirjon_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_korko<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan kaikki</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pirjon_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>paulin_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1522.5\n1575.0\n1500.0</p></sample-output><p>Korko lisätään vain siihen tiliin, jonka kautta metodia kutsutaan. Esimerkistä huomataan, että Pekalle ja Pirjolle lisätään eri korkoprosentit ja Paulin tilin saldo ei muutu ollenkaan, koska olion <code class=\"language-text\">paulin_tili</code> kautta ei kutsuta metodia <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_korko</code>.</p><h2 id=\"kapselointi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kapselointi<a href=\"#kapselointi\" aria-label=\"kapselointi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Olio-ohjelmoinnin yhteydessä puhutaan usein olioiden <em>asiakkaista</em>. Asiakkaalla (client) tarkoitetaan koodin osaa, joka muodostaa olion ja käyttää sen palveluita kutsumalla metodeita. Kun olion tietosisältöä käsitellään vain olion tarjoamien metodien avulla, voidaan varmistua siitä, että olion <em>sisäinen eheys</em> säilyy. Käytännössä tämä tarkoittaa esimerkiksi sitä, että <code class=\"language-text\">Pankkitili</code>-luokassa tarjotaan metodi, jolla tililtä nostetaan rahaa, sen sijaan, että asiakas käsittelisi suoraan attribuuttia <code class=\"language-text\">saldo</code>. Tässä metodissa voidaan sitten esimerkiksi varmistaa, ettei tililtä nosteta katetta enempää rahaa.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkitili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilinumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> omistaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vuosikorko<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tilinumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tilinumero\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> omistaja\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vuosikorko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> vuosikorko\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Metodi lisää koron tilin saldoon</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_korko</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vuosikorko\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Metodilla \"nostetaan\" tililtä rahaa</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Metodi palauttaa true, jos nosto onnistuu, muuten False</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">nosto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nostosumma<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nostosumma <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> nostosumma\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n\npekan_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"12345-678\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1500.0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.015</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nosto onnistui, tilin saldo on nyt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nosto ei onnistunut, rahaa ei ole tarpeeksi.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Yritetään uudestaan</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nosto onnistui, tilin saldo on nyt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nosto ei onnistunut, rahaa ei ole tarpeeksi.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Nosto onnistui, tilin saldo on nyt 500.0\nNosto ei onnistunut, rahaa ei ole tarpeeksi.</p></sample-output><p>Olion sisäisen eheyden säilyttämistä ja sopivien metodien tarjoamista asiakkaalle kutsutaan <em>kapseloinniksi</em>. Tämä tarkoittaa, että olion toteutus piilotetaan asiakkaalta ja olio tarjoaa ulkopuolelle metodit, joiden avulla tietoja voi käsitellä.</p><p>Pelkkä metodin lisäys ei kuitenkaan piilota attribuuttia: vaikka luokkaan <code class=\"language-text\">Pankkitili</code> onkin lisätty metodi <code class=\"language-text\">nosto</code> rahan nostamiseksi, asiakas voi edelleen muokata <code class=\"language-text\">saldo</code>-attribuutin arvoa suoraan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">pekan_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"12345-678\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1500.0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.015</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Yritetään nostaa 2000</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nosto onnistui, tilin saldo on nyt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nosto ei onnistunut, rahaa ei ole tarpeeksi.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Nostetaan \"väkisin\" 2000</span>\n    pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2000</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Saldo nyt:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ongelma voidaan ainakin osittain ratkaista piilottamalla attribuutit asiakkaalta. Käytännön toteutukseen palataan tarkemmin ensi viikolla.</p><programming-exercise name='Vähenevä laskuri' tmcname='osa08-10_vaheneva_laskuri'><p>Tässä tehtävässä on useampi osa. Jokainen osa vastaa yhtä tehtäväpistettä.</p><p>Tehtäväpohjan mukana tulee osittain valmiiksi toteutettu luokka <code class=\"language-text\">VahenevaLaskuri</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">VahenevaLaskuri</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvo_alussa<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> arvo_alussa\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta_arvo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"arvo:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">vahenna</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ja tänne muut metodit</span></code></pre></div><p>Luokkaa käytetään seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">laskuri <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> VahenevaLaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vahenna<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vahenna<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>arvo: 10\narvo: 9\narvo: 8</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"laskurin-vahentaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Laskurin vähentäminen<a href=\"#laskurin-vahentaminen\" aria-label=\"laskurin vahentaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Täydennä luokan runkoon metodin <code class=\"language-text\">vahenna</code> toteutus sellaiseksi, että se vähentää kutsuttavan olion oliomuuttujan arvoa yhdellä. Kun olet toteuttanut metodin <code class=\"language-text\">vahenna</code>, äskeisen pääohjelman tulee toimia esimerkkitulosteen mukaan.</p><h3 id=\"laskurin-arvo-ei-saa-olla-negatiivinen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Laskurin arvo ei saa olla negatiivinen<a href=\"#laskurin-arvo-ei-saa-olla-negatiivinen\" aria-label=\"laskurin arvo ei saa olla negatiivinen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Täydennä metodin <code class=\"language-text\">vahenna</code> toteutus sellaiseksi, ettei laskurin arvo mene koskaan negatiiviseksi: jos laskurin arvo on jo 0, sitä ei enää vähennetä.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">laskuri <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> VahenevaLaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vahenna<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vahenna<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vahenna<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>arvo: 2\narvo: 1\narvo: 0\narvo: 0</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"laskurin-arvon-nollaus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Laskurin arvon nollaus<a href=\"#laskurin-arvon-nollaus\" aria-label=\"laskurin arvon nollaus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Tee laskurille metodi <code class=\"language-text\">nollaa</code>, joka nollaa laskurin arvon:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">laskuri <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> VahenevaLaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nollaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>arvo: 100\narvo: 0</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"alkuperaisen-arvon-palautus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Alkuperäisen arvon palautus<a href=\"#alkuperaisen-arvon-palautus\" aria-label=\"alkuperaisen arvon palautus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Tee laskurille metodi <code class=\"language-text\">palauta_alkuperainen_arvo()</code> joka palauttaa laskurille sen alkuperäisen arvon:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">laskuri <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> VahenevaLaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">55</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vahenna<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vahenna<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vahenna<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vahenna<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>palauta_alkuperainen_arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>arvo: 51\narvo: 55</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><p>Tarkastellaan vielä esimerkkiä luokasta, joka mallintaa pelaajan ennätystulosta. Luokkaan on kirjoitettu erilliset metodit, joilla voidaan tarkastaa, ovatko annetut parametrit sopivia. Metodeja kutsutaan heti konstruktorissa. Näin varmistetaan luotavan olion sisäinen eheys.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> date\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Ennatystulos</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kuukausi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Oletusarvot</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paivamaara <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1900</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi_ok<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pelaaja\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pvm_ok<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kuukausi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paivamaara <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kuukausi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisteet_ok<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pisteet\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Apumetodit, joilla tarkistetaan ovatko syötteet ok</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">nimi_ok</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># Nimessä vähintään kaksi merkkiä</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pvm_ok</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kuukausi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">try</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kuukausi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">except</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token comment\"># Poikkeus, jos yritetään muodostaa epäkelpo päivämäärä</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pisteet_ok</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tulos1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Ennatystulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">235</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paivamaara<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Epäkelpo arvo päivämäärälle</span>\n    tulos2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Ennatystulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Piia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">13</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2019</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4555</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paivamaara<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostaa oletusarvon 1900-01-01</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>235\nPekka\n2020-11-01\n4555\nPiia\n1900-01-01</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkistä huomataan, että myös olion omiin metodeihin pitää viitata <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>-määreen avulla, kun niitä kutsutaan konstruktorista. Luokkiin voidaan kirjoittaa myös <em>staattisia metodeita</em> eli metodeja, joita voidaan kutsua ilman, että luokasta muodostetaan oliota. Tähän palataan kuitenkin tarkemmin ensi viikolla.</p><p>Määrettä <code class=\"language-text\">self</code> käytetään kuitenkin vain silloin, kun viitataan <em>olion piirteisiin</em> (eli metodeihin tai olion attribuutteihin). Olion metodeissa voidaan käyttää myös paikallisia muuttujia. Tämä on suositeltavaa, jos muuttujaan ei ole tarvetta viitata metodin ulkopuolella.</p><p>Paikallinen muuttuja määritellään ilman <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>-määrettä - eli samoin kuin esimerkiksi kaikki muuttujat kurssin ensimmäisellä puoliskolla.</p><p>Esimerkiksi</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Bonuskortti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_bonus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Nyt muuttuja bonus on paikallinen muuttuja,</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># eikä olion attribuutti - siihen siis ei voi</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># viitata olion kautta</span>\n        bonus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.25</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> bonus\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_superbonus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Myös muuttuja superbonus on paikallinen muuttuja</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Yleensä apumuuttujina käytetään paikallisia</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># muuttujia, koska niihin ei ole tarvetta</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># viitatata muissa metodeissa tai olion kautta</span>\n        superbonus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.5</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> superbonus\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Bonuskortti(nimi=</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, saldo=</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span></code></pre></div><programming-exercise name=\"Etu- ja sukunimi\" tmcname='osa08-10b_etu_ja_sukunimi'><p>Kirjoita luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Henkilo</code>, jolla on <em>ainoastaan yksi attribuutti</em> <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code>, joka asetetaan konstruktorissa.</p><p>Lisäksi luokalle tule kirjoitaa kaksi metodia:</p><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">anna_etunimi</code> palauttaa henkilön etunimen ja metodi <code class=\"language-text\">anna_sukunimi</code> vastaavasti henkilön sukunimen.</p><p>Voit olettaa metodeissa, että konstruktroissa annetussa nimessä on etu- ja sukunimi välilyönnillä erotettuna eikä muita nimiä.</p><p>Esimerkki luokan käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    pekka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekka<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>anna_etunimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekka<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>anna_sukunimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    pauli <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pauli Pythonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pauli<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>anna_etunimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pauli<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>anna_sukunimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pekka\nPython\nPauli\nPythonen</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Lukutilasto' tmcname='osa08-11_lukutilasto'><p>Tässä tehtävässä toteutetaan olio-ohjelmointia hyödyntäen samantapainen käyttäjän syöttämiä lukuja käsittelevä ohjelma kuin Ohjelmoinnin perusteiden <a href=\"/osa-2/4-yksinkertainen-silmukka#programming-exercise-lukujen-kasittelya\">osan 2 lopussa</a>.</p><h3 id=\"lukujen-maara\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lukujen määrä<a href=\"#lukujen-maara\" aria-label=\"lukujen maara permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Tee luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Lukutilasto</code>, joka tuntee seuraavat toiminnot:</p><ul>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_luku</code> lisää uuden luvun tilastoon</li>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lukujen_maara</code> kertoo lisättyjen lukujen määrän</li>\n</ul><p>Luokan ei tarvitse tallentaa mihinkään lisättyjä lukuja vaan riittää, että se muistaa niiden määrän. Metodin <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_luku</code> ei tässä vaiheessa tarvitse edes ottaa huomioon, mikä luku lisätään tilastoon, koska ainoa tallennettava asia on lukujen määrä.</p><p>Luokan runko on seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span>  <span class=\"token class-name\">Lukutilasto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lukuja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_luku</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lukujen_maara</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tilasto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Lukutilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lukujen määrä:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lukujen_maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Lukujen määrä: 4</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"summa-ja-keskiarvo\" style=\"position:relative;\">Summa ja keskiarvo<a href=\"#summa-ja-keskiarvo\" aria-label=\"summa ja keskiarvo permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Laajenna luokkaa seuraavilla toiminnoilla:</p><ul>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">summa</code> kertoo lisättyjen lukujen summan (tyhjän lukutilaston summa on 0)</li>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">keskiarvo</code> kertoo lisättyjen lukujen keskiarvon (tyhjän lukutilaston keskiarvo on 0)</li>\n</ul><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tilasto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Lukutilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lukujen määrä:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lukujen_maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Summa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Keskiarvo:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>keskiarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Määrä: 4\nSumma: 11\nKeskiarvo: 2.75</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"summa-kayttajalta\" style=\"position:relative;\">Summa käyttäjältä<a href=\"#summa-kayttajalta\" aria-label=\"summa kayttajalta permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy lukuja käyttäjältä, kunnes käyttäjä antaa luvun -1. Sitten ohjelma ilmoittaa lukujen summan.</p><p>Ohjelmassa tulee käyttää <code class=\"language-text\">Lukutilasto</code>-oliota summan laskemiseen.</p><p>HUOM: Älä muuta tässä osassa luokkaa <code class=\"language-text\">Lukutilasto</code>, vaan toteuta sitä hyödyntäen summan laskemiseen käytetty ohjelma.</p><p>HUOM2: Älä kirjoita pääohjelmaa <code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkon sisään, jotta testit toimivat!</p><sample-output><p>Anna lukuja:\n<strong>4</strong>\n<strong>2</strong>\n<strong>5</strong>\n<strong>2</strong>\n<strong>-1</strong>\nSumma: 13\nKeskiarvo: 3.25</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"monta-summaa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Monta summaa<a href=\"#monta-summaa\" aria-label=\"monta summaa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Muuta edellistä ohjelmaa niin, että ohjelma laskee myös parillisten ja parittomien lukujen summaa.</p><p>HUOM: Älä edelleenkään muuta luokkaa <code class=\"language-text\">Lukutilasto</code>, vaan määrittele ohjelmassa kolme <code class=\"language-text\">Lukutilasto</code>-oliota. Laske ensimmäisen avulla kaikkien lukujen summa ja keskiarvo, toisen avulla parillisten lukujen summa ja kolmannen avulla parittomien lukujen summa.</p><p>HUOM2: Älä kirjoita pääohjelmaa <code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkon sisään, jotta testit toimivat!</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Anna lukuja:\n<strong>4</strong>\n<strong>2</strong>\n<strong>5</strong>\n<strong>2</strong>\n<strong>-1</strong>\nSumma: 13\nKeskiarvo: 3.25\nParillisten summa: 8\nParittomien summa: 5</p></sample-output></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-8/4-metodit-omissa-luokissa","title":"Metodit omissa luokissa"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-8/4-metodit-omissa-luokissa.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja 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tilasto"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"keskiarvo"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Määrä: 4\nSumma: 11\nKeskiarvo: 2.75"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"h3","properties":{"id":"summa-kayttajalta","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Summa käyttäjältä"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#summa-kayttajalta","ariaLabel":"summa kayttajalta permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy lukuja käyttäjältä, kunnes käyttäjä antaa luvun -1. Sitten ohjelma ilmoittaa lukujen summan."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelmassa tulee käyttää "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lukutilasto"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-oliota summan laskemiseen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"HUOM: Älä muuta tässä osassa luokkaa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lukutilasto"}]},{"type":"text","value":", vaan toteuta sitä hyödyntäen summan laskemiseen käytetty ohjelma."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"HUOM2: Älä kirjoita pääohjelmaa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"if __name__ == \"__main__\""}]},{"type":"text","value":"-lohkon sisään, jotta testit toimivat!"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna lukuja:\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"-1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSumma: 13\nKeskiarvo: 3.25"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"h3","properties":{"id":"monta-summaa","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Monta summaa"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#monta-summaa","ariaLabel":"monta summaa permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Muuta edellistä ohjelmaa niin, että ohjelma laskee myös parillisten ja parittomien lukujen summaa."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"HUOM: Älä edelleenkään muuta luokkaa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lukutilasto"}]},{"type":"text","value":", vaan määrittele ohjelmassa kolme "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lukutilasto"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-oliota. Laske ensimmäisen avulla kaikkien lukujen summa ja keskiarvo, toisen avulla parillisten lukujen summa ja kolmannen avulla parittomien lukujen summa."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"HUOM2: Älä kirjoita pääohjelmaa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"if __name__ == \"__main__\""}]},{"type":"text","value":"-lohkon sisään, jotta testit toimivat!"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Anna lukuja:\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"-1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nSumma: 13\nKeskiarvo: 3.25\nParillisten summa: 8\nParittomien summa: 5"}]}]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen:</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, miten metodit toimivat luokissa</li>\n<li>Osaat kirjoittaa metodeita omiin luokkiin</li>\n<li>Ymmärrät, mitä tarkoitetaan kapseloinnilla ja asiakkaalla olio-ohjelmoinnissa</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Vain attribuutteja sisältävät luokat eivät käytännössä eroa juurikaan sanakirjoista. Seuraavassa esimerkissä on esitetty pankkitiliä mallintava rakenne sekä oman luokan että sanakirjan avulla toteutettuna:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># Esimerkki omaa luokkaa käyttäen</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkitili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilinumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> omistaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vuosikorko<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tilinumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tilinumero\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> omistaja\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vuosikorko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> vuosikorko\n\npekan_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"12345-678\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1500.0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.015</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># Esimerkki sanakirjaa käyttäen</span>\npekan_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tilinumero\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"12345-678\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"omistaja\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"saldo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">1500.0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"vuosikorko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></code></pre></div><p>Sanakirjaa käyttäen rakenteen toteutus on huomattavasti suoraviivaisempi ja koodi on lyhyempi. Luokan hyötynä tässä tapauksessa on, että se määrittelee rakenteen \"tiukemmin\", jolloin kaikki luokasta muodostetut oliot ovat rakenteeltaan samanlaisia. Luokka on lisäksi nimetty: oliota muodostaessa viitataan <code class=\"language-text\">Pankkitili</code>-luokkaan ja olion tyyppi on <code class=\"language-text\">Pankkitili</code> eikä sanakirja.</p><p>Luokilla on lisäksi etuna, että niihin voidaan lisätä attribuuttien lisäksi myös toiminnallisuutta. Yksi olio-ohjelmoinnin periaatteista onkin, että olioon on yhdistetty sekä tallennettavat tiedot että operaatiot, joilla tietoa voidaan käsitellä.</p><h2 id=\"metodit-luokissa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Metodit luokissa<a href=\"#metodit-luokissa\" aria-label=\"metodit luokissa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Metodi tarkoittaa luokkaan sidottua aliohjelmaa. Yleensä metodin toiminta kohdistuu vain yhteen olioon. Metodi kirjoitetaan luokan sisälle, ja se voi käsitellä attribuutteja kuten mitä tahansa muuttujia.</p><p>Katsotaan esimerkkinä <code class=\"language-text\">Pankkitili</code>-luokan metodia, joka lisää koron pankkitilille:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkitili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilinumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> omistaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vuosikorko<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tilinumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tilinumero\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> omistaja\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vuosikorko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> vuosikorko\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Metodi lisää koron tilin saldoon</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_korko</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vuosikorko\n\n\npekan_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"12345-678\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1500.0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.015</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_korko<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1522.5</p></sample-output><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_korko</code> kertoo olion saldon vuosikorkoprosentilla ja lisää tuloksen nykyiseen saldoon. Metodin toiminta kohdistuu siihen olioon, jonka kautta sitä kutsutaan.</p><p>Katsotaan vielä toinen esimerkki, jossa luokasta on muodostettu useampi olio:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># Luokka Pankkitili on määritelty edellisessä esimerkissä</span>\n\npekan_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"12345-678\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1500.0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.015</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npirjon_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"99999-999\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pirjo Pythonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1500.0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.05</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npaulin_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"1111-222\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pauli Paulinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1500.0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.001</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Lisätään korko Pekalle ja Pirjolle, mutta ei Paulille</span>\npekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_korko<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npirjon_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_korko<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan kaikki</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pirjon_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>paulin_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>1522.5\n1575.0\n1500.0</p></sample-output><p>Korko lisätään vain siihen tiliin, jonka kautta metodia kutsutaan. Esimerkistä huomataan, että Pekalle ja Pirjolle lisätään eri korkoprosentit ja Paulin tilin saldo ei muutu ollenkaan, koska olion <code class=\"language-text\">paulin_tili</code> kautta ei kutsuta metodia <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_korko</code>.</p><h2 id=\"kapselointi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kapselointi<a href=\"#kapselointi\" aria-label=\"kapselointi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Olio-ohjelmoinnin yhteydessä puhutaan usein olioiden <em>asiakkaista</em>. Asiakkaalla (client) tarkoitetaan koodin osaa, joka muodostaa olion ja käyttää sen palveluita kutsumalla metodeita. Kun olion tietosisältöä käsitellään vain olion tarjoamien metodien avulla, voidaan varmistua siitä, että olion <em>sisäinen eheys</em> säilyy. Käytännössä tämä tarkoittaa esimerkiksi sitä, että <code class=\"language-text\">Pankkitili</code>-luokassa tarjotaan metodi, jolla tililtä nostetaan rahaa, sen sijaan, että asiakas käsittelisi suoraan attribuuttia <code class=\"language-text\">saldo</code>. Tässä metodissa voidaan sitten esimerkiksi varmistaa, ettei tililtä nosteta katetta enempää rahaa.</p><p>Esimerkiksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkitili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilinumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> omistaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vuosikorko<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tilinumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tilinumero\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> omistaja\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vuosikorko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> vuosikorko\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Metodi lisää koron tilin saldoon</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_korko</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vuosikorko\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Metodilla \"nostetaan\" tililtä rahaa</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Metodi palauttaa true, jos nosto onnistuu, muuten False</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">nosto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nostosumma<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nostosumma <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> nostosumma\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n\npekan_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"12345-678\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1500.0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.015</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nosto onnistui, tilin saldo on nyt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nosto ei onnistunut, rahaa ei ole tarpeeksi.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Yritetään uudestaan</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nosto onnistui, tilin saldo on nyt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nosto ei onnistunut, rahaa ei ole tarpeeksi.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Nosto onnistui, tilin saldo on nyt 500.0\nNosto ei onnistunut, rahaa ei ole tarpeeksi.</p></sample-output><p>Olion sisäisen eheyden säilyttämistä ja sopivien metodien tarjoamista asiakkaalle kutsutaan <em>kapseloinniksi</em>. Tämä tarkoittaa, että olion toteutus piilotetaan asiakkaalta ja olio tarjoaa ulkopuolelle metodit, joiden avulla tietoja voi käsitellä.</p><p>Pelkkä metodin lisäys ei kuitenkaan piilota attribuuttia: vaikka luokkaan <code class=\"language-text\">Pankkitili</code> onkin lisätty metodi <code class=\"language-text\">nosto</code> rahan nostamiseksi, asiakas voi edelleen muokata <code class=\"language-text\">saldo</code>-attribuutin arvoa suoraan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">pekan_tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"12345-678\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1500.0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.015</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Yritetään nostaa 2000</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nosto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nosto onnistui, tilin saldo on nyt\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nosto ei onnistunut, rahaa ei ole tarpeeksi.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Nostetaan \"väkisin\" 2000</span>\n    pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2000</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Saldo nyt:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pekan_tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ongelma voidaan ainakin osittain ratkaista piilottamalla attribuutit asiakkaalta. Käytännön toteutukseen palataan tarkemmin ensi viikolla.</p><programming-exercise name='Vähenevä laskuri' tmcname='osa08-10_vaheneva_laskuri'><p>Tässä tehtävässä on useampi osa. Jokainen osa vastaa yhtä tehtäväpistettä.</p><p>Tehtäväpohjan mukana tulee osittain valmiiksi toteutettu luokka <code class=\"language-text\">VahenevaLaskuri</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">VahenevaLaskuri</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvo_alussa<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> arvo_alussa\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta_arvo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"arvo:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">vahenna</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ja tänne muut metodit</span></code></pre></div><p>Luokkaa käytetään seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">laskuri <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> VahenevaLaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vahenna<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vahenna<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>arvo: 10\narvo: 9\narvo: 8</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"laskurin-vahentaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Laskurin vähentäminen<a href=\"#laskurin-vahentaminen\" aria-label=\"laskurin vahentaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Täydennä luokan runkoon metodin <code class=\"language-text\">vahenna</code> toteutus sellaiseksi, että se vähentää kutsuttavan olion oliomuuttujan arvoa yhdellä. Kun olet toteuttanut metodin <code class=\"language-text\">vahenna</code>, äskeisen pääohjelman tulee toimia esimerkkitulosteen mukaan.</p><h3 id=\"laskurin-arvo-ei-saa-olla-negatiivinen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Laskurin arvo ei saa olla negatiivinen<a href=\"#laskurin-arvo-ei-saa-olla-negatiivinen\" aria-label=\"laskurin arvo ei saa olla negatiivinen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Täydennä metodin <code class=\"language-text\">vahenna</code> toteutus sellaiseksi, ettei laskurin arvo mene koskaan negatiiviseksi: jos laskurin arvo on jo 0, sitä ei enää vähennetä.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">laskuri <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> VahenevaLaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vahenna<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vahenna<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vahenna<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>arvo: 2\narvo: 1\narvo: 0\narvo: 0</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"laskurin-arvon-nollaus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Laskurin arvon nollaus<a href=\"#laskurin-arvon-nollaus\" aria-label=\"laskurin arvon nollaus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Tee laskurille metodi <code class=\"language-text\">nollaa</code>, joka nollaa laskurin arvon:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">laskuri <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> VahenevaLaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nollaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>arvo: 100\narvo: 0</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"alkuperaisen-arvon-palautus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Alkuperäisen arvon palautus<a href=\"#alkuperaisen-arvon-palautus\" aria-label=\"alkuperaisen arvon palautus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Tee laskurille metodi <code class=\"language-text\">palauta_alkuperainen_arvo()</code> joka palauttaa laskurille sen alkuperäisen arvon:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">laskuri <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> VahenevaLaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">55</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vahenna<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vahenna<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vahenna<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vahenna<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>palauta_alkuperainen_arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlaskuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_arvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>arvo: 51\narvo: 55</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><p>Tarkastellaan vielä esimerkkiä luokasta, joka mallintaa pelaajan ennätystulosta. Luokkaan on kirjoitettu erilliset metodit, joilla voidaan tarkastaa, ovatko annetut parametrit sopivia. Metodeja kutsutaan heti konstruktorissa. Näin varmistetaan luotavan olion sisäinen eheys.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> date\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Ennatystulos</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kuukausi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Oletusarvot</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paivamaara <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1900</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi_ok<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pelaaja\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pvm_ok<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kuukausi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paivamaara <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kuukausi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisteet_ok<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pisteet\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Apumetodit, joilla tarkistetaan ovatko syötteet ok</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">nimi_ok</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># Nimessä vähintään kaksi merkkiä</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pvm_ok</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kuukausi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">try</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kuukausi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> paiva<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">except</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token comment\"># Poikkeus, jos yritetään muodostaa epäkelpo päivämäärä</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pisteet_ok</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> pisteet <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tulos1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Ennatystulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">235</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paivamaara<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Epäkelpo arvo päivämäärälle</span>\n    tulos2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Ennatystulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Piia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">13</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2019</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4555</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tulos2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paivamaara<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostaa oletusarvon 1900-01-01</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>235\nPekka\n2020-11-01\n4555\nPiia\n1900-01-01</p></sample-output><p>Esimerkistä huomataan, että myös olion omiin metodeihin pitää viitata <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>-määreen avulla, kun niitä kutsutaan konstruktorista. Luokkiin voidaan kirjoittaa myös <em>staattisia metodeita</em> eli metodeja, joita voidaan kutsua ilman, että luokasta muodostetaan oliota. Tähän palataan kuitenkin tarkemmin ensi viikolla.</p><p>Määrettä <code class=\"language-text\">self</code> käytetään kuitenkin vain silloin, kun viitataan <em>olion piirteisiin</em> (eli metodeihin tai olion attribuutteihin). Olion metodeissa voidaan käyttää myös paikallisia muuttujia. Tämä on suositeltavaa, jos muuttujaan ei ole tarvetta viitata metodin ulkopuolella.</p><p>Paikallinen muuttuja määritellään ilman <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>-määrettä - eli samoin kuin esimerkiksi kaikki muuttujat kurssin ensimmäisellä puoliskolla.</p><p>Esimerkiksi</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Bonuskortti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_bonus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Nyt muuttuja bonus on paikallinen muuttuja,</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># eikä olion attribuutti - siihen siis ei voi</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># viitata olion kautta</span>\n        bonus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.25</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> bonus\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_superbonus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Myös muuttuja superbonus on paikallinen muuttuja</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Yleensä apumuuttujina käytetään paikallisia</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># muuttujia, koska niihin ei ole tarvetta</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># viitatata muissa metodeissa tai olion kautta</span>\n        superbonus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.5</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> superbonus\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Bonuskortti(nimi=</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, saldo=</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span></code></pre></div><programming-exercise name=\"Etu- ja sukunimi\" tmcname='osa08-10b_etu_ja_sukunimi'><p>Kirjoita luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Henkilo</code>, jolla on <em>ainoastaan yksi attribuutti</em> <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code>, joka asetetaan konstruktorissa.</p><p>Lisäksi luokalle tule kirjoitaa kaksi metodia:</p><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">anna_etunimi</code> palauttaa henkilön etunimen ja metodi <code class=\"language-text\">anna_sukunimi</code> vastaavasti henkilön sukunimen.</p><p>Voit olettaa metodeissa, että konstruktroissa annetussa nimessä on etu- ja sukunimi välilyönnillä erotettuna eikä muita nimiä.</p><p>Esimerkki luokan käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    pekka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekka<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>anna_etunimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekka<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>anna_sukunimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    pauli <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pauli Pythonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pauli<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>anna_etunimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pauli<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>anna_sukunimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pekka\nPython\nPauli\nPythonen</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Lukutilasto' tmcname='osa08-11_lukutilasto'><p>Tässä tehtävässä toteutetaan olio-ohjelmointia hyödyntäen samantapainen käyttäjän syöttämiä lukuja käsittelevä ohjelma kuin Ohjelmoinnin perusteiden <a href=\"/osa-2/4-yksinkertainen-silmukka#programming-exercise-lukujen-kasittelya\">osan 2 lopussa</a>.</p><h3 id=\"lukujen-maara\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lukujen määrä<a href=\"#lukujen-maara\" aria-label=\"lukujen maara permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Tee luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Lukutilasto</code>, joka tuntee seuraavat toiminnot:</p><ul>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_luku</code> lisää uuden luvun tilastoon</li>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lukujen_maara</code> kertoo lisättyjen lukujen määrän</li>\n</ul><p>Luokan ei tarvitse tallentaa mihinkään lisättyjä lukuja vaan riittää, että se muistaa niiden määrän. Metodin <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_luku</code> ei tässä vaiheessa tarvitse edes ottaa huomioon, mikä luku lisätään tilastoon, koska ainoa tallennettava asia on lukujen määrä.</p><p>Luokan runko on seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span>  <span class=\"token class-name\">Lukutilasto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lukuja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_luku</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lukujen_maara</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tilasto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Lukutilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lukujen määrä:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lukujen_maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Lukujen määrä: 4</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"summa-ja-keskiarvo\" style=\"position:relative;\">Summa ja keskiarvo<a href=\"#summa-ja-keskiarvo\" aria-label=\"summa ja keskiarvo permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Laajenna luokkaa seuraavilla toiminnoilla:</p><ul>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">summa</code> kertoo lisättyjen lukujen summan (tyhjän lukutilaston summa on 0)</li>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">keskiarvo</code> kertoo lisättyjen lukujen keskiarvon (tyhjän lukutilaston keskiarvo on 0)</li>\n</ul><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tilasto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Lukutilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_luku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lukujen määrä:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lukujen_maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Summa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Keskiarvo:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>keskiarvo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Määrä: 4\nSumma: 11\nKeskiarvo: 2.75</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"summa-kayttajalta\" style=\"position:relative;\">Summa käyttäjältä<a href=\"#summa-kayttajalta\" aria-label=\"summa kayttajalta permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Tee ohjelma, joka kysyy lukuja käyttäjältä, kunnes käyttäjä antaa luvun -1. Sitten ohjelma ilmoittaa lukujen summan.</p><p>Ohjelmassa tulee käyttää <code class=\"language-text\">Lukutilasto</code>-oliota summan laskemiseen.</p><p>HUOM: Älä muuta tässä osassa luokkaa <code class=\"language-text\">Lukutilasto</code>, vaan toteuta sitä hyödyntäen summan laskemiseen käytetty ohjelma.</p><p>HUOM2: Älä kirjoita pääohjelmaa <code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkon sisään, jotta testit toimivat!</p><sample-output><p>Anna lukuja:\n<strong>4</strong>\n<strong>2</strong>\n<strong>5</strong>\n<strong>2</strong>\n<strong>-1</strong>\nSumma: 13\nKeskiarvo: 3.25</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"monta-summaa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Monta summaa<a href=\"#monta-summaa\" aria-label=\"monta summaa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Muuta edellistä ohjelmaa niin, että ohjelma laskee myös parillisten ja parittomien lukujen summaa.</p><p>HUOM: Älä edelleenkään muuta luokkaa <code class=\"language-text\">Lukutilasto</code>, vaan määrittele ohjelmassa kolme <code class=\"language-text\">Lukutilasto</code>-oliota. Laske ensimmäisen avulla kaikkien lukujen summa ja keskiarvo, toisen avulla parillisten lukujen summa ja kolmannen avulla parittomien lukujen summa.</p><p>HUOM2: Älä kirjoita pääohjelmaa <code class=\"language-text\">if __name__ == \"__main__\"</code>-lohkon sisään, jotta testit toimivat!</p><p>Ohjelman tulee toimia seuraavasti:</p><sample-output><p>Anna lukuja:\n<strong>4</strong>\n<strong>2</strong>\n<strong>5</strong>\n<strong>2</strong>\n<strong>-1</strong>\nSumma: 13\nKeskiarvo: 3.25\nParillisten summa: 8\nParittomien summa: 5</p></sample-output></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-8/4-metodit-omissa-luokissa","title":"Metodit omissa luokissa"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-8/4-metodit-omissa-luokissa.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa 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Jos olet käyttänyt muuta nimeä, sinun kannattaa vaihtaa se nyt."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"05b480cc-49ea-51e4-a971-d03209a54d5b"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat luoda aiempaa monipuolisempia luokkia</li>\n<li>Osaat määritellä luokkaan metodin <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code></li>\n</ul></text-box><h2 id=\"esimerkki-1-luokka-suorakulmio\" style=\"position:relative;\">Esimerkki 1: Luokka Suorakulmio<a href=\"#esimerkki-1-luokka-suorakulmio\" aria-label=\"esimerkki 1 luokka suorakulmio permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tarkastellaan seuraavaksi luokkaa, joka mallintaa suorakulmiota kaksiulotteisessa koordinaatistossa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Suorakulmio</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vasen_ylakulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">tuple</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> oikea_alakulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">tuple</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_ylakulma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> vasen_ylakulma\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_alakulma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> oikea_alakulma\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> oikea_alakulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>vasen_ylakulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> oikea_alakulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>vasen_ylakulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pinta_ala</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">piiri</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">siirra</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> x_muutos<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y_muutos<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        kulma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_ylakulma\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_ylakulma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token operator\">+</span>x_muutos<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token operator\">+</span>y_muutos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        kulma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_alakulma\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_alakulma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token operator\">+</span>x_muutos<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token operator\">+</span>y_muutos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun suorakulmio luodaan, konstruktorille annetaan kaksi tuplea: vasemman yläkulman ja oikean alakulman sijainti (x- ja y-koordinaatit). Konstruktori laskee tämän perusteella suorakulmion leveyden ja korkeuden.</p><p>Metodit <code class=\"language-text\">pinta_ala</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">piiri</code> laskevat suorakulmion pinta-alan ja piirin korkeuden ja leveyden perusteella. Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">siirra</code> puolestaan siirtää suorakulmiota koordinaatistossa annetun verran x- ja y-suunnissa.</p><p>Huomaa, että suorakulmio esitetään koordinaatistossa, jossa x-koordinaatit kasvavat vasemmalta oikealle ja y-koordinaatit kasvavat ylhäältä alaspäin. Tämä on usein käytetty koordinaatisto ohjelmoinnissa, koska on luontevaa esittää tietokoneen näyttö niin, että vasemman yläkulman x- ja y-koordinaatti on 0.</p><p>Seuraava koodi testaa luokkaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">suorakulmio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_ylakulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_alakulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>piiri<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pinta_ala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsuorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>siirra<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_ylakulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_alakulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>(1, 1)\n(4, 3)\n3\n2\n10\n6\n(4, 4)\n(7, 6)</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"olion-tulostaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Olion tulostaminen<a href=\"#olion-tulostaminen\" aria-label=\"olion tulostaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kun omasta luokasta luotu olio tulostetaan sellaisenaan <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennolla, lopputulos ei ole kovin selkeä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">suorakulmio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma tulostaa jotain seuraavankaltaista:</p><sample-output><p>&#x3C;<strong>main</strong>.Suorakulmio object at 0x000002D7BF148A90></p></sample-output><p>Järkevämpi tulostus saadaan lisäämällä luokkaan metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>, joka palauttaa ymmärrettävän kuvauksen olion tilasta merkkijonona. Kun tämä metodi on määritelty, metodin palauttama kuvaus oliosta tulee näkyviin <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennossa.</p><p>Lisätään luokkaan <code class=\"language-text\">Suorakulmio</code> metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Suorakulmio</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Luokan muu sisältö tähän kuten ennenkin...</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Metodi palauttaa olion tilan merkkijonona</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"suorakulmio </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_ylakulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> ... </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_alakulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komento tuottaa luettavan lopputuloksen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">suorakulmio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>suorakulmio (1, 1) ... (4, 3)</p></sample-output><p>Metodia <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code> kutsutaan yleisemmin silloin, kun oliosta muodostetaan merkkijonokuvaus <code class=\"language-text\">str</code>-funktiolla. Seuraava koodi esittelee asiaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">suorakulmio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkuvaus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kuvaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>suorakulmio (1, 1) ... (4, 3)</p></sample-output><p>Metodin <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code> lisäksi olioon voidaan määritellä samantapainen metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__repr__</code>, joka antaa teknisen kuvauksen olion tilasta. Tutustumme tähän metodiin tarkemmin myöhemmin.</p><programming-exercise name='Sekuntikello' tmcname='osa08-11a_sekuntikello'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on mukana luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Sekuntikello</code> runko:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Sekuntikello</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sekunnit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>minuutit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span></code></pre></div><p>Laajenna luokkaa siten, että se toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kello <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Sekuntikello<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3600</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tick<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>00:00\n00:01\n00:02\n... tässä välissä monta riviä\n00:59\n01:00\n01:01\n... tässä välissä erittäin monta riviä\n59:58\n59:59\n00:00\n00:01</p></sample-output><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">tick</code> vie siis kelloa sekunnin eteenpäin, ja sekä sekuntien että minuuttien arvo on suuruudeltaan korkeintaan 59. Lisäksi oliossa tulee olla metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>, joka näyttää kellonajan yllä olevassa muodossa.</p><p><strong>Vihje:</strong> metodin <code class=\"language-text\">tick</code> testailua voi helpottaa asettamalla tilapäisesti konstruktorissa sekunneille ja minuuteille valmiiksi jonkin suuremman arvon kuin 0.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kello' tmcname='osa08-12_kello'><p>Toteuta edellistä tehtävää laajentava luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Kello</code>, joka toimii seuraavaan tapaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kello <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">23</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">59</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">55</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tick<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tick<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tick<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tick<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tick<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tick<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>aseta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output>\n23:59:55\n23:59:56\n23:59:57\n23:59:58\n23:59:59\n00:00:00\n00:00:01\n12:05:00\n</sample-output><p>Konstruktori siis antaa kellon tunneille, minuuteille ja sekunneille alkuarvot. Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">tick</code> vie kelloa sekunnin eteenpäin ja metodilla <code class=\"language-text\">aseta</code> voi asettaa kellon tunneille ja minuuteille uuden arvon ja <em>nollata sekunnit</em>.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Maksukortti' tmcname='osa08-13_maksukortti'><p>Helsingin Yliopiston opiskelijaruokaloissa eli Unicafeissa opiskelijat maksavat lounaansa käyttäen maksukorttia.</p><p>Tässä tehtäväsarjassa tehdään luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Maksukortti</code>, jonka tarkoituksena on jäljitellä Unicafeissa tapahtuvaa maksutoimintaa.</p><h3 id=\"luokan-runko\" style=\"position:relative;\">Luokan runko<a href=\"#luokan-runko\" aria-label=\"luokan runko permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Tee ohjelmaan uusi luokka nimeltä <code class=\"language-text\">Maksukortti</code>.</p><p>Tee ensin luokalle konstruktori, jolle annetaan kortin alkusaldo ja joka tallentaa sen olion sisäiseen muuttujaan. Tee sitten <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>-metodi, joka palauttaa kortin saldon muodossa \"Kortilla on rahaa X euroa\". Rahamäärä tulee tulostaa yhden desimaalin tarkkuudella.</p><p>Seuraavassa on luokan Maksukortti runko:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Maksukortti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> alkusaldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> alkusaldo\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span></code></pre></div><p>Käyttöesimerkki</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulisi tuottaa seuraava tulostus:</p><sample-output><p>Kortilla on rahaa 50.0 euroa</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"kortilla-maksaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kortilla maksaminen<a href=\"#kortilla-maksaminen\" aria-label=\"kortilla maksaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Täydennä Maksukortti-luokkaa seuraavilla metodeilla:</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">syo_edullisesti</code> joka vähentää kortin saldoa 2.60 eurolla</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">syo_maukkaasti</code> joka vähentää kortin saldoa 4.60 eurolla</li>\n</ul><p>Seuraava pääohjelma testaa luokkaa</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_edullisesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_maukkaasti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_edullisesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulisi tuottaa seuraava tulostus:</p><sample-output><p>Kortilla on rahaa 50.0 euroa\nKortilla on rahaa 47.4 euroa\nKortilla on rahaa 40.2 euroa</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että kortin saldo ei saa mennä negatiiviseksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_edullisesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_edullisesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Kortilla on rahaa 4.0 euroa\nKortilla on rahaa 1.4 euroa\nKortilla on rahaa 1.4 euroa</p></sample-output><p>Eli kortin saldo ei enää vähene jos maksettaessa saldo ei ole riittävä.</p><h3 id=\"kortin-lataaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kortin lataaminen<a href=\"#kortin-lataaminen\" aria-label=\"kortin lataaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Lisää <code class=\"language-text\">Maksukortti</code>-luokkaan metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lataa_rahaa</code>.</p><p>Metodin tarkoituksena on kasvattaa kortin saldoa parametrina annetulla rahamäärällä.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lataa_rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">15</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lataa_rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lataa_rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">200</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Kortilla on rahaa 10.0 euroa\nKortilla on rahaa 25.0 euroa\nKortilla on rahaa 35.0 euroa\nKortilla on rahaa 235.0 euroa</p></sample-output><p>Jos kortille yritetään ladata negatiivinen summa, tulee metodin <a href=\"/osa-6/3-virheet#poikkeusten-tuottaminen\">tuottaa poikkeus</a> <code class=\"language-text\">ValueError</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lataa_rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>File \"testi.py\", line 3, in maksukortti\nValueError: Kortille ei saa ladata negatiivista summaa</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huomaa</strong> että metodin tulee <em>tuottaa</em> poikkeus, katso <a href=\"/osa-6/3-virheet#poikkeusten-tuottaminen\">osan 6</a> materiaalista miten poikkeus tuotetaan. Metodi ei missään tilanteessa itse tulosta mitään!</p><h3 id=\"monta-korttia\" style=\"position:relative;\">Monta korttia<a href=\"#monta-korttia\" aria-label=\"monta korttia permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Tee pääohjelma, joka sisältää seuraavan tapahtumasarjan:</p><ul>\n<li>Luo Pekan kortti. Kortin alkusaldo on 20 euroa</li>\n<li>Luo Matin kortti. Kortin alkusaldo on 30 euroa</li>\n<li>Pekka syö maukkaasti</li>\n<li>Matti syö edullisesti</li>\n<li><em>Korttien arvot tulostetaan (molemmat omalle rivilleen, rivin alkuun kortin omistajan nimi)</em></li>\n<li>Pekka lataa rahaa 20 euroa</li>\n<li>Matti syö maukkaasti</li>\n<li><em>Korttien arvot tulostetaan (molemmat omalle rivilleen, rivin alkuun kortin omistajan nimi)</em></li>\n<li>Pekka syö edullisesti</li>\n<li>Pekka syö edullisesti</li>\n<li>Matti lataa rahaa 50 euroa</li>\n<li><em>Korttien arvot tulostetaan (molemmat omalle rivilleen, rivin alkuun kortin omistajan nimi)</em></li>\n</ul><p>Pääohjelman runko</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">pekan_kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmatin_kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">30</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># tee koodi tänne</span></code></pre></div><p>Tulostuksen tulee olla seuraava</p><sample-output><p>Pekka: Kortilla on rahaa 15.4 euroa\nMatti: Kortilla on rahaa 27.4 euroa\nPekka: Kortilla on rahaa 35.4 euroa\nMatti: Kortilla on rahaa 22.8 euroa\nPekka: Kortilla on rahaa 30.2 euroa\nMatti: Kortilla on rahaa 72.8 euroa</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"esimerkki-2-tehtavalista\" style=\"position:relative;\">Esimerkki 2: Tehtävälista<a href=\"#esimerkki-2-tehtavalista\" aria-label=\"esimerkki 2 tehtavalista permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraava luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Tehtavalista</code> toteuttaa tehtävälistan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Tehtavalista</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehtavat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> prioriteetti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehtavat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>prioriteetti<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hae_seuraava</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehtavat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sort<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Metodi pop poistaa ja palauttaa listan viimeisen alkion</span>\n        tehtava <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehtavat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pop<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Palautetaan tuplen jälkimmäinen osa eli tehtävän nimi</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> tehtava<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">yhteensa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehtavat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tyhjenna</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehtavat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa</code> lisää listalle uuden tehtävän tietyllä prioriteetilla ja metodi <code class=\"language-text\">hae_seuraava</code> poistaa ja palauttaa listan suurimman prioriteetin tehtävän. Lisäksi metodi <code class=\"language-text\">yhteensa</code> antaa listan tehtävien yhteismäärän ja metodi <code class=\"language-text\">tyhjenna</code> tyhjentää listan.</p><p>Tehtäviä säilytetään sisäisesti listassa, jossa on tuplena kunkin tehtävän prioriteetti ja nimi. Prioriteetti tallennetaan ensin, jolloin tärkein tehtävä on listan lopussa listan järjestämisen jälkeen. Tämän ansiosta tehtävän saa haettua ja poistettua listalta kätevästi <code class=\"language-text\">pop</code>-metodilla.</p><p>Seuraava koodi esittelee luokan käyttämistä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tehtavalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"opiskelu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ulkoilu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">60</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"siivous\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yhteensa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_seuraava<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yhteensa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"treffit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yhteensa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_seuraava<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_seuraava<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yhteensa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tyhjenna<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yhteensa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>3\nulkoilu\n2\n3\ntreffit\nopiskelu\n1\n0</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Sarja' tmcname='osa08-14_sarja'><h3 id=\"luokka-sarja\" style=\"position:relative;\">Luokka Sarja<a href=\"#luokka-sarja\" aria-label=\"luokka sarja permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Tee luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Sarja</code>, joka toimii seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">dexter <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Sarja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Dexter\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Crime\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Drama\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Mystery\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Thriller\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>dexter<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Dexter (8 esityskautta)\ngenret: Crime, Drama, Mystery, Thriller\nei arvosteluja</p></sample-output><p>Konstruktorissa siis asetetaan sarjan nimi, sen esityskausien lukumäärä sekä lista, joka kertoo mitä genrejä sarja edustaa.</p><p><strong>Vihje:</strong> merkkijonotaulukko saadaan muutettua haluttuja välimerkkejä sisältäväksi merkkijonoksi metodin <code class=\"language-text\">join</code> avulla seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Crime\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Drama\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Mystery\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Thriller\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nmerkkijono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\", \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>merkkijono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Crime, Drama, Mystery, Thriller</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"arvostelujen-lisaaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Arvostelujen lisääminen<a href=\"#arvostelujen-lisaaminen\" aria-label=\"arvostelujen lisaaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Tee luokalle metodi <code class=\"language-text\">arvostele(arvosana: int)</code>, jonka avulla sarjalle voi lisätä arvosanan, joka on kokonaisluku väliltä 0–5. Myös metodia <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code> tulee muuttaa niin, että se antaa arvostelujen määrän ja keskiarvon pyöristettynä yhden desimaalin tarkkuudelle (jos arvosteluja on annettu).</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">dexter <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Sarja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Dexter\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Crime\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Drama\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Mystery\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Thriller\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ndexter<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvostele<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ndexter<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvostele<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ndexter<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvostele<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ndexter<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvostele<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ndexter<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvostele<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>dexter<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Dexter (8 esityskautta)\ngenret: Crime, Drama, Mystery, Thriller\narvosteluja 5, keskiarvo 3.4 pistettä</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"sarjojen-haku\" style=\"position:relative;\">Sarjojen haku<a href=\"#sarjojen-haku\" aria-label=\"sarjojen haku permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Tee kaksi funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">arvosana_vahintaan(arvosana: float, sarjat: list)</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">sisaltaa_genren(genre: str, sarjat: list)</code>, joiden avulla on mahdollista etsiä listalla olevia sarjoja.</p><p>Metodit toimivat seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">s1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Sarja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Dexter\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Crime\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Drama\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Mystery\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Thriller\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvostele<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ns2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Sarja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"South Park\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Animation\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Comedy\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvostele<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ns3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Sarja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Friends\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Romance\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Comedy\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvostele<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsarjat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>s1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"arvosana vähintään 4.5:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sarja <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> arvosana_vahintaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4.5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sarjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sarja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"genre Comedy:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sarja <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sisaltaa_genren<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Comedy\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sarjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sarja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>arvosana vähintään 4.5:\nDexter</p><p>genre Comedy:\nSouth Park\nFriends</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että yllä oleva koodi ja testit olettavat, että luokassa on attribuutti <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code>. Jos olet käyttänyt muuta nimeä, sinun kannattaa vaihtaa se nyt.</p></programming-exercise><p>Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:</p><div><quiz id=\"05b480cc-49ea-51e4-a971-d03209a54d5b\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-8/5-lisaa-esimerkkeja","title":"Lisää esimerkkejä"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-8/5-lisaa-esimerkkeja.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea 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Jos olet käyttänyt muuta nimeä, sinun kannattaa vaihtaa se nyt."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"05b480cc-49ea-51e4-a971-d03209a54d5b"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat luoda aiempaa monipuolisempia luokkia</li>\n<li>Osaat määritellä luokkaan metodin <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code></li>\n</ul></text-box><h2 id=\"esimerkki-1-luokka-suorakulmio\" style=\"position:relative;\">Esimerkki 1: Luokka Suorakulmio<a href=\"#esimerkki-1-luokka-suorakulmio\" aria-label=\"esimerkki 1 luokka suorakulmio permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tarkastellaan seuraavaksi luokkaa, joka mallintaa suorakulmiota kaksiulotteisessa koordinaatistossa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Suorakulmio</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vasen_ylakulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">tuple</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> oikea_alakulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">tuple</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_ylakulma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> vasen_ylakulma\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_alakulma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> oikea_alakulma\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> oikea_alakulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>vasen_ylakulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> oikea_alakulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span>vasen_ylakulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pinta_ala</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">piiri</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">siirra</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> x_muutos<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y_muutos<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        kulma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_ylakulma\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_ylakulma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token operator\">+</span>x_muutos<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token operator\">+</span>y_muutos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        kulma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_alakulma\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_alakulma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token operator\">+</span>x_muutos<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token operator\">+</span>y_muutos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Kun suorakulmio luodaan, konstruktorille annetaan kaksi tuplea: vasemman yläkulman ja oikean alakulman sijainti (x- ja y-koordinaatit). Konstruktori laskee tämän perusteella suorakulmion leveyden ja korkeuden.</p><p>Metodit <code class=\"language-text\">pinta_ala</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">piiri</code> laskevat suorakulmion pinta-alan ja piirin korkeuden ja leveyden perusteella. Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">siirra</code> puolestaan siirtää suorakulmiota koordinaatistossa annetun verran x- ja y-suunnissa.</p><p>Huomaa, että suorakulmio esitetään koordinaatistossa, jossa x-koordinaatit kasvavat vasemmalta oikealle ja y-koordinaatit kasvavat ylhäältä alaspäin. Tämä on usein käytetty koordinaatisto ohjelmoinnissa, koska on luontevaa esittää tietokoneen näyttö niin, että vasemman yläkulman x- ja y-koordinaatti on 0.</p><p>Seuraava koodi testaa luokkaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">suorakulmio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_ylakulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_alakulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>leveys<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>korkeus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>piiri<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pinta_ala<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsuorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>siirra<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_ylakulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_alakulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>(1, 1)\n(4, 3)\n3\n2\n10\n6\n(4, 4)\n(7, 6)</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"olion-tulostaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Olion tulostaminen<a href=\"#olion-tulostaminen\" aria-label=\"olion tulostaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kun omasta luokasta luotu olio tulostetaan sellaisenaan <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennolla, lopputulos ei ole kovin selkeä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">suorakulmio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma tulostaa jotain seuraavankaltaista:</p><sample-output><p>&#x3C;<strong>main</strong>.Suorakulmio object at 0x000002D7BF148A90></p></sample-output><p>Järkevämpi tulostus saadaan lisäämällä luokkaan metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>, joka palauttaa ymmärrettävän kuvauksen olion tilasta merkkijonona. Kun tämä metodi on määritelty, metodin palauttama kuvaus oliosta tulee näkyviin <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komennossa.</p><p>Lisätään luokkaan <code class=\"language-text\">Suorakulmio</code> metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Suorakulmio</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Luokan muu sisältö tähän kuten ennenkin...</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Metodi palauttaa olion tilan merkkijonona</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"suorakulmio </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vasen_ylakulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> ... </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>oikea_alakulma<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-komento tuottaa luettavan lopputuloksen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">suorakulmio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>suorakulmio (1, 1) ... (4, 3)</p></sample-output><p>Metodia <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code> kutsutaan yleisemmin silloin, kun oliosta muodostetaan merkkijonokuvaus <code class=\"language-text\">str</code>-funktiolla. Seuraava koodi esittelee asiaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">suorakulmio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkuvaus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suorakulmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kuvaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>suorakulmio (1, 1) ... (4, 3)</p></sample-output><p>Metodin <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code> lisäksi olioon voidaan määritellä samantapainen metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__repr__</code>, joka antaa teknisen kuvauksen olion tilasta. Tutustumme tähän metodiin tarkemmin myöhemmin.</p><programming-exercise name='Sekuntikello' tmcname='osa08-11a_sekuntikello'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on mukana luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Sekuntikello</code> runko:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Sekuntikello</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sekunnit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>minuutit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span></code></pre></div><p>Laajenna luokkaa siten, että se toimii seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kello <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Sekuntikello<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3600</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tick<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>00:00\n00:01\n00:02\n... tässä välissä monta riviä\n00:59\n01:00\n01:01\n... tässä välissä erittäin monta riviä\n59:58\n59:59\n00:00\n00:01</p></sample-output><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">tick</code> vie siis kelloa sekunnin eteenpäin, ja sekä sekuntien että minuuttien arvo on suuruudeltaan korkeintaan 59. Lisäksi oliossa tulee olla metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>, joka näyttää kellonajan yllä olevassa muodossa.</p><p><strong>Vihje:</strong> metodin <code class=\"language-text\">tick</code> testailua voi helpottaa asettamalla tilapäisesti konstruktorissa sekunneille ja minuuteille valmiiksi jonkin suuremman arvon kuin 0.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Kello' tmcname='osa08-12_kello'><p>Toteuta edellistä tehtävää laajentava luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Kello</code>, joka toimii seuraavaan tapaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kello <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">23</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">59</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">55</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tick<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tick<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tick<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tick<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tick<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tick<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkello<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>aseta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kello<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output>\n23:59:55\n23:59:56\n23:59:57\n23:59:58\n23:59:59\n00:00:00\n00:00:01\n12:05:00\n</sample-output><p>Konstruktori siis antaa kellon tunneille, minuuteille ja sekunneille alkuarvot. Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">tick</code> vie kelloa sekunnin eteenpäin ja metodilla <code class=\"language-text\">aseta</code> voi asettaa kellon tunneille ja minuuteille uuden arvon ja <em>nollata sekunnit</em>.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Maksukortti' tmcname='osa08-13_maksukortti'><p>Helsingin Yliopiston opiskelijaruokaloissa eli Unicafeissa opiskelijat maksavat lounaansa käyttäen maksukorttia.</p><p>Tässä tehtäväsarjassa tehdään luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Maksukortti</code>, jonka tarkoituksena on jäljitellä Unicafeissa tapahtuvaa maksutoimintaa.</p><h3 id=\"luokan-runko\" style=\"position:relative;\">Luokan runko<a href=\"#luokan-runko\" aria-label=\"luokan runko permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Tee ohjelmaan uusi luokka nimeltä <code class=\"language-text\">Maksukortti</code>.</p><p>Tee ensin luokalle konstruktori, jolle annetaan kortin alkusaldo ja joka tallentaa sen olion sisäiseen muuttujaan. Tee sitten <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>-metodi, joka palauttaa kortin saldon muodossa \"Kortilla on rahaa X euroa\". Rahamäärä tulee tulostaa yhden desimaalin tarkkuudella.</p><p>Seuraavassa on luokan Maksukortti runko:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Maksukortti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> alkusaldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> alkusaldo\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span></code></pre></div><p>Käyttöesimerkki</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulisi tuottaa seuraava tulostus:</p><sample-output><p>Kortilla on rahaa 50.0 euroa</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"kortilla-maksaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kortilla maksaminen<a href=\"#kortilla-maksaminen\" aria-label=\"kortilla maksaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Täydennä Maksukortti-luokkaa seuraavilla metodeilla:</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">syo_edullisesti</code> joka vähentää kortin saldoa 2.60 eurolla</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">syo_maukkaasti</code> joka vähentää kortin saldoa 4.60 eurolla</li>\n</ul><p>Seuraava pääohjelma testaa luokkaa</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_edullisesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_maukkaasti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_edullisesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulisi tuottaa seuraava tulostus:</p><sample-output><p>Kortilla on rahaa 50.0 euroa\nKortilla on rahaa 47.4 euroa\nKortilla on rahaa 40.2 euroa</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että kortin saldo ei saa mennä negatiiviseksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_edullisesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_edullisesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Kortilla on rahaa 4.0 euroa\nKortilla on rahaa 1.4 euroa\nKortilla on rahaa 1.4 euroa</p></sample-output><p>Eli kortin saldo ei enää vähene jos maksettaessa saldo ei ole riittävä.</p><h3 id=\"kortin-lataaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kortin lataaminen<a href=\"#kortin-lataaminen\" aria-label=\"kortin lataaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Lisää <code class=\"language-text\">Maksukortti</code>-luokkaan metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lataa_rahaa</code>.</p><p>Metodin tarkoituksena on kasvattaa kortin saldoa parametrina annetulla rahamäärällä.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lataa_rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">15</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lataa_rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lataa_rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">200</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Kortilla on rahaa 10.0 euroa\nKortilla on rahaa 25.0 euroa\nKortilla on rahaa 35.0 euroa\nKortilla on rahaa 235.0 euroa</p></sample-output><p>Jos kortille yritetään ladata negatiivinen summa, tulee metodin <a href=\"/osa-6/3-virheet#poikkeusten-tuottaminen\">tuottaa poikkeus</a> <code class=\"language-text\">ValueError</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lataa_rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>File \"testi.py\", line 3, in maksukortti\nValueError: Kortille ei saa ladata negatiivista summaa</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huomaa</strong> että metodin tulee <em>tuottaa</em> poikkeus, katso <a href=\"/osa-6/3-virheet#poikkeusten-tuottaminen\">osan 6</a> materiaalista miten poikkeus tuotetaan. Metodi ei missään tilanteessa itse tulosta mitään!</p><h3 id=\"monta-korttia\" style=\"position:relative;\">Monta korttia<a href=\"#monta-korttia\" aria-label=\"monta korttia permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Tee pääohjelma, joka sisältää seuraavan tapahtumasarjan:</p><ul>\n<li>Luo Pekan kortti. Kortin alkusaldo on 20 euroa</li>\n<li>Luo Matin kortti. Kortin alkusaldo on 30 euroa</li>\n<li>Pekka syö maukkaasti</li>\n<li>Matti syö edullisesti</li>\n<li><em>Korttien arvot tulostetaan (molemmat omalle rivilleen, rivin alkuun kortin omistajan nimi)</em></li>\n<li>Pekka lataa rahaa 20 euroa</li>\n<li>Matti syö maukkaasti</li>\n<li><em>Korttien arvot tulostetaan (molemmat omalle rivilleen, rivin alkuun kortin omistajan nimi)</em></li>\n<li>Pekka syö edullisesti</li>\n<li>Pekka syö edullisesti</li>\n<li>Matti lataa rahaa 50 euroa</li>\n<li><em>Korttien arvot tulostetaan (molemmat omalle rivilleen, rivin alkuun kortin omistajan nimi)</em></li>\n</ul><p>Pääohjelman runko</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">pekan_kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmatin_kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">30</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># tee koodi tänne</span></code></pre></div><p>Tulostuksen tulee olla seuraava</p><sample-output><p>Pekka: Kortilla on rahaa 15.4 euroa\nMatti: Kortilla on rahaa 27.4 euroa\nPekka: Kortilla on rahaa 35.4 euroa\nMatti: Kortilla on rahaa 22.8 euroa\nPekka: Kortilla on rahaa 30.2 euroa\nMatti: Kortilla on rahaa 72.8 euroa</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"esimerkki-2-tehtavalista\" style=\"position:relative;\">Esimerkki 2: Tehtävälista<a href=\"#esimerkki-2-tehtavalista\" aria-label=\"esimerkki 2 tehtavalista permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Seuraava luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Tehtavalista</code> toteuttaa tehtävälistan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Tehtavalista</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehtavat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> prioriteetti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehtavat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>prioriteetti<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hae_seuraava</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehtavat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sort<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Metodi pop poistaa ja palauttaa listan viimeisen alkion</span>\n        tehtava <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehtavat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pop<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Palautetaan tuplen jälkimmäinen osa eli tehtävän nimi</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> tehtava<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">yhteensa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehtavat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tyhjenna</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehtavat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa</code> lisää listalle uuden tehtävän tietyllä prioriteetilla ja metodi <code class=\"language-text\">hae_seuraava</code> poistaa ja palauttaa listan suurimman prioriteetin tehtävän. Lisäksi metodi <code class=\"language-text\">yhteensa</code> antaa listan tehtävien yhteismäärän ja metodi <code class=\"language-text\">tyhjenna</code> tyhjentää listan.</p><p>Tehtäviä säilytetään sisäisesti listassa, jossa on tuplena kunkin tehtävän prioriteetti ja nimi. Prioriteetti tallennetaan ensin, jolloin tärkein tehtävä on listan lopussa listan järjestämisen jälkeen. Tämän ansiosta tehtävän saa haettua ja poistettua listalta kätevästi <code class=\"language-text\">pop</code>-metodilla.</p><p>Seuraava koodi esittelee luokan käyttämistä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tehtavalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"opiskelu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ulkoilu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">60</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"siivous\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yhteensa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_seuraava<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yhteensa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"treffit\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yhteensa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_seuraava<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_seuraava<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yhteensa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tyhjenna<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yhteensa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>3\nulkoilu\n2\n3\ntreffit\nopiskelu\n1\n0</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Sarja' tmcname='osa08-14_sarja'><h3 id=\"luokka-sarja\" style=\"position:relative;\">Luokka Sarja<a href=\"#luokka-sarja\" aria-label=\"luokka sarja permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Tee luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Sarja</code>, joka toimii seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">dexter <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Sarja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Dexter\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Crime\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Drama\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Mystery\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Thriller\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>dexter<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Dexter (8 esityskautta)\ngenret: Crime, Drama, Mystery, Thriller\nei arvosteluja</p></sample-output><p>Konstruktorissa siis asetetaan sarjan nimi, sen esityskausien lukumäärä sekä lista, joka kertoo mitä genrejä sarja edustaa.</p><p><strong>Vihje:</strong> merkkijonotaulukko saadaan muutettua haluttuja välimerkkejä sisältäväksi merkkijonoksi metodin <code class=\"language-text\">join</code> avulla seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Crime\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Drama\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Mystery\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Thriller\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nmerkkijono <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\", \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>join<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>merkkijono<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Crime, Drama, Mystery, Thriller</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"arvostelujen-lisaaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Arvostelujen lisääminen<a href=\"#arvostelujen-lisaaminen\" aria-label=\"arvostelujen lisaaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Tee luokalle metodi <code class=\"language-text\">arvostele(arvosana: int)</code>, jonka avulla sarjalle voi lisätä arvosanan, joka on kokonaisluku väliltä 0–5. Myös metodia <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code> tulee muuttaa niin, että se antaa arvostelujen määrän ja keskiarvon pyöristettynä yhden desimaalin tarkkuudelle (jos arvosteluja on annettu).</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">dexter <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Sarja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Dexter\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Crime\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Drama\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Mystery\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Thriller\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ndexter<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvostele<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ndexter<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvostele<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ndexter<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvostele<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ndexter<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvostele<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ndexter<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvostele<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>dexter<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Dexter (8 esityskautta)\ngenret: Crime, Drama, Mystery, Thriller\narvosteluja 5, keskiarvo 3.4 pistettä</p></sample-output><h3 id=\"sarjojen-haku\" style=\"position:relative;\">Sarjojen haku<a href=\"#sarjojen-haku\" aria-label=\"sarjojen haku permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h3><p>Tee kaksi funktiota <code class=\"language-text\">arvosana_vahintaan(arvosana: float, sarjat: list)</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">sisaltaa_genren(genre: str, sarjat: list)</code>, joiden avulla on mahdollista etsiä listalla olevia sarjoja.</p><p>Metodit toimivat seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">s1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Sarja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Dexter\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Crime\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Drama\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Mystery\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Thriller\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvostele<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ns2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Sarja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"South Park\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">24</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Animation\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Comedy\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvostele<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ns3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Sarja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Friends\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Romance\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Comedy\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ns3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvostele<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsarjat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>s1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s3<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"arvosana vähintään 4.5:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sarja <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> arvosana_vahintaan<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4.5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sarjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sarja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"genre Comedy:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sarja <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sisaltaa_genren<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Comedy\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sarjat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sarja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>arvosana vähintään 4.5:\nDexter</p><p>genre Comedy:\nSouth Park\nFriends</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että yllä oleva koodi ja testit olettavat, että luokassa on attribuutti <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code>. 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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2500"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"eira_yksio"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"kalliimpi"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"kallio_kaksio"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"jakomaki_kolmio"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"kalliimpi"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"kallio_kaksio"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"False\nTrue"}]}]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, miten olioita voi tallentaa tietorakenteisiin</li>\n<li>Tiedät, miten olioiden välitys parametrina toimii</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Pythonissa kaikki arvot ovat olioita ja myös omista luokista luotuja olioita voi käsitellä kuin mitä tahansa muitakin olioita. Esimerkiksi olioita voidaan tallentaa listaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> date\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kurssisuoritus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> suorituspvm<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kurssi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kurssi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opintopisteet\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>suorituspvm <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> suorituspvm\n\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Luodaan pari kurssisuoritusta ja lisätään listaan</span>\n    suoritukset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    mat1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kurssisuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Matematiikka 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    ohj1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kurssisuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmointi 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2019</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">17</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    suoritukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mat1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    suoritukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ohj1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Lisätään suoraan listaan muutama</span>\n    suoritukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kurssisuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Fysiikka 2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2019</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    suoritukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kurssisuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmointi 2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">19</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Käydään läpi kaikki suoritukset, tulostetaan nimet ja lasketaan opintopisteet yhteen</span>\n    opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> suoritus <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> suoritukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Opintopisteitä yhteensä:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Matematiikka 1\nOhjelmointi 1\nFysiikka 2\nOhjelmointi 2\nOpintopisteitä yhteensä: 20</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Nopein auto' tmcname='osa09-01_nopein_auto'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa oleva luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Auto</code> mallintaa autoa kahden attribuutin avulla: <code class=\"language-text\">merkki (str)</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">huippunopeus (int)</code>.</p><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">nopein_auto(autot: list)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen listan <code class=\"language-text\">Auto</code>-luokan olioita.</p><p>Funktio palauttaa listassa olevista autoista nopeimman auton merkin. Voit olettaa, että nopein auto on yksikäsitteinen. Älä muuta alkuperäistä listaa tai luokkaa <code class=\"language-text\">Auto</code>.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion testauksesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    auto1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Auto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mersu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">195</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    auto2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Auto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lada\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">110</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    auto3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Auto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ferrari\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">280</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    auto4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Auto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Trabant\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">85</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    autot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>auto1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> auto2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> auto3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> auto4<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nopein_auto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>autot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Ferrari</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Hyväksytyt suoritukset' tmcname='osa09-02_hyvaksytyt_suoritukset'><p>Tehtäväpohjasta löytyy luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Koesuoritus</code>, joka mallintaa nimensä mukaisesti koesuoritusta. Sillä on kaksi attribuuttia, <code class=\"language-text\">suorittaja (str)</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">pisteet (int)</code>.</p><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">hyvaksytyt(suoritukset: list, pisteraja: int)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen listan koesuorituksia ja alimman hyväksytyn pistemäärän kokonaislukuna.</p><p>Funktio muodostaa ja palauttaa uuden listan, johon on tallennettu ainoastaan hyväksytyt suoritukset listalta. Älä muuta alkuperäistä listaa tai luokkaa <code class=\"language-text\">Koesuoritus</code>.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    s1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Koesuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    s2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Koesuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pirjo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">19</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    s3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Koesuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pauli\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">15</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    s4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Koesuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pirkko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    s5 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Koesuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Petriina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">17</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    hyv <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> hyvaksytyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>s1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s4<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s5<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">15</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> hyvaksytty <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> hyv<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>hyvaksytty<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Koesuoritus (suorittaja: Pirjo, pisteet: 19)\nKoesuoritus (suorittaja: Pauli, pisteet: 15)\nKoesuoritus (suorittaja: Petriina, pisteet: 17)</p></programming-exercise><p>Listaan ei tarkkaan ottaen tallenneta olioita vaan <em>viittauksia olioihin</em>. Niinpä sama olio voi esiintyä listassa useaan kertaan ja samaan olioon voidaan viitata useaan kertaan listassa ja sen ulkopuolella. Esimerkiksi näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Tuote</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> yksikko<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yksikko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> yksikko\n\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    kauppalista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    maito <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Maito\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"litra\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>maito<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>maito<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kurkku\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kpl\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 313px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/13e71ea262de820629eb873bb73f2d94/80977/9_1_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 64.34782608695653%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/13e71ea262de820629eb873bb73f2d94/a0b58/9_1_1.webp 230w,\n/static/13e71ea262de820629eb873bb73f2d94/12766/9_1_1.webp 313w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 313px) 100vw, 313px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/13e71ea262de820629eb873bb73f2d94/81c8e/9_1_1.png 230w,\n/static/13e71ea262de820629eb873bb73f2d94/80977/9_1_1.png 313w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 313px) 100vw, 313px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/13e71ea262de820629eb873bb73f2d94/80977/9_1_1.png\" alt=\"9 1 1\" title=\"9 1 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Jos samaan olioon on useampi kuin yksi viittaus, on lopputuloksen kannalta yhdentekevää, mitä viittauksista käytetään:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Koira</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi\n\nkoirat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nmusti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Koira<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Musti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkoirat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>musti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkoirat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>musti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkoirat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Koira<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Musti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Koirat alussa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> koira <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> koirat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>koira<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kohdan 0 koira saa uuden nimen:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkoirat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Rekku\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> koira <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> koirat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>koira<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kohdan 2 koira saa uuden nimen:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkoirat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Fifi\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> koira <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> koirat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>koira<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Koirat alussa:\nMusti\nMusti\nMusti\nKohdan 0 koira saa uuden nimen:\nRekku\nRekku\nMusti\nKohdan 2 koira saa uuden nimen:\nRekku\nRekku\nFifi</p></sample-output><p>Listan kohdissa 0 ja 1 on viittaus samaan olioon,  joten olion sisältöä voidaan muuttaa kumman tahansa viittauksen kautta. Listan kohdassa 2 on kuitenkin viittaus toiseen olioon, minkä vuoksi tämän olion muuttaminen ei muuta muita.</p><p>Operaattorilla <code class=\"language-text\">is</code> voidaan tutkia, onko kyseessä täysin sama olio, ja operaattorilla <code class=\"language-text\">==</code> voidaan tutkia, onko kyseessä saman sisältöinen olio. Seuraava koodi havainnollistaa asiaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nlista2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nlista3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lista1\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista1 <span class=\"token keyword\">is</span> lista2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista1 <span class=\"token keyword\">is</span> lista3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista2 <span class=\"token keyword\">is</span> lista3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista1 <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> lista2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista1 <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> lista3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista2 <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> lista3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>False\nTrue\nFalse</p><p>True\nTrue\nTrue</p></sample-output><p>Omista luokista muodostettuja olioita voidaan myös tallentaa esimerkiksi sanakirjaan ja muihin tietorakenteisiin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opiskelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> op<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>op <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> op\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Käytetään avaimena opiskelijanumeroa ja arvona Opiskelija-oliota</span>\n    opiskelijat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n    opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"12345\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olli Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"54321\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Outi Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">67</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p><a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Visualisaattori</a> osaa havainnollistaa nämäkin asiat hienosti:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/15171/9_1_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 43.04347826086957%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/a0b58/9_1_2.webp 230w,\n/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/bc10c/9_1_2.webp 460w,\n/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/966d8/9_1_2.webp 920w,\n/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/445df/9_1_2.webp 1380w,\n/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/78de1/9_1_2.webp 1840w,\n/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/995bd/9_1_2.webp 2230w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/81c8e/9_1_2.png 230w,\n/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/08a84/9_1_2.png 460w,\n/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/c0255/9_1_2.png 920w,\n/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/b1001/9_1_2.png 1380w,\n/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/161ec/9_1_2.png 1840w,\n/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/15171/9_1_2.png 2230w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/c0255/9_1_2.png\" alt=\"9 1 2\" title=\"9 1 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><h2 id=\"selfilla-vai-ilman\" style=\"position:relative;\">Selfillä vai ilman?<a href=\"#selfilla-vai-ilman\" aria-label=\"selfilla vai ilman permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tässä vaiheessa kurssia <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>-määre saattaa vaikuttaa vielä hämärältä. Käytetään siis hetki sen pohtimiseen, milloin selfiä tulee käyttää, ja milloin sitä kannattaa olla käyttämättä.</p><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä yksinkertaista luokkaa, jonka avulla joukosta sanoja on mahdollista muodostaa sanasto:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Sanasto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_sana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsanasto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Sanasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsanasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsanasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"olio\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsanasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"olio-ohjelmointi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsanasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"olio\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsanasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nörtti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsanasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>nörtti\nolio\nolio-ohjelmointi\npython</p></sample-output><p>Luokka tallentaa sanalistan oliomuuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">self.sanat</code>. Tässä tapauksessa <code class=\"language-text\">self</code> tarvitaan ehdottomasti sekä luokan konstruktorissa että luokan muissa metodeissa tähän muuttujaan viitatessa, koska muuten sama lista ei ole kaikkien olion metodien käytettävissä.</p><p>Lisätään luokalle metodi <code class=\"language-text\">pisin_sana(self)</code> joka selvittää nimensä mukaisesti sanaston pisimmän sanan (tai yhden niistä).</p><p>Tehtävän voisi toteuttaa vaikkapa seuraavasti, mutta näemme kohta miksei se ole kovin hyvä idea:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Sanasto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pisin_sana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># määritellään kaksi apumuuttujaa</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisimman_pituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">></span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisimman_pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisimman_pituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sana\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisin</code></pre></div><p>Metodi siis käyttää kahta apumuuttujaa, jotka on määritelty käyttäen <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>-määrettä. Jos vielä halutaan hämmentää ohjelmakoodia lukevaa, apumuuttujat voisi lisäksi nimetä kryptisemmin, esim. <code class=\"language-text\">apu</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">apu2</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Sanasto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pisin_sana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># määritellään kaksi apumuuttujaa</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">></span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu2<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sana\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu</code></pre></div><p>Kun muuttujan määrittely tehdään <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>-määreen avulla, liitetään muuttuja olion attribuutiksi, eli muuttuja tulee olemaan edelleen olemassa myös metodin suorituksen päätyttyä. Tämä on aivan tarpeetonta, koska kyseisiä apumuuttujia on tarkoitus käyttää vain metodissa <code class=\"language-text\">pisin_sana(self)</code>. Apumuuttujien määrittely <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>-määreen avulla on siis varsin huono idea.</p><p>Paitsi turhaa, apumuuttujien liittäminen <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>-määreellä olion attribuuteiksi on myös riskialtista, varsinkin epämääräisesti nimettyjen apumuuttujien tapauksessa. Jos samaa apumuuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">self.apu</code> käytetään monessa eri metodissa mutta täysin eri tarkoituksiin, voivat seuraukset olla arvaamattomat ja koodissa voi ilmetä hankalasti löydettäviä bugeja.</p><p>Ongelma voi tulla esiin erityisesti silloin jos apumuuttujan alkuarvo annetaan jossain muualla, esimerkiksi konstruktorissa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Sanasto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># määritellään apumuuttujia</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pisin_sana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token comment\"># tämä ei toimi sillä apu2:n tyyppi on väärä</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">></span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu2<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sana\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu</code></pre></div><p>Toisaalta uusien olion attribuuttien määrittely <em>muualla</em> kuin konstruktorissa on sikäli vaarallista, että tällöin olion attribuutit riippuvat siitä, mitä metodeja on suoritettu. Kaikilla saman luokan avulla luoduilla olioilla ei välttämättä ole samoja attribuutteja, mistä seuraa helposti bugeja.</p><p>Siispä oikea tapa määritellä yhdessä metodissa käytettävät apumuuttujat on tehdä se <em>ilman</em> <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>-määrettä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Sanasto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pisin_sana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># tämä on oikea tapa määritellä yhden metodin sisäiset apumuuttujat</span>\n        pisin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span>\n        pisimman_pituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">></span> pisimman_pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                pisimman_pituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n                pisin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sana\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> pisin</code></pre></div><p>Tällaisessa toteutuksessa apumuuttujat ovat olemassa ainoastaan metodin suorituksen aikana, ja niissä olevat arvot eivät pääse aiheuttamaan komplikaatioita muussa koodissa.</p><h2 id=\"oliot-funktioiden-parametrina\" style=\"position:relative;\">Oliot funktioiden parametrina<a href=\"#oliot-funktioiden-parametrina\" aria-label=\"oliot funktioiden parametrina permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Omista luokista luodut oliot ovat yleensä muuttuvia eli mutatoituvia, joten niiden toiminta parametrina välitettäessä muistuttaa esimerkiksi listoista tuttua tapaa: funktio, jolle olio välitetään parametrina, voi muuttaa kyseistä oliota.</p><p>Tarkastellaan yksinkertaista esimerkkiä, jossa funktiolle välitetään <code class=\"language-text\">Opiskelija</code>-luokasta luotu olio. Funktion sisällä muutetaan opiskelijan nimi, ja muutos näkyy myös pääohjelmassa, koska molemmissa tilanteissa viitataan samaan olioon.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opiskelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opiskelijanumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opiskelijanumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opiskelijanumero\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opiskelijanumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Huomaa, että tyyppivihjeenä käytetään nyt oman luokan nimeä</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">muuta_nimi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Olli Opiskelija\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Luodaan opiskelijaolio</span>\nolli <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olli Oppilas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"12345\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>olli<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmuuta_nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>olli<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>olli<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Olli Oppilas (12345)\nOlli Opiskelija (12345)</p></sample-output><p>Olion voi myös luoda funktion sisällä. Mikäli funktio palauttaa viittauksen olioon, on muodostettu olio käytettävissä myös pääohjelmassa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> random <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> randint<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> choice\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opiskelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opiskelijanumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opiskelijanumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opiskelijanumero\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opiskelijanumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span>\n\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Funktio luo ja palauttaa Opiskelija-olion, jolla on satunnainen nimi ja opiskelijanumero</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">uusi_opiskelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    etunimet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Minna\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mari\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    sukunimet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Virtanen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Lahtinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Leinonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pythonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># arvo nimi</span>\n    nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> choice<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>etunimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> choice<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sukunimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Arvo opiskelijanumero</span>\n    opiskelijanumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>randint<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">99999</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Luo ja palauta opiskelijaolio</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opiskelijanumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Kutsutaan metodia viidesti, tallennetaan tulokset listaan</span>\n    opiskelijat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>uusi_opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> opiskelija <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Mari Lahtinen (36213)\nArto Virtanen (11859)\nMari Pythonen (77330)\nArto Pythonen (86451)\nMinna Pythonen (86211)</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"oliot-metodien-parametrina\" style=\"position:relative;\">Oliot metodien parametrina<a href=\"#oliot-metodien-parametrina\" aria-label=\"oliot metodien parametrina permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Oliot toimivat normaaliin tapaan myös <em>metodien</em> parametrina. Tarkastellaan seuraavaa esimerkkiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Henkilo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pituus\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Huvipuistolaite</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pituusraja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kavijoita <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pituusraja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pituusraja\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">ota_kyytiin</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pituus <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pituusraja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kavijoita <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> pääsi kyytiin\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> liian lyhyt :(\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kavijoita<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kävijää)\"</span></span></code></pre></div><p>Huvipuistolaitteen metodi <code class=\"language-text\">ota_kyytiin</code> saa nyt parametrina luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Henkilo</code> olion. Jos kävijä on riittävän pitkä, metodi päästää hänet laitteeseen ja lisää kävijöiden määrää. Seuraavassa esimerkkisuoritus:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">hurjakuru <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Huvipuistolaite<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hurjakuru\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">120</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\njarkko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Jarkko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">172</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nvenla <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Venla\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">105</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nhurjakuru<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ota_kyytiin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jarkko<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhurjakuru<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ota_kyytiin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>venla<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>hurjakuru<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Jarkko pääsi kyytiin\nVenla liian lyhyt :(\nHurjakuru (1 kävijää)</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Kasvatuslaitos' tmcname='osa09-03_kasvatuslaitos'><p>Tehtäväpohjassasi on valmiina jo luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Henkilo</code> sekä runko luokalle <code class=\"language-text\">Kasvatuslaitos</code>. Kasvatuslaitosoliot käsittelevät ihmisiä eri tavalla, esim. punnitsevat ja syöttävät ihmisiä. Rakennamme tässä tehtävässä kasvatuslaitoksen. Luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Henkilo</code> koodiin ei tehtävässä ole tarkoitus koskea!</p><h2 id=\"henkiloiden-punnitseminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Henkilöiden punnitseminen<a href=\"#henkiloiden-punnitseminen\" aria-label=\"henkiloiden punnitseminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kasvatuslaitoksen luokkarungossa on valmiina runko metodille punnitse:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kasvatuslaitos</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">punnitse</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># palautetaan parametrina annetun henkilön paino</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span></code></pre></div><p>Metodi saa parametrina henkilön ja metodin on tarkoitus palauttaa kutsujalleen parametrina olevan henkilön paino. Paino selviää pyytämällä parametrina olevalta henkilöltä <code class=\"language-text\">henkilo</code> sopiva attribuutti. Sinun tulee täydentää <code class=\"language-text\">punnitse</code>-metodin koodia.</p><p>Seuraavassa on pääohjelma jossa kasvatuslaitos punnitsee kaksi henkilöä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">haagan_neuvola <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kasvatuslaitos<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\neero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Eero\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">110</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npekka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">33</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">176</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">85</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> painaa </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>haagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kg\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pekka<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> painaa </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>haagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekka<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kg\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Eero painaa 7 kg\nPekka painaa 85 kg</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"syottaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Syöttäminen<a href=\"#syottaminen\" aria-label=\"syottaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Parametrina olevan olion tilaa on mahdollista muuttaa. Tee kasvatuslaitokselle metodi <code class=\"language-text\">syota(henkilo: Henkilo)</code> joka kasvattaa parametrina olevan henkilön painoa yhdellä.</p><p>Seuraavassa on esimerkki, jossa henkilöt ensin punnitaan ja tämän jälkeen neuvolassa syötetään Eeroa kolme kertaa. Tämän jälkeen henkilöt taas punnitaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">haagan_neuvola <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kasvatuslaitos<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\neero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Eero\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">110</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npekka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">33</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">176</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">85</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> painaa </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>haagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kg\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pekka<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> painaa </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>haagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekka<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kg\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nhaagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syota<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhaagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syota<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhaagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syota<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> painaa </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>haagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kg\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pekka<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> painaa </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>haagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekka<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kg\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tulostuksen pitäisi paljastaa, että Eeron paino on noussut kolmella:</p><sample-output><p>Eero painaa 7 kg\nPekka painaa 85 kg</p><p>Eero painaa 10 kg\nPekka painaa 85 kg</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"punnitusten-laskeminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Punnitusten laskeminen<a href=\"#punnitusten-laskeminen\" aria-label=\"punnitusten laskeminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee kasvatuslaitokselle metodi <code class=\"language-text\">punnitukset()</code> joka kertoo, kuinka monta punnitusta kasvatuslaitos on ylipäätään tehnyt. Huom! Tarvitset uuden oliomuuttujan punnitusten lukumäärän laskemiseen. Testipääohjelma:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">haagan_neuvola <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kasvatuslaitos<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\neero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Eero\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">110</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npekka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">33</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">176</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">85</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Punnituksia tehty </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>haagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nhaagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhaagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Punnituksia tehty </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>haagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nhaagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhaagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhaagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhaagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Punnituksia tehty </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>haagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Punnituksia tehty 0\nPunnituksia tehty 2\nPunnituksia tehty 6</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Maksukortti ja kassapääte' tmcname='osa09-04_maksukortti_ja_kassapaate'><p>Teimme edellisessä osan <a href=\"/osa-8/5-lisaa-esimerkkeja#programming-exercise-maksukortti\">tehtävässä</a> luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Maksukortti</code>. Kortilla oli metodit edullisesti ja maukkaasti syömistä sekä rahan lataamista varten.</p><p>Edellisen osan tyylillä tehdyssä <code class=\"language-text\">Maksukortti</code>-luokassa oli kuitenkin ongelma. Kortti tiesi lounaiden hinnan ja osasi sen ansiosta vähentää saldoa oikean määrän. Entä kun hinnat nousevat? Tai jos myyntivalikoimaan tulee uusia tuotteita? Hintojen muuttaminen tarkoittaisi, että kaikki jo käytössä olevat kortit pitäisi korvata uudet hinnat tuntevilla korteilla.</p><p>Parempi ratkaisu on tehdä kortit \"tyhmiksi\", hinnoista ja myytävistä tuotteista tietämättömiksi pelkän saldon säilyttäjiksi. Kaikki äly kannattaakin laittaa erillisiin olioihin, kassapäätteisiin.</p><h2 id=\"tyhma-maksukortti\" style=\"position:relative;\">\"Tyhmä\" maksukortti<a href=\"#tyhma-maksukortti\" aria-label=\"tyhma maksukortti permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toteutetaan ensin <code class=\"language-text\">Maksukortti</code>-luokasta \"tyhmä\" versio. Kortilla on ainoastaan metodit saldon kysymiseen, rahan lataamiseen ja rahan ottamiseen. Täydennä alla ja tehtäväpohjassa olevaan luokkaan metodin <code class=\"language-text\">ota_rahaa(maara)</code> ohjeen mukaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Maksukortti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lataa_rahaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lisays<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> lisays\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">ota_rahaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Toteuta metodi siten, että se ottaa kortilta rahaa vain, jos saldoa riittää</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Onnistuessaan metodi palauttaa True ja muuten False</span></code></pre></div><p>Testipääohjelma:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Rahaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ota_rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Onnistuiko otto:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Rahaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ota_rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Onnistuiko otto:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Rahaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Rahaa 10\nOnnistuiko otto: True\nRahaa 2\nOnnistuiko otto: False\nRahaa 2</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"kassapaate-ja-kateiskauppa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kassapääte ja käteiskauppa<a href=\"#kassapaate-ja-kateiskauppa\" aria-label=\"kassapaate ja kateiskauppa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Unicafessa asioidessa asiakas maksaa joko käteisellä tai maksukortilla. Myyjä käyttää kassapäätettä kortin veloittamiseen ja käteismaksujen hoitamiseen. Tehdään ensin kassapäätteestä käteismaksuihin sopiva versio.</p><p>Kassapäätteen runko on seuraavanlainen. Metodien kommentit kertovat halutun toiminnallisuuden.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kassapaate</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Kassassa on aluksi 1000 euroa rahaa</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>edulliset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maukkaat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">syo_edullisesti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> maksu<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Edullinen lounas maksaa 2.50 euroa.</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Kasvatetaan kassan rahamäärää edullisen lounaan hinnalla ja palautetaan vaihtorahat</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Jos parametrina annettu maksu ei ole riittävän suuri, ei lounasta myydä ja metodi palauttaa koko summan</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">syo_maukkaasti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> maksu<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Maukas lounas maksaa 4.30 euroa.</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Kasvatetaan kassan rahamäärää maukkaan lounaan hinnalla ja palautetaan vaihtorahat</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Jos parametrina annettu maksu ei ole riittävän suuri, ei lounasta myydä ja metodi palauttaa koko summan</span></code></pre></div><p>Käyttöesimerkki</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">exactum <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kassapaate<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nvaihtorahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_edullisesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Vaihtorahaa jäi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vaihtorahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nvaihtorahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_edullisesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Vaihtorahaa jäi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vaihtorahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nvaihtorahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_maukkaasti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4.3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Vaihtorahaa jäi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vaihtorahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kassassa rahaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Edullisia lounaita myyty\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>edulliset<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Maukkaita lounaita myyty\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maukkaat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Vaihtorahaa jäi 7.5\nVaihtorahaa jäi 2.5\nVaihtorahaa jäi 0.0\nKassassa rahaa 1009.3\nEdullisia lounaita myyty 2\nMaukkaita lounaita myyty 1</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"kortilla-maksaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kortilla maksaminen<a href=\"#kortilla-maksaminen\" aria-label=\"kortilla maksaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Laajennetaan kassapäätettä siten, että myös kortilla voi maksaa. Teemme kassapäätteelle siis metodit, joiden parametrina kassapääte saa maksukortin, jolta se vähentää valitun lounaan hinnan. Seuraavassa ovat uusien metodien rungot ja ohje niiden toteuttamiseksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kassapaate</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">syo_edullisesti_kortilla</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Edullinen lounas maksaa 2.50 euroa</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Jos kortilla on tarpeeksi rahaa, vähennetään hinta kortilta ja palautetaan True</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Muuten palautetaan False</span>\n\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">syo_maukkaasti_kortilla</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Maukas lounas maksaa 4.30 euroa.</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Jos kortilla on tarpeeksi rahaa, vähennetään hinta kortilta ja palautetaan True</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Muuten palautetaan False</span></code></pre></div><p><strong>Huom:</strong> kortilla maksaminen ei lisää kassapäätteessä olevan käteisen määrää.</p><p>Seuraavassa on testipääohjelma ja haluttu tulostus:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">exactum <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kassapaate<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nvaihtorahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_edullisesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Vaihtorahaa jäi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vaihtorahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_maukkaasti_kortilla<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Riittikö raha:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_maukkaasti_kortilla<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Riittikö raha:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_edullisesti_kortilla<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Riittikö raha:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kassassa rahaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Edullisia lounaita myyty\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>edulliset<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Maukkaita lounaita myyty\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maukkaat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Vaihtorahaa jäi 7.5\nRiittikö raha: True\nRiittikö raha: False\nRiittikö raha: True\nKassassa rahaa 1002.5\nEdullisia lounaita myyty 2\nMaukkaita lounaita myyty 1</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"rahan-lataaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Rahan lataaminen<a href=\"#rahan-lataaminen\" aria-label=\"rahan lataaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Lisätään vielä kassapäätteelle metodi jonka avulla kortille voidaan ladata lisää rahaa. Muista, että rahan lataamisen yhteydessä ladattava summa viedään kassapäätteeseen. Metodin runko:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lataa_rahaa_kortille</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span></code></pre></div><p>Testipääohjelma ja esimerkkisyöte:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">exactum <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kassapaate<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nantin_kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Kortilla rahaa </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>antin_kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> euroa\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_maukkaasti_kortilla<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>antin_kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Riittikö raha:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nexactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lataa_rahaa_kortille<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>antin_kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Kortilla rahaa </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>antin_kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> euroa\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_maukkaasti_kortilla<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>antin_kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Riittikö raha:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Kortilla rahaa </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>antin_kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> euroa\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kassassa rahaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Edullisia lounaita myyty\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>edulliset<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Maukkaita lounaita myyty\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maukkaat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Kortilla rahaa 2 euroa\nRiittikö raha: False\nKortilla rahaa 102 euroa\nRiittikö raha: True\nKortilla rahaa 97.7 euroa\nKassassa rahaa 1100\nEdullisia lounaita myyty 0\nMaukkaita lounaita myyty 1</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"saman-luokan-oliot-metodien-parametrina\" style=\"position:relative;\">Saman luokan oliot metodien parametrina<a href=\"#saman-luokan-oliot-metodien-parametrina\" aria-label=\"saman luokan oliot metodien parametrina permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tarkastellaan jälleen kerran yhtä versiota luokasta <code class=\"language-text\">Henkilo</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Henkilo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> syntynyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syntynyt <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> syntynyt</code></pre></div><p>Oletetaan että olemme tekemässä ohjelmaa, joka vertailee henkilöiden ikiä. Voisimme tehdä tarkoitusta varten erillisen funktion:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">vanhempi_kuin</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>henkilo1<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> henkilo2<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> henkilo1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syntynyt <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> henkilo2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syntynyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n\nmuhammad <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">780</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npascal <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Blaise Pascal\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1623</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ngrace <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Grace Hopper\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1906</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> vanhempi_kuin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>muhammad<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pascal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>muhammad<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> on vanhempi kuin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pascal<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>muhammad<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> ei ole vanhempi kuin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pascal<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> vanhempi_kuin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>grace<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pascal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>grace<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> on vanhempi kuin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pascal<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>grace<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> ei ole vanhempi kuin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pascal<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi on vanhempi kuin Blaise Pascal\nGrace Hopper ei ole vanhempi kuin  Blaise Pascal</p></sample-output><p>Olio-ohjelmoinnin henkeen kuuluu kuitenkin sijoittaa oliota käsittelevät \"funktiot\" luokan metodeiksi. Voisimmekin tehdä henkilölle metodin, jonka avulla henkilön ikää voidaan verrata <em>toiseen</em> henkilöön:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Henkilo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> syntynyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syntynyt <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> syntynyt\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># huomaa, että tyyppivihje pitää antaa hipsuissa jos parametri on saman luokan olio!</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">vanhempi_kuin</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> toinen<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Henkilo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syntynyt <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> toinen<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syntynyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt siis olio itse on <code class=\"language-text\">self</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">toinen</code> on henkilöolio, joka toimii vertailukohtana.</p><p>Huomaa, miten metodin kutsuminen eroaa funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">muhammad <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">780</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npascal <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Blaise Pascal\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1623</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ngrace <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Grace Hopper\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1906</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> muhammad<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vanhempi_kuin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pascal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>muhammad<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> on vanhempi kuin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pascal<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>muhammad<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> ei ole vanhempi kuin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pascal<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> grace<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vanhempi_kuin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pascal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>grace<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> on vanhempi kuin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pascal<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>grace<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> ei ole vanhempi kuin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pascal<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Pisteen vasemmalla puolella on siis verrattava henkilö, eli olio, johon metodin suorituksessa viittaa muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>. Metodin parametrina taas on vertailukohta, eli metodin suorituksessa muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">toinen</code> viittaama olio.</p><p>Ohjelman tulostus on sama kuin edellisessä funktiota käyttäneessä esimerkissä.</p><p>Huomaa, että if-else-rakenne metodissa <code class=\"language-text\">vanhempi_kuin</code> on oikeastaan turha, sillä vertailun arvona on suoraan haluamamme totuusarvo. Voimme siis yksinkertaistaa metodia seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Henkilo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> syntynyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syntynyt <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> syntynyt\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># huomaa, että tyyppivihje pitää antaa hipsuissa jos parametri on saman luokan olio!</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">vanhempi_kuin</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> toinen<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Henkilo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syntynyt <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> toinen<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syntynyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span></code></pre></div><p>Edellisestä esimerkistä kannattaa huomata se, että kun metodi saa parametrikseen toisen saman luokan olion, tulee tyyppivihje antaa hipsuissa, eli seuraava koodi aiheuttaisi virheen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Henkilo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># tämä ei toimi, Henkilo pitaa olla hipsuissa</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">vanhempi_kuin</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> toinen<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syntynyt <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> toinen<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syntynyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span></code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Asuntovertailu' tmcname='osa09-05_asuntovertailu'><p>Asuntovälitystoimiston tietojärjestelmässä kuvataan myynnissä olevaa asuntoa seuraavasta luokasta tehdyillä olioilla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Asunto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> huoneita<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nelioita<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> neliohinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>huoneita <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> huoneita\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nelioita <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nelioita\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>neliohinta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> neliohinta</code></pre></div><p>Tehtävänä on toteuttaa metodeita, joiden avulla myynnissä olevia asuntoja voidaan vertailla.</p><h2 id=\"onko-suurempi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Onko suurempi<a href=\"#onko-suurempi\" aria-label=\"onko suurempi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee metodi <code class=\"language-text\">suurempi(self, verrattava)</code>, joka palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, jos asunto-olio itse on pinta-alaltaan suurempi kuin verrattava asunto-olio.</p><p>Esimerkki metodin toiminnasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">eira_yksio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">16</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkallio_kaksio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">38</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4200</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\njakomaki_kolmio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">78</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eira_yksio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>suurempi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kallio_kaksio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jakomaki_kolmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>suurempi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kallio_kaksio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>False\nTrue</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"hintaero\" style=\"position:relative;\">Hintaero<a href=\"#hintaero\" aria-label=\"hintaero permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee metodi <code class=\"language-text\">hintaero(self, verrattava)</code>, joka palauttaa asunto-olion ja verrattavan asunto-olion hintaeron. Hintaero on asuntojen hintojen erotuksen (hinta lasketaan kertomalla neliöhinta neliöillä) itseisarvo.</p><p>Esimerkki metodin toiminnasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">eira_yksio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">16</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkallio_kaksio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">38</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4200</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\njakomaki_kolmio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">78</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eira_yksio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hintaero<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kallio_kaksio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jakomaki_kolmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hintaero<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kallio_kaksio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>71600\n35400</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"onko-kalliimpi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Onko kalliimpi?<a href=\"#onko-kalliimpi\" aria-label=\"onko kalliimpi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee metodi <code class=\"language-text\">kalliimpi(self, verrattava)</code> joka palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, jos asunto-olio on kalliimpi kuin verrattavana oleva asunto-olio.</p><p>Esimerkki metodin toiminnasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">eira_yksio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">16</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkallio_kaksio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">38</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4200</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\njakomaki_kolmio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">78</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eira_yksio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kalliimpi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kallio_kaksio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jakomaki_kolmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kalliimpi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kallio_kaksio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>False\nTrue</p></sample-output></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-9/1-oliot-ja-viittaukset","title":"Oliot ja 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variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, miten olioita voi tallentaa tietorakenteisiin</li>\n<li>Tiedät, miten olioiden välitys parametrina toimii</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Pythonissa kaikki arvot ovat olioita ja myös omista luokista luotuja olioita voi käsitellä kuin mitä tahansa muitakin olioita. Esimerkiksi olioita voidaan tallentaa listaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> datetime <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> date\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kurssisuoritus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> suorituspvm<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kurssi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kurssi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opintopisteet\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>suorituspvm <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> suorituspvm\n\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Luodaan pari kurssisuoritusta ja lisätään listaan</span>\n    suoritukset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    mat1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kurssisuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Matematiikka 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    ohj1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kurssisuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmointi 1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2019</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">17</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    suoritukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>mat1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    suoritukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ohj1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Lisätään suoraan listaan muutama</span>\n    suoritukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kurssisuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Fysiikka 2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2019</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    suoritukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Kurssisuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmointi 2\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> date<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2020</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">19</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Käydään läpi kaikki suoritukset, tulostetaan nimet ja lasketaan opintopisteet yhteen</span>\n    opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> suoritus <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> suoritukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Opintopisteitä yhteensä:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Matematiikka 1\nOhjelmointi 1\nFysiikka 2\nOhjelmointi 2\nOpintopisteitä yhteensä: 20</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Nopein auto' tmcname='osa09-01_nopein_auto'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa oleva luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Auto</code> mallintaa autoa kahden attribuutin avulla: <code class=\"language-text\">merkki (str)</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">huippunopeus (int)</code>.</p><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">nopein_auto(autot: list)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen listan <code class=\"language-text\">Auto</code>-luokan olioita.</p><p>Funktio palauttaa listassa olevista autoista nopeimman auton merkin. Voit olettaa, että nopein auto on yksikäsitteinen. Älä muuta alkuperäistä listaa tai luokkaa <code class=\"language-text\">Auto</code>.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion testauksesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    auto1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Auto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mersu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">195</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    auto2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Auto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lada\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">110</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    auto3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Auto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ferrari\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">280</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    auto4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Auto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Trabant\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">85</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    autot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>auto1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> auto2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> auto3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> auto4<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nopein_auto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>autot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Ferrari</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Hyväksytyt suoritukset' tmcname='osa09-02_hyvaksytyt_suoritukset'><p>Tehtäväpohjasta löytyy luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Koesuoritus</code>, joka mallintaa nimensä mukaisesti koesuoritusta. Sillä on kaksi attribuuttia, <code class=\"language-text\">suorittaja (str)</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">pisteet (int)</code>.</p><p>Kirjoita funktio <code class=\"language-text\">hyvaksytyt(suoritukset: list, pisteraja: int)</code>, joka saa parametrikseen listan koesuorituksia ja alimman hyväksytyn pistemäärän kokonaislukuna.</p><p>Funktio muodostaa ja palauttaa uuden listan, johon on tallennettu ainoastaan hyväksytyt suoritukset listalta. Älä muuta alkuperäistä listaa tai luokkaa <code class=\"language-text\">Koesuoritus</code>.</p><p>Esimerkki funktion käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    s1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Koesuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">12</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    s2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Koesuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pirjo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">19</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    s3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Koesuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pauli\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">15</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    s4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Koesuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pirkko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    s5 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Koesuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Petriina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">17</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    hyv <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> hyvaksytyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>s1<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s2<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s3<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s4<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> s5<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">15</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> hyvaksytty <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> hyv<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>hyvaksytty<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Koesuoritus (suorittaja: Pirjo, pisteet: 19)\nKoesuoritus (suorittaja: Pauli, pisteet: 15)\nKoesuoritus (suorittaja: Petriina, pisteet: 17)</p></programming-exercise><p>Listaan ei tarkkaan ottaen tallenneta olioita vaan <em>viittauksia olioihin</em>. Niinpä sama olio voi esiintyä listassa useaan kertaan ja samaan olioon voidaan viitata useaan kertaan listassa ja sen ulkopuolella. Esimerkiksi näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Tuote</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> yksikko<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yksikko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> yksikko\n\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    kauppalista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    maito <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Maito\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"litra\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>maito<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>maito<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    kauppalista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Tuote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kurkku\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"kpl\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 313px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/13e71ea262de820629eb873bb73f2d94/80977/9_1_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 64.34782608695653%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAANCAYAAACpUE5eAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAABdUlEQVQ4y22TiarCQAxF+/9/pQVRLLihFKu4r1iXui8YOeHlMXa8UNLpJDc3SwP5w/v9VrtYLGS73crhcJD9fq/PbreT9XptrnK9XmW5XEqWZXqP/+VykXa7LUGeEIdfgNRAME8e0+nUJ1ytVhLHsQwGA6nVatLv9/V7mqb/gbfbTcbjsSRJoiT1el1Go5H6eoSUUqlUpFAoqGMYhnI6nVS5+dzvdw0uFosSRZFUq1UVQRKPcLPZaDmQPB4Pfce6JdNDzig9n896BpPJxCekwb9AIgMkx+PR86FNHiGZ6RcEnU5Her2eWlMBns+n3jNlSqV8EnyV7JKanc/nGoS173Zn4I7SDYE5uWRu862HEOeBKsp3474I8wpfr5cuOgqwBJPEhmHL7sYF+awuMQpoNIHD4VB7xFrRZ86z2eyLUEtuNpvSaDSkXC5Lq9XSEpk0JOyhAWX2lxiJTdoVEdjSWj/cS7YfUv7RUqmkEyUxIkje7XY9hR86hOegM+cgfwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/13e71ea262de820629eb873bb73f2d94/a0b58/9_1_1.webp 230w,\n/static/13e71ea262de820629eb873bb73f2d94/12766/9_1_1.webp 313w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 313px) 100vw, 313px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/13e71ea262de820629eb873bb73f2d94/81c8e/9_1_1.png 230w,\n/static/13e71ea262de820629eb873bb73f2d94/80977/9_1_1.png 313w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 313px) 100vw, 313px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/13e71ea262de820629eb873bb73f2d94/80977/9_1_1.png\" alt=\"9 1 1\" title=\"9 1 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Jos samaan olioon on useampi kuin yksi viittaus, on lopputuloksen kannalta yhdentekevää, mitä viittauksista käytetään:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Koira</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi\n\nkoirat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nmusti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Koira<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Musti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkoirat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>musti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkoirat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>musti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkoirat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Koira<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Musti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Koirat alussa:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> koira <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> koirat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>koira<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kohdan 0 koira saa uuden nimen:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkoirat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Rekku\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> koira <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> koirat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>koira<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kohdan 2 koira saa uuden nimen:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkoirat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Fifi\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> koira <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> koirat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>koira<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Koirat alussa:\nMusti\nMusti\nMusti\nKohdan 0 koira saa uuden nimen:\nRekku\nRekku\nMusti\nKohdan 2 koira saa uuden nimen:\nRekku\nRekku\nFifi</p></sample-output><p>Listan kohdissa 0 ja 1 on viittaus samaan olioon,  joten olion sisältöä voidaan muuttaa kumman tahansa viittauksen kautta. Listan kohdassa 2 on kuitenkin viittaus toiseen olioon, minkä vuoksi tämän olion muuttaminen ei muuta muita.</p><p>Operaattorilla <code class=\"language-text\">is</code> voidaan tutkia, onko kyseessä täysin sama olio, ja operaattorilla <code class=\"language-text\">==</code> voidaan tutkia, onko kyseessä saman sisältöinen olio. Seuraava koodi havainnollistaa asiaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nlista2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nlista3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lista1\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista1 <span class=\"token keyword\">is</span> lista2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista1 <span class=\"token keyword\">is</span> lista3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista2 <span class=\"token keyword\">is</span> lista3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista1 <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> lista2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista1 <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> lista3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista2 <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> lista3<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>False\nTrue\nFalse</p><p>True\nTrue\nTrue</p></sample-output><p>Omista luokista muodostettuja olioita voidaan myös tallentaa esimerkiksi sanakirjaan ja muihin tietorakenteisiin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opiskelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> op<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>op <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> op\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Käytetään avaimena opiskelijanumeroa ja arvona Opiskelija-oliota</span>\n    opiskelijat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n    opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"12345\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olli Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"54321\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Outi Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">67</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p><a href=\"http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Visualisaattori</a> osaa havainnollistaa nämäkin asiat hienosti:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/15171/9_1_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 43.04347826086957%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAJCAIAAAC9o5sfAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAABPklEQVQoz2WR20rEMBBA/f+/8k0RFUVExdVda7ubtnHbSSfN3FLtVlHWA4E85DBnyEkYUow44Oj36PexB4wRpx9yzvPJ2cymf5xQSuM4ElHre1fvmSX/IGqA4xBHFgkBzPRYHgZ0BwIAMxFRSslynqbJeTi9uC9cr6ptceHr8zBcxXiNeKXazzIz9wcAYMkzs3yQY6Jy14ZILAJ+ReNONIqgCJrJLHddt1q9FEVRVVXT1AAQQmDmpXzJU5WuOuu7x3nv/CcbADabTVG873aurhvnnPfeOdc0zSHh9+lIXL7ddPvbMNwzl7OMiCmlnKcwUB+Sqi3xfycvmJl3dxHvRB5Ui28ZIxIRM5uZqorIcjn6HjMt15feX0K4IXqb5cQWQ6jK8nW93m63bdsy8zLnaPI05fDxHOOTyLNq9SV/Av8dBuHbnwNlAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/a0b58/9_1_2.webp 230w,\n/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/bc10c/9_1_2.webp 460w,\n/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/966d8/9_1_2.webp 920w,\n/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/445df/9_1_2.webp 1380w,\n/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/78de1/9_1_2.webp 1840w,\n/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/995bd/9_1_2.webp 2230w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/81c8e/9_1_2.png 230w,\n/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/08a84/9_1_2.png 460w,\n/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/c0255/9_1_2.png 920w,\n/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/b1001/9_1_2.png 1380w,\n/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/161ec/9_1_2.png 1840w,\n/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/15171/9_1_2.png 2230w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/d20c7f9a5570bf04d75c3836868a8870/c0255/9_1_2.png\" alt=\"9 1 2\" title=\"9 1 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><h2 id=\"selfilla-vai-ilman\" style=\"position:relative;\">Selfillä vai ilman?<a href=\"#selfilla-vai-ilman\" aria-label=\"selfilla vai ilman permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tässä vaiheessa kurssia <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>-määre saattaa vaikuttaa vielä hämärältä. Käytetään siis hetki sen pohtimiseen, milloin selfiä tulee käyttää, ja milloin sitä kannattaa olla käyttämättä.</p><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä yksinkertaista luokkaa, jonka avulla joukosta sanoja on mahdollista muodostaa sanasto:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Sanasto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_sana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsanasto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Sanasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsanasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsanasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"olio\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsanasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"olio-ohjelmointi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsanasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"olio\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nsanasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"nörtti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nsanasto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>nörtti\nolio\nolio-ohjelmointi\npython</p></sample-output><p>Luokka tallentaa sanalistan oliomuuttujaan <code class=\"language-text\">self.sanat</code>. Tässä tapauksessa <code class=\"language-text\">self</code> tarvitaan ehdottomasti sekä luokan konstruktorissa että luokan muissa metodeissa tähän muuttujaan viitatessa, koska muuten sama lista ei ole kaikkien olion metodien käytettävissä.</p><p>Lisätään luokalle metodi <code class=\"language-text\">pisin_sana(self)</code> joka selvittää nimensä mukaisesti sanaston pisimmän sanan (tai yhden niistä).</p><p>Tehtävän voisi toteuttaa vaikkapa seuraavasti, mutta näemme kohta miksei se ole kovin hyvä idea:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Sanasto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pisin_sana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># määritellään kaksi apumuuttujaa</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisimman_pituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">></span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisimman_pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisimman_pituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sana\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pisin</code></pre></div><p>Metodi siis käyttää kahta apumuuttujaa, jotka on määritelty käyttäen <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>-määrettä. Jos vielä halutaan hämmentää ohjelmakoodia lukevaa, apumuuttujat voisi lisäksi nimetä kryptisemmin, esim. <code class=\"language-text\">apu</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">apu2</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Sanasto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pisin_sana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># määritellään kaksi apumuuttujaa</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">></span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu2<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sana\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu</code></pre></div><p>Kun muuttujan määrittely tehdään <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>-määreen avulla, liitetään muuttuja olion attribuutiksi, eli muuttuja tulee olemaan edelleen olemassa myös metodin suorituksen päätyttyä. Tämä on aivan tarpeetonta, koska kyseisiä apumuuttujia on tarkoitus käyttää vain metodissa <code class=\"language-text\">pisin_sana(self)</code>. Apumuuttujien määrittely <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>-määreen avulla on siis varsin huono idea.</p><p>Paitsi turhaa, apumuuttujien liittäminen <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>-määreellä olion attribuuteiksi on myös riskialtista, varsinkin epämääräisesti nimettyjen apumuuttujien tapauksessa. Jos samaa apumuuttujaa <code class=\"language-text\">self.apu</code> käytetään monessa eri metodissa mutta täysin eri tarkoituksiin, voivat seuraukset olla arvaamattomat ja koodissa voi ilmetä hankalasti löydettäviä bugeja.</p><p>Ongelma voi tulla esiin erityisesti silloin jos apumuuttujan alkuarvo annetaan jossain muualla, esimerkiksi konstruktorissa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Sanasto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># määritellään apumuuttujia</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pisin_sana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token comment\"># tämä ei toimi sillä apu2:n tyyppi on väärä</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">></span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu2<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sana\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>apu</code></pre></div><p>Toisaalta uusien olion attribuuttien määrittely <em>muualla</em> kuin konstruktorissa on sikäli vaarallista, että tällöin olion attribuutit riippuvat siitä, mitä metodeja on suoritettu. Kaikilla saman luokan avulla luoduilla olioilla ei välttämättä ole samoja attribuutteja, mistä seuraa helposti bugeja.</p><p>Siispä oikea tapa määritellä yhdessä metodissa käytettävät apumuuttujat on tehdä se <em>ilman</em> <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>-määrettä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Sanasto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pisin_sana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># tämä on oikea tapa määritellä yhden metodin sisäiset apumuuttujat</span>\n        pisin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span>\n        pisimman_pituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> sana <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sanat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">></span> pisimman_pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                pisimman_pituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n                pisin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sana\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> pisin</code></pre></div><p>Tällaisessa toteutuksessa apumuuttujat ovat olemassa ainoastaan metodin suorituksen aikana, ja niissä olevat arvot eivät pääse aiheuttamaan komplikaatioita muussa koodissa.</p><h2 id=\"oliot-funktioiden-parametrina\" style=\"position:relative;\">Oliot funktioiden parametrina<a href=\"#oliot-funktioiden-parametrina\" aria-label=\"oliot funktioiden parametrina permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Omista luokista luodut oliot ovat yleensä muuttuvia eli mutatoituvia, joten niiden toiminta parametrina välitettäessä muistuttaa esimerkiksi listoista tuttua tapaa: funktio, jolle olio välitetään parametrina, voi muuttaa kyseistä oliota.</p><p>Tarkastellaan yksinkertaista esimerkkiä, jossa funktiolle välitetään <code class=\"language-text\">Opiskelija</code>-luokasta luotu olio. Funktion sisällä muutetaan opiskelijan nimi, ja muutos näkyy myös pääohjelmassa, koska molemmissa tilanteissa viitataan samaan olioon.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opiskelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opiskelijanumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opiskelijanumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opiskelijanumero\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opiskelijanumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Huomaa, että tyyppivihjeenä käytetään nyt oman luokan nimeä</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">muuta_nimi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Olli Opiskelija\"</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Luodaan opiskelijaolio</span>\nolli <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olli Oppilas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"12345\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>olli<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmuuta_nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>olli<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>olli<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Olli Oppilas (12345)\nOlli Opiskelija (12345)</p></sample-output><p>Olion voi myös luoda funktion sisällä. Mikäli funktio palauttaa viittauksen olioon, on muodostettu olio käytettävissä myös pääohjelmassa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> random <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> randint<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> choice\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opiskelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opiskelijanumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opiskelijanumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opiskelijanumero\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opiskelijanumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span>\n\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Funktio luo ja palauttaa Opiskelija-olion, jolla on satunnainen nimi ja opiskelijanumero</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">uusi_opiskelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    etunimet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Arto\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Minna\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Mari\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    sukunimet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Virtanen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Lahtinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Leinonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Pythonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># arvo nimi</span>\n    nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> choice<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>etunimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> choice<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sukunimet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Arvo opiskelijanumero</span>\n    opiskelijanumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>randint<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">99999</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Luo ja palauta opiskelijaolio</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opiskelijanumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Kutsutaan metodia viidesti, tallennetaan tulokset listaan</span>\n    opiskelijat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>uusi_opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> opiskelija <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Mari Lahtinen (36213)\nArto Virtanen (11859)\nMari Pythonen (77330)\nArto Pythonen (86451)\nMinna Pythonen (86211)</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"oliot-metodien-parametrina\" style=\"position:relative;\">Oliot metodien parametrina<a href=\"#oliot-metodien-parametrina\" aria-label=\"oliot metodien parametrina permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Oliot toimivat normaaliin tapaan myös <em>metodien</em> parametrina. Tarkastellaan seuraavaa esimerkkiä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Henkilo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pituus\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Huvipuistolaite</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pituusraja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kavijoita <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pituusraja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pituusraja\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">ota_kyytiin</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pituus <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pituusraja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kavijoita <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> pääsi kyytiin\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> liian lyhyt :(\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kavijoita<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kävijää)\"</span></span></code></pre></div><p>Huvipuistolaitteen metodi <code class=\"language-text\">ota_kyytiin</code> saa nyt parametrina luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Henkilo</code> olion. Jos kävijä on riittävän pitkä, metodi päästää hänet laitteeseen ja lisää kävijöiden määrää. Seuraavassa esimerkkisuoritus:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">hurjakuru <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Huvipuistolaite<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hurjakuru\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">120</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\njarkko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Jarkko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">172</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nvenla <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Venla\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">105</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nhurjakuru<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ota_kyytiin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jarkko<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhurjakuru<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ota_kyytiin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>venla<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>hurjakuru<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Jarkko pääsi kyytiin\nVenla liian lyhyt :(\nHurjakuru (1 kävijää)</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Kasvatuslaitos' tmcname='osa09-03_kasvatuslaitos'><p>Tehtäväpohjassasi on valmiina jo luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Henkilo</code> sekä runko luokalle <code class=\"language-text\">Kasvatuslaitos</code>. Kasvatuslaitosoliot käsittelevät ihmisiä eri tavalla, esim. punnitsevat ja syöttävät ihmisiä. Rakennamme tässä tehtävässä kasvatuslaitoksen. Luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Henkilo</code> koodiin ei tehtävässä ole tarkoitus koskea!</p><h2 id=\"henkiloiden-punnitseminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Henkilöiden punnitseminen<a href=\"#henkiloiden-punnitseminen\" aria-label=\"henkiloiden punnitseminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kasvatuslaitoksen luokkarungossa on valmiina runko metodille punnitse:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kasvatuslaitos</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">punnitse</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># palautetaan parametrina annetun henkilön paino</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span></code></pre></div><p>Metodi saa parametrina henkilön ja metodin on tarkoitus palauttaa kutsujalleen parametrina olevan henkilön paino. Paino selviää pyytämällä parametrina olevalta henkilöltä <code class=\"language-text\">henkilo</code> sopiva attribuutti. Sinun tulee täydentää <code class=\"language-text\">punnitse</code>-metodin koodia.</p><p>Seuraavassa on pääohjelma jossa kasvatuslaitos punnitsee kaksi henkilöä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">haagan_neuvola <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kasvatuslaitos<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\neero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Eero\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">110</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npekka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">33</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">176</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">85</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> painaa </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>haagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kg\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pekka<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> painaa </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>haagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekka<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kg\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Eero painaa 7 kg\nPekka painaa 85 kg</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"syottaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Syöttäminen<a href=\"#syottaminen\" aria-label=\"syottaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Parametrina olevan olion tilaa on mahdollista muuttaa. Tee kasvatuslaitokselle metodi <code class=\"language-text\">syota(henkilo: Henkilo)</code> joka kasvattaa parametrina olevan henkilön painoa yhdellä.</p><p>Seuraavassa on esimerkki, jossa henkilöt ensin punnitaan ja tämän jälkeen neuvolassa syötetään Eeroa kolme kertaa. Tämän jälkeen henkilöt taas punnitaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">haagan_neuvola <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kasvatuslaitos<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\neero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Eero\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">110</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npekka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">33</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">176</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">85</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> painaa </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>haagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kg\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pekka<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> painaa </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>haagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekka<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kg\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nhaagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syota<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhaagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syota<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhaagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syota<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> painaa </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>haagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kg\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pekka<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> painaa </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>haagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekka<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kg\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tulostuksen pitäisi paljastaa, että Eeron paino on noussut kolmella:</p><sample-output><p>Eero painaa 7 kg\nPekka painaa 85 kg</p><p>Eero painaa 10 kg\nPekka painaa 85 kg</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"punnitusten-laskeminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Punnitusten laskeminen<a href=\"#punnitusten-laskeminen\" aria-label=\"punnitusten laskeminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee kasvatuslaitokselle metodi <code class=\"language-text\">punnitukset()</code> joka kertoo, kuinka monta punnitusta kasvatuslaitos on ylipäätään tehnyt. Huom! Tarvitset uuden oliomuuttujan punnitusten lukumäärän laskemiseen. Testipääohjelma:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">haagan_neuvola <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kasvatuslaitos<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\neero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Eero\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">110</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npekka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">33</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">176</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">85</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Punnituksia tehty </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>haagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nhaagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhaagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Punnituksia tehty </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>haagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nhaagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhaagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhaagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhaagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitse<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Punnituksia tehty </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>haagan_neuvola<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>punnitukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Punnituksia tehty 0\nPunnituksia tehty 2\nPunnituksia tehty 6</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Maksukortti ja kassapääte' tmcname='osa09-04_maksukortti_ja_kassapaate'><p>Teimme edellisessä osan <a href=\"/osa-8/5-lisaa-esimerkkeja#programming-exercise-maksukortti\">tehtävässä</a> luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Maksukortti</code>. Kortilla oli metodit edullisesti ja maukkaasti syömistä sekä rahan lataamista varten.</p><p>Edellisen osan tyylillä tehdyssä <code class=\"language-text\">Maksukortti</code>-luokassa oli kuitenkin ongelma. Kortti tiesi lounaiden hinnan ja osasi sen ansiosta vähentää saldoa oikean määrän. Entä kun hinnat nousevat? Tai jos myyntivalikoimaan tulee uusia tuotteita? Hintojen muuttaminen tarkoittaisi, että kaikki jo käytössä olevat kortit pitäisi korvata uudet hinnat tuntevilla korteilla.</p><p>Parempi ratkaisu on tehdä kortit \"tyhmiksi\", hinnoista ja myytävistä tuotteista tietämättömiksi pelkän saldon säilyttäjiksi. Kaikki äly kannattaakin laittaa erillisiin olioihin, kassapäätteisiin.</p><h2 id=\"tyhma-maksukortti\" style=\"position:relative;\">\"Tyhmä\" maksukortti<a href=\"#tyhma-maksukortti\" aria-label=\"tyhma maksukortti permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Toteutetaan ensin <code class=\"language-text\">Maksukortti</code>-luokasta \"tyhmä\" versio. Kortilla on ainoastaan metodit saldon kysymiseen, rahan lataamiseen ja rahan ottamiseen. Täydennä alla ja tehtäväpohjassa olevaan luokkaan metodin <code class=\"language-text\">ota_rahaa(maara)</code> ohjeen mukaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Maksukortti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lataa_rahaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lisays<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> lisays\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">ota_rahaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Toteuta metodi siten, että se ottaa kortilta rahaa vain, jos saldoa riittää</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Onnistuessaan metodi palauttaa True ja muuten False</span></code></pre></div><p>Testipääohjelma:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Rahaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ota_rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Onnistuiko otto:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Rahaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    tulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>ota_rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Onnistuiko otto:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Rahaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Rahaa 10\nOnnistuiko otto: True\nRahaa 2\nOnnistuiko otto: False\nRahaa 2</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"kassapaate-ja-kateiskauppa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kassapääte ja käteiskauppa<a href=\"#kassapaate-ja-kateiskauppa\" aria-label=\"kassapaate ja kateiskauppa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Unicafessa asioidessa asiakas maksaa joko käteisellä tai maksukortilla. Myyjä käyttää kassapäätettä kortin veloittamiseen ja käteismaksujen hoitamiseen. Tehdään ensin kassapäätteestä käteismaksuihin sopiva versio.</p><p>Kassapäätteen runko on seuraavanlainen. Metodien kommentit kertovat halutun toiminnallisuuden.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kassapaate</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Kassassa on aluksi 1000 euroa rahaa</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>edulliset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maukkaat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">syo_edullisesti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> maksu<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Edullinen lounas maksaa 2.50 euroa.</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Kasvatetaan kassan rahamäärää edullisen lounaan hinnalla ja palautetaan vaihtorahat</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Jos parametrina annettu maksu ei ole riittävän suuri, ei lounasta myydä ja metodi palauttaa koko summan</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">syo_maukkaasti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> maksu<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Maukas lounas maksaa 4.30 euroa.</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Kasvatetaan kassan rahamäärää maukkaan lounaan hinnalla ja palautetaan vaihtorahat</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Jos parametrina annettu maksu ei ole riittävän suuri, ei lounasta myydä ja metodi palauttaa koko summan</span></code></pre></div><p>Käyttöesimerkki</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">exactum <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kassapaate<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nvaihtorahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_edullisesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Vaihtorahaa jäi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vaihtorahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nvaihtorahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_edullisesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Vaihtorahaa jäi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vaihtorahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nvaihtorahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_maukkaasti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">4.3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Vaihtorahaa jäi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vaihtorahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kassassa rahaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Edullisia lounaita myyty\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>edulliset<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Maukkaita lounaita myyty\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maukkaat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Vaihtorahaa jäi 7.5\nVaihtorahaa jäi 2.5\nVaihtorahaa jäi 0.0\nKassassa rahaa 1009.3\nEdullisia lounaita myyty 2\nMaukkaita lounaita myyty 1</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"kortilla-maksaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kortilla maksaminen<a href=\"#kortilla-maksaminen\" aria-label=\"kortilla maksaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Laajennetaan kassapäätettä siten, että myös kortilla voi maksaa. Teemme kassapäätteelle siis metodit, joiden parametrina kassapääte saa maksukortin, jolta se vähentää valitun lounaan hinnan. Seuraavassa ovat uusien metodien rungot ja ohje niiden toteuttamiseksi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kassapaate</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">syo_edullisesti_kortilla</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Edullinen lounas maksaa 2.50 euroa</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Jos kortilla on tarpeeksi rahaa, vähennetään hinta kortilta ja palautetaan True</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Muuten palautetaan False</span>\n\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">syo_maukkaasti_kortilla</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Maukas lounas maksaa 4.30 euroa.</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Jos kortilla on tarpeeksi rahaa, vähennetään hinta kortilta ja palautetaan True</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Muuten palautetaan False</span></code></pre></div><p><strong>Huom:</strong> kortilla maksaminen ei lisää kassapäätteessä olevan käteisen määrää.</p><p>Seuraavassa on testipääohjelma ja haluttu tulostus:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">exactum <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kassapaate<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nvaihtorahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_edullisesti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Vaihtorahaa jäi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vaihtorahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_maukkaasti_kortilla<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Riittikö raha:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_maukkaasti_kortilla<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Riittikö raha:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_edullisesti_kortilla<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Riittikö raha:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kassassa rahaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Edullisia lounaita myyty\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>edulliset<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Maukkaita lounaita myyty\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maukkaat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Vaihtorahaa jäi 7.5\nRiittikö raha: True\nRiittikö raha: False\nRiittikö raha: True\nKassassa rahaa 1002.5\nEdullisia lounaita myyty 2\nMaukkaita lounaita myyty 1</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"rahan-lataaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Rahan lataaminen<a href=\"#rahan-lataaminen\" aria-label=\"rahan lataaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Lisätään vielä kassapäätteelle metodi jonka avulla kortille voidaan ladata lisää rahaa. Muista, että rahan lataamisen yhteydessä ladattava summa viedään kassapäätteeseen. Metodin runko:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lataa_rahaa_kortille</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">pass</span></code></pre></div><p>Testipääohjelma ja esimerkkisyöte:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">exactum <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kassapaate<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nantin_kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Maksukortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Kortilla rahaa </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>antin_kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> euroa\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_maukkaasti_kortilla<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>antin_kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Riittikö raha:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nexactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lataa_rahaa_kortille<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>antin_kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Kortilla rahaa </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>antin_kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> euroa\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntulos <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syo_maukkaasti_kortilla<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>antin_kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Riittikö raha:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tulos<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Kortilla rahaa </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>antin_kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> euroa\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kassassa rahaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Edullisia lounaita myyty\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>edulliset<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Maukkaita lounaita myyty\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> exactum<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maukkaat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Kortilla rahaa 2 euroa\nRiittikö raha: False\nKortilla rahaa 102 euroa\nRiittikö raha: True\nKortilla rahaa 97.7 euroa\nKassassa rahaa 1100\nEdullisia lounaita myyty 0\nMaukkaita lounaita myyty 1</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"saman-luokan-oliot-metodien-parametrina\" style=\"position:relative;\">Saman luokan oliot metodien parametrina<a href=\"#saman-luokan-oliot-metodien-parametrina\" aria-label=\"saman luokan oliot metodien parametrina permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tarkastellaan jälleen kerran yhtä versiota luokasta <code class=\"language-text\">Henkilo</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Henkilo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> syntynyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syntynyt <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> syntynyt</code></pre></div><p>Oletetaan että olemme tekemässä ohjelmaa, joka vertailee henkilöiden ikiä. Voisimme tehdä tarkoitusta varten erillisen funktion:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">vanhempi_kuin</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>henkilo1<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> henkilo2<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> henkilo1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syntynyt <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> henkilo2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syntynyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n\nmuhammad <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">780</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npascal <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Blaise Pascal\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1623</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ngrace <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Grace Hopper\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1906</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> vanhempi_kuin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>muhammad<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pascal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>muhammad<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> on vanhempi kuin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pascal<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>muhammad<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> ei ole vanhempi kuin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pascal<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> vanhempi_kuin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>grace<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pascal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>grace<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> on vanhempi kuin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pascal<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>grace<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> ei ole vanhempi kuin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pascal<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi on vanhempi kuin Blaise Pascal\nGrace Hopper ei ole vanhempi kuin  Blaise Pascal</p></sample-output><p>Olio-ohjelmoinnin henkeen kuuluu kuitenkin sijoittaa oliota käsittelevät \"funktiot\" luokan metodeiksi. Voisimmekin tehdä henkilölle metodin, jonka avulla henkilön ikää voidaan verrata <em>toiseen</em> henkilöön:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Henkilo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> syntynyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syntynyt <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> syntynyt\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># huomaa, että tyyppivihje pitää antaa hipsuissa jos parametri on saman luokan olio!</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">vanhempi_kuin</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> toinen<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Henkilo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syntynyt <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> toinen<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syntynyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span></code></pre></div><p>Nyt siis olio itse on <code class=\"language-text\">self</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">toinen</code> on henkilöolio, joka toimii vertailukohtana.</p><p>Huomaa, miten metodin kutsuminen eroaa funktion kutsumisesta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">muhammad <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">780</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npascal <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Blaise Pascal\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1623</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ngrace <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Grace Hopper\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1906</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> muhammad<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vanhempi_kuin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pascal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>muhammad<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> on vanhempi kuin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pascal<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>muhammad<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> ei ole vanhempi kuin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pascal<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> grace<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>vanhempi_kuin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pascal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>grace<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> on vanhempi kuin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pascal<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>grace<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> ei ole vanhempi kuin </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pascal<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Pisteen vasemmalla puolella on siis verrattava henkilö, eli olio, johon metodin suorituksessa viittaa muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>. Metodin parametrina taas on vertailukohta, eli metodin suorituksessa muuttujan <code class=\"language-text\">toinen</code> viittaama olio.</p><p>Ohjelman tulostus on sama kuin edellisessä funktiota käyttäneessä esimerkissä.</p><p>Huomaa, että if-else-rakenne metodissa <code class=\"language-text\">vanhempi_kuin</code> on oikeastaan turha, sillä vertailun arvona on suoraan haluamamme totuusarvo. Voimme siis yksinkertaistaa metodia seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Henkilo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> syntynyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syntynyt <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> syntynyt\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># huomaa, että tyyppivihje pitää antaa hipsuissa jos parametri on saman luokan olio!</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">vanhempi_kuin</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> toinen<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Henkilo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syntynyt <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> toinen<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syntynyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span></code></pre></div><p>Edellisestä esimerkistä kannattaa huomata se, että kun metodi saa parametrikseen toisen saman luokan olion, tulee tyyppivihje antaa hipsuissa, eli seuraava koodi aiheuttaisi virheen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Henkilo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># tämä ei toimi, Henkilo pitaa olla hipsuissa</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">vanhempi_kuin</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> toinen<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syntynyt <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> toinen<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>syntynyt<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span></code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Asuntovertailu' tmcname='osa09-05_asuntovertailu'><p>Asuntovälitystoimiston tietojärjestelmässä kuvataan myynnissä olevaa asuntoa seuraavasta luokasta tehdyillä olioilla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Asunto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> huoneita<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nelioita<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> neliohinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>huoneita <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> huoneita\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nelioita <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nelioita\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>neliohinta <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> neliohinta</code></pre></div><p>Tehtävänä on toteuttaa metodeita, joiden avulla myynnissä olevia asuntoja voidaan vertailla.</p><h2 id=\"onko-suurempi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Onko suurempi<a href=\"#onko-suurempi\" aria-label=\"onko suurempi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee metodi <code class=\"language-text\">suurempi(self, verrattava)</code>, joka palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, jos asunto-olio itse on pinta-alaltaan suurempi kuin verrattava asunto-olio.</p><p>Esimerkki metodin toiminnasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">eira_yksio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">16</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkallio_kaksio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">38</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4200</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\njakomaki_kolmio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">78</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eira_yksio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>suurempi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kallio_kaksio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jakomaki_kolmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>suurempi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kallio_kaksio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>False\nTrue</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"hintaero\" style=\"position:relative;\">Hintaero<a href=\"#hintaero\" aria-label=\"hintaero permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee metodi <code class=\"language-text\">hintaero(self, verrattava)</code>, joka palauttaa asunto-olion ja verrattavan asunto-olion hintaeron. Hintaero on asuntojen hintojen erotuksen (hinta lasketaan kertomalla neliöhinta neliöillä) itseisarvo.</p><p>Esimerkki metodin toiminnasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">eira_yksio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">16</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkallio_kaksio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">38</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4200</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\njakomaki_kolmio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">78</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eira_yksio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hintaero<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kallio_kaksio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jakomaki_kolmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hintaero<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kallio_kaksio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>71600\n35400</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"onko-kalliimpi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Onko kalliimpi?<a href=\"#onko-kalliimpi\" aria-label=\"onko kalliimpi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee metodi <code class=\"language-text\">kalliimpi(self, verrattava)</code> joka palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">True</code>, jos asunto-olio on kalliimpi kuin verrattavana oleva asunto-olio.</p><p>Esimerkki metodin toiminnasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">eira_yksio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">16</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkallio_kaksio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">38</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4200</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\njakomaki_kolmio <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Asunto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">78</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>eira_yksio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kalliimpi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kallio_kaksio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jakomaki_kolmio<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kalliimpi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kallio_kaksio<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>False\nTrue</p></sample-output></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-9/1-oliot-ja-viittaukset","title":"Oliot ja 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Samalla tavalla myös omista luokista luotuja olioita voi käyttää toisten olioiden attribuutteina. Seuraavissa esimerkeissä on määritelty luokat <code class=\"language-text\">Kurssi</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">Opiskelija</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">Opintosuoritus</code>. Opintosuorituksessa hyödynnetään kahta ensimmäistä luokkaa. Luokkien sisäinen toteutus on lyhyt, jotta esimerkki toisi esille oleellisen.</p><p>Esimerkissä jokainen luokka on kirjoitettu omaan tiedostoonsa.</p><p>Esitellään aluksi luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Kurssi</code>, joka on määritelty tiedostossa <code class=\"language-text\">kurssi.py</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kurssi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> koodi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>koodi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> koodi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opintopisteet</code></pre></div><p>Luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Opiskelija</code> mallintaa yhtä opiskelijaa. Luokka on määritelty tiedostossa <code class=\"language-text\">opiskelija.py</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opiskelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opiskelijanumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opiskelijanumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opiskelijanumero\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opintopisteet</code></pre></div><p>Luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Opintosuoritus</code> hyödyntää luokkia <code class=\"language-text\">Kurssi</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">Opiskelija</code> suorituksen tallentamiseen. Huomaa, että luokat tuodaan mukaan <code class=\"language-text\">import</code>-lauseella:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> kurssi <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> Kurssi\n<span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> opiskelija <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> Opiskelija\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opintosuoritus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvosana<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opiskelija <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opiskelija\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kurssi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kurssi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvosana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> arvosana</code></pre></div><p>Esimerkki opintosuoritusten lisäämisestä listaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> opintosuoritus <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> Opintosuoritus\n<span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> kurssi <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> Kurssi\n<span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> opiskelija <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> Opiskelija\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Luodaan lista opiskelijoista</span>\nopiskelijat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nopiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olli\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1234\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nopiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"3210\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">23</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nopiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Leena\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"9999\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">43</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nopiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tiina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"3333\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Kurssi Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</span>\nohpe <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ohpe1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Annetaan suoritukset kaikille opiskelijoille, kaikille arvosanaksi 3</span>\nsuoritukset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> opiskelija <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    suoritukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Opintosuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> ohpe<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan kaikista suorituksista opiskelijan nimi</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> suoritus <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> suoritukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Olli\nPekka\nLeena\nTiina</p></sample-output><p>Tarkastellaan lähemmin riviä <code class=\"language-text\">print(suoritus.opiskelija.nimi)</code>:</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">suoritus</code> on luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Opintosuoritus</code> mukainen olio</li>\n<li>Niinpä muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">opiskelija</code> viittaa suoritukseen tallennettuun <code class=\"language-text\">Opiskelija</code>-olioon</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">Opiskelija</code>-luokan muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code> sisältää opiskelijan nimen</li>\n</ul><h2 id=\"milloin-import-tarvitaan\" style=\"position:relative;\">Milloin import tarvitaan?<a href=\"#milloin-import-tarvitaan\" aria-label=\"milloin import tarvitaan permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Edellisessä esimerkissä käytetään muutamassa kohdassa <code class=\"language-text\">import</code>:ia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> opintosuoritus <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> Opintosuoritus\n<span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> kurssi <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> Kurssi\n<span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> opiskelija <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> Opiskelija\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># koodi</span></code></pre></div><p>Importia tarvitaan vain jos tiedostossa käytetään jossain muualla  määriteltyä koodia. Näin on esimerkiksi kun käytetään jotain Pythonin valmista kalustoa, esim. matemaattisia operaatiota tarjoavaa moduulia <code class=\"language-text\">math</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> math\n\nx <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"luvun </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>neliöjuuri math<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sqrt<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Edellisessä tehtävässä oletettiin, että luokat on määritelty omissa tiedostoissaan. Esimerkki toteaa mm.\n<em>Esitellään aluksi luokka Kurssi, joka on määritelty tiedostossa kurssi.py</em>\nja importin tarve siis johtuu tästä.</p><p>Jos kaikki koodi sijoitetaan samaan tiedostoon, kuten kaikissa kurssin ohjelmointitehtävissä ohjeistetaan, <strong>et tarvitse</strong> <code class=\"language-text\">import</code>:ia luomiesi luokkien käytöön.</p><p>Jos siis päädyt kirjottamaan kurssilla seuraavanlaista koodia</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> henkilo <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> Henkilo\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># koodi</span></code></pre></div><p>ratkaisusi on todennäköisesti väärä! Lisää importin käytöstä <a href=\"/osa-7/1-moduulit/\">osan 7</a> materiaalissa.</p><programming-exercise name='Lemmikit' tmcname='osa09-06_lemmikki'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa tulee kaksi luokkaa, <code class=\"language-text\">Henkilo</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">Lemmikki</code>. Jokaisella henkilöllä on yksi lemmikki. Täydennä luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Henkilo</code> metodia <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code> siten, että metodi palauttaa merkkijonon, joka kertoo henkilön nimen lisäksi lemmikin nimen ja rodun alta löytyvät esimerkkitulosteen mukaisesti.</p><p>Huomaa, että metodin palauttaman merkkijonon pitää olla <em>täsmälleen samanlainen kuin esimerkkitulosteessa esitetty</em>!</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">hulda <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Lemmikki<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hulda\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"sekarotuinen koira\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nleevi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Leevi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> hulda<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>leevi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Leevi, kaverina Hulda, joka on sekarotuinen koira</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huom:</strong> koska kaikki koodi tulee samaan tiedostoon, et tarvitse tehtävässä <code class=\"language-text\">import</code>:ia ollenkaan!</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"olion-attribuuttina-lista-olioita\" style=\"position:relative;\">Olion attribuuttina lista olioita<a href=\"#olion-attribuuttina-lista-olioita\" aria-label=\"olion attribuuttina lista olioita permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Äskeisissä esimerkeissä oliolla oli attribuuttina yksittäinen toisen luokan olio, esim. henkilöllä attribuuttina lemmikki ja opintosuorituksella attribuuttina kurssi.</p><p>Olio-ohjelmoinnissa törmätään kutenkin usein tilanteeseen, jossa oliolla on attribuuttina <em>joukko</em> toisen luokan olioita. Eräs tälläinen tilanne kuvaa joukkueen ja sen pelaajien välistä yhteyttä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pelaaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> maalit<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maalit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> maalit\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (maaleja </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maalit<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Joukkue</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaajat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_pelaaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaajat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">yhteenveto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        maalit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> pelaaja <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaajat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            maalit<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maalit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Joukkue\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pelaajia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaajat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pelaajien maalimäärät\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> maalit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kupa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Joukkue<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kumpulan pallo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">22</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yhteenveto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Joukkue Kumpulan pallo\nPelaajia 3\nPelaajien maalimäärät [10, 22, 1]</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Lahjapakkaus' tmcname='osa09-07_lahjapakkaus'><p>Tässä tehtävässä harjoitellaan lahjojen pakkaamista. Tehdään luokat <code class=\"language-text\">Lahja</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">Pakkaus</code>. Lahjalla on nimi ja paino, ja pakkaus sisältää lahjoja.</p><h2 id=\"lahja-luokka\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lahja-luokka<a href=\"#lahja-luokka\" aria-label=\"lahja luokka permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Lahja</code>, josta muodostetut oliot kuvaavat erilaisia lahjoja. Tallennettavat tiedot ovat tavaran nimi ja paino (kg). Luokan olioiden tulee toimia seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Lahja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aapiskukko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lahjan nimi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lahjan paino:\"</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paino<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lahja:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostuksen tulisi olla seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>Lahjan nimi: Aapiskukko\nLahjan paino: 2\nLahja: Aapiskukko (2 kg)</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"pakkaus-luokka\" style=\"position:relative;\">Pakkaus-luokka<a href=\"#pakkaus-luokka\" aria-label=\"pakkaus luokka permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Pakkaus</code>, johon voi lisätä lahjoja ja joka pitää kirjaa pakkauksessa olevien lahjojen yhteispainosta. Luokassa tulee olla seuraavat metodit</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_lahja(self, lahja: Lahja)</code>, joka lisää parametrina annettavan lahjan pakkaukseen. Metodi ei palauta mitään arvoa.</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">yhteispaino(self)</code>, joka palauttaa pakkauksessa olevien lahjojen yhteispainon.</li>\n</ul><p>Seuraavassa on luokan käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Lahja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aapiskukko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npakkaus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pakkaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npakkaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_lahja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pakkaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yhteispaino<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ncd_levy <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Lahja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pink Floyd: Dark side of the moon\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npakkaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_lahja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>cd_levy<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pakkaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yhteispaino<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2\n3</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"none-eli-viite-ei-mihinkaan\" style=\"position:relative;\">None eli viite ei mihinkään<a href=\"#none-eli-viite-ei-mihinkaan\" aria-label=\"none eli viite ei mihinkaan permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Pythonissa muuttujat viittaavat aina johonkin olioon. On kuitenkin tilanteita, joissa haluaisimme määrittää arvon, joka ei viittaa mihinkään. Arvoa <code class=\"language-text\">None</code> käytetään esittämään tyhjää viittausta.</p><p>Jos esimerkiksi luokkaan joukkue lisättäisiin metodi, joka etsii joukkueen pelaajan, saattaisi olla luontevaa esittää paluuarvolla <code class=\"language-text\">None</code> tilanne, jossa pelaajaa ei löydy:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pelaaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> maalit<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maalit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> maalit\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (maaleja </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maalit<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Joukkue</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaajat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_pelaaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaajat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">etsi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> pelaaja <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaajat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> pelaaja\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span></code></pre></div><p>Käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kupa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Joukkue<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kumpulan pallo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">22</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npelaaja1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>etsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pelaaja1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npelaaja2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>etsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Jukkis\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pelaaja2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Antti (maaleja 1)\nNone</p></sample-output><p><code class=\"language-text\">None</code>-arvojen kanssa pitää olla tarkkana. On hyvin tyypillistä, että ohjelmassa kutsutaan jotain metodia oliolle (tai pyydetään attribuutin arvoa oliolta), joka onkin <code class=\"language-text\">None</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kupa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Joukkue<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kumpulan pallo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npelaaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>etsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Jukkis\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Jukkiksen maalimäärä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maalit<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos näin tehdään, ohjelma päättyy virheeseen:</p><sample-output><div>Traceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\nAttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'maalit'</div></sample-output><p><code class=\"language-text\">None</code>-arvojen varalta onkin syytä tehdä tarkistus, ennen kuin riskialtista koodia kutsutaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kupa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Joukkue<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kumpulan pallo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npelaaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>etsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Jukkis\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> pelaaja <span class=\"token keyword\">is</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Jukkiksen maalimäärä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>p<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maalit<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Jukkis ei pelaa Kumpulan pallossa :(\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Jukkis ei pelaa Kumpulan pallossa :(</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Huoneen lyhin' tmcname='osa09-08_huoneen_lyhin'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on valmiina luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Henkilo</code>. Henkilöllä on nimi ja pituus. Toteutetaan tässä tehtävässä luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Huone</code>, jonne voi lisätä henkilöitä ja josta voi hakea ja poistaa lyhimmän henkilön.</p><h2 id=\"huone\" style=\"position:relative;\">Huone<a href=\"#huone\" aria-label=\"huone permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Luo luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Huone</code>, jonka sisällä on lista henkilöitä ja jolla on seuraavat metodit:</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">lisaa(henkilo: Henkilo)</code> lisää huoneeseen parametrina annetun henkilön.</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">on_tyhja()</code> - palauttaa arvon <code class=\"language-text\">True</code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">False</code>, joka kertoo, onko huone tyhjä.</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">tulosta_tiedot()</code> tulostaa huoneessa olevat henkilöt</li>\n</ul><p>Seuraavassa käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">huone <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Huone<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Huone tyhjä?\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> huone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>on_tyhja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lea\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">183</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kenya\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">182</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Auli\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">186</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">172</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Terhi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">185</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Huone tyhjä?\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> huone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>on_tyhja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_tiedot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Huone tyhjä? True\nHuone tyhjä? False\nHuoneessa 5 henkilöä, yhteispituus 908 cm\nLea (183 cm)\nKenya (182 cm)\nAuli (186 cm)\nNina (172 cm)\nTerhi (185 cm)</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"lyhin-henkilo\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lyhin henkilö<a href=\"#lyhin-henkilo\" aria-label=\"lyhin henkilo permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Lisää luokalle <code class=\"language-text\">Huone</code> metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lyhin()</code>, joka palauttaa huoneeseen lisätyistä henkilöistä lyhimmän. Mikäli huone on tyhjä, metodi palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">None</code>-viitteen. Metodin ei tule poistaa henkilöä huoneesta.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">huone <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Huone<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Huone tyhjä?\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> huone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>on_tyhja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lyhin:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> huone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lyhin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lea\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">183</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kenya\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">182</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">172</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Auli\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">186</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Huone tyhjä?\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> huone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>on_tyhja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lyhin:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> huone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lyhin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_tiedot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Huone tyhjä? True\nLyhin: None</p><p>Huone tyhjä? False\nLyhin: Nina</p><p>Huoneessa 4 henkilöä, yhteispituus 723 cm\nLea (183 cm)\nKenya (182 cm)\nNina (172 cm)\nAuli (186 cm)</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"huoneesta-ottaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Huoneesta ottaminen<a href=\"#huoneesta-ottaminen\" aria-label=\"huoneesta ottaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Lisää luokalle <code class=\"language-text\">Huone</code> metodi <code class=\"language-text\">poista_lyhin()</code>, joka poistaa ja palauttaa huoneesta lyhimmän henkilön. Mikäli huone on tyhjä, metodi palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">None</code>-viitteen.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">huone <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Huone<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lea\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">183</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kenya\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">182</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">172</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Auli\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">186</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_tiedot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npoistettu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> huone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>poista_lyhin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Otettiin huoneesta </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>poistettu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_tiedot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Huoneessa 4 henkilöä, yhteispituus 723 cm\nLea (183 cm)\nKenya (182 cm)\nNina (172 cm)\nAuli (186 cm)</p><p>Otettiin huoneesta Nina</p><p>Huoneessa 3 henkilöä, yhteispituus 551 cm\nLea (183 cm)\nKenya (182 cm)\nAuli (186 cm)</p></sample-output><p><strong>Vihje</strong>: <a href=\"/osa-4/3-listat#alkioiden-lisaaminen-ja-poistaminen\">osassa 4</a> kerrottiin, miten alkion poistaminen listalta onnistuu.</p><p><strong>Vihje2</strong>: muista, että metodissa on mahdollista kutsua saman olion toista metodia. Eli seuraava koodi toimii:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Huone</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lyhin</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># koodi</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">poista_lyhin</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        lyhin_henkilo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lyhin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span></code></pre></div></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-9/2-oliot-attribuuttina","title":"Oliot attribuuttina"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-9/2-oliot-attribuuttina.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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4 henkilöä, yhteispituus 723 cm\nLea (183 cm)\nKenya (182 cm)\nNina (172 cm)\nAuli (186 cm)"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Otettiin huoneesta Nina"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huoneessa 3 henkilöä, yhteispituus 551 cm\nLea (183 cm)\nKenya (182 cm)\nAuli (186 cm)"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vihje"}]},{"type":"text","value":": "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"/osa-4/3-listat#alkioiden-lisaaminen-ja-poistaminen"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"osassa 4"}]},{"type":"text","value":" kerrottiin, miten alkion poistaminen listalta onnistuu."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vihje2"}]},{"type":"text","value":": muista, että metodissa on mahdollista kutsua saman olion toista metodia. Eli seuraava koodi toimii:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"class"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","class-name"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Huone"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","comment"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"# ..."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"def"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","function"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"lyhin"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"self"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n        "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","comment"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"# koodi"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"def"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","function"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"poista_lyhin"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"self"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n        lyhin_henkilo "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" self"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lyhin"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n        "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","comment"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"# ..."}]}]}]}]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Osaat tallentaa olioita toisten olioiden sisään</li>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä tarkoittaa <code class=\"language-text\">None</code></li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Aikaisemmin nähtiin esimerkkejä luokista, joissa attribuutteina oli käytetty esimerkiksi listoja. Samalla tavalla myös omista luokista luotuja olioita voi käyttää toisten olioiden attribuutteina. Seuraavissa esimerkeissä on määritelty luokat <code class=\"language-text\">Kurssi</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">Opiskelija</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">Opintosuoritus</code>. Opintosuorituksessa hyödynnetään kahta ensimmäistä luokkaa. Luokkien sisäinen toteutus on lyhyt, jotta esimerkki toisi esille oleellisen.</p><p>Esimerkissä jokainen luokka on kirjoitettu omaan tiedostoonsa.</p><p>Esitellään aluksi luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Kurssi</code>, joka on määritelty tiedostossa <code class=\"language-text\">kurssi.py</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Kurssi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> koodi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>koodi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> koodi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opintopisteet</code></pre></div><p>Luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Opiskelija</code> mallintaa yhtä opiskelijaa. Luokka on määritelty tiedostossa <code class=\"language-text\">opiskelija.py</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opiskelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opiskelijanumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opiskelijanumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opiskelijanumero\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opintopisteet</code></pre></div><p>Luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Opintosuoritus</code> hyödyntää luokkia <code class=\"language-text\">Kurssi</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">Opiskelija</code> suorituksen tallentamiseen. Huomaa, että luokat tuodaan mukaan <code class=\"language-text\">import</code>-lauseella:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> kurssi <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> Kurssi\n<span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> opiskelija <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> Opiskelija\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opintosuoritus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> arvosana<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opiskelija <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opiskelija\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kurssi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kurssi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>arvosana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> arvosana</code></pre></div><p>Esimerkki opintosuoritusten lisäämisestä listaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> opintosuoritus <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> Opintosuoritus\n<span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> kurssi <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> Kurssi\n<span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> opiskelija <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> Opiskelija\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Luodaan lista opiskelijoista</span>\nopiskelijat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nopiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olli\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1234\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nopiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"3210\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">23</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nopiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Leena\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"9999\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">43</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nopiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tiina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"3333\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Kurssi Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</span>\nohpe <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohjelmoinnin perusteet\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ohpe1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Annetaan suoritukset kaikille opiskelijoille, kaikille arvosanaksi 3</span>\nsuoritukset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> opiskelija <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> opiskelijat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    suoritukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Opintosuoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> ohpe<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tulostetaan kaikista suorituksista opiskelijan nimi</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> suoritus <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> suoritukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Olli\nPekka\nLeena\nTiina</p></sample-output><p>Tarkastellaan lähemmin riviä <code class=\"language-text\">print(suoritus.opiskelija.nimi)</code>:</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">suoritus</code> on luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Opintosuoritus</code> mukainen olio</li>\n<li>Niinpä muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">opiskelija</code> viittaa suoritukseen tallennettuun <code class=\"language-text\">Opiskelija</code>-olioon</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">Opiskelija</code>-luokan muuttuja <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code> sisältää opiskelijan nimen</li>\n</ul><h2 id=\"milloin-import-tarvitaan\" style=\"position:relative;\">Milloin import tarvitaan?<a href=\"#milloin-import-tarvitaan\" aria-label=\"milloin import tarvitaan permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Edellisessä esimerkissä käytetään muutamassa kohdassa <code class=\"language-text\">import</code>:ia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> opintosuoritus <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> Opintosuoritus\n<span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> kurssi <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> Kurssi\n<span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> opiskelija <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> Opiskelija\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># koodi</span></code></pre></div><p>Importia tarvitaan vain jos tiedostossa käytetään jossain muualla  määriteltyä koodia. Näin on esimerkiksi kun käytetään jotain Pythonin valmista kalustoa, esim. matemaattisia operaatiota tarjoavaa moduulia <code class=\"language-text\">math</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> math\n\nx <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"luvun </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>neliöjuuri math<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sqrt<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Edellisessä tehtävässä oletettiin, että luokat on määritelty omissa tiedostoissaan. Esimerkki toteaa mm.\n<em>Esitellään aluksi luokka Kurssi, joka on määritelty tiedostossa kurssi.py</em>\nja importin tarve siis johtuu tästä.</p><p>Jos kaikki koodi sijoitetaan samaan tiedostoon, kuten kaikissa kurssin ohjelmointitehtävissä ohjeistetaan, <strong>et tarvitse</strong> <code class=\"language-text\">import</code>:ia luomiesi luokkien käytöön.</p><p>Jos siis päädyt kirjottamaan kurssilla seuraavanlaista koodia</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> henkilo <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> Henkilo\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># koodi</span></code></pre></div><p>ratkaisusi on todennäköisesti väärä! Lisää importin käytöstä <a href=\"/osa-7/1-moduulit/\">osan 7</a> materiaalissa.</p><programming-exercise name='Lemmikit' tmcname='osa09-06_lemmikki'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa tulee kaksi luokkaa, <code class=\"language-text\">Henkilo</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">Lemmikki</code>. Jokaisella henkilöllä on yksi lemmikki. Täydennä luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Henkilo</code> metodia <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code> siten, että metodi palauttaa merkkijonon, joka kertoo henkilön nimen lisäksi lemmikin nimen ja rodun alta löytyvät esimerkkitulosteen mukaisesti.</p><p>Huomaa, että metodin palauttaman merkkijonon pitää olla <em>täsmälleen samanlainen kuin esimerkkitulosteessa esitetty</em>!</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">hulda <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Lemmikki<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Hulda\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"sekarotuinen koira\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nleevi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Leevi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> hulda<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>leevi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Leevi, kaverina Hulda, joka on sekarotuinen koira</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huom:</strong> koska kaikki koodi tulee samaan tiedostoon, et tarvitse tehtävässä <code class=\"language-text\">import</code>:ia ollenkaan!</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"olion-attribuuttina-lista-olioita\" style=\"position:relative;\">Olion attribuuttina lista olioita<a href=\"#olion-attribuuttina-lista-olioita\" aria-label=\"olion attribuuttina lista olioita permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Äskeisissä esimerkeissä oliolla oli attribuuttina yksittäinen toisen luokan olio, esim. henkilöllä attribuuttina lemmikki ja opintosuorituksella attribuuttina kurssi.</p><p>Olio-ohjelmoinnissa törmätään kutenkin usein tilanteeseen, jossa oliolla on attribuuttina <em>joukko</em> toisen luokan olioita. Eräs tälläinen tilanne kuvaa joukkueen ja sen pelaajien välistä yhteyttä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pelaaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> maalit<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maalit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> maalit\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (maaleja </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maalit<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Joukkue</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaajat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_pelaaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaajat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">yhteenveto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        maalit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> pelaaja <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaajat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            maalit<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maalit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Joukkue\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pelaajia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaajat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pelaajien maalimäärät\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> maalit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kupa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Joukkue<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kumpulan pallo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">22</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yhteenveto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Joukkue Kumpulan pallo\nPelaajia 3\nPelaajien maalimäärät [10, 22, 1]</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Lahjapakkaus' tmcname='osa09-07_lahjapakkaus'><p>Tässä tehtävässä harjoitellaan lahjojen pakkaamista. Tehdään luokat <code class=\"language-text\">Lahja</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">Pakkaus</code>. Lahjalla on nimi ja paino, ja pakkaus sisältää lahjoja.</p><h2 id=\"lahja-luokka\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lahja-luokka<a href=\"#lahja-luokka\" aria-label=\"lahja luokka permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Lahja</code>, josta muodostetut oliot kuvaavat erilaisia lahjoja. Tallennettavat tiedot ovat tavaran nimi ja paino (kg). Luokan olioiden tulee toimia seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Lahja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aapiskukko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lahjan nimi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lahjan paino:\"</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paino<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lahja:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostuksen tulisi olla seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>Lahjan nimi: Aapiskukko\nLahjan paino: 2\nLahja: Aapiskukko (2 kg)</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"pakkaus-luokka\" style=\"position:relative;\">Pakkaus-luokka<a href=\"#pakkaus-luokka\" aria-label=\"pakkaus luokka permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Pakkaus</code>, johon voi lisätä lahjoja ja joka pitää kirjaa pakkauksessa olevien lahjojen yhteispainosta. Luokassa tulee olla seuraavat metodit</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_lahja(self, lahja: Lahja)</code>, joka lisää parametrina annettavan lahjan pakkaukseen. Metodi ei palauta mitään arvoa.</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">yhteispaino(self)</code>, joka palauttaa pakkauksessa olevien lahjojen yhteispainon.</li>\n</ul><p>Seuraavassa on luokan käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Lahja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aapiskukko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npakkaus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pakkaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npakkaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_lahja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pakkaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yhteispaino<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ncd_levy <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Lahja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pink Floyd: Dark side of the moon\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npakkaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_lahja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>cd_levy<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pakkaus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yhteispaino<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2\n3</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"none-eli-viite-ei-mihinkaan\" style=\"position:relative;\">None eli viite ei mihinkään<a href=\"#none-eli-viite-ei-mihinkaan\" aria-label=\"none eli viite ei mihinkaan permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Pythonissa muuttujat viittaavat aina johonkin olioon. On kuitenkin tilanteita, joissa haluaisimme määrittää arvon, joka ei viittaa mihinkään. Arvoa <code class=\"language-text\">None</code> käytetään esittämään tyhjää viittausta.</p><p>Jos esimerkiksi luokkaan joukkue lisättäisiin metodi, joka etsii joukkueen pelaajan, saattaisi olla luontevaa esittää paluuarvolla <code class=\"language-text\">None</code> tilanne, jossa pelaajaa ei löydy:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pelaaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> maalit<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maalit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> maalit\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (maaleja </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maalit<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Joukkue</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaajat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_pelaaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaajat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">etsi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> pelaaja <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelaajat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> pelaaja\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span></code></pre></div><p>Käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kupa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Joukkue<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kumpulan pallo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Emilia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">22</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npelaaja1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>etsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Antti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pelaaja1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npelaaja2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>etsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Jukkis\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pelaaja2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Antti (maaleja 1)\nNone</p></sample-output><p><code class=\"language-text\">None</code>-arvojen kanssa pitää olla tarkkana. On hyvin tyypillistä, että ohjelmassa kutsutaan jotain metodia oliolle (tai pyydetään attribuutin arvoa oliolta), joka onkin <code class=\"language-text\">None</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kupa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Joukkue<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kumpulan pallo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npelaaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>etsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Jukkis\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Jukkiksen maalimäärä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maalit<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Jos näin tehdään, ohjelma päättyy virheeseen:</p><sample-output><div>Traceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\nAttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'maalit'</div></sample-output><p><code class=\"language-text\">None</code>-arvojen varalta onkin syytä tehdä tarkistus, ennen kuin riskialtista koodia kutsutaan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kupa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Joukkue<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kumpulan pallo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Erkki\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npelaaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kupa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>etsi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Jukkis\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> pelaaja <span class=\"token keyword\">is</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Jukkiksen maalimäärä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>p<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maalit<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Jukkis ei pelaa Kumpulan pallossa :(\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Jukkis ei pelaa Kumpulan pallossa :(</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Huoneen lyhin' tmcname='osa09-08_huoneen_lyhin'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on valmiina luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Henkilo</code>. Henkilöllä on nimi ja pituus. Toteutetaan tässä tehtävässä luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Huone</code>, jonne voi lisätä henkilöitä ja josta voi hakea ja poistaa lyhimmän henkilön.</p><h2 id=\"huone\" style=\"position:relative;\">Huone<a href=\"#huone\" aria-label=\"huone permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Luo luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Huone</code>, jonka sisällä on lista henkilöitä ja jolla on seuraavat metodit:</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">lisaa(henkilo: Henkilo)</code> lisää huoneeseen parametrina annetun henkilön.</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">on_tyhja()</code> - palauttaa arvon <code class=\"language-text\">True</code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">False</code>, joka kertoo, onko huone tyhjä.</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">tulosta_tiedot()</code> tulostaa huoneessa olevat henkilöt</li>\n</ul><p>Seuraavassa käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">huone <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Huone<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Huone tyhjä?\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> huone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>on_tyhja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lea\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">183</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kenya\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">182</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Auli\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">186</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">172</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Terhi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">185</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Huone tyhjä?\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> huone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>on_tyhja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_tiedot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Huone tyhjä? True\nHuone tyhjä? False\nHuoneessa 5 henkilöä, yhteispituus 908 cm\nLea (183 cm)\nKenya (182 cm)\nAuli (186 cm)\nNina (172 cm)\nTerhi (185 cm)</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"lyhin-henkilo\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lyhin henkilö<a href=\"#lyhin-henkilo\" aria-label=\"lyhin henkilo permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Lisää luokalle <code class=\"language-text\">Huone</code> metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lyhin()</code>, joka palauttaa huoneeseen lisätyistä henkilöistä lyhimmän. Mikäli huone on tyhjä, metodi palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">None</code>-viitteen. Metodin ei tule poistaa henkilöä huoneesta.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">huone <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Huone<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Huone tyhjä?\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> huone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>on_tyhja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lyhin:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> huone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lyhin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lea\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">183</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kenya\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">182</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">172</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Auli\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">186</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Huone tyhjä?\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> huone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>on_tyhja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lyhin:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> huone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lyhin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_tiedot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Huone tyhjä? True\nLyhin: None</p><p>Huone tyhjä? False\nLyhin: Nina</p><p>Huoneessa 4 henkilöä, yhteispituus 723 cm\nLea (183 cm)\nKenya (182 cm)\nNina (172 cm)\nAuli (186 cm)</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"huoneesta-ottaminen\" style=\"position:relative;\">Huoneesta ottaminen<a href=\"#huoneesta-ottaminen\" aria-label=\"huoneesta ottaminen permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Lisää luokalle <code class=\"language-text\">Huone</code> metodi <code class=\"language-text\">poista_lyhin()</code>, joka poistaa ja palauttaa huoneesta lyhimmän henkilön. Mikäli huone on tyhjä, metodi palauttaa <code class=\"language-text\">None</code>-viitteen.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">huone <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Huone<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Lea\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">183</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kenya\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">182</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nina\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">172</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>Henkilo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Auli\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">186</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_tiedot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npoistettu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> huone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>poista_lyhin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Otettiin huoneesta </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>poistettu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nhuone<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_tiedot<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Huoneessa 4 henkilöä, yhteispituus 723 cm\nLea (183 cm)\nKenya (182 cm)\nNina (172 cm)\nAuli (186 cm)</p><p>Otettiin huoneesta Nina</p><p>Huoneessa 3 henkilöä, yhteispituus 551 cm\nLea (183 cm)\nKenya (182 cm)\nAuli (186 cm)</p></sample-output><p><strong>Vihje</strong>: <a href=\"/osa-4/3-listat#alkioiden-lisaaminen-ja-poistaminen\">osassa 4</a> kerrottiin, miten alkion poistaminen listalta onnistuu.</p><p><strong>Vihje2</strong>: muista, että metodissa on mahdollista kutsua saman olion toista metodia. Eli seuraava koodi toimii:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Huone</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lyhin</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># koodi</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">poista_lyhin</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        lyhin_henkilo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lyhin<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># ...</span></code></pre></div></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-9/2-oliot-attribuuttina","title":"Oliot attribuuttina"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-9/2-oliot-attribuuttina.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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puuroa"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tänään opettelin olio-ohjelmointia"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tänään menin ajoissa nukkumaan"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Säähavaintoasema","tmcname":"osa09-11_havaintoasema"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kirjoita luokka "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Havaintoasema"}]},{"type":"text","value":", johon voidaan tallentaa säähavaintoja. Luokalla on seuraavat julkiset piirteet:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"konstruktori, joka saa parametriksen aseman nimen"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"metodi "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_havainto(havainto: str)"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka lisää havainnon listan peräään"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"metodi "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"viimeisin_havainto()"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka palauttaa viimeksi lisätyn havainnon. Jos havaintoja ei ole tehty, metodi palauttaa "},{"type":"element","tagName":"em","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tyhjän merkkijonon"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"metodi "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"havaintojen_maara()"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka palauttaa havaintojen yhteismäärän"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"metodi "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"__str__"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka palauttaa aseman nimen ja havaintojen yhteismäärän alla olevan esimerkin mukaisessa muodossa."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Luokan kaikkien attribuuttien pitää olla asiakkaalta piilossa. Saat itse päättää luokan sisäisen toteutuksen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkki luokan käytöstä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"asema "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" Havaintoasema"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Kumpula\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nasema"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_havainto"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Sadetta 10mm\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nasema"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_havainto"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Aurinkoista\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"asema"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"viimeisin_havainto"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\nasema"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_havainto"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Ukkosta\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"asema"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"viimeisin_havainto"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"asema"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"havaintojen_maara"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"asema"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Aurinkoista\nUkkosta\n3\nKumpula, 3 havaintoa"}]}]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä tarkoitetaan kapseloinnilla</li>\n<li>Osaat muodostaa piilotetun attribuutin</li>\n<li>Osaat kirjoittaa attribuutille asetus- ja havainnointimetodit</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Olio-ohjelmoinnissa asiakkaalla tarkoitetaan luokkaa tai siitä muodostettuja olioita käyttävää ohjelmaa. Luokka tarjoaa asiakkaalle <em>palveluja</em>, joiden avulla asiakas voi käyttää olioita. Päämääränä on, että</p><ol>\n<li>asiakkaan kannalta luokan ja olioiden käyttö on mahdollisimman yksinkertaista ja</li>\n<li>olion <em>sisäinen eheys</em> säilyy joka tilanteessa.</li>\n</ol><p>Sisäisellä eheydellä tarkoitetaan, että olion <em>tila</em> (eli käytännössä olion attribuuttien arvot) pysyy koko ajan hyväksyttävänä. Virheellinen tila olisi esimerkiksi sellainen, jossa päivämäärää esittävälle oliolle kuukauden numero on 13 tai opiskelijaa esittävällä oliolla opintopistemäärä on negatiivinen luku.</p><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä luokkaa Opiskelija:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opiskelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opiskelijanumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opiskelijanumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opiskelijanumero\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_suoritus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> opintopisteet</code></pre></div><p><code class=\"language-text\">Opiskelija</code>-olio tarjoaa asiakkaalle metodin <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_suoritus</code>, jolla opintopisteitä voidaan lisätä. Metodi varmistaa, että lisättävä opintopisteiden määrä on positiivinen. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi lisää kolme suoritusta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">oskari <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Oskari Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"12345\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\noskari<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\noskari<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\noskari<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Opintopisteet:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> oskari<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Opintopisteet: 20</p></sample-output><p>Asiakas pystyy kuitenkin muuttamaan opintopistemäärää myös suoraan viittaamalla attribuuttiin <code class=\"language-text\">opintopisteet</code>. Näin olio voi päätyä virheelliseen tilaan, jossa se ei ole enää sisäisesti eheä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">oskari <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Oskari Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"12345\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\noskari<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Opintopisteet:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> oskari<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Opintopisteet: -100</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"kapselointi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kapselointi<a href=\"#kapselointi\" aria-label=\"kapselointi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Luokka voi piilottaa attribuutit asiakkailta. Pythonissa tämä tapahtuu lisäämällä attribuuttimuuttujan nimen alkuun kaksi alaviivaa <code class=\"language-text\">__</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkikortti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Attribuutti numero on piilotettu, nimi on näkyvissä</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__numero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> numero\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi</code></pre></div><p>Piilotettu attribuutti ei näy asiakkaalle, vaan siihen viittaaminen aiheutta virheilmoituksen. Niinpä nimen voi tulostaa ja sitä voi muuttaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkikortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"123456\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Reijo Rahakas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Reijo Rutiköyhä\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Reijo Rahakas\nReijo Rutiköyhä</p></sample-output><p>Mutta jos kortin numeroa yritetään tulostaa, seuraa virheilmoitus:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkikortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"123456\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Reijo Rahakas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>AttributeError: 'Pankkikortti' object has no attribute '__numero'</p></sample-output><p>Tietojen piilottamista asiakkaalta kutsutaan <em>kapseloinniksi</em>. Nimensä mukaisesti attribuutti siis \"suljetaan kapseliin\" ja asiakkaalle tarjotaan sopiva rajapinta, jonka kautta tietoa voi käsitellä.</p><p>Laajennetaan pankkikorttiesimerkkiä niin, että kortilla on piilotettu attribuutti saldo ja tämän käsittelyyn tarkoitetut julkiset metodit, joiden avulla asiakas voi hallita saldoa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkikortti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__numero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> numero\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_rahaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> maara <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> maara\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kayta_rahaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> maara <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> maara <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> maara\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hae_saldo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo</code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkikortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"123456\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Reijo Rahakas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kayta_rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tämä ei onnistu, koska saldo ei riitä</span>\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kayta_rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>5000\n5100\n4600\n4600</p></sample-output><p>Saldoa ei voi suoraan muuttaa, koska attribuutti on piilotettu, mutta sitä voi muuttaa metodeilla <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_rahaa</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">kayta_rahaa</code> ja sen voi hakea metodilla <code class=\"language-text\">hae_saldo</code>. Metodeihin voidaan sijoittaa sopivia tarkastuksia, joilla varmistetaan, että olion sisäinen eheys säilyy: esimerkiksi rahaa ei voi käyttää enempää kuin kortilla on saldoa jäljellä.</p><programming-exercise name='Auto' tmcname='osa09-09_auto'><p>Toteuta luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Auto</code>, jossa on <em>kapseloituina attribuutteina</em> tieto bensatankin sisällöstä (0-60 litraa) sekä ajetuista kilometreista. Auto kuluttaa litran bensaa kilometrillä.</p><p>Luokalla on seuraavat metodit:</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">tankkaa()</code>, joka täyttää bensatankin</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">aja(km:int)</code>, joka ajaa parametrina olevan kilometrimäärän tai niin pitkälle kuin bensaa riittää</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>, joka näyttää esimerkin mukaisen kuvauksen autosta</li>\n</ul><p>Esimerkki luokan käyttämisestä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">auto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Auto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>auto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nauto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tankkaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>auto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nauto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>aja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>auto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nauto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>aja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>auto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nauto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>aja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>auto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nauto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tankkaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nauto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tankkaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>auto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Auto: ajettu 0 km, bensaa 0 litraa\nAuto: ajettu 0 km, bensaa 60 litraa\nAuto: ajettu 20 km, bensaa 40 litraa\nAuto: ajettu 60 km, bensaa 0 litraa\nAuto: ajettu 60 km, bensaa 0 litraa\nAuto: ajettu 60 km, bensaa 60 litraa</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huomaa</strong>, että bensan ja ajettujen kilometrien määrä on kapseloitava, niihin ei tule pystyä vaikuttamaan muuten kuin auton metodeja kutsumalla.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"asetus--ja-havainnointimetodit\" style=\"position:relative;\">Asetus- ja havainnointimetodit<a href=\"#asetus--ja-havainnointimetodit\" aria-label=\"asetus  ja havainnointimetodit permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Python tarjoaa myös suoraviivaisemman syntaksin attribuuttien havainnoimiselle ja asettamiselle. Tarkastellaan ensin esimerkkinä yksinkertaista luokkaa <code class=\"language-text\">Lompakko</code>, jossa ainoa attribuutti <code class=\"language-text\">rahaa</code> on suojattu asiakkailta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Lompakko</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__rahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span></code></pre></div><p>Luokkaan voidaan lisätä havainnointi- ja asetusmetodit, joilla asiakas voi hallita rahamäärää:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Lompakko</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__rahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Havainnointimetodi</span>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">rahaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__rahaa\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Asetusmetodi</span>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">rahaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> rahaa <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__rahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rahaa</code></pre></div><p>Luokalle siis määritellään ensin havainnointimetodi, joka palauttaa rahamäärän, ja sitten asetusmetodi, joka asettaa rahamäärän ja varmistaa, että uusi rahamäärä ei ole negatiivinen.</p><p>Kutsuminen tapahtuu esimerkiksi näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lompsa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Lompakko<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lompsa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nlompsa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">50</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lompsa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nlompsa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">30</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lompsa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>0\n50\n50</p></sample-output><p>Asiakkaan kannalta metodien kutsuminen muistuttaa attribuuttien kutsumista, koska kutsussa ei käytetä sulkuja vaan voi kirjoittaa esimerkiksi<code class=\"language-text\">lompsa.rahaa = 50</code>. Tarkoituksena onkin piilottaa (eli kapseloida) sisäinen toteutus ja tarjota asiakkaalle vaivaton tapa muokata olion tietoja.</p><p>Edellisessä esimerkissä on kuitenkin yksi pieni vika: asiakas ei saa mitään viestiä siitä, että negatiivisen rahasumman asettaminen ei toimi. Kun arvo on selvästi virheellinen, hyvä tapa viestiä tästä on heittää poikkeus. Tässä tapauksessa oikea poikkeus voisi olla <code class=\"language-text\">ValueError</code>, joka kertoo että arvo on väärä.</p><p>Korjattu versio luokasta ja testikoodi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Lompakko</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__rahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Havainnointimetodi</span>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">rahaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__rahaa\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Asetusmetodi</span>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">rahaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> rahaa <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__rahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rahaa\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Rahasumma ei saa olla negatiivinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lompsa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">30</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lompsa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>ValueError: Rahasumma ei saa olla negatiivinen</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että havainnointimetodi eli <code class=\"language-text\">@property</code>-dekoraattori pitää esitellä luokassa ennen asetusmetodia, muuten seuraa virhe. Tämä johtuu siitä, että <code class=\"language-text\">@property</code>-dekoraattori määrittelee käytettävän \"asetusattribuutin\" nimen (edellisessä esimerkiksi <code class=\"language-text\">rahaa</code>), ja asetusmetodi <code class=\"language-text\">.setter</code> liittää siihen uuden toiminnallisuuden.</p><programming-exercise name='Äänite' tmcname='osa09-10_aanite'><p>Kirjoita luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Aanite</code>, joka mallintaa yksittäistä äänitettä. Luokalla on yksi piilotettu attribuutti, kokonaislukutyyppinen <code class=\"language-text\">__pituus</code>.</p><p>Kirjoita luokalle</p><ul>\n<li>konstruktori, joka saa parametrikseen pituuden</li>\n<li>havainnointimetodi <code class=\"language-text\">pituus</code>, joka palauttaa pituuden</li>\n<li>asetusmetodi, joka asettaa pituuden arvon</li>\n</ul><p>Luokkaa siis käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">the_wall <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Aanite<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">43</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>the_wall<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nthe_wall<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">44</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>the_wall<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>43\n44</p></sample-output><p>Jos pituudeksi yritetään asettaa nollaa pienempää arvoa joko konstruktorissa tai asetusmetodissa, tulee tuottaa virhe <code class=\"language-text\">ValueError</code>.</p><p>Jos et muista miten poikkeus tuotetaan, kertaa\n<a href=\"/osa-6/3-virheet#poikkeusten-tuottaminen\">osan 6</a> materiaalista.</p></programming-exercise><p>Katsotaan vielä esimerkki luokasta, jolla on kaksi suojattua attribuuttia ja molemmille havainnointi- ja asetusmetodit:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pelaaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelinumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__pelinumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pelinumero\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">nimi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">nimi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">!=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nimi ei voi olla tyhjä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pelinumero</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__pelinumero\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@pelinumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pelinumero</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelinumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> pelinumero <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__pelinumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pelinumero\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pelinumeron täytyy olla positiviinen kokonaisluku\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">pelaaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Palloilija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelinumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Paula Palloilija\"</span>\npelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelinumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelinumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pekka Palloilija\n10\nPaula Palloilija\n11</p></sample-output><p>Kolmantena esimerkkinä tarkastellaan luokkaa, joka mallintaa päiväkirjaa. Huomaa, että omistajalla on asetus- ja havainnointimetodit, mutta merkintöjen lisäys on toteutettu \"perinteisillä\" metodeilla. Tämä siksi, että asiakkaalle ei ole haluttu tarjota suoraan pääsyä tietorakenteeseen, johon merkinnät tallennetaan. Kapseloinnista on tässä sekin hyöty, että sisäistä toteutusta voidaan myöhemmin muuttaa (esim. vaihtamalla lista vaikka sanakirjaksi) ilman, että asiakkaan täytyy muuttaa omaa koodiaan.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Paivakirja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> omistaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> omistaja\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__merkinnat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">omistaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__omistaja\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@omistaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">omistaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> omistaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">!=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> omistaja\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Omistaja ei voi olla tyhjä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_merkinta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> merkinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__merkinnat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>merkinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Yhteensä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__merkinnat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"merkintää\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> merkinta <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__merkinnat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"- \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> merkinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">paivakirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Paivakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npaivakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_merkinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tänään söin puuroa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npaivakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_merkinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tänään opettelin olio-ohjelmointia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npaivakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_merkinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tänään menin ajoissa nukkumaan\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npaivakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Yhteensä 3 merkintää</p><ul>\n<li>Tänään söin puuroa</li>\n<li>Tänään opettelin olio-ohjelmointia</li>\n<li>Tänään menin ajoissa nukkumaan</li>\n</ul></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Säähavaintoasema' tmcname='osa09-11_havaintoasema'><p>Kirjoita luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Havaintoasema</code>, johon voidaan tallentaa säähavaintoja. Luokalla on seuraavat julkiset piirteet:</p><ul>\n<li>konstruktori, joka saa parametriksen aseman nimen</li>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_havainto(havainto: str)</code>, joka lisää havainnon listan peräään</li>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">viimeisin_havainto()</code>, joka palauttaa viimeksi lisätyn havainnon. Jos havaintoja ei ole tehty, metodi palauttaa <em>tyhjän merkkijonon</em>.</li>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">havaintojen_maara()</code>, joka palauttaa havaintojen yhteismäärän</li>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>, joka palauttaa aseman nimen ja havaintojen yhteismäärän alla olevan esimerkin mukaisessa muodossa.</li>\n</ul><p>Luokan kaikkien attribuuttien pitää olla asiakkaalta piilossa. Saat itse päättää luokan sisäisen toteutuksen.</p><p>Esimerkki luokan käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">asema <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Havaintoasema<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kumpula\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nasema<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_havainto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sadetta 10mm\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nasema<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_havainto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aurinkoista\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>asema<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>viimeisin_havainto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nasema<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_havainto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ukkosta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>asema<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>viimeisin_havainto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>asema<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>havaintojen_maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>asema<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Aurinkoista\nUkkosta\n3\nKumpula, 3 havaintoa</p></sample-output></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-9/3-kapselointi","title":"Kapselointi"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-9/3-kapselointi.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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3 havaintoa"}]}]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, mitä tarkoitetaan kapseloinnilla</li>\n<li>Osaat muodostaa piilotetun attribuutin</li>\n<li>Osaat kirjoittaa attribuutille asetus- ja havainnointimetodit</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Olio-ohjelmoinnissa asiakkaalla tarkoitetaan luokkaa tai siitä muodostettuja olioita käyttävää ohjelmaa. Luokka tarjoaa asiakkaalle <em>palveluja</em>, joiden avulla asiakas voi käyttää olioita. Päämääränä on, että</p><ol>\n<li>asiakkaan kannalta luokan ja olioiden käyttö on mahdollisimman yksinkertaista ja</li>\n<li>olion <em>sisäinen eheys</em> säilyy joka tilanteessa.</li>\n</ol><p>Sisäisellä eheydellä tarkoitetaan, että olion <em>tila</em> (eli käytännössä olion attribuuttien arvot) pysyy koko ajan hyväksyttävänä. Virheellinen tila olisi esimerkiksi sellainen, jossa päivämäärää esittävälle oliolle kuukauden numero on 13 tai opiskelijaa esittävällä oliolla opintopistemäärä on negatiivinen luku.</p><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä luokkaa Opiskelija:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opiskelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opiskelijanumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opiskelijanumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opiskelijanumero\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_suoritus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> opintopisteet</code></pre></div><p><code class=\"language-text\">Opiskelija</code>-olio tarjoaa asiakkaalle metodin <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_suoritus</code>, jolla opintopisteitä voidaan lisätä. Metodi varmistaa, että lisättävä opintopisteiden määrä on positiivinen. Esimerkiksi seuraava koodi lisää kolme suoritusta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">oskari <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Oskari Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"12345\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\noskari<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\noskari<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\noskari<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Opintopisteet:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> oskari<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Opintopisteet: 20</p></sample-output><p>Asiakas pystyy kuitenkin muuttamaan opintopistemäärää myös suoraan viittaamalla attribuuttiin <code class=\"language-text\">opintopisteet</code>. Näin olio voi päätyä virheelliseen tilaan, jossa se ei ole enää sisäisesti eheä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">oskari <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Oskari Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"12345\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\noskari<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Opintopisteet:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> oskari<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Opintopisteet: -100</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"kapselointi\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kapselointi<a href=\"#kapselointi\" aria-label=\"kapselointi permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Luokka voi piilottaa attribuutit asiakkailta. Pythonissa tämä tapahtuu lisäämällä attribuuttimuuttujan nimen alkuun kaksi alaviivaa <code class=\"language-text\">__</code>:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkikortti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Attribuutti numero on piilotettu, nimi on näkyvissä</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__numero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> numero\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi</code></pre></div><p>Piilotettu attribuutti ei näy asiakkaalle, vaan siihen viittaaminen aiheutta virheilmoituksen. Niinpä nimen voi tulostaa ja sitä voi muuttaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkikortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"123456\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Reijo Rahakas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Reijo Rutiköyhä\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Reijo Rahakas\nReijo Rutiköyhä</p></sample-output><p>Mutta jos kortin numeroa yritetään tulostaa, seuraa virheilmoitus:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkikortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"123456\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Reijo Rahakas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>AttributeError: 'Pankkikortti' object has no attribute '__numero'</p></sample-output><p>Tietojen piilottamista asiakkaalta kutsutaan <em>kapseloinniksi</em>. Nimensä mukaisesti attribuutti siis \"suljetaan kapseliin\" ja asiakkaalle tarjotaan sopiva rajapinta, jonka kautta tietoa voi käsitellä.</p><p>Laajennetaan pankkikorttiesimerkkiä niin, että kortilla on piilotettu attribuutti saldo ja tämän käsittelyyn tarkoitetut julkiset metodit, joiden avulla asiakas voi hallita saldoa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pankkikortti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__numero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> numero\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_rahaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> maara <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> maara\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kayta_rahaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> maara <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> maara <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">-=</span> maara\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">hae_saldo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo</code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kortti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkikortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"123456\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Reijo Rahakas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kayta_rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">500</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Tämä ei onnistu, koska saldo ei riitä</span>\nkortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kayta_rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kortti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>hae_saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>5000\n5100\n4600\n4600</p></sample-output><p>Saldoa ei voi suoraan muuttaa, koska attribuutti on piilotettu, mutta sitä voi muuttaa metodeilla <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_rahaa</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">kayta_rahaa</code> ja sen voi hakea metodilla <code class=\"language-text\">hae_saldo</code>. Metodeihin voidaan sijoittaa sopivia tarkastuksia, joilla varmistetaan, että olion sisäinen eheys säilyy: esimerkiksi rahaa ei voi käyttää enempää kuin kortilla on saldoa jäljellä.</p><programming-exercise name='Auto' tmcname='osa09-09_auto'><p>Toteuta luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Auto</code>, jossa on <em>kapseloituina attribuutteina</em> tieto bensatankin sisällöstä (0-60 litraa) sekä ajetuista kilometreista. Auto kuluttaa litran bensaa kilometrillä.</p><p>Luokalla on seuraavat metodit:</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">tankkaa()</code>, joka täyttää bensatankin</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">aja(km:int)</code>, joka ajaa parametrina olevan kilometrimäärän tai niin pitkälle kuin bensaa riittää</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>, joka näyttää esimerkin mukaisen kuvauksen autosta</li>\n</ul><p>Esimerkki luokan käyttämisestä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">auto <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Auto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>auto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nauto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tankkaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>auto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nauto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>aja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>auto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nauto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>aja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">50</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>auto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nauto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>aja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>auto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nauto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tankkaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nauto<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tankkaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>auto<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Auto: ajettu 0 km, bensaa 0 litraa\nAuto: ajettu 0 km, bensaa 60 litraa\nAuto: ajettu 20 km, bensaa 40 litraa\nAuto: ajettu 60 km, bensaa 0 litraa\nAuto: ajettu 60 km, bensaa 0 litraa\nAuto: ajettu 60 km, bensaa 60 litraa</p></sample-output><p><strong>Huomaa</strong>, että bensan ja ajettujen kilometrien määrä on kapseloitava, niihin ei tule pystyä vaikuttamaan muuten kuin auton metodeja kutsumalla.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"asetus--ja-havainnointimetodit\" style=\"position:relative;\">Asetus- ja havainnointimetodit<a href=\"#asetus--ja-havainnointimetodit\" aria-label=\"asetus  ja havainnointimetodit permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Python tarjoaa myös suoraviivaisemman syntaksin attribuuttien havainnoimiselle ja asettamiselle. Tarkastellaan ensin esimerkkinä yksinkertaista luokkaa <code class=\"language-text\">Lompakko</code>, jossa ainoa attribuutti <code class=\"language-text\">rahaa</code> on suojattu asiakkailta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Lompakko</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__rahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span></code></pre></div><p>Luokkaan voidaan lisätä havainnointi- ja asetusmetodit, joilla asiakas voi hallita rahamäärää:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Lompakko</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__rahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Havainnointimetodi</span>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">rahaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__rahaa\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Asetusmetodi</span>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">rahaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> rahaa <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__rahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rahaa</code></pre></div><p>Luokalle siis määritellään ensin havainnointimetodi, joka palauttaa rahamäärän, ja sitten asetusmetodi, joka asettaa rahamäärän ja varmistaa, että uusi rahamäärä ei ole negatiivinen.</p><p>Kutsuminen tapahtuu esimerkiksi näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lompsa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Lompakko<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lompsa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nlompsa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">50</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lompsa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nlompsa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">30</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lompsa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>0\n50\n50</p></sample-output><p>Asiakkaan kannalta metodien kutsuminen muistuttaa attribuuttien kutsumista, koska kutsussa ei käytetä sulkuja vaan voi kirjoittaa esimerkiksi<code class=\"language-text\">lompsa.rahaa = 50</code>. Tarkoituksena onkin piilottaa (eli kapseloida) sisäinen toteutus ja tarjota asiakkaalle vaivaton tapa muokata olion tietoja.</p><p>Edellisessä esimerkissä on kuitenkin yksi pieni vika: asiakas ei saa mitään viestiä siitä, että negatiivisen rahasumman asettaminen ei toimi. Kun arvo on selvästi virheellinen, hyvä tapa viestiä tästä on heittää poikkeus. Tässä tapauksessa oikea poikkeus voisi olla <code class=\"language-text\">ValueError</code>, joka kertoo että arvo on väärä.</p><p>Korjattu versio luokasta ja testikoodi:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Lompakko</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__rahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Havainnointimetodi</span>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">rahaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__rahaa\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Asetusmetodi</span>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">rahaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> rahaa <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__rahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rahaa\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Rahasumma ei saa olla negatiivinen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lompsa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rahaa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">30</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lompsa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rahaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>ValueError: Rahasumma ei saa olla negatiivinen</p></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että havainnointimetodi eli <code class=\"language-text\">@property</code>-dekoraattori pitää esitellä luokassa ennen asetusmetodia, muuten seuraa virhe. Tämä johtuu siitä, että <code class=\"language-text\">@property</code>-dekoraattori määrittelee käytettävän \"asetusattribuutin\" nimen (edellisessä esimerkiksi <code class=\"language-text\">rahaa</code>), ja asetusmetodi <code class=\"language-text\">.setter</code> liittää siihen uuden toiminnallisuuden.</p><programming-exercise name='Äänite' tmcname='osa09-10_aanite'><p>Kirjoita luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Aanite</code>, joka mallintaa yksittäistä äänitettä. Luokalla on yksi piilotettu attribuutti, kokonaislukutyyppinen <code class=\"language-text\">__pituus</code>.</p><p>Kirjoita luokalle</p><ul>\n<li>konstruktori, joka saa parametrikseen pituuden</li>\n<li>havainnointimetodi <code class=\"language-text\">pituus</code>, joka palauttaa pituuden</li>\n<li>asetusmetodi, joka asettaa pituuden arvon</li>\n</ul><p>Luokkaa siis käytetään seuraavasti:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">the_wall <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Aanite<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">43</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>the_wall<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nthe_wall<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pituus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">44</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>the_wall<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>43\n44</p></sample-output><p>Jos pituudeksi yritetään asettaa nollaa pienempää arvoa joko konstruktorissa tai asetusmetodissa, tulee tuottaa virhe <code class=\"language-text\">ValueError</code>.</p><p>Jos et muista miten poikkeus tuotetaan, kertaa\n<a href=\"/osa-6/3-virheet#poikkeusten-tuottaminen\">osan 6</a> materiaalista.</p></programming-exercise><p>Katsotaan vielä esimerkki luokasta, jolla on kaksi suojattua attribuuttia ja molemmille havainnointi- ja asetusmetodit:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Pelaaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelinumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__pelinumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pelinumero\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">nimi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">nimi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">!=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nimi ei voi olla tyhjä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pelinumero</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__pelinumero\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@pelinumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pelinumero</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> pelinumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> pelinumero <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__pelinumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> pelinumero\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pelinumeron täytyy olla positiviinen kokonaisluku\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">pelaaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka Palloilija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelinumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Paula Palloilija\"</span>\npelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelinumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pelaaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pelinumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Pekka Palloilija\n10\nPaula Palloilija\n11</p></sample-output><p>Kolmantena esimerkkinä tarkastellaan luokkaa, joka mallintaa päiväkirjaa. Huomaa, että omistajalla on asetus- ja havainnointimetodit, mutta merkintöjen lisäys on toteutettu \"perinteisillä\" metodeilla. Tämä siksi, että asiakkaalle ei ole haluttu tarjota suoraan pääsyä tietorakenteeseen, johon merkinnät tallennetaan. Kapseloinnista on tässä sekin hyöty, että sisäistä toteutusta voidaan myöhemmin muuttaa (esim. vaihtamalla lista vaikka sanakirjaksi) ilman, että asiakkaan täytyy muuttaa omaa koodiaan.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Paivakirja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> omistaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> omistaja\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__merkinnat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">omistaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__omistaja\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@omistaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">omistaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> omistaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">!=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> omistaja\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Omistaja ei voi olla tyhjä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_merkinta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> merkinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__merkinnat<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>merkinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">tulosta</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Yhteensä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__merkinnat<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"merkintää\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> merkinta <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__merkinnat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"- \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> merkinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">paivakirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Paivakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pekka\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npaivakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_merkinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tänään söin puuroa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npaivakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_merkinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tänään opettelin olio-ohjelmointia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npaivakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_merkinta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tänään menin ajoissa nukkumaan\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npaivakirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Yhteensä 3 merkintää</p><ul>\n<li>Tänään söin puuroa</li>\n<li>Tänään opettelin olio-ohjelmointia</li>\n<li>Tänään menin ajoissa nukkumaan</li>\n</ul></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Säähavaintoasema' tmcname='osa09-11_havaintoasema'><p>Kirjoita luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Havaintoasema</code>, johon voidaan tallentaa säähavaintoja. Luokalla on seuraavat julkiset piirteet:</p><ul>\n<li>konstruktori, joka saa parametriksen aseman nimen</li>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_havainto(havainto: str)</code>, joka lisää havainnon listan peräään</li>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">viimeisin_havainto()</code>, joka palauttaa viimeksi lisätyn havainnon. Jos havaintoja ei ole tehty, metodi palauttaa <em>tyhjän merkkijonon</em>.</li>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">havaintojen_maara()</code>, joka palauttaa havaintojen yhteismäärän</li>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>, joka palauttaa aseman nimen ja havaintojen yhteismäärän alla olevan esimerkin mukaisessa muodossa.</li>\n</ul><p>Luokan kaikkien attribuuttien pitää olla asiakkaalta piilossa. Saat itse päättää luokan sisäisen toteutuksen.</p><p>Esimerkki luokan käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">asema <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Havaintoasema<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kumpula\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nasema<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_havainto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sadetta 10mm\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nasema<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_havainto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aurinkoista\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>asema<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>viimeisin_havainto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nasema<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_havainto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ukkosta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>asema<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>viimeisin_havainto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>asema<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>havaintojen_maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>asema<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Aurinkoista\nUkkosta\n3\nKumpula, 3 havaintoa</p></sample-output></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-9/3-kapselointi","title":"Kapselointi"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-9/3-kapselointi.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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tulostaa esimerkiksi"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"[('pata', 7), ('pata', 11), ('hertta', 7), ('ruutu', 3), ('pata', 4)]\n[('risti', 8), ('pata', 12), ('ruutu', 13), ('risti', 11), ('pata', 10)]"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Piilotettuja metodeja tarvitaan yleensä harvemmin kuin piilotettuja attribuutteja. Metodi kannattaa piilottaa, jos asiakas ei tarvitse siihen suoraa pääsyä, ja varsinkin silloin, jos on todennäköistä, että asiakas voisi sotkea olion sisäisen eheyden metodia kutsumalla."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Palvelumaksu","tmcname":"osa09-12_palvelumaksu"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kirjoita luokka "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Pankkitili"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka mallintaa pankkitiliä. Luokalla tulee olla"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"konstruktori, joka saa parametrikseen tilinomistajan (str), tilinumeron (str) ja saldon (float)"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"metodi "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"talleta(summa: float)"}]},{"type":"text","value":", jolla tilille voidaan tallettaa rahaa"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"metodi "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"nosta(summa: float)"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka nostaa tililtä rahasumman"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"havainnointimetodi "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"saldo"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka palauttaa tilin saldon"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lisäksi luokalla on yksityinen metodi"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"__palvelumaksu()"}]},{"type":"text","value":", joka vähentää tililtä yhden prosentin rahaa. Luokassa kutsutaan tätä metodia aina, kun asiakas kutsuu jompaa kumpaa metodeista "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"talleta"}]},{"type":"text","value":" tai "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"nosta"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Prosentti vähennetään aina varsinaisen operaation jälkeen (eli. esimerkiksi vasta sitten, kun rahat on talletettu)."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kaikki luokan attribuutit ovat yksityisiä."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Esimerkki luokan käytöstä:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tili "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" Pankkitili"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Raimo Rahakas\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"12345-6789\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1000"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\ntili"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"nosta"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"100"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"tili"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"saldo"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\ntili"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"talleta"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"100"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"tili"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"saldo"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"891.0\n981.09"}]}]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tiedät, miten metodin näkyvyys määritellään Pythonissa</li>\n<li>Osaat kirjoittaa piilotettuja metodeita</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Luokassa olevien metodien näkyvyyteen voidaan vaikuttaa samalla tavalla kuin attribuuttien näkyvyyteen. Jos metodin nimi alkaa kahdella alaviivalla <code class=\"language-text\">__</code>, metodi ei ole näkyvissä asiakkaille.</p><p>Käytännössä mekanismia käytetään hiukan eri tavalla: piilotettujen attribuuttien käyttöä varten kirjoitetaan usein julkiset havainnointi- ja asetusmetodit. Piilotettu metodi on kuitenkin yleensä tarkoitettu vain luokan sisäiseen käyttöön, apumetodiksi asiakkaalta piilotettujen operaatioiden toteuttamiseksi.</p><p>Piilotettua metodia voidaan kutsua luokan sisällä normaalisti, mutta kutsuttaessa pitää muistaa <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>-aluke. Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä sähköpostin vastaanottajaa mallintavaa luokkaa <code class=\"language-text\">Vastaanottaja</code>, jossa yksityistä apumetodia käytetään tarkistamaan sähköpostiosoitteen oikeellisuus:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Vastaanottaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tarkasta_sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__sposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sposti\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sähköposti ei kelpaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__tarkasta_sposti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Yksinkertainen tarkastus: osoitteessa on yli 5 merkkiä ja piste ja @-merkki</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> <span class=\"token string\">\".\"</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sposti <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"@\"</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sposti</code></pre></div><p>Jos asiakas yrittää kutsua metodia, seuraa virhe:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">pertti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Vastaanottaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pertti Keinonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pertti@example.com\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npertti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tarkasta_sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"jokumuu@example.com\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>AttributeError: 'Vastaanottaja' object has no attribute '__tarkasta_sposti'</p></sample-output><p>Samaa apumetodia kannattaa kutsua myös sähköpostia asettaessa - lisätään siis luokkaan esimerkin vuoksi havainnointi- ja asetusmetodit sähköpostille:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Vastaanottaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tarkasta_sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__sposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sposti\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sähköposti ei kelpaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__tarkasta_sposti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Yksinkertainen tarkastus: osoitteessa on yli 5 merkkiä ja piste ja @-merkki</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> <span class=\"token string\">\".\"</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sposti <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"@\"</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sposti\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">sposti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__sposti\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">sposti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tarkasta_sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__sposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sposti\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sähköposti ei kelpaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tarkastellaan sitten toista esimerkkiä. Luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Korttipakka</code> mallintaa nimensä mukaisesti 52 kortin korttipakkaa. Apumetodi <code class=\"language-text\">__alusta_pakka</code> luo uuden sekoitetun pakan oliota luotaessa. Vastaava alustus voitaisiin toki tehdä myös metodissa <code class=\"language-text\">__init__</code>, mutta erillisen apumetodin käyttö tekee koodista siistimpää ja mahdollistaa alustusmetodin kutsumisen myös muualta luokasta tarvittaessa.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> random <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> shuffle\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Korttipakka</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__alusta_pakka<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__alusta_pakka</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__pakka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Laitetaan kaikki kortit pakkaan</span>\n        maat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pata\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"hertta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"risti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ruutu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> maa <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> maat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> numero <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">14</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__pakka<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Sekoitetaan pakka</span>\n        shuffle<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__pakka<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">jaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> korttien_maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        kasi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Siirretään pakasta ylimmät kortit käteen</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>korttien_maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            kasi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__pakka<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pop<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> kasi</code></pre></div><p>Seuraava koodi testaa luokkaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">korttipakka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Korttipakka<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkasi1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> korttipakka<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>jaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kasi1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkasi2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> korttipakka<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>jaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kasi2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma tulostaa esimerkiksi</p><sample-output><p>[('pata', 7), ('pata', 11), ('hertta', 7), ('ruutu', 3), ('pata', 4)]\n[('risti', 8), ('pata', 12), ('ruutu', 13), ('risti', 11), ('pata', 10)]</p></sample-output><p>Piilotettuja metodeja tarvitaan yleensä harvemmin kuin piilotettuja attribuutteja. Metodi kannattaa piilottaa, jos asiakas ei tarvitse siihen suoraa pääsyä, ja varsinkin silloin, jos on todennäköistä, että asiakas voisi sotkea olion sisäisen eheyden metodia kutsumalla.</p><programming-exercise name='Palvelumaksu' tmcname='osa09-12_palvelumaksu'><p>Kirjoita luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Pankkitili</code>, joka mallintaa pankkitiliä. Luokalla tulee olla</p><ul>\n<li>konstruktori, joka saa parametrikseen tilinomistajan (str), tilinumeron (str) ja saldon (float)</li>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">talleta(summa: float)</code>, jolla tilille voidaan tallettaa rahaa</li>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">nosta(summa: float)</code>, joka nostaa tililtä rahasumman</li>\n<li>havainnointimetodi <code class=\"language-text\">saldo</code>, joka palauttaa tilin saldon</li>\n</ul><p>Lisäksi luokalla on yksityinen metodi</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">__palvelumaksu()</code>, joka vähentää tililtä yhden prosentin rahaa. Luokassa kutsutaan tätä metodia aina, kun asiakas kutsuu jompaa kumpaa metodeista <code class=\"language-text\">talleta</code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">nosta</code>. Prosentti vähennetään aina varsinaisen operaation jälkeen (eli. esimerkiksi vasta sitten, kun rahat on talletettu).</li>\n</ul><p>Kaikki luokan attribuutit ovat yksityisiä.</p><p>Esimerkki luokan käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Raimo Rahakas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"12345-6789\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>talleta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>891.0\n981.09</p></sample-output></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-9/4-metodien-nakyvyys","title":"Metodien näkyvyys"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-9/4-metodien-nakyvyys.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa 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Jos metodin nimi alkaa kahdella alaviivalla <code class=\"language-text\">__</code>, metodi ei ole näkyvissä asiakkaille.</p><p>Käytännössä mekanismia käytetään hiukan eri tavalla: piilotettujen attribuuttien käyttöä varten kirjoitetaan usein julkiset havainnointi- ja asetusmetodit. Piilotettu metodi on kuitenkin yleensä tarkoitettu vain luokan sisäiseen käyttöön, apumetodiksi asiakkaalta piilotettujen operaatioiden toteuttamiseksi.</p><p>Piilotettua metodia voidaan kutsua luokan sisällä normaalisti, mutta kutsuttaessa pitää muistaa <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>-aluke. Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä sähköpostin vastaanottajaa mallintavaa luokkaa <code class=\"language-text\">Vastaanottaja</code>, jossa yksityistä apumetodia käytetään tarkistamaan sähköpostiosoitteen oikeellisuus:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Vastaanottaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tarkasta_sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__sposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sposti\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sähköposti ei kelpaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__tarkasta_sposti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Yksinkertainen tarkastus: osoitteessa on yli 5 merkkiä ja piste ja @-merkki</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> <span class=\"token string\">\".\"</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sposti <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"@\"</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sposti</code></pre></div><p>Jos asiakas yrittää kutsua metodia, seuraa virhe:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">pertti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Vastaanottaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pertti Keinonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"pertti@example.com\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npertti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tarkasta_sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"jokumuu@example.com\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>AttributeError: 'Vastaanottaja' object has no attribute '__tarkasta_sposti'</p></sample-output><p>Samaa apumetodia kannattaa kutsua myös sähköpostia asettaessa - lisätään siis luokkaan esimerkin vuoksi havainnointi- ja asetusmetodit sähköpostille:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Vastaanottaja</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tarkasta_sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__sposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sposti\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sähköposti ei kelpaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__tarkasta_sposti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Yksinkertainen tarkastus: osoitteessa on yli 5 merkkiä ja piste ja @-merkki</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> <span class=\"token string\">\".\"</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sposti <span class=\"token keyword\">and</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"@\"</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> sposti\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">sposti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__sposti\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">sposti</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tarkasta_sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sposti<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__sposti <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> sposti\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Sähköposti ei kelpaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tarkastellaan sitten toista esimerkkiä. Luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Korttipakka</code> mallintaa nimensä mukaisesti 52 kortin korttipakkaa. Apumetodi <code class=\"language-text\">__alusta_pakka</code> luo uuden sekoitetun pakan oliota luotaessa. Vastaava alustus voitaisiin toki tehdä myös metodissa <code class=\"language-text\">__init__</code>, mutta erillisen apumetodin käyttö tekee koodista siistimpää ja mahdollistaa alustusmetodin kutsumisen myös muualta luokasta tarvittaessa.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">from</span> random <span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> shuffle\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Korttipakka</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__alusta_pakka<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__alusta_pakka</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__pakka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Laitetaan kaikki kortit pakkaan</span>\n        maat <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"pata\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"hertta\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"risti\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"ruutu\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> maa <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> maat<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> numero <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">14</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__pakka<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Sekoitetaan pakka</span>\n        shuffle<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__pakka<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">jaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> korttien_maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        kasi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Siirretään pakasta ylimmät kortit käteen</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>korttien_maara<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            kasi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__pakka<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pop<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> kasi</code></pre></div><p>Seuraava koodi testaa luokkaa:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">korttipakka <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Korttipakka<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkasi1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> korttipakka<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>jaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kasi1<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkasi2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> korttipakka<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>jaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kasi2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelma tulostaa esimerkiksi</p><sample-output><p>[('pata', 7), ('pata', 11), ('hertta', 7), ('ruutu', 3), ('pata', 4)]\n[('risti', 8), ('pata', 12), ('ruutu', 13), ('risti', 11), ('pata', 10)]</p></sample-output><p>Piilotettuja metodeja tarvitaan yleensä harvemmin kuin piilotettuja attribuutteja. Metodi kannattaa piilottaa, jos asiakas ei tarvitse siihen suoraa pääsyä, ja varsinkin silloin, jos on todennäköistä, että asiakas voisi sotkea olion sisäisen eheyden metodia kutsumalla.</p><programming-exercise name='Palvelumaksu' tmcname='osa09-12_palvelumaksu'><p>Kirjoita luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Pankkitili</code>, joka mallintaa pankkitiliä. Luokalla tulee olla</p><ul>\n<li>konstruktori, joka saa parametrikseen tilinomistajan (str), tilinumeron (str) ja saldon (float)</li>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">talleta(summa: float)</code>, jolla tilille voidaan tallettaa rahaa</li>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">nosta(summa: float)</code>, joka nostaa tililtä rahasumman</li>\n<li>havainnointimetodi <code class=\"language-text\">saldo</code>, joka palauttaa tilin saldon</li>\n</ul><p>Lisäksi luokalla on yksityinen metodi</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">__palvelumaksu()</code>, joka vähentää tililtä yhden prosentin rahaa. Luokassa kutsutaan tätä metodia aina, kun asiakas kutsuu jompaa kumpaa metodeista <code class=\"language-text\">talleta</code> tai <code class=\"language-text\">nosta</code>. Prosentti vähennetään aina varsinaisen operaation jälkeen (eli. esimerkiksi vasta sitten, kun rahat on talletettu).</li>\n</ul><p>Kaikki luokan attribuutit ovat yksityisiä.</p><p>Esimerkki luokan käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Pankkitili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Raimo Rahakas\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"12345-6789\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nosta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>talleta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n</code></pre></div><sample-output><p>891.0\n981.09</p></sample-output></programming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-9/4-metodien-nakyvyys","title":"Metodien näkyvyys"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-9/4-metodien-nakyvyys.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki 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Myös käsitettä <em>luokkamuuttuja</em> käytetään.</p><h2 id=\"luokkamuuttujat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Luokkamuuttujat<a href=\"#luokkamuuttujat\" aria-label=\"luokkamuuttujat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kuten on aiemmin opittu, jokaisella oliolla on omat itsenäiset arvonsa attribuuteille. Attribuuttien lisäksi luokassa voidaan määritellä <em>luokkamuuttujia</em> eli staattisia muuttujia. Luokkamuuttujalla tarkoitetaan muuttujaa, jota käytetään luokan kautta eikä luokasta muodostettujen olioiden kautta. Luokkamuuttujalla on yksi yhteinen arvo riippumatta siitä, montako oliota luokasta muodostetaan.</p><p>Luokkamuuttujan määrittely eroaa attribuutista siinä, että se määritellään ilman <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>-aluketta. Jos luokkamuuttujaa halutaan käyttää koko luokassa ja mahdollisesti luokan ulkopuoleltakin, se tulee määritellä metodien ulkopuolella.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Korkotili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    yleiskorko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.03</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilinumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> korko<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tilinumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tilinumero\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__korko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> korko\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_korko</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Korko on yleiskorko + tilin korko</span>\n        korko_yhteensa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Korkotili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yleiskorko <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__korko\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> korko_yhteensa\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">saldo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo</code></pre></div><p>Koska yleiskorko on määritelty luokassa eikä metodin sisällä eikä sen alustuksessa ole käytetty <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>-aluketta, se on luokkamuuttuja.</p><p>Luokkamuuttujaan viitataan luokan nimen avulla, esimerkiksi näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># Yleiskorko on olioista riippumaton</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Yleiskorko on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> Korkotili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yleiskorko<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Korkotili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"12345\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.05</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Lisätään kokonaiskorko saldoon</span>\ntili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_korko<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Yleiskorko on 0.03\n1080.0</p></sample-output><p>Luokkamuuttujiin viitataan siis luokan nimen avulla, esimerkiksi <code class=\"language-text\">Korkotili.yleiskorko</code>, ja oliomuuttujiin eli attribuutteihin olion nimen avulla <code class=\"language-text\">tili.saldo</code>. Oliomuuttujiin voi luonnollisesti viitata vasta, kun luokasta on muodostettu olio.</p><p>Luokkamuuttujaa on kätevä käyttää, kun halutaan tallentaa arvoja, jotka on jaettu kaikkien olioiden kesken. Edellisessä esimerkissä oletetaan, että kaikilla pankkitileillä on sama yleiskorkoprosentti, jonka lisäksi tilille voidaan erikseen määrittää oma korkoprosenttinsa. Yleiskorkokin voi muuttua, mutta muutos vaikuttaa kaikkiin luokasta muodostettuihin olioihin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Korkotili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    yleiskorko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.03</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilinumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> korko<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tilinumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tilinumero\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__korko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> korko\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_korko</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Korko on yleiskorko + tilin korko</span>\n        korko_yhteensa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Korkotili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yleiskorko <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__korko\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> korko_yhteensa\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">saldo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kokonaiskorko</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__korko <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> Korkotili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yleiskorko</code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tili1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Korkotili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"12345\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.03</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntili2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Korkotili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"54321\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">200</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.06</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Yleiskorko:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> Korkotili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yleiskorko<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tili1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kokonaiskorko<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tili2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kokonaiskorko<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Nostetaan yleiskorko 10 prosenttiin</span>\nKorkotili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yleiskorko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.10</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Yleiskorko:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> Korkotili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yleiskorko<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tili1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kokonaiskorko<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tili2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kokonaiskorko<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Yleiskorko: 0.03\n0.06\n0.09\nYleiskorko: 0.1\n0.13\n0.16</p></sample-output><p>Kun yleiskorko nousee, kaikkien luokasta määriteltyjen tilien kokonaiskorko nousee. Huomaa, että kokonaiskorko on määritelty havainnointimetodiksi, vaikkei vastaavaa attribuuttia olekaan suoraan määritelty. Metodi palauttaa tilin koron ja yleiskoron summan.</p><p>Tarkastellaan vielä toista esimerkkiä. Luokassa <code class=\"language-text\">Puhelinnumero</code> on maatunnukset tallennettuna sanakirjaan. Lista maatunnuksista on yhteinen kaikille luokasta luoduille puhelinnumero-olioille, koska maatunnus saman maan puhelinnumeroille on aina sama.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Puhelinnumero</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    maatunnukset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Suomi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"+358\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ruotsi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"+46\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Yhdysvallat\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"+1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__puhelinnumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> puhelinnumero\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__maa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> maa\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">puhelinnumero</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Puhelinnumerosta jää etunolla pois, kun maatunnus lisätään alkuun</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> Puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maatunnukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">paulan_nro <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Paula Pythonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"050 1234 567\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Suomi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>paulan_nro<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>+358 50 1234 567</p></sample-output><p>Kun puhelinnumero-olio luodaan, tallennetaan nimen ja numeron lisäksi maa. Kun numero haetaan havainnointimetodilla, haetaan numeron eteen maatunnus luokkamuuttujasta olion attribuuttiin tallennetun maatiedon avulla.</p><p>Esimerkkiluokka on toiminnallisuudeltaan melko vajavainen. Katsotaan vielä, miltä näyttäisi parempi toteutus, jossa on havainnointi- ja asetusmetodit eri attribuuteille:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Puhelinnumero</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    maatunnukset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Suomi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"+358\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ruotsi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"+46\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Yhdysvallat\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"+1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Tämä kutsuu metodia puhelinnumero.setter</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>puhelinnumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> puhelinnumero\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Tämä kutsuu metodia maa.setter</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> maa\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Havainnointimetodissa yhdistetään maatunnus ja puhelinnumero</span>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">puhelinnumero</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Puhelinnumerosta jää etunolla pois, kun maatunnus lisätään alkuun</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> Puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maatunnukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">puhelinnumero</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Varmistetaan, että puhelinnumerossa on vain numeroita ja välilyöntejä</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1234567890 \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Puhelinnumero saa sisältää vain lukuja ja välilyöntejä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__puhelinnumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> numero\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Pelkkä puhelinnumero ilman maatunnusta</span>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">paikallinen_numero</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__puhelinnumero\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">maa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__maa\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">maa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Varmistetaan, että maa on maatunnusten listalla</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> maa <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> Puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maatunnukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Annettua maata ei löydy listalta.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__maa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> maa\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">nimi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">nimi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    pnro <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pertti Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"040 111 1111\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ruotsi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pnro<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pnro<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pnro<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paikallinen_numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>+46 40 111 1111 (Pertti Python)\n+46 40 111 1111\n040 111 1111</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Postinumerot' tmcname='osa09-13_postinumerot'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on määritelty luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Kaupunki</code>, joka mallintaa yksittäistä kaupunkia.</p><p>Lisää luokkaan luokkamuuttuja postinumerot, joka viittaa sanakirjaan. Sanakirjassa jokainen avain on kaupungin nimi ja arvo postinumero. Molemmat ovat merkkijonoja.</p><p>Sanakirjasta tulee löytyä seuraavat postinumerot:</p><ul>\n<li>Helsinki 00100</li>\n<li>Turku 20100</li>\n<li>Tampere 33100</li>\n<li>Jyväskylä 40100</li>\n<li>Oulu 90100</li>\n</ul><p>Muuta toiminnallisuutta ei tarvitse toteuttaa.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"luokkametodit\" style=\"position:relative;\">Luokkametodit<a href=\"#luokkametodit\" aria-label=\"luokkametodit permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Luokkametodi eli staattinen metodi on luokassa oleva metodi, jota ei ole sidottu mihinkään luokasta muodostettuun olioon. Niinpä luokkametodia voi kutsua ilman, että luokasta muodostetaan oliota.</p><p>Luokkametodit ovat yleensä työkalumetodeja, jotka liittyvät jotenkin luokkaan mutta joita on tarkoituksenmukaista kutsua ilman olion muodostamista. Luokkametodit ovat yleensä julkisia, jolloin niitä voidaan kutsua sekä luokan ulkopuolelta että luokan ja siitä muodostettujen olioiden sisältä.</p><p>Luokkametodi merkitään annotaatiolla <code class=\"language-text\">@classmethod</code> ja sen ensimmäinen parametri on aina <code class=\"language-text\">cls</code>. Tunnistetta <code class=\"language-text\">cls</code> käytetään samaan tapaan kuin tunnistetta <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>, mutta erotuksena on, että <code class=\"language-text\">cls</code> viittaa luokkaan ja <code class=\"language-text\">self</code> viittaa olioon. Kummallekaan parametrille ei anneta kutsuessa arvoa, vaan Python tekee sen automaattisesti.</p><p>Esimerkiksi luokassa <code class=\"language-text\">Rekisteriote</code> voisi olla staattinen metodi, jolla voidaan tarkistaa, onko annettu rekisteritunnus oikeamuotoinen. Metodi on staattinen, jotta tunnuksen voi tarkastaa myös ilman, että luodaan uutta oliota luokasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Rekisteriote</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> omistaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> merkki<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> rekisteritunnus<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> omistaja\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__merkki <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> merkki\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__vuosi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> vuosi\n\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Kutsutaan metodia rekisteritunnus.setter</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rekisteritunnus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rekisteritunnus\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">rekisteritunnus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__rekisteritunnus\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@rekisteritunnus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">rekisteritunnus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tunnus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> Rekisteriote<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rekisteritunnus_kelpaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tunnus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__rekisteritunnus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tunnus\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Rekisteritunnus ei kelpaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Luokkametodi tunnuksen validoimiseksi</span>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@classmethod</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">rekisteritunnus_kelpaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tunnus<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tunnus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">or</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"-\"</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tunnus<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Tarkastellaan alku- ja loppuosaa erikseen</span>\n        alku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> loppu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tunnus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"-\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Alkuosassa saa olla vain kirjaimia</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> alku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> merkki<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lower<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzåäö\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Loppuosassa saa olla vain numeroita</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> loppu<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1234567890\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ote <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Rekisteriote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Arto Autoilija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Volvo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1992\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"abc-123\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> Rekisteriote<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rekisteritunnus_kelpaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"xyz-789\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tämä on validi tunnus!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Tämä on validi tunnus!</p></sample-output><p>Rekisteriotteen oikeellisuuden voi tarkistaa kutsumalla metodia (esimerkiksi <code class=\"language-text\">Rekisteriote.rekisteritunnus_kelpaa(\"xyz-789\"))</code>) ilman, että muodostaa luokasta oliota. Samaa metodia kutsutaan myös uutta oliota muodostaessa luokan konstruktorista. Huomaa kuitenkin, että myös tässä kutsussa viitataan metodiin luokan nimen avulla eikä <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>-tunnisteella!</p><programming-exercise name='Lista-apuri' tmcname='osa09-14_lista_apuri'><p>Kirjoita luokka <code class=\"language-text\">ListaApuri</code>, jossa on seuraavat kaksi luokkametodia:</p><ul>\n<li>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">suurin_frekvenssi(lista: list)</code> palauttaa alkion, jota esiintyy annetussa listassa eniten</li>\n<li>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">tuplia(lista: list)</code> palauttaa sellaisten alkioden lukumäärän, jotka esiintyvät listassa vähintään kahdesti</li>\n</ul><p>Metodeja tulee voida käyttää ilman, että luokasta luodaan oliota. Esimerkki luokan käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ListaApuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>suurin_frekvenssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ListaApuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tuplia<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>5\n3</p></sample-output></progarmming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-9/5-staattiset-piirteet","title":"Staattiset piirteet"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-9/5-staattiset-piirteet.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen:</p><ul>\n<li>Ymmärrät käsitteet luokkamuuttuja ja luokkametodi</li>\n<li>Tiedät miten staattiset piirteet eroavat olioiden piirteistä</li>\n<li>Osaat lisätä staattisia piirteitä omiin luokkiin</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Olio-ohjelmoinnissa puhutaan <em>piirteistä</em>. Näillä tarkoitetaan olion ominaisuuksia: luokan sisälle kirjoitettuja metodeja ja luokassa määriteltyjä muuttujia.</p><p>Tähän mennessä olemme käsitelleen <em>olioiden piirteitä</em> eli oliometodeita ja attribuutteja. Olio-ohjelmointiin kuuluvat kuitenkin myös <em>luokan piirteet</em>, joita kutsutaan usein myös <em>staattisiksi piirteiksi</em>. Myös käsitettä <em>luokkamuuttuja</em> käytetään.</p><h2 id=\"luokkamuuttujat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Luokkamuuttujat<a href=\"#luokkamuuttujat\" aria-label=\"luokkamuuttujat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Kuten on aiemmin opittu, jokaisella oliolla on omat itsenäiset arvonsa attribuuteille. Attribuuttien lisäksi luokassa voidaan määritellä <em>luokkamuuttujia</em> eli staattisia muuttujia. Luokkamuuttujalla tarkoitetaan muuttujaa, jota käytetään luokan kautta eikä luokasta muodostettujen olioiden kautta. Luokkamuuttujalla on yksi yhteinen arvo riippumatta siitä, montako oliota luokasta muodostetaan.</p><p>Luokkamuuttujan määrittely eroaa attribuutista siinä, että se määritellään ilman <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>-aluketta. Jos luokkamuuttujaa halutaan käyttää koko luokassa ja mahdollisesti luokan ulkopuoleltakin, se tulee määritellä metodien ulkopuolella.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Korkotili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    yleiskorko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.03</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilinumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> korko<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tilinumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tilinumero\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__korko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> korko\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_korko</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Korko on yleiskorko + tilin korko</span>\n        korko_yhteensa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Korkotili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yleiskorko <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__korko\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> korko_yhteensa\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">saldo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo</code></pre></div><p>Koska yleiskorko on määritelty luokassa eikä metodin sisällä eikä sen alustuksessa ole käytetty <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>-aluketta, se on luokkamuuttuja.</p><p>Luokkamuuttujaan viitataan luokan nimen avulla, esimerkiksi näin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># Yleiskorko on olioista riippumaton</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Yleiskorko on\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> Korkotili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yleiskorko<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\ntili <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Korkotili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"12345\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.05</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Lisätään kokonaiskorko saldoon</span>\ntili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_korko<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Yleiskorko on 0.03\n1080.0</p></sample-output><p>Luokkamuuttujiin viitataan siis luokan nimen avulla, esimerkiksi <code class=\"language-text\">Korkotili.yleiskorko</code>, ja oliomuuttujiin eli attribuutteihin olion nimen avulla <code class=\"language-text\">tili.saldo</code>. Oliomuuttujiin voi luonnollisesti viitata vasta, kun luokasta on muodostettu olio.</p><p>Luokkamuuttujaa on kätevä käyttää, kun halutaan tallentaa arvoja, jotka on jaettu kaikkien olioiden kesken. Edellisessä esimerkissä oletetaan, että kaikilla pankkitileillä on sama yleiskorkoprosentti, jonka lisäksi tilille voidaan erikseen määrittää oma korkoprosenttinsa. Yleiskorkokin voi muuttua, mutta muutos vaikuttaa kaikkiin luokasta muodostettuihin olioihin:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Korkotili</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    yleiskorko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.03</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tilinumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> saldo<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> korko<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__tilinumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tilinumero\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> saldo\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__korko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> korko\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_korko</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Korko on yleiskorko + tilin korko</span>\n        korko_yhteensa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Korkotili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yleiskorko <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__korko\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo <span class=\"token operator\">*</span> korko_yhteensa\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">saldo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__saldo\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">kokonaiskorko</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__korko <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> Korkotili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yleiskorko</code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tili1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Korkotili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"12345\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.03</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntili2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Korkotili<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"54321\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">200</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.06</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Yleiskorko:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> Korkotili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yleiskorko<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tili1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kokonaiskorko<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tili2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kokonaiskorko<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Nostetaan yleiskorko 10 prosenttiin</span>\nKorkotili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yleiskorko <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0.10</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Yleiskorko:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> Korkotili<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yleiskorko<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tili1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kokonaiskorko<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tili2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>kokonaiskorko<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Yleiskorko: 0.03\n0.06\n0.09\nYleiskorko: 0.1\n0.13\n0.16</p></sample-output><p>Kun yleiskorko nousee, kaikkien luokasta määriteltyjen tilien kokonaiskorko nousee. Huomaa, että kokonaiskorko on määritelty havainnointimetodiksi, vaikkei vastaavaa attribuuttia olekaan suoraan määritelty. Metodi palauttaa tilin koron ja yleiskoron summan.</p><p>Tarkastellaan vielä toista esimerkkiä. Luokassa <code class=\"language-text\">Puhelinnumero</code> on maatunnukset tallennettuna sanakirjaan. Lista maatunnuksista on yhteinen kaikille luokasta luoduille puhelinnumero-olioille, koska maatunnus saman maan puhelinnumeroille on aina sama.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Puhelinnumero</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    maatunnukset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Suomi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"+358\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ruotsi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"+46\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Yhdysvallat\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"+1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__puhelinnumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> puhelinnumero\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__maa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> maa\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">puhelinnumero</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Puhelinnumerosta jää etunolla pois, kun maatunnus lisätään alkuun</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> Puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maatunnukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">paulan_nro <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Paula Pythonen\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"050 1234 567\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Suomi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>paulan_nro<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>+358 50 1234 567</p></sample-output><p>Kun puhelinnumero-olio luodaan, tallennetaan nimen ja numeron lisäksi maa. Kun numero haetaan havainnointimetodilla, haetaan numeron eteen maatunnus luokkamuuttujasta olion attribuuttiin tallennetun maatiedon avulla.</p><p>Esimerkkiluokka on toiminnallisuudeltaan melko vajavainen. Katsotaan vielä, miltä näyttäisi parempi toteutus, jossa on havainnointi- ja asetusmetodit eri attribuuteille:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Puhelinnumero</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    maatunnukset <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Suomi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"+358\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ruotsi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"+46\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Yhdysvallat\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"+1\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Tämä kutsuu metodia puhelinnumero.setter</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>puhelinnumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> puhelinnumero\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Tämä kutsuu metodia maa.setter</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> maa\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Havainnointimetodissa yhdistetään maatunnus ja puhelinnumero</span>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">puhelinnumero</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Puhelinnumerosta jää etunolla pois, kun maatunnus lisätään alkuun</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> Puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maatunnukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token string\">\" \"</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">puhelinnumero</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Varmistetaan, että puhelinnumerossa on vain numeroita ja välilyöntejä</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1234567890 \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Puhelinnumero saa sisältää vain lukuja ja välilyöntejä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__puhelinnumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> numero\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Pelkkä puhelinnumero ilman maatunnusta</span>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">paikallinen_numero</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__puhelinnumero\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">maa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__maa\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">maa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> maa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Varmistetaan, että maa on maatunnusten listalla</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> maa <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> Puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>maatunnukset<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Annettua maata ei löydy listalta.\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__maa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> maa\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">nimi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">nimi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    pnro <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Pertti Python\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"040 111 1111\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Ruotsi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pnro<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pnro<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>puhelinnumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pnro<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paikallinen_numero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>+46 40 111 1111 (Pertti Python)\n+46 40 111 1111\n040 111 1111</p></sample-output><programming-exercise name='Postinumerot' tmcname='osa09-13_postinumerot'><p>Tehtäväpohjassa on määritelty luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Kaupunki</code>, joka mallintaa yksittäistä kaupunkia.</p><p>Lisää luokkaan luokkamuuttuja postinumerot, joka viittaa sanakirjaan. Sanakirjassa jokainen avain on kaupungin nimi ja arvo postinumero. Molemmat ovat merkkijonoja.</p><p>Sanakirjasta tulee löytyä seuraavat postinumerot:</p><ul>\n<li>Helsinki 00100</li>\n<li>Turku 20100</li>\n<li>Tampere 33100</li>\n<li>Jyväskylä 40100</li>\n<li>Oulu 90100</li>\n</ul><p>Muuta toiminnallisuutta ei tarvitse toteuttaa.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"luokkametodit\" style=\"position:relative;\">Luokkametodit<a href=\"#luokkametodit\" aria-label=\"luokkametodit permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Luokkametodi eli staattinen metodi on luokassa oleva metodi, jota ei ole sidottu mihinkään luokasta muodostettuun olioon. Niinpä luokkametodia voi kutsua ilman, että luokasta muodostetaan oliota.</p><p>Luokkametodit ovat yleensä työkalumetodeja, jotka liittyvät jotenkin luokkaan mutta joita on tarkoituksenmukaista kutsua ilman olion muodostamista. Luokkametodit ovat yleensä julkisia, jolloin niitä voidaan kutsua sekä luokan ulkopuolelta että luokan ja siitä muodostettujen olioiden sisältä.</p><p>Luokkametodi merkitään annotaatiolla <code class=\"language-text\">@classmethod</code> ja sen ensimmäinen parametri on aina <code class=\"language-text\">cls</code>. Tunnistetta <code class=\"language-text\">cls</code> käytetään samaan tapaan kuin tunnistetta <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>, mutta erotuksena on, että <code class=\"language-text\">cls</code> viittaa luokkaan ja <code class=\"language-text\">self</code> viittaa olioon. Kummallekaan parametrille ei anneta kutsuessa arvoa, vaan Python tekee sen automaattisesti.</p><p>Esimerkiksi luokassa <code class=\"language-text\">Rekisteriote</code> voisi olla staattinen metodi, jolla voidaan tarkistaa, onko annettu rekisteritunnus oikeamuotoinen. Metodi on staattinen, jotta tunnuksen voi tarkastaa myös ilman, että luodaan uutta oliota luokasta:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Rekisteriote</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> omistaja<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> merkki<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> vuosi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> rekisteritunnus<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__omistaja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> omistaja\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__merkki <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> merkki\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__vuosi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> vuosi\n\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Kutsutaan metodia rekisteritunnus.setter</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rekisteritunnus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> rekisteritunnus\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">rekisteritunnus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__rekisteritunnus\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@rekisteritunnus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">rekisteritunnus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tunnus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> Rekisteriote<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rekisteritunnus_kelpaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tunnus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__rekisteritunnus <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tunnus\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Rekisteritunnus ei kelpaa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Luokkametodi tunnuksen validoimiseksi</span>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@classmethod</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">rekisteritunnus_kelpaa</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tunnus<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tunnus<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">or</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"-\"</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> tunnus<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Tarkastellaan alku- ja loppuosaa erikseen</span>\n        alku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> loppu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tunnus<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>split<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"-\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Alkuosassa saa olla vain kirjaimia</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> alku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> merkki<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lower<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzåäö\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Loppuosassa saa olla vain numeroita</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> loppu<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> merkki <span class=\"token keyword\">not</span> <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1234567890\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n                <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">False</span>\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">ote <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Rekisteriote<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Arto Autoilija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Volvo\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"1992\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"abc-123\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> Rekisteriote<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>rekisteritunnus_kelpaa<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"xyz-789\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tämä on validi tunnus!\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Tämä on validi tunnus!</p></sample-output><p>Rekisteriotteen oikeellisuuden voi tarkistaa kutsumalla metodia (esimerkiksi <code class=\"language-text\">Rekisteriote.rekisteritunnus_kelpaa(\"xyz-789\"))</code>) ilman, että muodostaa luokasta oliota. Samaa metodia kutsutaan myös uutta oliota muodostaessa luokan konstruktorista. Huomaa kuitenkin, että myös tässä kutsussa viitataan metodiin luokan nimen avulla eikä <code class=\"language-text\">self</code>-tunnisteella!</p><programming-exercise name='Lista-apuri' tmcname='osa09-14_lista_apuri'><p>Kirjoita luokka <code class=\"language-text\">ListaApuri</code>, jossa on seuraavat kaksi luokkametodia:</p><ul>\n<li>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">suurin_frekvenssi(lista: list)</code> palauttaa alkion, jota esiintyy annetussa listassa eniten</li>\n<li>Metodi <code class=\"language-text\">tuplia(lista: list)</code> palauttaa sellaisten alkioden lukumäärän, jotka esiintyvät listassa vähintään kahdesti</li>\n</ul><p>Metodeja tulee voida käyttää ilman, että luokasta luodaan oliota. Esimerkki luokan käytöstä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">luvut <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ListaApuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>suurin_frekvenssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>ListaApuri<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tuplia<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>luvut<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>5\n3</p></sample-output></progarmming-exercise></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-9/5-staattiset-piirteet","title":"Staattiset piirteet"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-9/5-staattiset-piirteet.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt 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Tavara"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Tiiliskivi\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\nadan_laukku "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" Matkalaukku"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"10"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nadan_laukku"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_tavara"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"kirja"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nadan_laukku"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_tavara"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"puhelin"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\npekan_laukku 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Matkalaukku"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"10"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\npekan_laukku"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_tavara"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"tiiliskivi"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\nlastiruuma "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" Lastiruuma"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1000"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nlastiruuma"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_matkalaukku"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"adan_laukku"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nlastiruuma"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_matkalaukku"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"pekan_laukku"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Ruuman matkalaukuissa on seuraavat tavarat:\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nlastiruuma"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"tulosta_tavarat"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelman tulostuksen tulisi olla seuraava:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ruuman matkalaukuissa on seuraavat tavarat:\nAapiskukko (2 kg)\nNokia 3210 (1 kg)\nTiiliskivi (4 kg)"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"a85a3eb4-0bdf-5c7e-98f7-bbad2301c344"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tunnet lisää esimerkkejä luokista ja olioista</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää parametrien oletusarvoja metodeissa</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Tarkastellaan seuraavaksi esimerkkiä, joka muodostuu kahdesta luokasta. Luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Piste</code> mallintaa yhtä pistettä kaksiulotteisessa koordinaatistossa ja luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Jana</code> kahden pisteen välistä janaa. Luokkien toiminta on kommentoitu koodiin.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> math\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Piste</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Luokka mallintaa pistettä kaksiulotteisessa koordinaatistossa \"\"\"</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Attribuutit ovat julkisia, koska mitkä tahansa arvot käyvät x:n ja y:n arvoiksi</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> x\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> y\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Luokkametodi palauttaa uuden pisteen paikassa (0, 0)</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Huomaa, että luokan sisältä voi palauttaa olion luokasta</span>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@classmethod</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">origo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> Piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Luokkametodi muodostaa uuden pisteen annetun pisteen perusteella</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Uusi piste on peilikuva annetusta pisteestä jommankumman tai molempien akselien suhteen</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Esimerkiksi pisteen (1, 3) peilikuva x-akselin suhteen on (1, -3)</span>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@classmethod</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">peilikuva</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> peilaa_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">bool</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> peilaa_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">bool</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>x\n        y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>y\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> peilaa_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span>y\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> peilaa_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span>x\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> Piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"(</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Jana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Luokka mallintaa janaa kaksiulotteisessa koordinaatistossa \"\"\"</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> alku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> loppu<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Attribuutit ovat julkisia, koska mitkä tahansa pisteet kelpaavat</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>alku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> alku\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>loppu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> loppu\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Metodi laskee janan pituuden Pythagoraan lauseella</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pituus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>loppu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>x <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>alku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">**</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>loppu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>y <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>alku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">**</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> math<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sqrt<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Metodi palauttaa janan keskipisteen</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">keskipiste</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        keskix <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>alku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>x <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>loppu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n        keskiy <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>alku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>y <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>loppu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> Piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>keskix<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> keskiy<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>alku<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> ... </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>loppu<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">piste <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\norigo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>origo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>origo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npiste2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>peilikuva<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>piste2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\njana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Jana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> piste2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jana<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jana<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>keskipiste<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>(1, 3)\n(0, 0)\n(-1, -3)\n6.324555320336759\n(0.0, 0.0)\n(1, 3) ... (-1, -3)</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"parametrien-oletusarvot\" style=\"position:relative;\">Parametrien oletusarvot<a href=\"#parametrien-oletusarvot\" aria-label=\"parametrien oletusarvot permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Pythonissa mille tahansa parametrille voidaan asettaa oletusarvo. Oletusarvoja voidaan käyttää sekä funktioiden että metodien parametreissa.</p><p>Jos parametrille on annettu oletusarvo, sille ei ole pakko antaa arvoa kutsuttaessa. Jos arvo annetaan, se syrjäyttää oletusarvon, ja jos arvoa ei anneta, käytetään oletusarvoa.</p><p>Oletusarvot ovat usein hyödyllisiä konstruktoreissa: jos on oletettavaa, ettei tiettyä tietoa ole aina olemassa oliota luodessa, on parempi antaa sille vakioarvo konstruktorissa kuin antaa tämä asiakkaan huoleksi. Tämä on asiakkaalle helpompaa ja myös ylläpitää olion sisäistä eheyttä, kun voidaan esimerkiksi olla varmoja, että \"tyhjä\" arvo on aina samanlainen (muuten se voisi olla esimerkiksi merkkijono <code class=\"language-text\">\"\"</code>, arvo <code class=\"language-text\">None</code> tai merkkijono <code class=\"language-text\">\"ei asetettu\"</code>).</p><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä luokkaa, joka mallintaa opiskelijaa. Pakollisia kenttiä luodessa ovat opiskelijanumero ja nimi ja näistä opiskelijanumeroa ei pysty myöhemmin muuttamaan. Opintopisteet ja muistiinpanot voi halutessaan antaa oliota luodessa, mutta niille on myös asetettu oletusarvot. Luokan toiminta on kommentoitu suoraan ohjelmakoodin yhteyteen.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opiskelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Mallintaa yhtä opiskelijaa \"\"\"</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opiskelijanumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token builtin\">int</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> muistiinpanot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token builtin\">str</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># kutsuu asetusmetodia</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijanumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Opiskelijanumerossa tulee olla vähintään 5 merkkiä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__opiskelijanumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opiskelijanumero\n\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Kutsuu asetusmetodia</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opintopisteet\n\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__muistiinpanot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> muistiinpanot\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">nimi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">nimi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">!=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nimi ei voi olla tyhjä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">opiskelijanumero</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__opiskelijanumero\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">opintopisteet</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__opintopisteet\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">opintopisteet</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> op<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> op <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> op\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Opintopisteet ei voi olla negatiivinen luku\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">muistiinpanot</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__muistiinpanot\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@muistiinpanot<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">muistiinpanot</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> muistiinpanot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__muistiinpanot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> muistiinpanot\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">yhteenveto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Opiskelija </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opiskelijanumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">):\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"- opintopisteitä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"- muistiinpanot: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>muistiinpanot<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># Annetaan pelkkä nimi ja op.nro</span>\nopiskelija1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olli Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"12345\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nopiskelija1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yhteenveto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Annetaan nimi, op.nro ja opintopisteet</span>\nopiskelija2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Outi Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"54321\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">25</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nopiskelija2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yhteenveto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Annetaan kaikki tiedot</span>\nopiskelija3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olavi Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"99999\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">140</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lisäaika tentissä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nopiskelija3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yhteenveto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Ei anneta opintopisteitä, mutta annetaan muistiinpanot</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Huomaa, että parametri pitää nyt nimetä, kun järjestys eroaa tavallisesta</span>\nopiskelija4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Onerva Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"98765\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> muistiinpanot<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"poissaoleva lukuvuonna 20-21\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nopiskelija4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yhteenveto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Opiskelija Olli Opiskelija (12345):</p><ul>\n<li>opintopisteitä 0</li>\n<li>muistiinpanot:</li>\n</ul><p>Opiskelija Outi Opiskelija (54321):</p><ul>\n<li>opintopisteitä 25</li>\n<li>muistiinpanot:</li>\n</ul><p>Opiskelija Olavi Opiskelija (99999):</p><ul>\n<li>opintopisteitä 140</li>\n<li>muistiinpanot: lisäaika tentissä</li>\n</ul><p>Opiskelija Onerva Opiskelija (98765):</p><ul>\n<li>opintopisteitä 0</li>\n<li>muistiinpanot: poissaoleva lukuvuonna 20-21</li>\n</ul></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että attribuutille opiskelijanumero ei ole määritelty asetusmetodia, koska ideana on, että opiskelijanumero ei voi muuttua.</p><p>Parametrien oletusarvojen käyttöön liittyy kuitenkin eräs huomattavan iso \"mutta\" joka ilmenee seuraavasti esimerkistä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opiskelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tehdyt_kurssit<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehdyt_kurssit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tehdyt_kurssit\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_suoritus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehdyt_kurssit<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">opiskelija1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olli Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nopiskelija2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Outi Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nopiskelija1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohpe\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nopiskelija1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tira\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelija1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehdyt_kurssit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelija2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehdyt_kurssit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>['Ohpe', 'Tira']\n['Ohpe', 'Tira']</p></sample-output><p>Huomataan siis, että kurssisuorituksen lisääminen Ollille muuttaa myös Outin kurssisuorituksia. Ilmiö johtuu siitä, että Python uudelleenkäyttää oletusarvoa. Yllä oleva tapa luoda opiskelijat vastaa siis seuraavaa koodia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kurssit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nopiskelija1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olli Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kurssit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nopiskelija2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Outi Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kurssit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tästä johtuen parametrin oletusarvona ei koskaan tulisi käyttää monimutkaisempia tietorakenteita kuten listoja. Korjattu versio luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Opiskelija</code> konstruktorista on seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opiskelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tehdyt_kurssit<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tehdyt_kurssit <span class=\"token keyword\">is</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehdyt_kurssit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehdyt_kurssit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tehdyt_kurssit\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_suoritus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehdyt_kurssit<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">opiskelija1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olli Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nopiskelija2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Outi Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nopiskelija1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohpe\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nopiskelija1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tira\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelija1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehdyt_kurssit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelija2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehdyt_kurssit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>['Ohpe', 'Tira']\n[]</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"loppuhuipennus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Loppuhuipennus<a href=\"#loppuhuipennus\" aria-label=\"loppuhuipennus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Vaikka seuraava tehtävä on tässä luvussa, et tarvitse tehtävän ratkaisemiseen mitään muuta kun luvussa <a href=\"/osa-9/2-oliot-attribuuttina\">Oliot attribuuttina</a> esiteltyjä tekniikoita. Tehtävä on käytännössä hyvin samanlainen kuin tuon luvun  tehtävät <a href=\"/osa-9/2-oliot-attribuuttina#programming-exercise-lahjapakkaus\">lahjapakkaus</a> ja <a href=\"/osa-9/2-oliot-attribuuttina#programming-exercise-huoneen-lyhin\">huoneen lyhin</a>.</p><programming-exercise name='Tavara, Matkalaukku ja Lastiruuma' tmcname='osa09-15_tavara_matkalaukku_lastiruuma'><p>Tässä tehtäväsarjassa tehdään luokat <code class=\"language-text\">Tavara</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">Matkalaukku</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">Lastiruuma</code>, joiden avulla harjoitellaan lisää olioita, jotka sisältävät toisia olioita.</p><h2 id=\"tavara-luokka\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tavara-luokka<a href=\"#tavara-luokka\" aria-label=\"tavara luokka permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Tavara</code>, josta muodostetut oliot vastaavat erilaisia tavaroita. Tallennettavat tiedot ovat tavaran nimi ja paino (kg).</p><p>Luokan tulee toimia seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aapiskukko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npuhelin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nokia 3210\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kirjan nimi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kirjan paino:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paino<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kirja:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Puhelin:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> puhelin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostuksen tulisi olla seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>Kirjan nimi: Aapiskukko\nKirjan paino: 2\nKirja: Aapiskukko (2 kg)\nPuhelin: Nokia 3210 (1 kg)</p></sample-output><p>Tavaralla on siis metodit <code class=\"language-text\">paino</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code> jotka palauttavat tavaran tiedot.</p><p>Luokan tulee tallentaa tieto nimestä ja painosta kapseloituna, eli seuraava ei saa onnistua:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aapiskukko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paino <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"matkalaukku-luokka\" style=\"position:relative;\">Matkalaukku-luokka<a href=\"#matkalaukku-luokka\" aria-label=\"matkalaukku luokka permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Matkalaukku</code>. Matkalaukkuun liittyy tavaroita ja maksimipaino, joka määrittelee tavaroiden suurimman mahdollisen yhteispainon.</p><p>Lisää luokkaan seuraavat:</p><ul>\n<li>konstruktori, jolle annetaan maksimipaino</li>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_tavara</code>, joka lisää parametrina annettavan tavaran matkalaukkuun. Metodi ei palauta mitään arvoa.</li>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>, joka palauttaa merkkijonon muotoa \"x tavaraa (y kg)\"</li>\n</ul><p>Luokan tulee valvoa, että sen sisältämien tavaroiden yhteispaino ei ylitä maksimipainoa. Jos maksimipaino ylittyisi lisättävän tavaran vuoksi, metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_tavara</code> ei saa lisätä uutta tavaraa laukkuun.</p><p>Seuraavassa on luokan käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aapiskukko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npuhelin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nokia 3210\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntiiliskivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tiiliskivi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nmatkalaukku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nmatkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nmatkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>puhelin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nmatkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tiiliskivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostuksen tulisi olla seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>0 tavaraa (0 kg)\n1 tavaraa (2 kg)\n2 tavaraa (3 kg)\n2 tavaraa (3 kg)</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"kielenhuoltoa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kielenhuoltoa<a href=\"#kielenhuoltoa\" aria-label=\"kielenhuoltoa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Ilmoitus \"1 tavaraa\" ei ole kovin hyvää suomea, vaan olisi parempi sanoa \"1 tavara\". Tee tämä muutos luokassa sijaitsevaan <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>-metodiin.</p><p>Nyt edellisen ohjelman tulostuksen tulisi olla seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>0 tavaraa (0 kg)\n1 tavara (2 kg)\n2 tavaraa (3 kg)\n2 tavaraa (3 kg)</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"kaikki-tavarat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kaikki tavarat<a href=\"#kaikki-tavarat\" aria-label=\"kaikki tavarat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Lisää luokkaan seuraavat metodit:</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">tulosta_tavarat</code>, joka tulostaa kaikki matkalaukussa olevat tavarat</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">paino</code>, joka palauttaa matkalaukun yhteispainoa kuvaavan kokonaisluvun, joka on sen sisältävien tavaroiden painojen summa</li>\n</ul><p>Seuraavassa on luokan käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aapiskukko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npuhelin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nokia 3210\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntiiliskivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tiiliskivi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nmatkalaukku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmatkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmatkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>puhelin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmatkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tiiliskivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Matkalaukussa on seuraavat tavarat:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmatkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_tavarat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npaino_yht <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paino<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Yhteispaino: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>paino_yht<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kg\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostuksen tulisi olla seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>Matkalaukussa on seuraavat tavarat:\nAapiskukko (2 kg)\nNokia 3210 (1 kg)\nTiiliskivi (4 kg)\nYhteispaino: 7 kg</p></sample-output><p>Muokkaa myös luokkaasi siten, että käytät vain kahta oliomuuttujaa. Toinen sisältää maksimipainon, toinen on lista laukussa olevista tavaroista.</p><h2 id=\"raskain-tavara\" style=\"position:relative;\">Raskain tavara<a href=\"#raskain-tavara\" aria-label=\"raskain tavara permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Lisää vielä luokkaan metodi <code class=\"language-text\">raskain_tavara</code>, joka palauttaa painoltaan suurimman tavaran. Jos yhtä raskaita tavaroita on useita, metodi voi palauttaa minkä tahansa niistä. Metodin tulee palauttaa olioviite. Jos laukku on tyhjä, palauta arvo <code class=\"language-text\">None</code>.</p><p>Seuraavassa on luokan käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aapiskukko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npuhelin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nokia 3210\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntiiliskivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tiiliskivi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nmatkalaukku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmatkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmatkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>puhelin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmatkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tiiliskivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nraskain <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>raskain_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Raskain tavara: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>raskain<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostuksen tulisi olla seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>Raskain tavara: Tiiliskivi (4 kg)</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"lastiruuma-luokka\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lastiruuma-luokka<a href=\"#lastiruuma-luokka\" aria-label=\"lastiruuma luokka permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Lastiruuma</code>, johon liittyvät seuraavat metodit:</p><ul>\n<li>konstruktori, jolle annetaan maksimipaino</li>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_matkalaukku</code>, joka lisää parametrina annetun matkalaukun lastiruumaan</li>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>, joka palauttaa merkkijonon muotoa \"x matkalaukkua, tilaa y kg\"</li>\n</ul><p>Luokan tulee valvoa, että sen matkalaukkujen yhteispaino ei ylitä maksimipainoa. Jos maksimipaino ylittyisi uuden matkalaukun vuoksi, metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_matkalaukku</code> ei saa lisätä uutta matkalaukkua.</p><p>Seuraavassa on luokan käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lastiruuma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Lastiruuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lastiruuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aapiskukko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npuhelin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nokia 3210\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntiiliskivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tiiliskivi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nadan_laukku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nadan_laukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nadan_laukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>puhelin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npekan_laukku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npekan_laukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tiiliskivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nlastiruuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>adan_laukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lastiruuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nlastiruuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_laukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lastiruuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>0 matkalaukkua, tilaa 1000 kg\n1 matkalaukku, tilaa 997 kg\n2 matkalaukkua, tilaa 993 kg</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"lastiruuman-sisalto\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lastiruuman sisältö<a href=\"#lastiruuman-sisalto\" aria-label=\"lastiruuman sisalto permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Lisää luokkaan metodi <code class=\"language-text\">tulosta_tavarat</code>, joka tulostaa kaikki lastiruuman matkalaukuissa olevat tavarat.</p><p>Seuraavassa on luokan käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aapiskukko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npuhelin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nokia 3210\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntiiliskivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tiiliskivi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nadan_laukku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nadan_laukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nadan_laukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>puhelin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npekan_laukku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npekan_laukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tiiliskivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nlastiruuma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Lastiruuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlastiruuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>adan_laukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlastiruuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_laukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ruuman matkalaukuissa on seuraavat tavarat:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlastiruuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_tavarat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostuksen tulisi olla seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>Ruuman matkalaukuissa on seuraavat tavarat:\nAapiskukko (2 kg)\nNokia 3210 (1 kg)\nTiiliskivi (4 kg)</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><p>Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:</p><div><quiz id=\"a85a3eb4-0bdf-5c7e-98f7-bbad2301c344\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-9/6-lisaa-esimerkkeja","title":"Lisää esimerkkejä"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-24/ohjelmointi-24/data/osa-9/6-lisaa-esimerkkeja.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"ae3f919c-e0e1-5769-80ca-bfeee4d9ae6c","frontmatter":{"path":"/arvostelu-ja-kokeet","title":"Arvostelu ja kokeet"}}},{"node":{"id":"65eddc4e-8d88-58a1-8861-c1b141751bac","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Tietoa kurssista"}}},{"node":{"id":"aaff084b-7c06-5e27-8f4f-8805a8fcd9e6","frontmatter":{"path":"/kaikki-tehtavat","title":"Kaikki tehtävät"}}},{"node":{"id":"2b270c44-dd2a-5ec8-8f24-5ef0769224e0","frontmatter":{"path":"/tuki","title":"Tukea tehtäviin"}}},{"node":{"id":"af358e54-3a2c-557b-bbcc-d9fa0c0365ab","frontmatter":{"path":"/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset","title":"Usein kysytyt kysymykset"}}},{"node":{"id":"5f1658c8-6212-5b41-8330-eeaf14eacf73","frontmatter":{"path":"/verkkotentti","title":"Verkkotentti 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Tavara"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Tiiliskivi\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\nadan_laukku "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" Matkalaukku"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"10"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nadan_laukku"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_tavara"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"kirja"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nadan_laukku"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_tavara"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"puhelin"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\npekan_laukku 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Matkalaukku"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"10"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\npekan_laukku"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_tavara"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"tiiliskivi"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\nlastiruuma "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" Lastiruuma"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1000"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nlastiruuma"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_matkalaukku"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"adan_laukku"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nlastiruuma"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"lisaa_matkalaukku"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"pekan_laukku"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Ruuman matkalaukuissa on seuraavat tavarat:\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nlastiruuma"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"tulosta_tavarat"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ohjelman tulostuksen tulisi olla seuraava:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ruuman matkalaukuissa on seuraavat tavarat:\nAapiskukko (2 kg)\nNokia 3210 (1 kg)\nTiiliskivi (4 kg)"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"a85a3eb4-0bdf-5c7e-98f7-bbad2301c344"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Oppimistavoitteet'><p>Tämän osion jälkeen</p><ul>\n<li>Tunnet lisää esimerkkejä luokista ja olioista</li>\n<li>Osaat käyttää parametrien oletusarvoja metodeissa</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Tarkastellaan seuraavaksi esimerkkiä, joka muodostuu kahdesta luokasta. Luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Piste</code> mallintaa yhtä pistettä kaksiulotteisessa koordinaatistossa ja luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Jana</code> kahden pisteen välistä janaa. Luokkien toiminta on kommentoitu koodiin.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">import</span> math\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Piste</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Luokka mallintaa pistettä kaksiulotteisessa koordinaatistossa \"\"\"</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> x<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">float</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Attribuutit ovat julkisia, koska mitkä tahansa arvot käyvät x:n ja y:n arvoiksi</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> x\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> y\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Luokkametodi palauttaa uuden pisteen paikassa (0, 0)</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Huomaa, että luokan sisältä voi palauttaa olion luokasta</span>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@classmethod</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">origo</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> Piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Luokkametodi muodostaa uuden pisteen annetun pisteen perusteella</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Uusi piste on peilikuva annetusta pisteestä jommankumman tai molempien akselien suhteen</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Esimerkiksi pisteen (1, 3) peilikuva x-akselin suhteen on (1, -3)</span>\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@classmethod</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">peilikuva</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>cls<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> peilaa_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">bool</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> peilaa_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">bool</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>x\n        y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>y\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> peilaa_x<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            y <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span>y\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> peilaa_y<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            x <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span>x\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> Piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"(</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">, </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">)\"</span></span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Jana</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Luokka mallintaa janaa kaksiulotteisessa koordinaatistossa \"\"\"</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> alku<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> loppu<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> Piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Attribuutit ovat julkisia, koska mitkä tahansa pisteet kelpaavat</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>alku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> alku\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>loppu <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> loppu\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Metodi laskee janan pituuden Pythagoraan lauseella</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">pituus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        summa <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>loppu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>x <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>alku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">**</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>loppu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>y <span class=\"token operator\">-</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>alku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">**</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> math<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sqrt<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>summa<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># Metodi palauttaa janan keskipisteen</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">keskipiste</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        keskix <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>alku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>x <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>loppu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>x<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n        keskiy <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>alku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>y <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>loppu<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>y<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">/</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> Piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>keskix<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> keskiy<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__str__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>alku<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> ... </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>loppu<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">piste <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\norigo <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>origo<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>origo<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npiste2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>peilikuva<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">True</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>piste2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\njana <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Jana<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>piste<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> piste2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jana<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>pituus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jana<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>keskipiste<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>jana<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>(1, 3)\n(0, 0)\n(-1, -3)\n6.324555320336759\n(0.0, 0.0)\n(1, 3) ... (-1, -3)</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"parametrien-oletusarvot\" style=\"position:relative;\">Parametrien oletusarvot<a href=\"#parametrien-oletusarvot\" aria-label=\"parametrien oletusarvot permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Pythonissa mille tahansa parametrille voidaan asettaa oletusarvo. Oletusarvoja voidaan käyttää sekä funktioiden että metodien parametreissa.</p><p>Jos parametrille on annettu oletusarvo, sille ei ole pakko antaa arvoa kutsuttaessa. Jos arvo annetaan, se syrjäyttää oletusarvon, ja jos arvoa ei anneta, käytetään oletusarvoa.</p><p>Oletusarvot ovat usein hyödyllisiä konstruktoreissa: jos on oletettavaa, ettei tiettyä tietoa ole aina olemassa oliota luodessa, on parempi antaa sille vakioarvo konstruktorissa kuin antaa tämä asiakkaan huoleksi. Tämä on asiakkaalle helpompaa ja myös ylläpitää olion sisäistä eheyttä, kun voidaan esimerkiksi olla varmoja, että \"tyhjä\" arvo on aina samanlainen (muuten se voisi olla esimerkiksi merkkijono <code class=\"language-text\">\"\"</code>, arvo <code class=\"language-text\">None</code> tai merkkijono <code class=\"language-text\">\"ei asetettu\"</code>).</p><p>Tarkastellaan esimerkkinä luokkaa, joka mallintaa opiskelijaa. Pakollisia kenttiä luodessa ovat opiskelijanumero ja nimi ja näistä opiskelijanumeroa ei pysty myöhemmin muuttamaan. Opintopisteet ja muistiinpanot voi halutessaan antaa oliota luodessa, mutta niille on myös asetettu oletusarvot. Luokan toiminta on kommentoitu suoraan ohjelmakoodin yhteyteen.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opiskelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token triple-quoted-string string\">\"\"\" Mallintaa yhtä opiskelijaa \"\"\"</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opiskelijanumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">str</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token builtin\">int</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> muistiinpanot<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token builtin\">str</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># kutsuu asetusmetodia</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelijanumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">&lt;</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Opiskelijanumerossa tulee olla vähintään 5 merkkiä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__opiskelijanumero <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opiskelijanumero\n\n        <span class=\"token comment\"># Kutsuu asetusmetodia</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> opintopisteet\n\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__muistiinpanot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> muistiinpanot\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">nimi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">nimi</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> nimi <span class=\"token operator\">!=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nimi ei voi olla tyhjä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">opiskelijanumero</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__opiskelijanumero\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">opintopisteet</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__opintopisteet\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">opintopisteet</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> op<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> op <span class=\"token operator\">>=</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__opintopisteet <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> op\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            <span class=\"token keyword\">raise</span> ValueError<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Opintopisteet ei voi olla negatiivinen luku\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@property</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">muistiinpanot</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__muistiinpanot\n\n    <span class=\"token decorator annotation punctuation\">@muistiinpanot<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>setter</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">muistiinpanot</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> muistiinpanot<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__muistiinpanot <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> muistiinpanot\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">yhteenveto</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Opiskelija </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> (</span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>opiskelijanumero<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">):\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"- opintopisteitä </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>__opintopisteet<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"- muistiinpanot: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>muistiinpanot<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token comment\"># Annetaan pelkkä nimi ja op.nro</span>\nopiskelija1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olli Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"12345\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nopiskelija1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yhteenveto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Annetaan nimi, op.nro ja opintopisteet</span>\nopiskelija2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Outi Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"54321\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">25</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nopiskelija2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yhteenveto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Annetaan kaikki tiedot</span>\nopiskelija3 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olavi Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"99999\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">140</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"lisäaika tentissä\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nopiskelija3<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yhteenveto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Ei anneta opintopisteitä, mutta annetaan muistiinpanot</span>\n<span class=\"token comment\"># Huomaa, että parametri pitää nyt nimetä, kun järjestys eroaa tavallisesta</span>\nopiskelija4 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Onerva Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"98765\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> muistiinpanot<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"poissaoleva lukuvuonna 20-21\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nopiskelija4<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>yhteenveto<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Opiskelija Olli Opiskelija (12345):</p><ul>\n<li>opintopisteitä 0</li>\n<li>muistiinpanot:</li>\n</ul><p>Opiskelija Outi Opiskelija (54321):</p><ul>\n<li>opintopisteitä 25</li>\n<li>muistiinpanot:</li>\n</ul><p>Opiskelija Olavi Opiskelija (99999):</p><ul>\n<li>opintopisteitä 140</li>\n<li>muistiinpanot: lisäaika tentissä</li>\n</ul><p>Opiskelija Onerva Opiskelija (98765):</p><ul>\n<li>opintopisteitä 0</li>\n<li>muistiinpanot: poissaoleva lukuvuonna 20-21</li>\n</ul></sample-output><p>Huomaa, että attribuutille opiskelijanumero ei ole määritelty asetusmetodia, koska ideana on, että opiskelijanumero ei voi muuttua.</p><p>Parametrien oletusarvojen käyttöön liittyy kuitenkin eräs huomattavan iso \"mutta\" joka ilmenee seuraavasti esimerkistä:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opiskelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tehdyt_kurssit<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehdyt_kurssit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tehdyt_kurssit\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_suoritus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehdyt_kurssit<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">opiskelija1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olli Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nopiskelija2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Outi Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nopiskelija1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohpe\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nopiskelija1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tira\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelija1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehdyt_kurssit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelija2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehdyt_kurssit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>['Ohpe', 'Tira']\n['Ohpe', 'Tira']</p></sample-output><p>Huomataan siis, että kurssisuorituksen lisääminen Ollille muuttaa myös Outin kurssisuorituksia. Ilmiö johtuu siitä, että Python uudelleenkäyttää oletusarvoa. Yllä oleva tapa luoda opiskelijat vastaa siis seuraavaa koodia:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kurssit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nopiskelija1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olli Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kurssit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nopiskelija2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Outi Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kurssit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Tästä johtuen parametrin oletusarvona ei koskaan tulisi käyttää monimutkaisempia tietorakenteita kuten listoja. Korjattu versio luokan <code class=\"language-text\">Opiskelija</code> konstruktorista on seuraava:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">class</span> <span class=\"token class-name\">Opiskelija</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">__init__</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tehdyt_kurssit<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> nimi\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> tehdyt_kurssit <span class=\"token keyword\">is</span> <span class=\"token boolean\">None</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehdyt_kurssit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n        <span class=\"token keyword\">else</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n            self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehdyt_kurssit <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> tehdyt_kurssit\n\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lisaa_suoritus</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>self<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        self<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehdyt_kurssit<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kurssi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">opiskelija1 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Olli Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nopiskelija2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Opiskelija<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Outi Opiskelija\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nopiskelija1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ohpe\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nopiskelija1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_suoritus<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tira\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelija1<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehdyt_kurssit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>opiskelija2<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tehdyt_kurssit<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>['Ohpe', 'Tira']\n[]</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"loppuhuipennus\" style=\"position:relative;\">Loppuhuipennus<a href=\"#loppuhuipennus\" aria-label=\"loppuhuipennus permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Vaikka seuraava tehtävä on tässä luvussa, et tarvitse tehtävän ratkaisemiseen mitään muuta kun luvussa <a href=\"/osa-9/2-oliot-attribuuttina\">Oliot attribuuttina</a> esiteltyjä tekniikoita. Tehtävä on käytännössä hyvin samanlainen kuin tuon luvun  tehtävät <a href=\"/osa-9/2-oliot-attribuuttina#programming-exercise-lahjapakkaus\">lahjapakkaus</a> ja <a href=\"/osa-9/2-oliot-attribuuttina#programming-exercise-huoneen-lyhin\">huoneen lyhin</a>.</p><programming-exercise name='Tavara, Matkalaukku ja Lastiruuma' tmcname='osa09-15_tavara_matkalaukku_lastiruuma'><p>Tässä tehtäväsarjassa tehdään luokat <code class=\"language-text\">Tavara</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">Matkalaukku</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">Lastiruuma</code>, joiden avulla harjoitellaan lisää olioita, jotka sisältävät toisia olioita.</p><h2 id=\"tavara-luokka\" style=\"position:relative;\">Tavara-luokka<a href=\"#tavara-luokka\" aria-label=\"tavara luokka permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Tavara</code>, josta muodostetut oliot vastaavat erilaisia tavaroita. Tallennettavat tiedot ovat tavaran nimi ja paino (kg).</p><p>Luokan tulee toimia seuraavasti</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aapiskukko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npuhelin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nokia 3210\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kirjan nimi:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>nimi<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kirjan paino:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paino<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kirja:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Puhelin:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> puhelin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostuksen tulisi olla seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>Kirjan nimi: Aapiskukko\nKirjan paino: 2\nKirja: Aapiskukko (2 kg)\nPuhelin: Nokia 3210 (1 kg)</p></sample-output><p>Tavaralla on siis metodit <code class=\"language-text\">paino</code> ja <code class=\"language-text\">nimi</code> jotka palauttavat tavaran tiedot.</p><p>Luokan tulee tallentaa tieto nimestä ja painosta kapseloituna, eli seuraava ei saa onnistua:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aapiskukko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nkirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paino <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span></code></pre></div><h2 id=\"matkalaukku-luokka\" style=\"position:relative;\">Matkalaukku-luokka<a href=\"#matkalaukku-luokka\" aria-label=\"matkalaukku luokka permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Matkalaukku</code>. Matkalaukkuun liittyy tavaroita ja maksimipaino, joka määrittelee tavaroiden suurimman mahdollisen yhteispainon.</p><p>Lisää luokkaan seuraavat:</p><ul>\n<li>konstruktori, jolle annetaan maksimipaino</li>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_tavara</code>, joka lisää parametrina annettavan tavaran matkalaukkuun. Metodi ei palauta mitään arvoa.</li>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>, joka palauttaa merkkijonon muotoa \"x tavaraa (y kg)\"</li>\n</ul><p>Luokan tulee valvoa, että sen sisältämien tavaroiden yhteispaino ei ylitä maksimipainoa. Jos maksimipaino ylittyisi lisättävän tavaran vuoksi, metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_tavara</code> ei saa lisätä uutta tavaraa laukkuun.</p><p>Seuraavassa on luokan käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aapiskukko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npuhelin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nokia 3210\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntiiliskivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tiiliskivi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nmatkalaukku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nmatkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nmatkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>puhelin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nmatkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tiiliskivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostuksen tulisi olla seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>0 tavaraa (0 kg)\n1 tavaraa (2 kg)\n2 tavaraa (3 kg)\n2 tavaraa (3 kg)</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"kielenhuoltoa\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kielenhuoltoa<a href=\"#kielenhuoltoa\" aria-label=\"kielenhuoltoa permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Ilmoitus \"1 tavaraa\" ei ole kovin hyvää suomea, vaan olisi parempi sanoa \"1 tavara\". Tee tämä muutos luokassa sijaitsevaan <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>-metodiin.</p><p>Nyt edellisen ohjelman tulostuksen tulisi olla seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>0 tavaraa (0 kg)\n1 tavara (2 kg)\n2 tavaraa (3 kg)\n2 tavaraa (3 kg)</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"kaikki-tavarat\" style=\"position:relative;\">Kaikki tavarat<a href=\"#kaikki-tavarat\" aria-label=\"kaikki tavarat permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Lisää luokkaan seuraavat metodit:</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">tulosta_tavarat</code>, joka tulostaa kaikki matkalaukussa olevat tavarat</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">paino</code>, joka palauttaa matkalaukun yhteispainoa kuvaavan kokonaisluvun, joka on sen sisältävien tavaroiden painojen summa</li>\n</ul><p>Seuraavassa on luokan käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aapiskukko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npuhelin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nokia 3210\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntiiliskivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tiiliskivi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nmatkalaukku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmatkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmatkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>puhelin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmatkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tiiliskivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Matkalaukussa on seuraavat tavarat:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmatkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_tavarat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npaino_yht <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>paino<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Yhteispaino: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>paino_yht<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\"> kg\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostuksen tulisi olla seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>Matkalaukussa on seuraavat tavarat:\nAapiskukko (2 kg)\nNokia 3210 (1 kg)\nTiiliskivi (4 kg)\nYhteispaino: 7 kg</p></sample-output><p>Muokkaa myös luokkaasi siten, että käytät vain kahta oliomuuttujaa. Toinen sisältää maksimipainon, toinen on lista laukussa olevista tavaroista.</p><h2 id=\"raskain-tavara\" style=\"position:relative;\">Raskain tavara<a href=\"#raskain-tavara\" aria-label=\"raskain tavara permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Lisää vielä luokkaan metodi <code class=\"language-text\">raskain_tavara</code>, joka palauttaa painoltaan suurimman tavaran. Jos yhtä raskaita tavaroita on useita, metodi voi palauttaa minkä tahansa niistä. Metodin tulee palauttaa olioviite. Jos laukku on tyhjä, palauta arvo <code class=\"language-text\">None</code>.</p><p>Seuraavassa on luokan käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aapiskukko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npuhelin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nokia 3210\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntiiliskivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tiiliskivi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nmatkalaukku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmatkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmatkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>puhelin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nmatkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tiiliskivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nraskain <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>raskain_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string-interpolation\"><span class=\"token string\">f\"Raskain tavara: </span><span class=\"token interpolation\"><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>raskain<span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span></span><span class=\"token string\">\"</span></span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostuksen tulisi olla seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>Raskain tavara: Tiiliskivi (4 kg)</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"lastiruuma-luokka\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lastiruuma-luokka<a href=\"#lastiruuma-luokka\" aria-label=\"lastiruuma luokka permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Tee luokka <code class=\"language-text\">Lastiruuma</code>, johon liittyvät seuraavat metodit:</p><ul>\n<li>konstruktori, jolle annetaan maksimipaino</li>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_matkalaukku</code>, joka lisää parametrina annetun matkalaukun lastiruumaan</li>\n<li>metodi <code class=\"language-text\">__str__</code>, joka palauttaa merkkijonon muotoa \"x matkalaukkua, tilaa y kg\"</li>\n</ul><p>Luokan tulee valvoa, että sen matkalaukkujen yhteispaino ei ylitä maksimipainoa. Jos maksimipaino ylittyisi uuden matkalaukun vuoksi, metodi <code class=\"language-text\">lisaa_matkalaukku</code> ei saa lisätä uutta matkalaukkua.</p><p>Seuraavassa on luokan käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lastiruuma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Lastiruuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lastiruuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aapiskukko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npuhelin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nokia 3210\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntiiliskivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tiiliskivi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nadan_laukku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nadan_laukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nadan_laukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>puhelin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npekan_laukku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npekan_laukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tiiliskivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nlastiruuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>adan_laukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lastiruuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nlastiruuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_laukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lastiruuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>0 matkalaukkua, tilaa 1000 kg\n1 matkalaukku, tilaa 997 kg\n2 matkalaukkua, tilaa 993 kg</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"lastiruuman-sisalto\" style=\"position:relative;\">Lastiruuman sisältö<a href=\"#lastiruuman-sisalto\" aria-label=\"lastiruuman sisalto permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Lisää luokkaan metodi <code class=\"language-text\">tulosta_tavarat</code>, joka tulostaa kaikki lastiruuman matkalaukuissa olevat tavarat.</p><p>Seuraavassa on luokan käyttöesimerkki:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">kirja <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Aapiskukko\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npuhelin <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Nokia 3210\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntiiliskivi <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tiiliskivi\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nadan_laukku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nadan_laukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kirja<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nadan_laukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>puhelin<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\npekan_laukku <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\npekan_laukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_tavara<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tiiliskivi<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nlastiruuma <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> Lastiruuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">1000</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlastiruuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>adan_laukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlastiruuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>lisaa_matkalaukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>pekan_laukku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ruuman matkalaukuissa on seuraavat tavarat:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlastiruuma<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>tulosta_tavarat<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><p>Ohjelman tulostuksen tulisi olla seuraava:</p><sample-output><p>Ruuman matkalaukuissa on seuraavat tavarat:\nAapiskukko (2 kg)\nNokia 3210 (1 kg)\nTiiliskivi (4 kg)</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><p>Vastaa lopuksi osion loppukyselyyn:</p><div><quiz 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class="Sidebar__SidebarContainer-ufe7yk-1 SePEO"><div class="Sidebar__Brand-ufe7yk-4 jkfuJR">Ohjelmoinnin perusteet ja jatkokurssi 2024</div><nav class="Sidebar__TreeViewContainer-ufe7yk-3 dyqBWG"><ul class="TreeView__StyledUl-sc-1xcycfy-0 klCPuJ"><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAQEAAAECCAMAAADJppJhAAAAulBMVEVHcEwAAAD6+vr7+/sLCwsAAAAAAAAEBAQAAAAFBQX19fX////9/f3////t7e37+/v////+/v78/Pz+/v7e3t7x8fHIyMiQkJDc3Nz4+Pji4uL/////qw7/rRP//vr/+/T/rxf/sR//9+b/+e7/tCf/w1L/ty//zW7///7/wEn/5LL/4an/0n3/ujn/7cv/6sL/8NL/2I7/57r/xlv/vUD/9N//yWL/1YX/3qD/2pT/3Jr/z3X/8tj/y2nGlZScAAAAG3RSTlMABHudCwMJAQUCbfbI/ESs7eG41jNZHBkliwrYKOoTAAAdXklEQVR42txca3eiSBDdNbM7OybRPDSZREHeyFsQBUX//9/amCjS3dUPQE0y9WWOOQlQl6pbt6ra+euvS9pPIfvrT7SfDexP9f0Xx/4sHBie/0MYA4lv7z3D77/fjIHFt0WBdB5xmW0EEN8OBdx7zPX/OIYBgaPw3dyvOv9fLavC8H1AALxn+f5vxVg4ACh8E/ch7/8VMBoKXxsE0H2a6z+oRgMCBOGr+k96L+A5FQkShS+IAdN90ven3rD7cvVw83h3d319fTsa3b79c3d3f/PQf+kOe08kDl8chIr/++DHvC/9GQw7/ce7N5fZdnv32O8MBxgMVRAO6fAlMED9J9zfO/Hc6/Tvua5jQNw/dHrPVRQwEL4EBkT4A94Puv37UWO773cHAApEMny2/zT337y/G7W264cDCjAIn4UBw/+Px+1dncD7g91d9Y4gfAkMYP9L95+HD9ejE9vtzfAZA+ETMSgBePcfe/3Pw8fb0XnssftMBMIHBpeFAPK/fP29m3O5f4gEIhAujQHL/9+nD36IGX9/KgYVAjjk/8H/7v3oQnbfRTB454OSDi4WABX/37O/fz26oF33D4yAYHD2MCATYO//08Pt6NJ2M0AxqKTCRQKgGv+Dm9Gn2GMXzYVzhwEtAAaPo0+z++7lwgAMgB39f6L/IAbnCgOK/8/N4l/fhIm3jn3ft3fm+9kqd6NQkxvlwoCCwbkB2NFQv+bDalGebR1LGdPMCMxinWxqIvHwQYnnhKDCAJUAeKnB/3KY2446FjQpWMaJVkMpXlXD4MgG5w2AgbD+WXhFKo3rm7VchaLRcNc9YxjgAHwEwINg3HtbY9zCFHM1m4rJg2MYnBiCPQBoAHREBKAc+cH4BKZu3YlIKrzgYXAaCMAAEKgAcmKr45OZYua6QFV4hsLg1AAIBcA0PKX7e3Y0PW4k3HbKMDgRBBUKOGYANwA2mTU+iynLiMsGz8dMOAEZlABUMmDImf7JnjM+o1krTjZcd6uZ0BICjAPfA+CKQ/2ZMT6zSdsZXx9VM6E5BBAA7AzYbKXxJcxMmAXyrncaCAAAekwKnM3HF7PAZWLQOQUEKADvFPDCumlkji9qbAyuDmTQHIIjACUHslTgZj6+uAUuWyEe+LAZBDgAP348MdoAbVuHyVTDstI0tSyrrWZwZkJk0AQCEgAGBUx8RaTbmxexF800VNXo2izxYttpWkG2mggZ1IeABKBDv5HLe3prGbvcjl/eeL7ZAAclpl/5pTkEBAB0DlyYbDkfR7p4mz/SXN+pW1CDkM2HCARNAaDKIDmTWN6HTaZek9odpU0Fud8MAnEAZkHLhpYaC2uzTigYCUMf1ocA0wH0YaAcU55StSN51NZ0rw4I9oRVFetBgACw+wENgE0Kk/7cbe/+PhJWqXjHROsab/Z+/S0KQaUb/PgBDQAPLIFWrI9OaeFWEZUZGQX4m9eDb2LzghKA/WcKB0zsBh1Ls2xYidZIR2NHwZt9QCCWA2wAFgAFSvbmPFsh2ROsDUYkAAEnCHAAKDrAJUNTKbTR+SwRIwQpp1QEYQgEAYiB939O/2tgUMBkcCUKwYEE9h9hKSyTbdBywZucaqG7zort3DSd1DHN+bbIVm60qFE1pp4QHzgwE79gELBDgA2ATowB05CVxDPPn1u0yi5ZZpGHgtppEovUhQB+G50KBNQgOOTA/mMPrtE4K6n5lL4vKlKRh5YC2xNiUW0pwoezphDsASg/g+cCFpagJp+4dr2RubH1BKREInBRFS4JPS4VfJBA+RGsgxtDSInVlPVlLDirBTcVfP6VFbBNeORRwUcIlB9BEpipAmpcz9ssDNI1LxJCfhhILrsggEGAATAUAADqyKbRXBm3M2nOUZawHhWAoFORxyQEKACv93wATB1QsCfZFXO7C1dtBkEPhYAMgeNHqB1aIBwgxcSL0nxlfCrjSMwFF2kJ4oLHV3oeoABAJKAZbL5d2FSKUgNzp4Dy3MvzfPUmjJyAj5W0XbTKBCXiUwE1ByAloCOoB/gb0grQf2OeeTNQ8Ghh7nPOFUnMOFjzaoIK6YIuBQIsBwAlICP8PsecmmTkO5VSn38WauExVYOSMeRixCMDA7j93W84D1AAACUwRcRYgVEAqdjVrSs8KVnkjPJhePS6sOGVxWDCahOrQYCSQhe4WVa98Ap7ELz8q0VYc1AycefUmHbodKDx+HAuM0piNQhQUgQKoVuNbo85L5eWSaMxoZ6n9XciOk97+cAf/SYrIgoAkAMblVposXm5EbeYE8xoM8GU2jZNeAtrl5EH/5RBgAAAiMFJQCuz0xUSAIHXckqsZTC7KTm1+eZAoC4Y9eAQBKg0Ag6JLGkRoM9rHGoQZAQKBnO9IQQAG94yOyRAC+U0DkBaFMs70ZhYh5WlRVuUyxwusJm6iEQAKFaVB1rTFgbq6lRbkt0dwdMYikcLG84EMaGTIRAEJA3KlevHVQrwq3PCE89J4TlIRokyna0LVK1GEAyZSmBbBX4usrfcPd7MXWe771EUfrzyIk0sV+A5yJISaAu2OjTJM4fIxKyKAHlSaHZ8Eqdy/0kl+ba0OVm02qbEsynWPEsE9CI4B6EMgkchu0fwGBMzVAt0WTlgVe6uHX+sgo34NMyYJyGCIuENiMHuL6VA4LHzQGeMTZFaSFbC1fHdVbhYO76fdAHNiQqB0b6y5J0wgHazAYVxfOa9lsSgAJ6WkyGgKVAkVQDYkpmpxcIzYtVmn4+dAVeytCY1kZgVvIII3DC00BaaFEgrsmWd1xsSp0wZqQNyJ4ATQWOyYcrYIbEKQXhEfgKUX2IoPXXTcW2zcgYGwIZunMLJkzDvgq+1bqEgIArBtPRHOl5ALsugil/VbTgmNehbp9E0AyoCDJldSxkOSQB+Mwg2O/5wS1tOhS22BAHjixOxkNDdBSeLfwxiWERyISEH5fKKgUwWBwPtWHXwXK1h2nHuJlEYJW4eFyb9Ged0Vbkmf3tVXxXoDElA6whyIAeSw01UFACPVD4OJHzeVNKc0gCvp+IQSLAKLRgIECOGm5+8UiiXNb0g5Sc6h9XndU4TypFv1TkGhM3oqG3/G74MGUL+wROvFJbIGxNCIUpI3ibYjR3ucbppaANqR6V1fwDJpXI9aaiQv/+CBsGAzgIeKbyqjyoXjc5TTdZAINiy8BjEB3/RFO+ORte/EAReqMPRtMzPSALujk7q6pwnmnokBinlz/VApO1ndIkJ80ABOCBOCUFZVhuT0iS+MfpiVMemOZG4RijaABugNozgYescPGFWTYMeVQ6aBNMit3aEzjfXmAMolK/OuIKqIIEgoCjpV1YSLAk5GUIsOBM53MzuflLBM4EFv92hbZJMSk89ZCSBruDhIwcQBa05cwIBI7+isIZ/j6CCQKYcOVMFF28VSTCgzgVCXB+ht11zzrAJWYSzQS4o+da03MrL8Qz769qv9Bn5AW+nDAqV0IfvBCXBy+SaA3JH5AAIOQVR6dO2Seit45XHOarYo8qhGbF08gl9WN3i+y1n5TImeZRQrPXxW86k+4c0eKWhbU2xYRGJ+ia2s1n7+XjGX/0D9UBpOaW//UWrhRa+ICg4mdfe1iKql2jAi5Z3HVBqYVn4dKw0WPLoUhCAAT4jmsSWQdClTId8vBRm1ME71TYufoxCXxc2ayoYC1R7Yp+WtUPgMDO+piTBQeNN9oUgEF6OLhxi7Z+rzAUo0QEaEI1viHIwaQfBK0gDi8PVZUwLECEwoZSj/ZGLyhhlWjA7e2jiXQgFwfoURNChZKSNdUmGjMoOU9mNgqBTIw6xqfB5Su49T9Azm1C4hIQwPAUR9Ck4Jxj/xMgwwqB3xAtiPumKvbUInbRAv5Ly5uD17EMY4/+5jIolQUHyLiph1JxW3HXguVlvreA29Z5Yiyhsv4CmYINVgqlB9NjEzGY5gZi0fEFIFZMY9QCVfSnAvBO8+1XbVegnYEaaY/1JRB7LWjKXuiFxlAt9tawannCDYCs0LBK2HrAosLEHtQms19CkdwqFcg69N6aINjnTPYwrWqdBBzhFvO8LrcNnA9+dbsqlwdJUSIKTVfzcTS4y2QBlHzB1lfF5mdHqCNduVIYnmoRWshmeBFOnMhQ67orKWpkQ2jblHemgVnxfJA1aVYNrEoEQe6crrEcoK9tyiopZDyAJG1LzbBGDVHxDFugQ47aqkEKEMzQxHbwilwPTDN3RI0k/h/YdnCdOORmjC+wC6hUDuC061KypirUgIb69nJrIYsrDH46oX5y5Rs6TxgF/H1RPF8N5GGA0kGByR5kQImVNkrkDVQ5OU48gZohMjVsRwZBAIECJMMe3zw5Rg3SpEvKahKv2wytTqOeaWFy4EJCF65blENbEMQr4/8RdeX+aWhNO07S5aZom6U170xoERHYEcUFx+f5f641R4JyZOQuCvzf/dTFyHmZ5ZjkzY/iGMuzDPRzle43/tlbSAo7ohGuNELkTI/h8e0XbmZh/5SEgJJzu5YycTGDrRuUaikga8TA/I/Y37AlGYKn6pFrGRjTAKS8SPqgkzCkWk6Lo1W60Isq0H3iiiKOQKeyCwBNEIOP13oGW3yf6WCp/Edf/XBur2lda5pRRDfmPr4ijUJqkU7YQIhDxsCJXsKDMr1t5zJOVsOsMQd3mVzTqa6ueqVQQ40SvgqgdH5PeeAwIWP0cxyMaJvVI++rT+2El+24TJY60hXamCP1Kdet0K1JIZmwnIAx0eCvlkdY7DCbVU8NS4DtkDZcbtjGFaw13WPaJwIq316c/GgHPCEMyoLPjOpBeYOY6FHe2wR9Lng+f9Vo9+31F6ticpwM2+PK9lKrvcUPPgbQYiOVkRbinCN1YziBRunR/AQQKPhQdAwFMJC/tI5AuCGttwxTJh4oZK7m78zVKR/M+EfB5BAqAwIYWTQ/oPOTuC+7Nnkx3VY7dSOuDhQYC7gUQ8HnXOwaGMpdFtO4A1YJzDqaId2rjtggsUYquCwKvV2Tg5fOeXoVACK13SfS0TnjnVXfqWFIE9hoyEF7QDrjAEua0HXChzscwQGLPteGrCq40SeL/nxE4aYEB7MBWgsACO6yE/085W46lbkd7ck+XXdQO5Lx1rWy6yVNGaHwLqPNTgrXOuUPlklygJWc70UUR2PC/0wcuPKLDuwLq/JIo6xSsYDd94Lk8Exgr8midvSHkhDF/xATEHikd3BRQ502CsPisec8lDWGZIgWW95oigQjMeONfgkTUiE5eFUhvjTdUO0sYoXVsCevdSC+HEM32nTpJYGyY8h5qDbhpYJDWa44iVYbYVqWGFZP1qNGwHHkqlAqlw14jI5gfGPGmL4O2ZkLKnYtKuRPsq5o7SsyV/q2iYuAqwgaBN+mQI6pe8o6nX95AQJMhAgV+TyUyYE1PPtUMZhpyZ+gobxN2yhNWvviUmKhSHXVKpCRTNy56HXOc8G6cmCe1YZEiQZKpL5J1yRVXhykBOUlBZJrTCNTlRf8NpQXxk9P9gHsQZSldgd3FDOB6AR0a1SeuUtUTGgEXZFpYOZ5iBCgrwJXHQ1VFpTMpxjWjnCcEK0g6XEr3XGSVS5zGXL5p9QVHCisf2L321uK64YkQWAGfkapLJBsqZnNR3jrGfT6O3oUxV1E0w6LUKVGKa8eA8zjwVY4oFXZRfWNGxPeGjggsVfKdq++TtqOEoma6GGSsEshHtgQCK5zLi8V+PFGVS8jbJqij0O7SRnPoIflJS6EPnqhu16nk21hiVjxFomQ4Qi5HXhHhas8UYRy99RoXHfqIrgfSikEEaYdpY/n2UVPTkJBjX6OXZK8ycahc0rl4jhqrYeXQgI+T4GLVFj/xGB9zrW4e53svlzpK0M0M/CDu2Jgg+AlhI3stqM1sjhX2kCF+PNNW6XjAna8Y6HgCb9DRFeB7Vgve3ZXokX0kpcfBTXOcxiiEEuxStTMuLjaol7vVvIOtHxsTTaUrXqlHqJTfWKuatR+2WvCjeT5Gm3q8KWMGPJHXhneWKu/hWL2GRafe8l8CQ5BCE54hS9BMPXNmUGmHebiFx6ynPnuUivPXSilHQJABr1NL6fF+wW8BMU+gAatJf5PkW7S85TL68LVWYir9AJn2GOIpE91uGr3Qt47nvBo07W0p4rxVZ6n+z3STCyb5btT37dY64zVaMkLKEMTgwD4mqfPervw1EZGhvGNDiEC3htLqrhm8YVC9dB95oNoSMEOwVv0AAAYHkKk/zIY6Jcia+4avggi8ZgAhviY1e+sXAjA8wqWUy7F7toP1nVNkCGLAAGbEq2Hambbdh7SCHVGeowya+rhsV987RoagUoMqTRJMsPtj7xoVHe89wkH0FnkNJcUAiC5cOtks26mzh/XdczyWzge2MCICMXY+zKJTRx+8fE/PHxgSg9/I4MrMT/9zrFoz+SoeyZUCZt4IARPvszsd7A73nZYLLdFOMABkcJWyDsNOHGmxRDyZbwKis8YSMNdmub0eyZmaEKCZZvQNDGruGgUV3LcjGaX8KJtKhm7eNlrPjAfk1ht5Z3V2LkO9SzMOMXOMGgYQ4OhZqKIvDAJoCkUVyNZCsDOoYIxfcdV+cPMQryqja4ABNcda607qGzFLEisBoQYJTAlvSRbCL1GwEqedAqDJIoIhLNScRjI7NiTH3pErTdiVf5QaVBFwLQTM6DvWWZn8y2mx6HG4xk8rWElGTKR6/6qlXuDA53JoT0BNYagDtTnBAtlBKXCSqHIl1QnhFaHYoqlGU2rUFqUuwgmFBG+9Vw3prBU/I4JXbtDXDN0CTRSLTJYbcqipaK4XOXEupL5iJQCAup8NZ7W+CKP1OhZgZ8SHJgr6eRD2sUAdzGxFz7QVzvUaebo6MBIvxZmKAmPJkMpq3lTjdVmXzEFwGjICUZiv4pQZVm/uZqW/EI1TFc5qpTfWkJWyuRAA7Dd+aszs9lFxi7XIPASjvfC77bG3WEy8sXSRlyeMckkJoLvJI8kXZAo7SA5prGXKJb0ymCOfnjGvuhbpXEgolyQAE1OTNAn7EJ6JmdXXYidcixy3LgIOUT93ZrWxFbOIlDwVPdBGNrS6kPFBsUOsZ2I0MTG72giN1DxrbrmVjLQTRxVkJGuQDS5HdvOBnF1/LVasJhbIuMomskf6m9pPclRKWGSQ02aTnF84ku1MQHTgD73vGAkBaIYmiDeey+dstAeY2/tMxhtMwW5fskgUyPYaYUr4eqUpBHXfHzOZMVcGXkudVbfjvWIB2lRgVugW2lL2XcgVPom2fj+JfzFDhFcaRMacJaFkZ9+8VM00DErBx+kCRWa0MYNcZkAhBE2lj0kLrPS4zHAa5X7IT9ryQj+faQRPS5FQz0nBkW6wIEqU30QIENstm2KmL6TftnSj13C0S7P3n+luqRs7BxuR/OxJAORrrXAa4UEIALXdsaRyUlDrwh4GdTIORUgsfBLqQLoOnaCP12IEiDW/jZFlsxcx0Ls2A8tVcbP4PEmgm0OVpgb+lQCA6sico2VHyKKQuGV+SHj+rdCmiaZZb6SEMx20sAKC9X6NnWWzTXg6tpTdaZ5fsjRalD+KpZ63HOg7AvGKx5xMuBFLRg2/kz2Y7iWHmex0Ss46ucS/CgR+SRO17P6SIaV/YXxm3cCMpVxSVJiTA0DFkLwOUOu9iFWvzKZTbonPzG7PdWn3l/nSnVTWZnAOAFQM+agEgFx5zYQdXPJ9RBOXsT9rIQnDzFdsghNpwGBttLWC97/5de+6ejBIGwvFrVQXchfLzVONaVnDaemqoklDOBa9lH8wHih0QAAAqQesuPFVjaU4KLPCJJ4KYQiW0crViKUnona5IJF/MFeUCm9vhQhQesB5Xf53R1IZNjzXz+NZunScAxims5xmcbmdT/SW4Ik3Xg8L+Se3xGee/17J9txK1prAqJhfu0NvJe3lR1yKHCnSEGQM+UMTAJIX8eQTLKBaFhc5f5i2TCAqmnb/8ADcytwCZQq4nt4xYGhTt/fzT2babTcYAFNuBIht1/DPlCkIWAgMuH44nfd6/oVkibipEjkSgOffPABQCcBfkKaATwy4UEd3vtXX+V1ZO0aq2qRKqgBTKCQBQBBcqz0wXsXm6K95lVG5rezSBF7/g4wgCcC1VAdO7lEDAp6F4QRZMCs6CkK4lvLJnbImQWcRPl+pRABD8Jlm4pYqQWbG7tnecbKSd0qrBUDQhvOoAQCG4FHHD4WUxDpRYbevnoW5qlE8UyqZQRaV2bSQBIAPCO4UuQJczjboPrphmrst9GGyjZTB1EjNOgS78Z5eGQBkXOgAzh2Dwd9n2hkB3z/eiDYzTjd7Nfsdu1q74M2VGlBR41zDBb9IRQBD8HpPnwzGJJ4kXz7cRfk+9IjHH0/myTrTSy8ONxq71EVplGtNHaAgeBFlJuCBJpEqLeIs01kUr9fler2OZ9l01GLU9HCts0telEZpA8DRFLAQ/BAVdZBTmsSX2vdE7kTFafGpDgB3KgBOQnCnogVkllBaCj8/f7zScivCDn8EgAKBEwRfGCl40HdNlj/t+fxpocUtxJuCGQC+aAFQQ/BFZQ7fpZPqW1ms+xMEZ6PZmOOOegSggeDTP1Uh6UnY5UIZKKuI+rAIZjTXpJbWOugVAAKCv0IITLrIZRdRt4s3TjzXplPirfH3P84DgIDg9llc6AlFyeJyet4NrGBatggsxuL7dkxC4Es7AD4QOEFwwuD2u/iB10Jbbc8303YKEezWxbhFLGGtxLJWXae8+udTBYA2AhwERxBuHyUiK6l3KlLmHHeME7dlPLWX1Gq/39zcfP16eP4zAIAQfP36/tseZT57r4jYvHf+O9vR78vcZetEN3uu3bfxsxsAGIJ3DK4fZIkLrSyh5S3cwt8mySrPkyTxC3fhnZtQCWWJtIfrw/m7AMBC8KmC4OVJmrzZX6xq0Pb8g/uXCoBPZwMAIfjQhP/+lTeA9Zcp7ZJIfbeB/9Ua0AEAEoKbzyoOP7788S1fMX3m800/ANAQ/LhXWPQ4vOz5vVzRq3P/qzcAagjuaggOmvBd2QyztS91fI1rXEcNqAC46wYAA8HRJRzF4NuD0rVrU/p2ZaRS2ar18KcWgKMT6AhAky/gNOHlWYPYr91+QVDl0Y8Z0RegAXddz09BcMDgz4NWcFf0pA4aefRjUeCG1YCeAED2UF8MPlqEVouuojDex3oZh+cXRgM620CBMWDE4NuDZrBjzpKzUfCKje7ctQMLJASgDwAwBEcxeP2uH/KZWVl47WAYu0nUokf1+/+6Na+dhmEoDLdxurKc0SwhgSrBBZRSJARVef8HI8uOZ600m3NTqbWlfp9/HydREjYAHQogmwE+E4prA6/Rne/j5/HydVJeNuYvHl3PzR61eU4dgPwM6KwFqGKgG+Ydz34/3n4vxT3RobZxeD69vvy8X4/n7+ZP2ExD7zcAMgW5gzi1H1rVU/mKWYuyQUwGoC8BlQKBgwi0dNCWP5Lwdy2AiQHpIBnRAUwo/v4CcDsGYzmwQaIPFwA2BoyDKDWH5jfTiOXvNwCCGFAOYs0bkt/VYl22AfoUQMSAdlBIcPyh+H2nwqf5dwPw0zFAWwE7SFJ3gOVPE4qf3gD9C1A40EPYa0cwYaiPzS9zgCXEht/T0WD7Rkzjj8RPKigdsEHIJHSeBLPCp5a/4h9egNQBISEEHR4OHghZ/JH5FQ5KCfregB10Rhcaex3jT4efcyCWkFkAwd1twQ4Aohfgj85fO+CDQFuIHQ0GDRuDGUDNiQX0/PKPyM874CUgC9nFQqgBy1PmwfYsoIUJnrYW4U+Hn3FQBaGWUFmoNWS3EE5opAD6VuC5btEmsg8vsHwIUiN0ImLomqHP8dHyT4dfLQFZoDwoCk/ZzgFf5ICzUGu4aYIcteXpp8tPOCgloJ5AW2BEyIqZslwSex/jT45fIkFoQWRDMmRJL/608WkJpIVSg8zDLfYSnqGfMr5QQmWh0qAWgcatSPoZ4TMSkAWkoRYhLzx0x9LPBZ+zgDUQIkgh3Jf1+M1c6QUWSA9CFyv6d2rqYta1YWqnKHb84p/U5o4a6K/9Ae9sSD7tEoRTAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" 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class="Sidebar__SidebarContainer-ufe7yk-1 SePEO"><div class="Sidebar__Brand-ufe7yk-4 jkfuJR">Ohjelmoinnin perusteet ja jatkokurssi 2024</div><nav class="Sidebar__TreeViewContainer-ufe7yk-3 dyqBWG"><ul class="TreeView__StyledUl-sc-1xcycfy-0 klCPuJ"><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" 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class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki 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class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img 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class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tietoa-kurssista"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki 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class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img 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class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" 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class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" 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class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" 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class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tietoa kurssista</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/arvostelu-ja-kokeet"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" 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class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img 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ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Arvostelu ja kokeet</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-kaikki-tehtävät"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/kaikki-tehtavat"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Kaikki tehtävät</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-tukea-tehtäviin"><a aria-current="page" active="t" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 ddReQ" href="/tuki"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Tukea tehtäviin</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Usein kysytyt kysymykset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-yleiset-virheilmoitukset"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/virheilmoitukset"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Yleiset virheilmoitukset</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-1"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-1"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 1</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-2"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-2"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 2</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-3"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-3"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 3</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-4"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-4"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 4</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-5"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-5"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 5</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-6"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-6"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 6</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-7"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-7"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 7</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__Centered-sc-1jcweii-10 dtgDlG"><hr class="MuiDivider-root TreeViewItem__StyledDivider-sc-1jcweii-9 blWUwH"/><b>Ohjelmoinnin jatkokurssi</b></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-8"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-8"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 8</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-9"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-9"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 9</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-10"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-10"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 10</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-11"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-11"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 11</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-12"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-12"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 12</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-13"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-13"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 13</div></li></a></div><div class="TreeViewItem__ItemTitleWrapper-sc-1jcweii-6 iTrTgJ nav-item-osa-14"><a active="f" class="TreeViewItem__NavigationLink-sc-1jcweii-3 hSetgm" href="/osa-14"><li class="TreeViewItem__ListItem-sc-1jcweii-1 ivRKtz"><div class="TreeViewItem__ListItemLabel-sc-1jcweii-2 RPRFr">Osa 14</div></li></a></div></ul></nav><div class="Sidebar__LogoContainer-ufe7yk-2 fbvYBm"><a href="https://mooc.fi" class="Logo__StyledLink-ou6uxm-2 jagUFL"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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class="Logo__LogoImg-ou6uxm-0 xtRKp"/><div color="inherit" class="Logo__LogoTypography-ou6uxm-1 bDudUh">MOOC.fi</div></a></div></div></div><div class="Layout__SidebarPush-h1dut3-1 ixYNAc"><div class="TopBar__TopBarContainer-zuyem9-0 hePpiA"><a class="Button__StyledLink-sc-1rnhkgo-0 kMnKmU" href="/sign-up"><button class="MuiButtonBase-root MuiButton-root MuiButton-outlined" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="MuiButton-label">Luo uusi tunnus</span></button></a><a class="Button__StyledLink-sc-1rnhkgo-0 kMnKmU" href="/sign-in"><button class="MuiButtonBase-root MuiButton-root MuiButton-outlined" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="MuiButton-label">Kirjaudu sisään</span></button></a></div><main class="ContentArea__ContentAreaContainer-fn314x-0 bNGIT content-area"><div class="Container-sc-1fpq201-0 ebArIN"><article class="InfoPageTemplate__ContentWrapper-sc-16e1c2c-0 elteLQ"><h1>Tukea tehtäviin</h1><div><h3 class="material-header" id="kevaan-ohjausajat">Kevään ohjausajat<a href="#kevaan-ohjausajat" aria-label="kevaan ohjausajat permalink" class="anchor after"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a></h3>
+<p>2024 kurssilla järjestetään ohjausta sekä Kumpulan kampuksella että Discordissa. Kampuksella ohjaus järjestetään Exactumin BK107-luokassa. Ohjaus järjestetään alla olevan aikataulun mukaisesti</p>
+<p><strong>HUOM!</strong> Pajaohjaus keväälle alkaa keskiviikkona 17.01.2024.</p>
 
 
 
@@ -224,4 +224,4 @@
 <h4 class="material-header" id="discord">Discord<a href="#discord" aria-label="discord permalink" class="anchor after"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a></h4>
 <p>Discord on viestintäsovellus, josta saat lisätietoa <a href="https://discord.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">täältä</a>.</p>
 <p>Löydät kurssin kanavat <a href="https://study.cs.helsinki.fi/discord/join/ohjelmoinnin_mooc" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">täältä</a>.</p>
-<p>Ohjausaikana ohjaaja päivystää kurssikanavilla ja vastaa myös yksityisviesteihin. Discordissa käydään keskustelua kurssista myös ohjausaikojen ulkopuolella, joten sinne kannattaa liittyä!</p></div></article></div></main><footer class="Footer__FooterWrapper-sc-16r343g-5 cnVvAf"><div class="Footer__FooterBackground-sc-16r343g-6 hnTGgX"></div><div class="Footer__FooterContent-sc-16r343g-7 hicfXL"><div class="MuiPaper-root MuiCard-root Footer__StyledCard-sc-16r343g-8 kkekar MuiPaper-elevation1 MuiPaper-rounded"><div class="MuiCardContent-root Footer__StyledCardContent-sc-16r343g-9 KBHom"><div class="Footer__GithubContainer-sc-16r343g-3 okroy"><a href="https://github.com/rage/ohjelmointi-24" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg aria-labelledby="svg-inline--fa-title-KUx8viSmZU3i" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="github" class="svg-inline--fa fa-github fa-3x Footer__StyledIcon-sc-16r343g-0 jZezEY" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><title id="svg-inline--fa-title-KUx8viSmZU3i">Materiaalin lähdekoodi</title><path fill="currentColor" 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@@ -165,4 +165,4 @@ <h3 class="material-header" id="saan-tukea-tyo-ja-elinkeinotoimistolta-voinko-si
 <h3 class="material-header" id="kela-haluaa-minulta-todistuksen-opiskelustani">Kela haluaa minulta todistuksen opiskelustani<a href="#kela-haluaa-minulta-todistuksen-opiskelustani" aria-label="kela haluaa minulta todistuksen opiskelustani permalink" class="anchor after"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a></h3>
 <p>Ohjaa Kela tälle sivulle:</p>
 <p>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet on kaikille avoin ja ilmainen verkkokurssi. Kurssin käymistä voi verrata kirjan lainaamiseen kirjastosta. Kirjastosta lainattava kirja saattaa liittyä johonkin yliopisto-opintoihin liittyvään kurssiin. Aivan samalla tavalla kuin kirjastosta lainattava kirja, verkkokurssimme on luettavissa huvin ja itsensä sivistämisen vuoksi tai yliopisto-opintojen edistämiseksi.</p>
-<p>Ohjelmoinnin perusteet vastaa Helsingin yliopiston 5 opintopisteen kurssia. Kurssin suorittajat eivät kuitenkaan automaattisesti ole Helsingin yliopiston opiskelijoita, emmekä pakota ketään suorittamaan kurssia opintopisteisiin johtavassa muodossa. Kurssin suorittamisesta voi kuitenkin halutessaan saada opintopisteitä. 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diff --git a/virheilmoitukset/index.html b/virheilmoitukset/index.html
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@@ -174,4 +174,4 @@ <h3 class="material-header" id="typeerror-unsupported-operand-types-for-add-int-
 
     <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>ika<span class="token operator">//</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>   <span class="token comment"># virhe: muuttujaa ika ei ole muutettu kokonaisluvuksi</span></code></pre></div>
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