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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Canada</title>
<link rel="author" href="http://www.cnlawrence.com/">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="dist/reset.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="dist/reveal.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="dist/theme/beige.css" id="theme">
<!-- For syntax highlighting -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="plugin/highlight/zenburn.css">
<!-- Local overrides -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
</head>
<body>
<div class="reveal">
<!-- Any section element inside of this container is displayed as a slide -->
<div class="slides">
<section class="vcard">
<h1>Canada</h1>
<img src="img/cp15-canada/Flag_of_Canada.svg" class="noborder" style="width: 25%" alt="Flag of Canada">
<h3><a rel="author" class="url n" href="http://www.cnlawrence.com/">
<span class="honorific-prefix">Dr.</span>
<span class="given-name">Christopher</span>
<abbr class="additional-name">N.</abbr>
<span class="family-name">Lawrence</span></a></h3>
<h4 class="org">Middle Georgia State University</h4>
<h4>POLS 2301: Comparative Politics</h4>
<h5><a id="narrationToggle" onclick="toggleAutoplay(this);return false;" href="#">🔊 Disable Narration</a></h5>
</section>
<!-- XXX Actual slides go here -->
<section>
<h2>Geography</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-01.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-01.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<img src="img/cp15-canada/Canada_topo.jpg" style="width: 60%" class="noborder" alt="Topographic map of Canada">
</section>
<section>
<h2>Pre-Columbian History</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-02.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-02.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Sparsely-populated, due to unfavorable climate.</p>
<ul>
<li>Southern Canada: <em>First Nations</em> (native American
tribes).</li>
<li>Northern Canada: <em>Inuit</em> (or Eskimos).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>Site of first European settlement in the Americas: L'Anse aux
Meadows in Newfoundland, circa 1000 A.D.</p></li>
<li><p>Perhaps 1/2 million people in Canada circa 1500 A.D.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>European Colonization</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-03.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-03.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<ul>
<img src="img/cp15-canada/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg" style="width: 50%; float: right" class="noborder" alt="North American Territories in 1750">
<li><p>British settlement focused on Newfoundland and Nova
Scotia.</p></li>
<li><p>French settlement along the St. Lawrence River (known as
<em>Canada</em>) and in Acadia: <em>New France</em>.</p></li>
<li><p>Seven Years' War/French and Indian War (1754–63)
brought all French territory east of the Mississippi River under
British control.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Between the Wars (1763–75)</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-04.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-04.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<ul>
<img src="img/cp15-canada/Province_of_Quebec_1774.png" style="width: 30%; float: right" class="noborder" alt="Québec's boundaries in 1774">
<li><p>Territory reorganized into three colonies: Québec, Prince
Edward Island, and an enlarged Nova Scotia.</p></li>
<li><p>Quebec Act (1774): Expanded boundaries west and south,
entrenched French law and customs.</p></li>
<li><p>Lack of an elected assembly angered English-speaking colonists
there and in other colonies.</p></li>
<li><p>Atlantic colonies saw westward expansion limited.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>After U.S. Independence (1783)</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-05.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-05.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<ul>
<img src="img/cp15-canada/Haut_et_Bas-Canada2.png" style="width: 50%; float: right" class="noborder" alt="Division of Québec in 1791">
<li><p>Québec's southern lands ceded to the United States (became
U.S. Northwest Territory).</p></li>
<li><p>Many pro-British Loyalists settled in southern Québec,
south of the St. Lawrence River and west of the Ottawa River.</p></li>
<li><p>Expanding English-speaking population led to split of Nova
Scotia (creating New Brunswick) and Québec (creating Upper
Canada and Lower Canada).
</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>War of 1812 and Rebellions</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-06.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-06.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>U.S. attempt to conquer Canada in War of 1812 failed; most
Canadians were loyal to Britain but wanted political
reform.</p></li>
<li><p>Rebellions in 1837–38 attempt to overthrow colonial
governments in both Canadas, demand more accountability to the
mass public.</p></li>
<li><p>British response: merge Upper and Lower Canada into single
Province of Canada (1840), eventual adoption of <em>responsible
government</em> (1849).
</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Confederation</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-07.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-07.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>Province of Canada unstable: Francophone/Catholic <em>Canada
East</em> and Anglophone/Anglican <em>Canada West</em> had
fundamental disagreements.</p></li>
<li><p>“Double-majority” rule, equal representation
for east and west gave disproportionate power to Canada
West.</p></li>
<li><p>American expansionism and British indifference to Canadian
affairs led colonies to explore union.</p></li>
<li><p>Three conferences of colonial leaders agreed to a federal
structure with four provinces: Québec (Canada East), Ontario
(Canada West), New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Expanding the Confederation</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-08.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-08.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>Dominion of Canada established July 1, 1867 (<em>Canada
Day</em>).</p></li>
<li><p>Lands controlled by the Hudson's Bay Company become the
Northwest Territories in 1870.</p></li>
<li><p>Three provinces added in 1870s: Manitoba (1870), British
Columbia (1871), and Prince Edward Island (1873).</p></li>
<li><p>Saskatchewan and Alberta become provinces in 1905.</p></li>
<li><p>Newfoundland and Labrador (separate colony since 1583)
becomes a province in 1949.</p></li>
<li><p>Three territories remain: Northwest Territories (1870),
Yukon (1898), and Nunavut (1999).</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Canadian independence—when?</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-09.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-09.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<ul>
<li>
<p>1867? <em>British North America Act</em> grants
self-government in many, but not all affairs.</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Foreign policy remained in hands of UK Parliament.</p></li>
<li><p>Example: World War I.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>1931? <em>Statute of Westminster</em> repeals ability of
British parliament to legislate on most, but not all, Canadian
matters w/o consent of Canadian authorities.</p></li>
<li><p>1982? UK <em>Canada Act</em> “patriated” the
Canadian constitution, allowed amendments without agreement by
the British parliament.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Canada's Constitution</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-10.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-10.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<ul>
<img src="img/cp15-canada/Proclamation_Canadian_Confederation.jpg" style="width: 27.5%; float: right" class="noborder" alt="Proclamation of Confederation in 1867">
<li>
<p>Constitution Act (BNA Act), 1867</p>
<ul>
<li>A “Constitution similar in principle to That of the
United Kingdom”</li>
<li>Parliamentary system with fusion of powers.</li>
<li>…but federal, rather than unitary, in nature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Constitution Act, 1982</p>
<ul>
<li>Charter of Rights and Freedoms</li>
<li>Amendment procedures</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Unwritten elements</p>
<ul>
<li>Constitutional conventions</li>
<li>Royal prerogative powers</li>
<li>Principles derived from the (unwritten) UK constitution</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982)</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-11.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-11.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>Similar rights to U.S. Bill of Rights and Reconstruction
Amendments.</p></li>
<li>
<p>Key differences:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Linguistic rights for English-speaking and French-speaking
minorities.</p></li>
<li><p>Affirmative action programs expressly permitted.</p></li>
<li><p><em>Notwithstanding clause</em> allows Parliament,
provincial legislatures to enact laws that contradict
Charter guarantees, effective for up to 5 years
(renewable).</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Canadian Federalism</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-12.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-12.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Unlike U.S. Constitution, original intent was for a stronger
national government:</p>
<ul>
<li>Federal control of criminal law, all forms of commerce.</li>
<li>Limited provincial taxation powers.</li>
<li>Federal, not provincial, reserve powers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>In practice, much more <em>decentralized</em> today:</p>
<ul>
<li>Most constitutional changes require consent of provinces.</li>
<li>Devolution to satisfy Québec, western provinces.</li>
<li>Sales taxes, federal revenue sharing programs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Parliament of Canada</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-13.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-13.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<img src="img/cp15-canada/Centre_Block_-_Parliament_Hill.jpg" style="width: 30%" class="noborder" alt="Centre Block, Canadian Parliament Buildings"><br>
<ul>
<li><p>The Monarch</p></li>
<li><p>The House of Commons</p></li>
<li><p>The Senate</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Monarch</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-14.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-14.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<ul>
<img src="img/cp15-canada/Mary_Simon_GG_Announcement.jpg" style="width: 30%; float: right" class="noborder" alt="Governor General of Canada, Mary May Simon">
<li>
<p>Executive power is nominally vested in the <em>King (or Queen) of
Canada</em>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Governor General of Canada</strong>
(or <em>viceroy</em>) acts on monarch's behalf when not present
in Canada.</p>
<ul>
<li>Appointed by the King or Queen on advice of the Canadian
prime minister.</li>
<li>Traditionally serves for five years.</li>
<li>Acts on the advice of the prime minister.</li>
<li>Current governor general: Inuit politician Mary May Simon,
since July 2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul></section>
<section>
<h2>The House of Commons</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-15.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-15.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<ul>
<img src="img/cp15-canada/Ottawa_-_Parliament_Hill_-_Commons.jpg" style="width: 35%; float: right" class="noborder" alt="House of Commons chamber.">
<li><p>Modeled on the British House of Commons</p></li>
<li>
<p>Since 2015 election: 338 members, elected from single
member districts (informally <em>ridings</em>).
</p>
<ul>
<li>Roughly apportioned by population by province.
</li>
<li>Each province has at least as many MPs as Senators.
</li>
<li>Territories have one MP each.</li>
<li>Serve up to four years; Parliament can be dissolved
early due to a <em>no confidence motion</em> or at request
of the prime minister.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Senate</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-16.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-16.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<ul>
<img src="img/cp15-canada/Cansenate.jpg" style="width: 35%; float: right" class="noborder" alt="Senate chamber.">
<!-- <li><p>Modeled on the UK House of Lords.</p></li> -->
<li><p>No Canadian aristocracy, but represented wealthy
nonetheless.</p></li>
<li>
<p>105 seats, apportioned to provinces by constitution.</p>
<ul>
<li>Western provinces underrepresented.</li>
<li>Atlantic provinces overrepresented.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>Vacant seats filled by prime minister for life terms; must
retire at 75.</p></li>
<li><p>Nominally equal in power to Commons; by convention, does not
block laws passed by Commons.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Reforming Parliament</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-17.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-17.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<ul>
<li>
<p>The Senate: election or abolition?</p>
<p></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The Commons:</p>
<ul>
<li>Electoral reform?</li>
<li>More effective committees, backbenchers?</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Prime Minister and Cabinet</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-18.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-18.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<ul>
<img src="img/cp15-canada/JustinTrudeau2023.jpg"
style="width: 30%; float: right"
alt="Prime Minister of Canada, Justin Trudeau.">
<li><p>Like in most parliamentary systems, prime minister and
his/her cabinet is <em>responsible</em> to Parliament.</p></li>
<li><p>Current government led by Justin Trudeau of the Liberal
Party, PM since November 2015.</p></li>
<li><p>Unlike UK, <em>minority governments</em> since World War II
have been fairly common due to multiparty system.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Major Political Parties</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-19.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-canada/cp-canada-19.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>Conservative Party</strong> (Tories): 2004 merger of the
former <em>Progressive Conservatives</em> and <em>Reform
Party</em>; center-right.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Liberal Party</strong> (Grits): traditional “party of
government”; centrist/center-left.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>New Democratic Party</strong>: left-wing party, social
democratic orientation.</p></li>
<li><p><strong lang="fr">Bloc Québecois</strong>: pro-independence
party for Québec.</p></li>
<li><p>Most provincial parties are only loosely tied to their
federal counterparts.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Provincial Governments</h2>
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<ul>
<img src="img/cp15-canada/694px-Political_map_of_Canada.png" style="width: 60%; float: right" class="noborder" alt="Provinces and Territories">
<li><p>Lieutenant Governor: represents the monarch, appointed on
advice of <em>federal</em> prime minister.</p></li>
<li><p>Unicameral legislatures.</p></li>
<li><p><em>Premier</em> and cabinet responsible to the
legislature.</p></li>
<li><p>Territorial governments similar; usually less partisan.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Societal divisions</h2>
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<ul>
<li><p>Language and culture: Québec and francophones; First
Nations.</p></li>
<li><p>Western alienation (versus ON/QC).</p></li>
<li><p>Social issues increasingly divisive.</p></li>
<li><p>Immigration: assimilation versus multiculturalism.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Secessionism in Québec</h2>
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<ul>
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<li><p>Independence referenda failed in 1980, 1995.</p></li>
<li><p>Pro-independence <em>Parti Québecois</em> seeks greater
devolution of power.</p></li>
<li><p>First Nations in northern Québec may want to stay in
Canada.</p></li>
<li><p>English Canada: viable without Québec?</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The 363 kg Gorilla</h2>
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<ul>
<li><p><em>Living next to [the United States] is in some ways like
sleeping with an elephant. No matter how friendly and
even-tempered is the beast, if I can call it that, one is
affected by every twitch and grunt.</em> — Pierre
Trudeau.</p></li>
<li><p>Asymmetric relationship: U.S. mostly ignores Canada; Canada
deeply affected by U.S. policies.</p></li>
<li><p>Disputes: fishing rights, trade disputes (softwood lumber),
Keystone XL pipeline, post-9/11 border security.</p></li>
<li><p>NAFTA was controversial; prospect of deeper cooperation
with the U.S. (customs union, single market) raises
sovereignty fears.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="endmatter">
<h2>Copyright and License</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>The text and narration of these slides are an original,
creative work, Copyright © 2015–24 Christopher N. Lawrence. You
may freely use, modify, and redistribute this slideshow under the
terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0
International license. To view a copy of this license,
visit <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"
rel="license">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/</a>
or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite
900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA.</p></li>
<li><p>Other elements of these slides are either in the public domain
(either originally or due to lapse in copyright), are
U.S. government works not subject to copyright, or were licensed
under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike license (or a
less restrictive license, the Creative Commons Attribution license)
by their original creator.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="endmatter">
<h2>Works Consulted</h2>
<p>The following sources were consulted or used in the production of
one or more of these slideshows, in addition to various primary
source materials generally cited in-place or otherwise obvious from
context throughout; previous editions of these works may have also
been used. Any errors or omissions remain the sole responsibility
of the author.</p>
<ul>
<li>Eugene A. Forsey. 2012. <em>How Canadians Govern Themselves,</em>
8th ed. Ottawa: Library of Parliament, Canada.</li>
<li>Seymour Martin Lipset. 1990. <em>Continental Divide: The Values
and Institutions of the United States and Canada.</em> New York:
Routledge.</li>
<li>Patrick Malcolmson and Richard Myers. 2012. <em>The Canadian
Regime: An Introduction to Parliamentary Government in Canada,</em>
5th ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.</li>
<li>Kenneth McRoberts. 1996. <em>Misconceiving Canada: The Struggle
for National Unity.</em> Toronto: Oxford University Press.</li>
<li>David M. Thomas and David N. Biette, eds. 2014. <em>Canada and the
United States: Differences that Count,</em> 4th ed. Toronto:
University of Toronto Press.</li>
<li>Michael G. Roskin. 2015. <em>Countries and Concepts: Politics,
Geography, Culture,</em> 13th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:
Pearson.</li>
<li>Various Wikimedia projects, including
the <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/">Wikimedia
Commons</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/">Wikipedia</a>,
and <a href="http://en.wikisource.org/">Wikisource</a>.</li>
</ul>
</section>
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