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<meta name="description" content="This document describes a formal information model and a common representation
for a Web of Things (WoT) Thing Description 1.1.
A Thing Description describes the metadata and interfaces of Things,
where a Thing is an abstraction of a physical or virtual entity that
provides interactions to and participates in the Web of Things.
Thing Descriptions provide a set of interactions based on a small vocabulary
that makes it possible both to integrate diverse devices and
to allow diverse applications to interoperate.
Thing Descriptions, by default, are encoded in a JSON format that also allows
JSON-LD processing. The latter provides a powerful foundation to represent
knowledge about Things in a machine-understandable way.
A Thing Description instance can be hosted by the Thing itself or hosted
externally when a Thing has resource restrictions (e.g., limited memory space)
or when a Web of Things-compatible legacy device is retrofitted
with a Thing Description.
Furthermore, this document introduces the Thing Model, which allows authors to describe
only the model or class of an Internet of Things (IoT) entity. Thing Models can be seen as a template for Thing
Description instances, but with reduced constraints such as no or few requirements for specific
communication metadata.">
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<body class="h-entry toc-inline" data-cite="i18n-glossary"><div class="head">
<p class="logos"><a class="logo" href="https://www.w3.org/"><img crossorigin="" alt="W3C" height="48" src="https://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/2021/logos/W3C" width="72">
</a></p>
<h1 id="title" class="title">Web of Things (WoT) Thing Description 1.1</h1>
<p id="w3c-state"><a href="https://www.w3.org/standards/types#ED">W3C Editor's Draft</a> <time class="dt-published" datetime="2023-05-24">24 May 2023</time></p>
<details open="">
<summary>More details about this document</summary>
<dl>
<dt>This version:</dt><dd>
<a class="u-url" href="https://w3c.github.io/wot-thing-description/">https://w3c.github.io/wot-thing-description/</a>
</dd>
<dt>Latest published version:</dt><dd>
<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/wot-thing-description11/">https://www.w3.org/TR/wot-thing-description11/</a>
</dd>
<dt>Latest editor's draft:</dt><dd><a href="https://w3c.github.io/wot-thing-description/">https://w3c.github.io/wot-thing-description/</a></dd>
<dt>History:</dt><dd>
<a href="https://www.w3.org/standards/history/wot-thing-description11">https://www.w3.org/standards/history/wot-thing-description11</a>
</dd><dd>
<a href="https://github.com/w3c/wot-thing-description/commits/">Commit history</a>
</dd>
<dt>Implementation report:</dt><dd>
<a href="https://w3c.github.io/wot-thing-description/testing/report11.html">https://w3c.github.io/wot-thing-description/testing/report11.html</a>
</dd>
<dt>Editors:</dt><dd class="editor p-author h-card vcard" data-editor-id="43064">
<span class="p-name fn">Sebastian Kaebisch</span> (<a class="p-org org h-org" href="https://www.siemens.com/">Siemens AG</a>)
</dd><dd class="editor p-author h-card vcard" data-editor-id="93137">
<span class="p-name fn">Michael McCool</span> (<a class="p-org org h-org" href="https://www.intel.com/">Intel</a>)
</dd><dd class="editor p-author h-card vcard" data-editor-id="110131">
<span class="p-name fn">Ege Korkan</span> (<a class="p-org org h-org" href="https://www.siemens.com/">Siemens AG</a>)
</dd>
<dt>
Former editors:
</dt><dd class="editor p-author h-card vcard" data-editor-id="29376">
<span class="p-name fn">Takuki Kamiya</span> (<a class="p-org org h-org" href="https://www.fujitsu.com/">Fujitsu Research of America</a>)
</dd><dd class="editor p-author h-card vcard" data-editor-id="84448">
<span class="p-name fn">Victor Charpenay</span> (<a class="p-org org h-org" href="https://www.siemens.com/">Siemens AG</a>)
</dd><dd class="editor p-author h-card vcard">
<span class="p-name fn">Matthias Kovatsch</span> (<a class="p-org org h-org" href="https://www.huawei.com">Huawei</a>)
</dd>
<dt>Feedback:</dt><dd>
<a href="https://github.com/w3c/wot-thing-description/">GitHub w3c/wot-thing-description</a>
(<a href="https://github.com/w3c/wot-thing-description/pulls/">pull requests</a>,
<a href="https://github.com/w3c/wot-thing-description/issues/new/choose">new issue</a>,
<a href="https://github.com/w3c/wot-thing-description/issues/">open issues</a>)
</dd><dd><a href="mailto:[email protected]?subject=%5Bwot-thing-description11%5D%20YOUR%20TOPIC%20HERE">[email protected]</a> with subject line <kbd>[wot-thing-description11] <em>… message topic …</em></kbd> (<a rel="discussion" href="https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-wot-wg">archives</a>)</dd>
<dt>Previous Recommendation</dt><dd>
<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2020/REC-wot-thing-description-20200409/">https://www.w3.org/TR/2020/REC-wot-thing-description-20200409/</a>
</dd><dt>Contributors</dt><dd>
<a href="https://github.com/w3c/wot-thing-description/graphs/contributors">In the GitHub repository</a>
</dd><dt>Repository</dt><dd>
<a href="https://github.com/w3c/wot-thing-description/">We are on GitHub</a>
</dd><dd>
<a href="https://github.com/w3c/wot-thing-description/issues">File a bug</a>
</dd>
</dl>
</details>
<p class="copyright">
<a href="https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">Copyright</a>
©
2017-2023
<a href="https://www.w3.org/">World Wide Web Consortium</a>.
<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr><sup>®</sup>
<a href="https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>,
<a href="https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a> and
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</p>
<hr title="Separator for header">
</div>
<section id="abstract" class="introductory"><h2>Abstract</h2>
<p>
This document describes a formal information model and a common representation
for a Web of Things (WoT) Thing Description 1.1.
A Thing Description describes the metadata and interfaces of <a href="#dfn-thing" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-thing-1">Things</a>,
where a <a href="#dfn-thing" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-thing-2">Thing</a> is an abstraction of a physical or virtual entity that
provides interactions to and participates in the Web of Things.
Thing Descriptions provide a set of interactions based on a small vocabulary
that makes it possible both to integrate diverse devices and
to allow diverse applications to interoperate.
Thing Descriptions, by default, are encoded in a JSON format that also allows
JSON-LD processing. The latter provides a powerful foundation to represent
knowledge about <a href="#dfn-thing" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-thing-3">Things</a> in a machine-understandable way.
A Thing Description instance can be hosted by the <a href="#dfn-thing" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-thing-4">Thing</a> itself or hosted
externally when a <a href="#dfn-thing" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-thing-5">Thing</a> has resource restrictions (e.g., limited memory space)
or when a Web of Things-compatible legacy device is retrofitted
with a Thing Description.
Furthermore, this document introduces the Thing Model, which allows authors to describe
only the model or class of an Internet of Things (IoT) entity. Thing Models can be seen as a template for Thing
Description instances, but with reduced constraints such as no or few requirements for specific
communication metadata.
</p>
<p>
This specification describes a superset of the features defined in Thing Description 1.0 [<cite><a class="bibref" data-link-type="biblio" href="#bib-wot-thing-description10" title="Web of Things (WoT) Thing Description">WOT-THING-DESCRIPTION10</a></cite>].
Unless otherwise specified, documents created with version 1.0 of this specification remain
compatible with Thing Description 1.1.
</p>
</section>
<section id="sotd" class="introductory"><h2>Status of This Document</h2><p><em>This section describes the status of this
document at the time of its publication. A list of current <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>
publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found
in the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> technical reports index</a> at
https://www.w3.org/TR/.</em></p>
<p>At the time of CR transition, due to insufficient implementation
experience the following features are at risk:</p>
<ul>
<li>Indicating location of security information in body of payload using JSON pointers.
<a href="#sec-body-name-json-pointer">sec-body-name-json-pointer</a>,
<a href="#sec-body-name-json-pointer-array">sec-body-name-json-pointer-array</a>,
<a href="#sec-body-name-json-pointer-creatable">sec-body-name-json-pointer-creatable</a>, and
<a href="#sec-body-name-json-pointer-type">sec-body-name-json-pointer-type</a>.
</li>
<li> Indicating location of security information using URI template.
<a href="#td-security-uri-variables-distinct">td-security-uri-variables-distinct</a>.
</li>
<li>TD Producer mixed direction scripts.
<a href="#td-producer-mixed-direction">td-producer-mixed-direction</a>.
</li>
<li>Text direction inferencing.
<a href="#td-text-direction-first-strong">td-text-direction-first-strong</a> and
<a href="#td-text-direction-language-tag">td-text-direction-language-tag</a>.
</li>
<li>Support for OAuth2 client flow.
<a href="#td-security-oauth2-client-flow">td-security-oauth2-client-flow</a> and
<a href="#td-security-oauth2-client-flow-no-auth">td-security-oauth2-client-flow-no-auth</a>.
</li>
<li>Support for OAuth2 device flow.
<a href="#td-security-oauth2-device-flow" class="respec-offending-element" title="Broken local reference found in document." id="respec-offender-broken-local-reference-found-in-document">td-security-oauth2-device-flow</a>.
</li>
<li>Thing Models
<a href="#tm-derivation-validity">tm-derivation-validity</a> and <a href="#tm-versioning-1">tm-versioning-1</a>.
</li>
<li>Security and Privacy
<a href="#security-mutual-auth-td">security-mutual-auth-td</a>, <a href="#security-server-auth-td">security-server-auth-td</a>,
<a href="#security-context-secure-fetch" class="respec-offending-element" title="Broken local reference found in document." id="respec-offender-broken-local-reference-found-in-document-0">security-context-secure-fetch</a>, <a href="#security-oauth-limits">security-oauth-limits</a>,
<a href="#security-static-context">security-static-context</a>, <a href="#security-remote-context">security-remote-context</a>
and <a href="#privacy-immutable-id-as-property" class="respec-offending-element" title="Broken local reference found in document." id="respec-offender-broken-local-reference-found-in-document-1">privacy-immutable-id-as-property</a>.
</li>
</ul>
<p>In addition, a number of assertions in the Privacy Considerations
and Security Considerations sections are at risk. These represent best
practices but often relate to deployment policy rather than implementations
and in some cases are difficult to validate. The intention is to complete
as many of these as possible by PR; those that cannot be validated but
that represent best-practice recommendations will be converted into
informative statements.</p>
<p class="at-risk">At-risk assertions are marked with yellow highlighting.</p>
<p>The Web of Things Working Group intends to submit this document
for consideration as a <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Proposed Recommendation
after at least the minimum CR review period has passed. However,
before PR transition is requested, any features or assertions
currently marked as at-risk that did not appear in the TD 1.0
specification and do not have at least two implementations at that
time will either be removed or converted into informative
statements, as appropriate.</p>
<p>
This document was published by the <a href="https://www.w3.org/groups/wg/wot">Web of Things Working Group</a> as
an Editor's Draft.
</p><p>Publication as an Editor's Draft does not
imply endorsement by <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> and its Members. </p><p>
This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other
documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other
than work in progress.
</p><p>
This document was produced by a group
operating under the
<a href="https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Patent
Policy</a>.
<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> maintains a
<a rel="disclosure" href="https://www.w3.org/groups/wg/wot/ipr">public list of any patent disclosures</a>
made in connection with the deliverables of
the group; that page also includes
instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual
knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains
<a href="https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy/#def-essential">Essential Claim(s)</a>
must disclose the information in accordance with
<a href="https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy/#sec-Disclosure">section 6 of the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Patent Policy</a>.
</p><p>
This document is governed by the
<a id="w3c_process_revision" href="https://www.w3.org/2021/Process-20211102/">2 November 2021 <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Process Document</a>.
</p></section><nav id="toc"><h2 class="introductory" id="table-of-contents">Table of Contents</h2><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#abstract">Abstract</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sotd">Status of This Document</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#introduction"><bdi class="secno">1. </bdi>Introduction</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#introduction-td"><bdi class="secno">1.1 </bdi>Thing Description</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#introduction-tm"><bdi class="secno">1.2 </bdi>Thing Model</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#conformance"><bdi class="secno">2. </bdi>Conformance</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#terminology"><bdi class="secno">3. </bdi>Terminology</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#namespaces"><bdi class="secno">4. </bdi>Namespaces</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sec-vocabulary-definition"><bdi class="secno">5. </bdi>TD Information Model</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#overview"><bdi class="secno">5.1 </bdi>Overview</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#preliminary-definitions"><bdi class="secno">5.2 </bdi>Preliminaries</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#class-definitions"><bdi class="secno">5.3 </bdi>Class Definitions</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sec-core-vocabulary-definition"><bdi class="secno">5.3.1 </bdi>Core Vocabulary Definitions</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#thing"><bdi class="secno">5.3.1.1 </bdi><code>Thing</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#interactionaffordance"><bdi class="secno">5.3.1.2 </bdi><code>InteractionAffordance</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#propertyaffordance"><bdi class="secno">5.3.1.3 </bdi><code>PropertyAffordance</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#actionaffordance"><bdi class="secno">5.3.1.4 </bdi><code>ActionAffordance</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#eventaffordance"><bdi class="secno">5.3.1.5 </bdi><code>EventAffordance</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#versioninfo"><bdi class="secno">5.3.1.6 </bdi><code>VersionInfo</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#multilanguage"><bdi class="secno">5.3.1.7 </bdi><code>MultiLanguage</code></a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sec-data-schema-vocabulary-definition"><bdi class="secno">5.3.2 </bdi>Data Schema Vocabulary Definitions</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#dataschema"><bdi class="secno">5.3.2.1 </bdi><code>DataSchema</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#arrayschema"><bdi class="secno">5.3.2.2 </bdi><code>ArraySchema</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#booleanschema"><bdi class="secno">5.3.2.3 </bdi><code>BooleanSchema</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#numberschema"><bdi class="secno">5.3.2.4 </bdi><code>NumberSchema</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#integerschema"><bdi class="secno">5.3.2.5 </bdi><code>IntegerSchema</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#objectschema"><bdi class="secno">5.3.2.6 </bdi><code>ObjectSchema</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#stringschema"><bdi class="secno">5.3.2.7 </bdi><code>StringSchema</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#nullschema"><bdi class="secno">5.3.2.8 </bdi><code>NullSchema</code></a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sec-security-vocabulary-definition"><bdi class="secno">5.3.3 </bdi>Security Vocabulary Definitions</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#securityscheme"><bdi class="secno">5.3.3.1 </bdi><code>SecurityScheme</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#nosecurityscheme"><bdi class="secno">5.3.3.2 </bdi><code>NoSecurityScheme</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#autosecurityscheme"><bdi class="secno">5.3.3.3 </bdi><code>AutoSecurityScheme</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#combosecurityscheme"><bdi class="secno">5.3.3.4 </bdi><code>ComboSecurityScheme</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#basicsecurityscheme"><bdi class="secno">5.3.3.5 </bdi><code>BasicSecurityScheme</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#digestsecurityscheme"><bdi class="secno">5.3.3.6 </bdi><code>DigestSecurityScheme</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#apikeysecurityscheme"><bdi class="secno">5.3.3.7 </bdi><code>APIKeySecurityScheme</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#bearersecurityscheme"><bdi class="secno">5.3.3.8 </bdi><code>BearerSecurityScheme</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#psksecurityscheme"><bdi class="secno">5.3.3.9 </bdi><code>PSKSecurityScheme</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#oauth2securityscheme"><bdi class="secno">5.3.3.10 </bdi><code>OAuth2SecurityScheme</code></a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sec-hypermedia-vocabulary-definition"><bdi class="secno">5.3.4 </bdi>Hypermedia Controls Vocabulary Definitions</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#link"><bdi class="secno">5.3.4.1 </bdi><code>Link</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#form"><bdi class="secno">5.3.4.2 </bdi><code>Form</code></a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sec-op-data-schema-mapping"><bdi class="secno">5.3.4.2.1 </bdi>Mapping op Values to Data Schemas</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sec-response-usage"><bdi class="secno">5.3.4.2.2 </bdi>Response-related Terms Usage</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#expectedresponse"><bdi class="secno">5.3.4.3 </bdi><code>ExpectedResponse</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#additionalexpectedresponse"><bdi class="secno">5.3.4.4 </bdi><code>AdditionalExpectedResponse</code></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sec-default-values"><bdi class="secno">5.4 </bdi>Default Value Definitions</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sec-td-serialization"><bdi class="secno">6. </bdi>TD Representation Format</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#td-basic-types-mapping"><bdi class="secno">6.1 </bdi>Mapping to JSON Types</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#omitting-default-values"><bdi class="secno">6.2 </bdi>Omitting Default Values</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#td-class-serialization"><bdi class="secno">6.3 </bdi>Information Model Serialization</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sec-thing-as-a-whole-json"><bdi class="secno">6.3.1 </bdi>Thing Root Object</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#titles-descriptions-serialization-json"><bdi class="secno">6.3.2 </bdi>Human-Readable Metadata</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#version-serialization-json"><bdi class="secno">6.3.3 </bdi><code>version</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#security-serialization-json"><bdi class="secno">6.3.4 </bdi><code>securityDefinitions</code> and <code>security</code></a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#security-multiple"><bdi class="secno">6.3.4.1 </bdi>Multiple Security Definitions</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#security-security-forms"><bdi class="secno">6.3.4.2 </bdi><code>security</code> in Forms</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#security-comboSecurityScheme"><bdi class="secno">6.3.4.3 </bdi><code>ComboSecurityScheme</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#security-oauth2"><bdi class="secno">6.3.4.4 </bdi>OAuth 2.0 usage</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#security-apikey"><bdi class="secno">6.3.4.5 </bdi>API key usage</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#property-serialization-json"><bdi class="secno">6.3.5 </bdi><code>properties</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#action-serialization-json"><bdi class="secno">6.3.6 </bdi><code>actions</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#event-serialization-json"><bdi class="secno">6.3.7 </bdi><code>events</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#link-serialization-json"><bdi class="secno">6.3.8 </bdi><code>links</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#form-serialization-json"><bdi class="secno">6.3.9 </bdi><code>forms</code></a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#form-uriVariables"><bdi class="secno">6.3.9.1 </bdi><code>uriVariables</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#form-contentType"><bdi class="secno">6.3.9.2 </bdi><code>contentType</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#form-response"><bdi class="secno">6.3.9.3 </bdi><code>response</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#form-additionalResponses"><bdi class="secno">6.3.9.4 </bdi><code>additionalResponses</code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#form-contentMediaType-contentEncoding"><bdi class="secno">6.3.9.5 </bdi><code>contentMediaType</code> and <code>contentEncoding </code></a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#form-top-level"><bdi class="secno">6.3.9.6 </bdi>Top level <code>forms</code></a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#data-schema-serialization-json"><bdi class="secno">6.3.10 </bdi>Data Schemas</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#identification-serialization-json"><bdi class="secno">6.4 </bdi>Identification</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#validation-serialization-json"><bdi class="secno">6.5 </bdi>Validation</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#minimal-validation-serialization-json"><bdi class="secno">6.5.1 </bdi>Minimal Validation</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#basic-validation-serialization-json"><bdi class="secno">6.5.2 </bdi>Basic Validation</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#full-validation-serialization-json"><bdi class="secno">6.5.3 </bdi>Full Validation</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sec-context-extensions"><bdi class="secno">7. </bdi>TD Context Extensions</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#semantic-annotations"><bdi class="secno">7.1 </bdi>Semantic Annotations</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#semantic-annotations-example-version-units"><bdi class="secno">7.1.1 </bdi>Example I: Additional Basic Metadata</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#semantic-annotations-example-state"><bdi class="secno">7.1.2 </bdi>Example II: State Annotations</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#semantic-annotations-example-geoloc"><bdi class="secno">7.1.3 </bdi>Example III: Geolocation Annotations</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#adding-protocol-bindings"><bdi class="secno">7.2 </bdi>Adding Protocol Bindings</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#adding-security-schemes"><bdi class="secno">7.3 </bdi>Adding Security Schemes</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#behavior"><bdi class="secno">8. </bdi>Behavioral Assertions</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#behavior-security"><bdi class="secno">8.1 </bdi>Security Configurations</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#behavior-data"><bdi class="secno">8.2 </bdi>Data Schemas</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#protocol-bindings"><bdi class="secno">8.3 </bdi>Protocol Bindings</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#http-binding-assertions"><bdi class="secno">8.3.1 </bdi>Protocol Binding based on HTTP</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#other-protocol-bindings"><bdi class="secno">8.3.2 </bdi>Other Protocol Bindings</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#thing-model"><bdi class="secno">9. </bdi>Thing Model</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#thing-model-concept"><bdi class="secno">9.1 </bdi>Basic Concept</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#thing-model-declaration"><bdi class="secno">9.2 </bdi>Thing Model Declaration</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#thing-model-tools"><bdi class="secno">9.3 </bdi>Modeling Tools</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#thing-model-versioning"><bdi class="secno">9.3.1 </bdi>Versioning</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#thing-model-extension-import"><bdi class="secno">9.3.2 </bdi>Extension and Import</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#thing-model-composition"><bdi class="secno">9.3.3 </bdi>Composition</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#thing-model-td-optional"><bdi class="secno">9.3.4 </bdi>tm:optional</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#thing-model-td-placeholder"><bdi class="secno">9.3.5 </bdi>Placeholder</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#thing-model-td-generation"><bdi class="secno">9.4 </bdi>Derivation of Thing Description Instances</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#thing-model-td-generation-examples"><bdi class="secno">9.5 </bdi>Examples</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sec-security-consideration"><bdi class="secno">10. </bdi>Security Considerations</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sec-security-consideration-TD-tampering"><bdi class="secno">10.1 </bdi>TD Interception and Tampering</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sec-security-consideration-context-tampering"><bdi class="secno">10.2 </bdi>Context Interception and Tampering</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#security-consideration-access-duration"><bdi class="secno">10.3 </bdi>Limited Duration Accesses</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sec-security-consideration-vulnerability-auditing"><bdi class="secno">10.4 </bdi>Vulnerability Auditing</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sec-security-consideration-script-injection"><bdi class="secno">10.5 </bdi>Script Injection</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sec-security-consideration-execution"><bdi class="secno">10.6 </bdi>JSON Parsing</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sec-security-consideration-jsonld-expansion"><bdi class="secno">10.7 </bdi>JSON-LD Expansion</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sec-privacy-consideration"><bdi class="secno">11. </bdi>Privacy Considerations</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sec-privacy-consideration-context"><bdi class="secno">11.1 </bdi>Context Fetching</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sec-privacy-consideration-id"><bdi class="secno">11.2 </bdi>Immutable Identifiers</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sec-privacy-consideration-fingerprint"><bdi class="secno">11.3 </bdi>Fingerprinting</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sec-privacy-consideration-id-metadata"><bdi class="secno">11.4 </bdi>ID Metadata</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sec-privacy-consideration-global-id-risk"><bdi class="secno">11.5 </bdi>Globally Unique Identifiers</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#sec-privacy-consideration-inferencing"><bdi class="secno">11.6 </bdi>Inferencing of Personally Identifiable Information</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#iana-section"><bdi class="secno">12. </bdi>IANA Considerations</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#media-type-section"><bdi class="secno">12.1 </bdi><code>application/td+json</code> Media Type Registration</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#media-type-section-tm"><bdi class="secno">12.2 </bdi><code>application/tm+json</code> Media Type Registration</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#content-format-section"><bdi class="secno">12.3 </bdi>CoAP Content-Format Registration</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#wot-thing-description"><bdi class="secno">12.3.1 </bdi>WoT Thing Description</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#wot-thing-model"><bdi class="secno">12.3.2 </bdi>WoT Thing Model</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#example-serialization"><bdi class="secno">A. </bdi>Example Thing Description Instances</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#myLampThing-example-serialization"><bdi class="secno">A.1 </bdi>MyLampThing Example with CoAP Protocol Binding</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#myLightSensor-example-serialization"><bdi class="secno">A.2 </bdi>MyIlluminanceSensor Example with MQTT Protocol Binding</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#webhook-example-serialization"><bdi class="secno">A.3 </bdi>Webhook Event Example</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#json-schema-for-validation"><bdi class="secno">B. </bdi>JSON Schema for TD Instance Validation</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#contentType-usage"><bdi class="secno">C. </bdi>contentType usage in Thing Descriptions</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#json-ld-ctx-usage"><bdi class="secno">D. </bdi>JSON-LD Context Usage</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#changes"><bdi class="secno">E. </bdi>Recent Specification Changes</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#changes-from-august-2022"><bdi class="secno">E.1 </bdi>Changes from Fourth Public Working Draft 3 August 2022</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#changes-from-march-2022"><bdi class="secno">E.2 </bdi>Changes from Third Public Working Draft 11 March 2022</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#changes-from-june-2021"><bdi class="secno">E.3 </bdi>Changes from Second Public Working Draft 7 June 2021</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#changes-from-fpwd"><bdi class="secno">E.4 </bdi>Changes from First Public Working Draft 24 November 2020</a></li></ol></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#acknowledgements"><bdi class="secno">F. </bdi>Acknowledgements</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#references"><bdi class="secno">G. </bdi>References</a><ol class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#normative-references"><bdi class="secno">G.1 </bdi>Normative references</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#informative-references"><bdi class="secno">G.2 </bdi>Informative references</a></li></ol></li></ol></nav>
<section id="introduction" class="informative"><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="x1-introduction"><bdi class="secno">1. </bdi>Introduction</h2><a class="self-link" href="#introduction" aria-label="Permalink for Section 1."></a></div><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
<section id="introduction-td"><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="x1-1-thing-description"><bdi class="secno">1.1 </bdi>Thing Description</h3><a class="self-link" href="#introduction-td" aria-label="Permalink for Section 1.1"></a></div>
<p>
The WoT Thing Description (TD) is a central building block in the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Web of
Things (WoT) and can be considered as the entry point of a <a href="#dfn-thing" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-thing-6">Thing</a>
(much like the <i>index.html</i> of a Web site). A TD instance has five main
components: textual metadata about the <a href="#thing">Thing</a> itself,
a set of <a href="#interactionaffordance">Interaction Affordances</a>
that indicate how the <a href="#dfn-thing" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-thing-7">Thing</a> can be used,
<a href="#sec-data-schema-vocabulary-definition">schemas</a> for the data
exchanged with the <a href="#dfn-thing" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-thing-8">Thing</a> for machine-understandability, <a href="#sec-security-vocabulary-definition">Security Definitions</a>
to provide metadata about the security mechanisms that must be used for interactions, and, finally, <a href="#sec-hypermedia-vocabulary-definition">Web links</a> to
express any formal or informal relation to other <a href="#dfn-thing" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-thing-9">Things</a> or documents on the Web.
</p>
<p>
The <a href="#dfn-interaction-model" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-interaction-model-1">Interaction Model</a> of <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> WoT defines three types of <a href="#dfn-interaction-affordance" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-interaction-affordance-1">Interaction Affordances</a>:
Properties (<a href="#propertyaffordance"><code>PropertyAffordance</code></a> class)
can be used for sensing and controlling parameters, such as getting the current value or
setting an operation state.
Actions (<a href="#actionaffordance"><code>ActionAffordance</code></a> class) model
invocation of physical (and hence time-consuming) processes, but can also be used to
abstract RPC-like calls of existing platforms.
Events (<a href="#eventaffordance"><code>EventAffordance</code></a> class) are used
for the push model of communication where notifications,
discrete events, or streams of values are sent asynchronously to the receiver.
See [<cite><a class="bibref" data-link-type="biblio" href="#bib-wot-architecture11" title="Web of Things (WoT) Architecture 1.1">wot-architecture11</a></cite>] for details.
</p>
<p>
In general, the TD provides metadata for different <a href="#dfn-protocol-binding" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-protocol-binding-1">Protocol Bindings</a>
identified by URI schemes [<cite><a class="bibref" data-link-type="biblio" href="#bib-rfc3986" title="Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax">RFC3986</a></cite>] (e.g., <code>http</code>, <code>coap</code>, etc. [<cite><a class="bibref" data-link-type="biblio" href="#bib-iana-uri-schemes" title="Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) Schemes">IANA-URI-SCHEMES</a></cite>]),
content types based on media types [<cite><a class="bibref" data-link-type="biblio" href="#bib-rfc2046" title="Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types">RFC2046</a></cite>]
(e.g., <code>application/json</code>, <code>application/xml</code>, <code>application/cbor</code>, <code>application/exi</code>, etc. [<cite><a class="bibref" data-link-type="biblio" href="#bib-iana-media-types" title="Media Types">IANA-MEDIA-TYPES</a></cite>]),
and security mechanisms (for authentication, authorization, confidentiality, etc.).
Serialization of TD instances is based on JSON [<cite><a class="bibref" data-link-type="biblio" href="#bib-rfc8259" title="The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format">RFC8259</a></cite>], where JSON names refer to terms of
the TD vocabulary, as defined in this specification document. In addition the JSON serialization of TDs
follows the syntax of JSON-LD 1.1 [<cite><a class="bibref" data-link-type="biblio" href="#bib-json-ld11" title="JSON-LD 1.1">JSON-LD11</a></cite>] to enable extensions and rich semantic processing.
</p>
<p>
<a href="#simple-thing-description-sample">Example 1</a> shows a TD instance and
illustrates the <a href="#dfn-interaction-model" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-interaction-model-2">Interaction Model</a> with Properties, Actions, and Events
by describing a lamp <a href="#dfn-thing" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-thing-10">Thing</a> with the title <i>MyLampThing</i>.
</p>
<aside class="example" id="simple-thing-description-sample"><div class="marker">
<a class="self-link" href="#simple-thing-description-sample">Example<bdi> 1</bdi></a><span class="example-title">: Thing Description sample</span>
</div>
<pre aria-busy="false"><code class="hljs json">{
<span class="hljs-attr">"@context"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"https://www.w3.org/2022/wot/td/v1.1"</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">"id"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"urn:uuid:0804d572-cce8-422a-bb7c-4412fcd56f06"</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">"title"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"MyLampThing"</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">"securityDefinitions"</span>: {
<span class="hljs-attr">"basic_sc"</span>: {<span class="hljs-attr">"scheme"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"basic"</span>, <span class="hljs-attr">"in"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"header"</span>}
},
<span class="hljs-attr">"security"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"basic_sc"</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">"properties"</span>: {
<span class="hljs-attr">"status"</span>: {
<span class="hljs-attr">"type"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"string"</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">"forms"</span>: [{<span class="hljs-attr">"href"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"https://mylamp.example.com/status"</span>}]
}
},
<span class="hljs-attr">"actions"</span>: {
<span class="hljs-attr">"toggle"</span>: {
<span class="hljs-attr">"forms"</span>: [{<span class="hljs-attr">"href"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"https://mylamp.example.com/toggle"</span>}]
}
},
<span class="hljs-attr">"events"</span>: {
<span class="hljs-attr">"overheating"</span>: {
<span class="hljs-attr">"data"</span>: {<span class="hljs-attr">"type"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"string"</span>},
<span class="hljs-attr">"forms"</span>: [{
<span class="hljs-attr">"href"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"https://mylamp.example.com/oh"</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">"subprotocol"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"longpoll"</span>
}]
}
}
}</code></pre>
</aside>
<p>
From this TD example,
we know there exists one <a href="#propertyaffordance">Property affordance</a>
with the title <i>status</i>.
In addition,
information is provided to indicate that this Property is accessible via
(the secure form of) the HTTP protocol with a GET method
at the URI <code>https://mylamp.example.com/status</code>
(announced within the <code>forms</code> structure by the
<code>href</code> member), and will return a string-based status value.
The use of the GET method is not stated explicitly,
but is one of the default assumptions defined by this document.
</p>
<p>
In a similar manner, an <a href="#actionaffordance">Action affordance</a> is specified to toggle the
switch status using the POST method on the
<code>https://mylamp.example.com/toggle</code> resource,
where POST is again a default assumption for invoking Actions.
</p>
<p>
The <a href="#eventaffordance">Event affordance</a> enables a mechanism for asynchronous messages
to be sent by a <a href="#dfn-thing" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-thing-11">Thing</a>.
Here, a subscription to be notified upon a possible overheating event
of the lamp can be obtained by using HTTP with its long polling
subprotocol on <code>https://mylamp.example.com/oh</code>.
</p>
<p>
This example also specifies the <code>basic</code> security scheme,
requiring a username and password for access.
Note that a security scheme is first given a name in
<code>securityDefinitions</code> and then activated by specifying
that name in a <code>security</code> section.
In combination with the use of the HTTP protocol this example
demonstrates the use of HTTP Basic Authentication.
Specification of at least one security scheme at the top level is mandatory,
and gives the default access requirements for every resource.
However, security schemes can also be specified per-form,
with configurations given at the form level overriding configurations given at the <code>Thing</code> level,
allowing for the specification of fine-grained access control.
It is also possible to use a special <code>nosec</code> security scheme to
indicate that no access control mechanisms are used.
Additional examples will be provided later.
</p>
<p>
The Thing Description offers the possibility to add contextual definitions
in some namespace. This mechanism can be used to integrate additional semantics
to the content of the Thing Description instance, provided that formal knowledge,
e.g., logic rules for a specific domain of application, can be found under the
given namespace. Contextual information can also help specify some configurations and
behavior of the underlying communication protocols declared in the <code>forms</code> field.
<a href="#thing-description-full-serialization">Example 2</a> extends the TD sample from
Example 1 by introducing a second definition in the <code>@context</code> to declare the
prefix <code>saref</code> as referring to <a href="https://w3id.org/saref">SAREF</a>, the
Smart Appliance Reference Ontology [<cite><a class="bibref" data-link-type="biblio" href="#bib-smartm2m" title="ETSI TS 103 264 V2.1.1 (2017-03): SmartM2M; Smart Appliances; Reference Ontology and oneM2M Mapping">SMARTM2M</a></cite>]. This IoT ontology includes terms interpreted
as semantic labels that can be set as values of the
<code>@type</code> field, giving the semantics of <a href="#dfn-thing" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-thing-12">Things</a> and their
<a href="#dfn-interaction-affordance" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-interaction-affordance-2">Interaction Affordances</a>. In the example below, the <a href="#dfn-thing" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-thing-13">Thing</a> is labelled with
<code>saref:LightSwitch</code>, the <code>status</code> <a href="#dfn-property" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-property-1">Property</a> is labelled with
<code>saref:OnOffState</code> and the <code>toggle</code> <a href="#dfn-action" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-action-1">Action</a> with
<code>saref:ToggleCommand</code>.
</p>
<aside class="example" id="thing-description-full-serialization"><div class="marker">
<a class="self-link" href="#thing-description-full-serialization">Example<bdi> 2</bdi></a><span class="example-title">: Thing Description with TD Context Extension for semantic annotations</span>
</div>
<pre aria-busy="false"><code class="hljs json">{
<span class="hljs-attr">"@context"</span>: [
<span class="hljs-string">"https://www.w3.org/2022/wot/td/v1.1"</span>,
{ <span class="hljs-attr">"saref"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"https://w3id.org/saref#"</span> }
],
<span class="hljs-attr">"id"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"urn:uuid:300f4c4b-ca6b-484a-88cf-fd5224a9a61d"</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">"title"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"MyLampThing"</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">"@type"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"saref:LightSwitch"</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">"securityDefinitions"</span>: {
<span class="hljs-attr">"basic_sc"</span>: {<span class="hljs-attr">"scheme"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"basic"</span>, <span class="hljs-attr">"in"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"header"</span>}
},
<span class="hljs-attr">"security"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"basic_sc"</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">"properties"</span>: {
<span class="hljs-attr">"status"</span>: {
<span class="hljs-attr">"@type"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"saref:OnOffState"</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">"type"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"string"</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">"forms"</span>: [{
<span class="hljs-attr">"href"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"https://mylamp.example.com/status"</span>
}]
}
},
<span class="hljs-attr">"actions"</span>: {
<span class="hljs-attr">"toggle"</span>: {
<span class="hljs-attr">"@type"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"saref:ToggleCommand"</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">"forms"</span>: [{
<span class="hljs-attr">"href"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"https://mylamp.example.com/toggle"</span>
}]
}
},
<span class="hljs-attr">"events"</span>: {
<span class="hljs-attr">"overheating"</span>: {
<span class="hljs-attr">"data"</span>: {<span class="hljs-attr">"type"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"string"</span>},
<span class="hljs-attr">"forms"</span>: [{
<span class="hljs-attr">"href"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"https://mylamp.example.com/oh"</span>
}]
}
}
}</code></pre>
</aside>
<p>
The declaration mechanism inside some
<code>@context</code> is specified by JSON-LD. A TD instance complies to version 1.1 of
that specification [<cite><a class="bibref" data-link-type="biblio" href="#bib-json-ld11" title="JSON-LD 1.1">json-ld11</a></cite>]. Hence, a TD instance can be also processed as an RDF
document (for details about semantic processing, please refer to Appendix
<a href="#json-ld-ctx-usage" class="sec-ref"><bdi class="secno">D. </bdi>JSON-LD Context Usage</a> and the documentation under the namespace IRIs, e.g.,
<a href="https://www.w3.org/2019/wot/td">https://www.w3.org/2019/wot/td</a>).
</p>
</section>
<section id="introduction-tm"><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="x1-2-thing-model"><bdi class="secno">1.2 </bdi>Thing Model</h3><a class="self-link" href="#introduction-tm" aria-label="Permalink for Section 1.2"></a></div>
<p>One of the main intentions of a <a href="#dfn-thing-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-thing-description-1">Thing Description</a> is to provide a <a href="#dfn-consumer" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-consumer-1">Consumer</a>
with all the details necessary to successfully interact with a <a href="#dfn-thing" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-thing-14">Thing</a>.
In some IoT application scenarios, a fully detailed <a href="#dfn-thing-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-thing-description-2">Thing Description</a>, e.g., with
communication metadata is not necessary (e.g., IoT ecosystems may implicitly handle communication separately),
or may not be available because a new entity has not yet been deployed (e.g., IP address is not yet known).
Sometimes, also a kind of class definition is required that forces capability definitions that should be
available for all created instances (e.g., large-scale production of new devices).
</p>
<p>In order to address the above-mentioned scenarios or others, the <a href="#dfn-thing-model" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-thing-model-1">Thing Model</a> can be used that mainly provides the data model
definitions within <a href="#dfn-thing" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-thing-15">Things</a>' <a href="#dfn-property" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-property-2">Properties</a>, <a href="#dfn-action" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-action-2">Actions</a>, and/or <a href="#dfn-event" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-event-1">Events</a> and can be potentially used
as template for creating <a href="#dfn-thing-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-thing-description-3">Thing Description</a> instances. In the following a sample
<a href="#dfn-thing-model" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-thing-model-2">Thing Model</a> is presented that can be seen as a model for the <a href="#dfn-thing-description" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-thing-description-4">Thing Description</a>
instance in <a href="#simple-thing-description-sample" class="box-ref">Example<bdi> 1</bdi></a>.
</p>
<div class="example" id="td-model-example-lamp">
<div class="marker">
<a class="self-link" href="#td-model-example-lamp">Example<bdi> 3</bdi></a><span class="example-title">: Thing Model sample</span>
</div> <pre aria-busy="false"><code class="hljs json">{
<span class="hljs-attr">"@context"</span>: [<span class="hljs-string">"https://www.w3.org/2022/wot/td/v1.1"</span>],
<span class="hljs-attr">"@type"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"tm:ThingModel"</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">"title"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"Lamp Thing Model"</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">"properties"</span>: {
<span class="hljs-attr">"status"</span>: {
<span class="hljs-attr">"description"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"current status of the lamp (on|off)"</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">"type"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"string"</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">"readOnly"</span>: <span class="hljs-literal">true</span>
}