In terms of output, here are some of the configurations we will use, sorted from simpler and cheap to complex and expensive.
We can output data over the USB cable, using the serial port.
This output can range from debugging information, to data for controlling software. In this repository we include some open source audiovisual scripts and examples that you can expand on.
The Arduino has LEDs that we use for showing the internal status of the microcontroller. For LED output we will wire additional LEDs to the Arduino.
We can use the MIDI protocol, and a MIDI DIN connector to output information over the MIDI protocol.
Here is more information: