07_custom_opt.json

{"index_struct": {"__type__": "list", "__data__": {"index_id": "2add5b0c-0d8b-4b60-a8ae-1631803fb800", "summary": null, "nodes": ["a2a2a221-0443-4b2b-bc2f-4e1f85005f24", "85248e83-b41a-4d6f-aca0-c2e5e92ba45d", "36208109-aea9-4c40-b18b-5a39debd32fb"]}}, "docstore": {"docs": {"a2a2a221-0443-4b2b-bc2f-4e1f85005f24": {"text": "Summary for Australia\n\n- Source: The Interpreter, 2023-04-05 23:51:16.544469\n- Summary: Pressure is mounting on the Australian government to end public funding for international fossil fuel projects. Australia's major allies, including the US, the UK, Germany, France, and New Zealand, signed the Glasgow Statement last year, committing to ending public support for such projects. However, Australia has refused to commit to this so far. The country's financial support for fossil fuels abroad hasn't changed since May 2022, and the government continues to use taxpayer money to underwrite oil, gas, and coal projects. The Export Finance Australia (EFA), a public financial institution, provides low-interest loans and insurance coverage using government funds to Australian firms looking to offer goods and services overseas. \n- Keyword: Australia, fossil fuels, international funding, Glasgow Statement, taxpayer money, Export Finance Australia. \n- Read more: http://news.google.com/./articles/CBMiYWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lmxvd3lpbnN0aXR1dGUub3JnL3RoZS1pbnRlcnByZXRlci9hdXN0cmFsaWEtY2FuLW5vLWxvbmdlci1qdXN0aWZ5LWZvc3NpbC1mdWVsLWZ1bmRpbmfSAQA?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen.\n\n\n- Source: The Hindu, 2023-04-01 02:51:43.341293\n- Summary: Australia\u2019s Minister for Trade and Tourism Don Farrell emphasized the importance of diversifying their lithium exports and expanding to India rather than letting everything go to the United States due to the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) passed in August 2022. The IRA grants major subsidies to US electric vehicles, which the European Union and South Korea criticized. Australia benefits from the IRA, as it is one of the few countries with a free trade agreement (FTA) with the US and the largest reserves of critical minerals, including lithium. However, the clause that at least 40% of critical minerals for electric batteries must come from countries with an FTA with the US could monopolize Australia\u2019s lithium exports. As the world\u2019s biggest exporter of lithium, Australia looks to boost electric vehicle industries by diversifying its markets to countries like India.\n- Keyword: Australia, lithium exports, India, United States, Don Farrell, Minister for Trade and Tourism, Inflation Reduction Act, subsidies, electric vehicles, European Union, South Korea, free trade agreement, critical minerals, lithium-ion battery, China, diversify, opportunities, boost\n- Read more: http://news.google.com/./articles/CBMiemh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnRoZWhpbmR1LmNvbS9uZXdzL25hdGlvbmFsL2F1c3RyYWxpYS1sb29rcy10by1pbmRpYS1mb3ItZGl2ZXJzaWZpZWQtbGl0aGl1bS1leHBvcnRzLW1hcmtldC9hcnRpY2xlNjY2ODMyMzYuZWNl0gF_aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGhlaGluZHUuY29tL25ld3MvbmF0aW9uYWwvYXVzdHJhbGlhLWxvb2tzLXRvLWluZGlhLWZvci1kaXZlcnNpZmllZC1saXRoaXVtLWV4cG9ydHMtbWFya2V0L2FydGljbGU2NjY4MzIzNi5lY2UvYW1wLw?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen\n\n\n- Source: Green Left, 2023-04-01 02:51:21.433996\n- Climate activists from Move Beyond Coal (MBC) protested outside the Newtown branch of National Australia Bank (NAB) on March 30, as part of the \u201cFLOOD NAB: 10 Days of Action\u201d campaign. Over 40 protests were planned across Australia from March 27 to April 5, calling on NAB to stop funding Whitehaven Coal. MBC stated that NAB\u2019s involvement with Whitehaven Coal, which is planning to double coal production by 2030, is risky and destructive to the environment and First Nations heritage. Activists aim to pressure the bank to rule out further financial support for the company.\n- Keyword: Climate activists, Move Beyond Coal, National Australia Bank, protests, FLOOD NAB: 10 Days of Action, Whitehaven Coal. \n- Read more: http://news.google.com/./articles/CBMiZ2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmdyZWVubGVmdC5vcmcuYXUvY29udGVudC9hY3RpdmlzdHMtdGVsbC1uYXRpb25hbC1hdXN0cmFsaWEtYmFuay1lbmQtc3VwcG9ydC13aGl0ZWhhdmVuLWNvYWzSAQA?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen\n\n\n- Source: ABC News, 2023-03-31 02:51:43.344564\n- Summary: In an extraordinary speech at a federal parliamentary event, the head of Japan's biggest oil and gas producer, Inpex CEO Takayuki Ueda, warned that Australia's decision to \"quietly quit\" the international gas trade risked undermining global security. He suggested that the North Asian country was worried about any potential ripples that could jeopardise its own energy security due to potential unintended consequences resulting from government interventions in Australia's gas industry. Mr Ueda pointed out Japan's heavy reliance on Australia for resources; Ichthys provided about 10 per cent of Japan's liquefied natural gas (LNG) imports, while it was also the country's single biggest investment in Australia. He warned that Australia's efforts to control the gas industry could cause unintended consequences and potentially threaten the rules-based international order essential to the peace, stability and prosperity of the region, if not the world. \n- Keywords: Australia, gas trade, global security, Inpex, natural gas, government interventions, energy security, resources, Ichthys, investment, unintended consequences, rules-based international order\n- Read more: http://news.google.com/./articles/CBMiaGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmFiYy5uZXQuYXUvbmV3cy8yMDIzLTAzLTMwL2phcGFuLXdhcm5zLXdvcmxkLXBlYWNlLWF0LXN0YWtlLWluLWF1c3RyYWxpYW4tZ2FzLWV4aXQvMTAyMTY3OTA40gEoaHR0cHM6Ly9hbXAuYWJjLm5ldC5hdS9hcnRpY2xlLzEwMjE2NzkwOA?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US\n\n\n- Source: The Guardian, 2023-03-31 02:51:43.337495\n- Australia's parliament has passed significant emissions reduction legislation, requiring total emissions from major industrial facilities to decrease, not just be offset. The deal includes cuts in emissions intensity by up to 5% per year starting 1 July on the majority of the country's 215 major polluting facilities. While companies can buy an unlimited number of offsets, total absolute emissions cannot increase and must come down over time. This legislation is critical to Australia's commitment to cut national carbon dioxide emissions by 43% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels, and was backed by Greens, a minor party with 15 parliamentarians. The deal is considered a landmark reform by the climate change minister, Chris Bowen, and will result in a 205m tonne reduction in emissions by 2030.\n- Keyword: Australia, emissions reduction legislation, emissions intensity, major polluting facilities, carbon dioxide emissions, Greens, carbon offsets, landmark reform, Chris Bowen, 205m tonne reduction in emissions.\n- Read more: http://news.google.com/./articles/CBMiggFodHRwczovL3d3dy50aGVndWFyZGlhbi5jb20vZW52aXJvbm1lbnQvMjAyMy9tYXIvMzAvYXVzdHJhbGlhLWNsaW1hdGUtZW1pc3Npb25zLXJlZHVjdGlvbi1sZWdpc2xhdGlvbi1sYXdzLXBhcmxpYW1lbnQtbGFib3ItZ3JlZW5z0gGCAWh0dHBzOi8vYW1wLnRoZWd1YXJkaWFuLmNvbS9lbnZpcm9ubWVudC8yMDIzL21hci8zMC9hdXN0cmFsaWEtY2xpbWF0ZS1lbWlzc2lvbnMtcmVkdWN0aW9uLWxlZ2lzbGF0aW9uLWxhd3MtcGFybGlhbWVudC1sYWJvci1ncmVlbnM?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen.\n\n\n- Source: DW (English) , 2023-03-31 02:51:21.432038\n- Summary: Australian lawmakers have passed new climate laws that require coal mines, oil refineries and other large polluters to cut their greenhouse gas emissions by about 5% annually. According to the new legislation, which affects 215 major industrial facilities, the targeted emissions reduction will form the basis of Australia's pledge to reach net-zero emissions by 2050. Each facility produces more than 100,000 tons of greenhouse gases annually. The mining industry has cautioned that the financial burden of compliance could lead to massive job cuts.\n- Keyword: Australia, climate laws, greenhouse gas, emissions, coal mines, oil refineries, polluters, net-zero emissions, 215 major industrial facilities, mining industry\n- Read more: http://news.google.com/./articles/CBMiWWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmR3LmNvbS9lbi9hdXN0cmFsaWEtcGFzc2VzLXRvdWdoLW5ldy1sYXctb24tY29hbC1nYXMtb2lsLWVtaXNzaW9ucy9hLTY1MTc2OTQw0gFZaHR0cHM6Ly9hbXAuZHcuY29tL2VuL2F1c3RyYWxpYS1wYXNzZXMtdG91Z2gtbmV3LWxhdy1vbi1jb2FsLWdhcy1vaWwtZW1pc\n\n\n\n Summary for Indonesia\n- Source: IEEFA, 2023-04-05 05:52:09.899527\n- Summary: Downstream coal projects in Indonesia require a government subsidy of at least US$354 per tonne of dimethyl ether (DME) fuel to maintain a profit margin, according to the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA). IEEFA\u2019s calculations suggest that such financial support makes no economic sense to the Indonesian government or taxpayers. Industrial gas company, Air Products and Chemicals withdrew from all downstream coal projects in Indonesia in March 2023, including a DME facility that would convert coal from state-owned supplier, Tambang Batubara Bukit Asam (PTBA). Since 2018, coal gasification to produce DME fuel for Indonesian households has been promoted as an affordable substitute to the country\u2019s liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) imports. Nonetheless, IEEFA reported that DME prices were cheaper than LPG for only 15 months over a 20-year period.\n- Keyword: government subsidy, dimethyl ether, profit margin, Air Products and Chemicals, withdrawal, downstream coal projects, coal gasification, DME fuel production, Indonesian households, liquefied petroleum gas imports, affordable substitute, PTBA, financial viability, industrial gas company, financial support, no economic sense, Tambang Batubara Bukit Asam.\n- Read more: http://news.google.com/./articles/CBMibGh0dHBzOi8vaWVlZmEub3JnL3Jlc291cmNlcy9rZWVwaW5nLWluZG9uZXNpYXMtZG93bnN0cmVhbS1jb2FsLXByb2plY3RzLWFmbG9hdC13aWxsLXJlcXVpcm\n\n\n\n Summary for China\n\n- Source: Nikkei Asia, 2023-04-05 17:51:16.533368\n- China's three state-owned energy majors, China Petroleum and Chemical Corp (Sinopec), China National Petroleum Corp (CNPC) and China National Offshore Oil Corp (CNOOC), plan to invest over 100 billion yuan ($14.5 billion) in renewable energy through 2025 with the aim of achieving net-zero carbon dioxide emissions by 2060. Sinopec's Chairman, Ma Yongsheng, stated that the company aims to become China's leading company in hydrogen, indicating a strategic move towards clean energy. \n- Keyword: [China's three state-owned energy majors, renewable energy, net-zero carbon dioxide emissions, hydrogen, Sinopec]\n- Read more: http://news.google.com/./articles/CBMiZGh0dHBzOi8vYXNpYS5uaWtrZWkuY29tL0J1c2luZXNzL0VuZXJneS9DaGluYS1zLW9pbC1naWFudHMtdG8taW52ZXN0LW92ZXItMTRibi1pbi1yZW5ld2FibGVzLWJ5LTIwMjXSAQA?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen\n\n\n- Source: Lloyd's List, 2023-04-05 02:51:48.198074\n- Summary: Despite the lifting of a ban on Australian coal cargoes, more than 50% of China's coking coal imports, expected to be around 40m to 50m tonnes, will come from Mongolia this year. This makes Mongolia the largest coking coal seller to China for a third year in a row, according to MySteel data. Mongolia exported 25.61m tonnes of coking coal to China last year, accounting for 40.1% of China's total imports. Enhanced customs clearance efficiency and improved railway transportation contributed to a possible import increase, while the reliance on railway transportation by Mongolia will reduce the need for shipping.\n- Keyword: China, coking coal, Mongolia, imports, exports\n- Read more:", "doc_id": "a2a2a221-0443-4b2b-bc2f-4e1f85005f24", "embedding": null, "doc_hash": "df9164a84395153f16519427f29fd070a839c87627d70f357a3c8754618e7c04", "extra_info": null, "node_info": {"start": 0, "end": 11009}, "relationships": {"1": "2eaf905d-22ae-429b-9a6d-385847b544cc", "3": "85248e83-b41a-4d6f-aca0-c2e5e92ba45d"}, "__type__": "1"}, "85248e83-b41a-4d6f-aca0-c2e5e92ba45d": {"text": "List, 2023-04-05 02:51:48.198074\n- Summary: Despite the lifting of a ban on Australian coal cargoes, more than 50% of China's coking coal imports, expected to be around 40m to 50m tonnes, will come from Mongolia this year. This makes Mongolia the largest coking coal seller to China for a third year in a row, according to MySteel data. Mongolia exported 25.61m tonnes of coking coal to China last year, accounting for 40.1% of China's total imports. Enhanced customs clearance efficiency and improved railway transportation contributed to a possible import increase, while the reliance on railway transportation by Mongolia will reduce the need for shipping.\n- Keyword: China, coking coal, Mongolia, imports, exports\n- Read more: http://news.google.com/./articles/CBMifWh0dHBzOi8vbGxveWRzbGlzdC5tYXJpdGltZWludGVsbGlnZW5jZS5pbmZvcm1hLmNvbS9MTDExNDQ2MDYvQ2hpbmEtdHVybnMtdG8tTW9uZ29saWEtZm9yLWNva2luZy1jb2FsLXJlZHVjaW5nLXNoaXBwaW5nLW5lZWRz0gEA?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen\n\n\n- Source: Lloyd's List, 2023-04-04 02:51:16.527421\n- Summary: China's steel and coal demand are expected to remain stable in 2023, driven by infrastructure investments. However, analysts foresee a bleak outlook in the coming decades with the transition to green energy. Weak demand in the property sector has led to a market imbalance, keeping the steel market from fully recovering. China's steel production and consumption are forecasted to reduce by about 200 million tonnes in the next decade as the need for new construction projects diminishes, leading to declining steel demand. China may also consider cutting its crude steel output by around 2.5% this year to reduce CO2 emissions.\n- Keywords: China, steel, coal, demand, green energy, property sector, infrastructure, production control, CO2 emissions\n- Read more: http://news.google.com/./articles/CBMibWh0dHBzOi8vbGxveWRzbGlzdC5tYXJpdGltZWludGVsbGlnZW5jZS5pbmZvcm1hLmNvbS9MTDExNDQ1NzcvQ2hpbmFzLWNvYWwtYW5kLXN0ZWVsLWRlbWFuZC1leHBlY3RlZC10by1yZW1haW7SAQA?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen\n\n\n- Source: Electrek, 2023-04-02 02:51:16.523538\n- Summary: Due to incoming emissions rules, hundreds of thousands of unsold, polluting gas-powered vehicles in China may be rendered unsellable, leading to a looming crisis. The new emissions rules were announced in 2016 and are set to go into effect in July of this year, giving automakers almost seven years of notice to prepare to produce and sell less-polluting vehicles. Automakers seem to have planned to continue selling polluting vehicles up until the deadline, but the COVID-19 pandemic affected both vehicle production and purchases, leading to a glut of unsold vehicles that will become unsellable in July.\n- Keyword: China, emissions rules, gas-powered vehicles, EVs, pollution reduction, automakers, notice, COVID-19, pandemic, unsold vehicles, EV market share, discounts, subsidies, wait-and-see attitude\n- Read more: http://news.google.com/./articles/CBMiZWh0dHBzOi8vZWxlY3RyZWsuY28vMjAyMy8wNC8wMS9pY2UtY2FyLXZhbHVlcy1wbHVtbWV0LWluLWNoaW5hLWFuZC1pdC1pcy10aGUtY2FuYXJ5LWluLXRoZS1jb2FsLW1pbmUv0gEA?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen\n\n\n- Source: Hellenic Shipping News Worldwide , 2023-03-31 02:51:48.205469\n- Summary: China's weak domestic steel demand, coupled with rising steel production and exports, could lead to downward pressure on global steel prices, which could pose trouble for Indian steel exporters. Despite expectations of a rebound in steel demand following the easing of COVID-19 restrictions in China, demand has remained stagnant, leading to higher risks on exports and, thereby, pressure on global steel prices. Nomura Research reported a 70% year-on-year surge in China's steel exports in February 2023, which is the highest since 2017. Meanwhile, Indian steel prices are also showing a mixed trend, with some product categories experiencing stable prices and others facing lower prices. \n- Keyword: China, steel demand, steel production, steel exports, global steel prices, Indian steel exporters\n- Read more: http://news.google.com/./articles/CBMiYGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmhlbGxlbmljc2hpcHBpbmduZXdzLmNvbS9jaGluYS1kZW1hbmQtdW5jZXJ0YWludHktY2Fwcy1pbmRpYW4tc3RlZWwtZmlybXMtcHJvc3BlY3RzL9IBAA?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen\n\n\n", "doc_id": "85248e83-b41a-4d6f-aca0-c2e5e92ba45d", "embedding": null, "doc_hash": "30a7fd2d5773e5e22fcbdf3e71267e18d65a8c7acfbb17a8ab09f5f74a65f5a5", "extra_info": null, "node_info": {"start": 10279, "end": 14483}, "relationships": {"1": "2eaf905d-22ae-429b-9a6d-385847b544cc", "2": "a2a2a221-0443-4b2b-bc2f-4e1f85005f24"}, "__type__": "1"}, "36208109-aea9-4c40-b18b-5a39debd32fb": {"text": "Summary for Australia:\n\n- Australia's coal and gas exports may reduce by half within the next five years due to the passing of its peak and the efforts of Asian countries to decrease greenhouse gas emissions. The earnings of minerals and energy exports are predicted to reach $464bn in 2022-23 from $128bn in thermal coal exports and $91bn in liquidified natural gas (LNG) exports. These figures have resulted from the global energy crisis caused by Russia's invasion of Ukraine, leading to high fossil fuel prices, causing the replacement of Russian gas with alternative supplies in northern hemisphere nations. \n\n- The seaborne coal market grew by 5.9% year-on-year to 1208 million tonnes in 2022, reversing the negative trend of previous years, according to shipbroker Banchero Costa. Although Australia's coal exports declined by 5% in 2022 due to China's adoption  of alternative markets, relations between the two countries have mended and coal shipments are expected to resume. Indonesia is now the largest exporter of coal globally, with a 32.2% share in 2022 compared to Australia's 28.2%. In terms of export destinations, Japan was the top with 115 million tonnes in 2021, while exports to India rose by 13.6% but declined by 3.3% to China.\n \n- Coal producers are in talks with the government of New South Wales, following the government's announcement that coal miners should reserve up to 10% of production for domestic supply to control rising energy costs in Australia. Coal producers are expected to be minimally impacted since spot supplies are limited, limiting requisition under the rule. The state is expanding an existing system that requires some coal-mining companies to reserve supply. Exports of coal are essential to the Australian economy, with 80% of the country's coal exported, yet the move comes as coal prices rise nearly 50% YoY.\n \n- After a year of frozen relations between China and Australia, there is hope for a thaw in their relationship. China\u2019s Foreign Minister, Wang Yi, met with a delegation from Australia to mark the 50th anniversary of bilateral relations and stated that the countries have no \"fundamental conflicts of interest\". Australia is hoping to resume trade in commodities such as iron ore and coking coal. While it is still uncertain whether a trade recovery will happen, analysts and experts from both countries have expressed optimism. Trade data shows that in 2021 China has already imported 694 million tons of iron ore from Australia, accounting for 62% of total imports.\n\nSummary for Indonesia\n\n- Indonesia plans to produce a record 695 million tonnes of coal in 2023 and export 518 million tonnes, according to Energy and Mineral Resources Minister Arifin Tasrif. The country's coal-fired energy supply makes up more than half of its total, though the government aims for a net-zero emissions goal by 2060. Domestic coal consumption in Indonesia is projected at 177 million tonnes this year, down from 193 million tonnes in 2022. \n\n- Global seaborne coal loadings increased by 5.9% year on year to 1204.9 million tonnes in 2022, with Indonesia's exports rising by 21.2% to 388.9 million tonnes, according to shipbroker Banchero Costa. The EU's coal imports jumped 33.9% year on year to 116.5 million tonnes, while India took 13.6% more coal from Indonesia, receiving a total of 203.8 million tonnes. Coal shipments to China fell by 3.2% to 234.7 million tonnes, and Australian exports declined by 5.0%. \n\n- Ford is investing in a $4.5bn nickel processing facility in Indonesia, in partnership with PT Vale Indonesia and China's Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt, in order to secure a supply of nickel needed for EV batteries. The facility is set to begin commercial operations in 2026 and is expected to help Ford achieve its target of producing around two million electric vehicles in that year. China's services sector reached its highest level in over a decade in March, providing a promising signal for the global economy, which is relying on Chinese consumers to drive growth. Coal prices have continued to fall, with Central Appalachian coal down 57% from the start of the year. \n\n- Bank Indonesia predicts that Indonesia's economy will continue to experience strong growth, with a range of 4.5-5.3% expected in 2023, despite global economic uncertainty. The country's economy grew by 5.31% in 2022, driven by a surplus in the trade balance, controlled inflation, increased credit growth, and healthy financial systems. Credit growth is expected to increase by 10-12% in 2023, and increased domestic and export demand are projected to strengthen household consumption and drive economic growth. Non-oil and gas exports, including coal, metal ore, and crude palm oil, have grown rapidly. \n\n- Indonesia aims to produce 694 million tons of coal in 2021 to fulfill both domestic and export demands, said the country's Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. Last year, the nation produced 627 million tons, with 4-5 million tons exported to Europe, compared with 500,000 tons in previous years, the Indonesian Coal Mining Association said. European coal demand is expected to stay strong next year.\n\n- Indonesia's new ban on coal exports, implemented to ensure adequate supply for its state-owned electricity companies, is expected to disrupt Supramax and Panamax markets in the Pacific region. The country exports around 400 million metric tonnes of thermal coal each year to countries including China, India, Japan, South Korea and Vietnam. The ban, which has seen bulkers unable to sail out of Indonesian ports, is likely to result in a tonnage surfeit in the Asia-Pacific, leading to lower shipping rates, particularly in East Coast South America (ECSA) and the Indian Ocean. \n\nSummary for China:\n\n- China's coal industry is expected to see stronger trade as the country ramps up energy supplies and stabilizes prices, with coal accounting for 56% of the country's total primary energy consumption. In July 2022, China's coal and lignite exports rose by 171.6% YoY to 230,000 tons. Indonesia is the largest exporter of coal to China, accounting for 58.3% of total imports, followed by Russia at 23.3% and Mongolia at 10%. Australian coal miners are expected to see a pick up in exports to China, while technology and investment from China is set to play a vital role in Indonesian coal deep-processing. \n\n- China's imports of Russian coal rose to 8.54 million tonnes in August due to soaring energy demand caused by extremely hot weather. This trade marked the highest volume since data collection began in 2017, and was up 57% compared with the same period last year. China\u2019s purchase of Russian imports rose by 60% to $11.2bn in August on the back of surging demand for oil, coal and gas. Meanwhile, bilateral trade between China and Russia reached $117.2bn in the first eight months of 2022; up over 31% YoY. \n\n- More than 50% of China's coking coal imports this year are expected to come from Mongolia, according to coking coal analyst Li Xiaoyun from MySteel consultancy. Mongolia is projected to export approximately 40m to 50m tonnes of coking coal to China in 2022, making it the largest coking coal seller to China for the third consecutive year after it replaced Australia in 2021, according to MySteel's data. However, China's total shipments for coking coal imports are expected to have a minor increase due to imports growth from Australia and Indonesia, Li added. \n\n- China added 38.4 GW of new coal-fired power capacity in 2020, more than the rest of the world combined, according to research by US think tank Global Energy Monitor and the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air in Helsinki. The capacity increase means China has not been cutting emissions despite last year's pledge by President Xi Jinping that the country would be carbon neutral by 2060. The government has come under criticism from environmentalists for allowing coal-fired plants to be built in polluted regions and developing projects in greener areas more slowly. \n\n- China increased its coal-fired power capacity by 42.9 GW, or 4.5%, in the 18 months to June 2019, according to a report by Global Energy Monitor. The study also found that another 121.3 GW of coal-fired power plants are under construction in China, which has pledged to reduce its coal usage. However, the country\u2019s absolute coal consumption has still increased in line with rising energy demand. 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