diff --git a/cmd/ethereum/broadcast.go b/cmd/ethereum/broadcast.go
index 236f0bd..391d078 100644
--- a/cmd/ethereum/broadcast.go
+++ b/cmd/ethereum/broadcast.go
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 
 // Broadcast broadcasts a message to Ethereum
 func Broadcast(
+	ctx context.Context,
 	cfg config.Config,
 	logger log.Logger,
 	msg *types.MessageState,
@@ -30,6 +31,9 @@ func Broadcast(
 
 	// set up eth client
 	client, err := ethclient.Dial(cfg.Networks.Destination.Ethereum.RPC)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to dial ethereum client: %w", err)
+	}
 	defer client.Close()
 
 	privEcdsaKey, ethereumAddress, err := GetEcdsaKeyAddress(cfg.Networks.Minters[0].MinterPrivateKey)
@@ -38,7 +42,15 @@ func Broadcast(
 	}
 
 	auth, err := bind.NewKeyedTransactorWithChainID(privEcdsaKey, big.NewInt(cfg.Networks.Destination.Ethereum.ChainId))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to create auth: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	messageTransmitter, err := NewMessageTransmitter(common.HexToAddress(cfg.Networks.Source.Ethereum.MessageTransmitter), client)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to create message transmitter: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	attestationBytes, err := hex.DecodeString(msg.Attestation[2:])
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.New("unable to decode message attestation")
@@ -58,8 +70,9 @@ func Broadcast(
 		// check if nonce already used
 		co := &bind.CallOpts{
 			Pending: true,
-			Context: context.Background(),
+			Context: ctx,
 		}
+
 		key := append(
 			common.LeftPadBytes((big.NewInt(int64(msg.SourceDomain))).Bytes(), 4),
 			common.LeftPadBytes((big.NewInt(int64(msg.Nonce))).Bytes(), 8)...,
@@ -69,6 +82,7 @@ func Broadcast(
 		if nonceErr != nil {
 			logger.Debug("Error querying whether nonce was used.   Continuing...")
 		} else {
+			fmt.Printf("received used nonce response: %d\n", response)
 			if response.Uint64() == uint64(1) {
 				// nonce has already been used, mark as complete
 				logger.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("This source domain/nonce has already been used: %d %d",
diff --git a/cmd/ethereum/broadcast_test.go b/cmd/ethereum/broadcast_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae517e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/ethereum/broadcast_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package ethereum_test
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestEthUsedNonce(t *testing.T) {
+	sourceDomain := uint32(4)
+	nonce := uint64(5)
+
+	key := append(
+		common.LeftPadBytes((big.NewInt(int64(sourceDomain))).Bytes(), 4),
+		common.LeftPadBytes((big.NewInt(int64(nonce))).Bytes(), 8)...,
+	)
+
+	require.Equal(t, []byte("\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x05"), key)
+
+}
diff --git a/cmd/noble/broadcast.go b/cmd/noble/broadcast.go
index 88c86c2..4848489 100644
--- a/cmd/noble/broadcast.go
+++ b/cmd/noble/broadcast.go
@@ -39,22 +39,6 @@ func Broadcast(
 	msg *types.MessageState,
 	sequenceMap *types.SequenceMap,
 ) (*ctypes.ResultBroadcastTx, error) {
-	cc, err := cosmos.NewProvider(cfg.Networks.Source.Noble.RPC)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to build cosmos provider for noble: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	used, err := cc.QueryUsedNonce(ctx, msg.SourceDomain, msg.Nonce)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to query used nonce: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	if used {
-		msg.Status = types.Complete
-		logger.Info(fmt.Sprintf("Noble CCTP minter nonce %d already used", msg.Nonce))
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-
 	// set up sdk context
 	interfaceRegistry := codectypes.NewInterfaceRegistry()
 	nobletypes.RegisterInterfaces(interfaceRegistry)
@@ -97,7 +81,22 @@ func Broadcast(
 		return nil, errors.New("failed to set up rpc client")
 	}
 
+	cc, err := cosmos.NewProvider(cfg.Networks.Source.Noble.RPC)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to build cosmos provider for noble: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	for attempt := 0; attempt <= cfg.Networks.Destination.Noble.BroadcastRetries; attempt++ {
+		used, err := cc.QueryUsedNonce(ctx, msg.SourceDomain, msg.Nonce)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to query used nonce: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		if used {
+			msg.Status = types.Complete
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("noble cctp minter nonce %d already used", msg.Nonce)
+		}
+
 		logger.Info(fmt.Sprintf(
 			"Broadcasting %s message from %d to %d: with source tx hash %s",
 			msg.Type,
diff --git a/cmd/process.go b/cmd/process.go
index 355b83e..ad7adc5 100644
--- a/cmd/process.go
+++ b/cmd/process.go
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ func StartProcessor(ctx context.Context, cfg config.Config, logger log.Logger, p
 		if msg.Status == types.Attested {
 			switch msg.DestDomain {
 			case 0: // ethereum
-				response, err := ethereum.Broadcast(cfg, logger, msg, sequenceMap)
+				response, err := ethereum.Broadcast(ctx, cfg, logger, msg, sequenceMap)
 				if err != nil {
 					logger.Error("unable to mint on Ethereum", "err", err)
 					processingQueue <- msg
@@ -160,10 +160,6 @@ func StartProcessor(ctx context.Context, cfg config.Config, logger log.Logger, p
 					processingQueue <- msg
 					continue
 				}
-				if response == nil {
-					// nothing to do
-					continue
-				}
 				if response.Code != 0 {
 					logger.Error("nonzero response code received", "err", err)
 					processingQueue <- msg