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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>France</title>
<link rel="author" href="http://www.cnlawrence.com/">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="dist/reset.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="dist/reveal.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="dist/theme/beige.css" id="theme">
<!-- For syntax highlighting -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="plugin/highlight/zenburn.css">
<!-- Local overrides -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
</head>
<body>
<div class="reveal">
<!-- Any section element inside of this container is displayed as a slide -->
<div class="slides">
<section class="vcard">
<h1>France</h1>
<img src="img/cp03-france/Flag_of_France.svg" alt="Flag of France" class="noborder" style="width: 25%">
<h3><a rel="author" class="url n" href="http://www.cnlawrence.com/">
<span class="honorific-prefix">Dr.</span>
<span class="given-name">Christopher</span>
<abbr class="additional-name">N.</abbr>
<span class="family-name">Lawrence</span></a></h3>
<h4 class="org">Middle Georgia State University</h4>
<h4>POLS 2301: Comparative Politics</h4>
<h5><a id="narrationToggle" onclick="toggleAutoplay(this);return false;" href="#">🔊 Disable Narration</a></h5>
</section>
<!-- XXX Actual slides go here -->
<section>
<h2>Geography</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-01.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-01.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<img src="img/cp03-france/Fr-map.png" style="float: right; width: 40%">
<p>Most of the territory and people of the modern <strong>French
Republic</strong> (<em lang="fr">la République française</em>) are
located in western Europe.</p>
<p>The mainland of France, along with the island of Corsica, is
usually referred to as <em>metropolitan France</em> or, more
colloquially, “The Hexagon”
(<em lang="fr">l'Hexagone</em>), after its shape.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Early History</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-02.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-02.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<p>Like most of Britain, the dominant group in France before the
Romans were the Celts. Unlike in Britain, however, except in the
northwestern province of <em>Brittany</em>, little Celtic influence
remains today.</p>
<p>Most of modern France, known as <strong>Gaul</strong>, was under Roman rule
for around five centuries, much longer than the Romans were in
Britain. The French Celts were effectively “Romanized”
by their rulers.</p>
<p>The Roman language—both the written, classical Latin, and its
unwritten “street language” vulgar Latin—had a
lasting influence on France, shaping the precursor languages to
modern French.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Charlemagne and West Francia</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-03.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-03.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<img src="img/cp03-france/608px-Western_empire_verdun_843.png" alt="Map of the division of Charlemagne's empire in 843 AD" style="float: right; width: 30%">
<p>After the fall of Rome, the Germanic <em>Franks</em> (for whom
France is named) conquered most of modern France and placed it under
their rule. Eventually most of western Europe was under one ruler,
with Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor.</p>
<p>Eventually the western third of Charlemagne's kingdom, known
as <em>West Francia</em> at the time, was under the rule
of <strong>Charles the Bald</strong>. However, like in Germany, eventually
the land was fragmented between various rulers of varying loyalty
to the nominal king.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Rise of Absolutism</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-04.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-04.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<img src="img/cp03-france/Map_France_1477-en.svg" style="float: right; width: 30%" alt="France in 1477.">
<p>The Kings of France over the centuries tried to extend full control
from their power base in the <em lang="fr">Île de France</em>.</p>
<p>They were able to bring the nobles to heel; unlike in England, they
did not have to compromise much, undermining
the <strong>Estates-General</strong> and centralizing power in the royal court
and bureaucracy.</p>
<p>Although there was an uprising of nobles around the time of the
English Civil War, known as the <em lang="fr">Fronde</em>, it failed
and royal power was strengthened. Feudalism in France gave way
to <em>absolutism</em>.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2 lang="fr">« L'état, c'est moi »</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-05.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-05.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<img src="img/cp03-france/640px-Versailles_chateau.jpg" alt="The Palace of Versailles" style="float: right; width: 40%">
<p>Arguably the height of the <em lang="fr">ancien régime</em> was
under the rule of <span lang="fr">Louis XIV</span>, the “Sun
King.” He began the construction of the famous Palace of
Versailles, and imposed greater religious and political uniformity
on his subjects.
</p>
<p>Under his successor, and great-grandson, <span lang="fr">Louis
XV</span>, royal power continued to remain strong. Unlike the
Sun King, <span lang="fr">Louis XV</span> was deeply unpopular
with most of his people, particularly after losing Canada to the
British.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Prelude to Revolution</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-06.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-06.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<img src="img/cp03-france/Estatesgeneral.jpg" alt="Opening of the meeting of the Estates-General in 1789." style="float: right; width: 30%">
<p>Although both <span lang="fr">Louis XV</span> and his
grandson <span lang="fr">Louis XVI</span> implemented some
reforms in line with the ideas of the French Enlightenment,
their changes did not go far enough to please the radicals.
</p>
<p>A need to reform the tax system in the wake of a second war
against Britain—the American
Revolution—led <span lang="fr">Louis XVI</span> to convene
the Estates-General for the first time in over 170 years.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>1789: The French Revolution</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-07.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-07.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<p>The First Estate (clergy) and Second Estate (nobles) were joined
by the commoners' Third Estate, who soon demanded that all three
estates should constitute a single <strong>National Assembly</strong>,
meeting as a single body. <span lang="fr">Louis XVI</span> soon
bowed to the inevitable.</p>
<p>At first, <span lang="fr">Louis XVI</span> and the National
Assembly uneasily worked together, establishing a constitutional
monarchy, with the king's power limited by the <em>Declaration of
Rights</em> and the <em>Constitution of 1791</em>.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Plots and Counter-Plots</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-08.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-08.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<p>However, in 1792 the king and his allies (including the king of
Prussia and the Holy Roman Emperor) plotted to return power to
royal hands, while the radical <em>Jacobins</em> demanded more radical
reform, particularly to empower the working class.</p>
<p>When the revolutionaries went to war against Austria-Hungary
and Prussia, the Jacobins seized power in France, arrested the
king, and declared France a republic.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>1793–94: The Reign of Terror</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-09.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-09.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>1793: New legislature (the National Convention) executes
<span lang="fr">Louis XVI</span> and the queen; gives
dictatorial power to the <em>Committee of Public Safety</em>
headed by <span lang="fr">Maximilien
Robespierre</span>.</p></li>
<!--
<li><p>Rounds up politicians, nobles, clergy,
workers, and peasants for summary trials and executions, often on
flimsy evidence and trumped-up allegations.</p></li>
-->
<li><p>1794: Victims begin to include instigators who had fallen
afoul of <span lang="fr">Robespierre</span> for various
reasons.</p></li>
<li><p><span lang="fr">Robespierre</span>'s fellow radicals in the
Convention turn on him, have him (and other members of
the Committee) arrested and guillotined in the <strong>Thermidorian
Reaction</strong>.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Directory and the Consulate</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-10.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-10.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<img src="img/cp03-france/578px-3consuls.jpg" alt="The Three Consuls" style="float: right; width: 30%">
<p>Convention replaced with a new bicameral legislature, with
executive power vested in five-member body known as
the <em>Directory</em>. In practice, it governed as a dictatorship.
</p>
<p>Although it lasted four years, the Directory was
ineffective and unpopular. In 1799,
General <span lang="fr">Napoléon Bonaparte</span> launched the
<em>coup of 18 Brumaire</em>, which unseated the Directory and
replaced it with the three-member <em>Consulate</em>, with himself
serving as First Consul. This event effectively ended the
revolutionary era in France.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2 lang="fr">Napoléon</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-11.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-11.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<img src="img/cp03-france/288px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" style="float: right; width: 25%" alt="Napoleon as emperor">
<p><span lang="fr">Napoléon</span> ruled as a dictator or uncrowned
king. He had himself named consul-for-life in 1802, and in 1804,
he dispensed with the <em>uncrowned</em> part and had himself
proclaimed emperor.</p>
<p>For a time, he and his armies were wildly successful in
controlling much of Europe, directly or indirectly. But eventually
his enemies turned the tide and <span lang="fr">Napoléon</span>
was defeated and sent into exile in 1814 (although he staged a
brief comeback the following year).</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Bourbon Restoration: 1815–48</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-12.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-12.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<img src="img/cp03-france/640px-La_famille_royale_by_Gautier.jpg" style="float: right; width: 30%" alt="The Bourbon Royals">
<ul>
<li>End of <span lang="fr">Napoléon</span>'s rule left a power
vacuum in France.</li>
<li>Some wanted to restore the <em lang="fr">ancien régime</em>;
others wanted a return to the ideals of the Revolution.</li>
<li>
<span lang="fr">Louis XVIII</span> ruled as a constitutional
monarch and was moderately popular, but his
brother <span lang="fr">Charles X</span> attempted to take a more
active role on the throne when he became king in 1824.</li>
<li>1830: Relations with parliament break down; Charles was deposed
in favor of <span lang="fr">Louis Philippe</span>.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2 lang="fr">Louis-Napoléon</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-13.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-13.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<img src="img/cp03-france/Napoleon-3.jpg" style="float: right; width: 30%" alt="Louis-Napoléon">
<p>Louis Philippe was deposed in 1848 and the <em>Second Republic</em>
was declared.</p>
<p><span lang="fr">Napoléon</span>'s
nephew, <em lang="fr">Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte</em>, was soon elected
as president. He declared himself “Prince-President” and
emulated the militarist trappings of his uncle.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Second Empire</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-14.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-14.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>
<p>In 1851, after failing to have the constitution amended in a
referendum to allow him to seek a second term of office, he and
his supporters organized a “self-coup,” dissolving
parliament. A referendum was organized to validate the coup, and
the next year a second referendum established the <em>Second Empire</em>,
with <span lang="fr">Louis-Napoléon</span> now installed
as <span lang="fr">Napoléon III</span>.</p>
<p>Although <span lang="fr">Napoléon III</span> initially ruled in a
dictatorial manner, his regime became more liberal in the 1860s, and
overall the Second Empire was a period of relative prosperity for
France.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The End of the Empire</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-france/cp-france-15.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
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<img src="img/cp03-france/361px-Alsace-lorraine.jpg" style="float: right; width: 30%" alt="Louis-Napoléon">
<p>However, unlike his uncle, <span lang="fr">Napoléon III</span>
had only limited battlefield prowess. The Prussian
chancellor, <span lang="de">Otto von Bismarck</span>, drew France
into his scheme to unify Germany under Prussian rule, resulting in
the <strong>Franco-Prussian War</strong>.</p>
<p>The war proved a humiliating defeat for France
and <span lang="fr">Napoléon III</span> in particular, who was
captured by the Germans.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Third Republic</h2>
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<p>The German defeat left another power vacuum in France. A new
national assembly was soon elected, but it came into conflict with
Parisian radicals who formed the <em>Paris Commune</em>. The new
parliamentary <strong>Third Republic</strong>, however, brought genuine mass
democracy to France.</p>
<p>Internally the republic was divided politically. Some French
sought the restoration of the monarchy, while others thought the
republic insufficiently radical. Between 1870 and 1940, France
averaged more than one prime minister per <em>year</em>.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Vichy France</h2>
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<img src="img/cp03-france/France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg" style="float: right; width: 35%" alt="The Occupation">
<p>After Germany's swift conquest of France, the
collaborationist <em>Vichy regime</em> was established. Although the
Vichy government was nominally in charge of most of France, the
north and west were placed under German occupation.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Occupation</h2>
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<p>Many French people supported the Vichy regime, either due to
its anti-communist orientation or its relative stability.</p>
<p>Other French people joined the anti-German
<em lang="fr">Résistance</em>, while many of those who had
successfully fled ahead of the German invasion joined the <strong>Free
French</strong> forces in Britain under General <span lang="fr">Charles
de Gaulle</span>.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Fourth Republic</h2>
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<p>When France was liberated by the Allies, a <em>provisional
government</em> was established to prepare for a new post-war
constitution, which established the <strong>Fourth Republic</strong>.</p>
<p>In many ways, the Fourth Republic was a continuation of the Third
Republic. Although its constitution was designed to produce more
stable governments, in practice it didn't.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Algerian Crisis</h2>
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<p>The downfall of the Fourth Republic was the crisis in Algeria.
The French colony in North Africa was divided between the native
Algerians and French settlers (<em lang="fr">pieds-noirs</em>).</p>
<p>To forestall any withdrawal from
Algeria, <a href="http://ezproxy.mga.edu/login?url=http://digital.films.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=27469&xtid=38273">the
army staged a <em lang="fr">coup d'état</em> against the
government</a>. They took over Algeria and Corsica and warned the
government that Paris would be next if <span lang="fr">Charles de
Gaulle</span> was not installed as prime minister.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Fifth Republic</h2>
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<img src="img/cp03-france/De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg" style="float: right; width: 20%" alt="Charles de Gaulle">
<p>
</p>
<p><span lang="fr">Charles de Gaulle</span> returned from his
retirement from politics and promptly consolidated power in his
own hands. He and his allies drafted a new constitution
strengthening the presidency at the expense of parliament.</p>
<p>At the same time, he did not want a system with as many <em>checks
and balances</em> as the U.S.-style presidential system.</p>
<p>The new constitution established what is known as
a <strong>semipresidential</strong> or <strong>premier-presidential</strong>
system.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>President of the Republic</h2>
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<p>Presidents are elected by the voters to five-year terms, using
a <em>majority-runoff</em> system; if no candidate gets an absolute
majority of the vote, the top two candidates face off in a second
round two weeks after the election.</p>
<p>Currently, presidents cannot serve more than two consecutive terms.</p>
<p>The current president of France is <span lang="fr">Emmanuel
Macron</span> of the <em lang="fr">Renaissance</em> party, who was
elected in May 2017 and re-elected in April 2022.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Government</h2>
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<img src="img/cp03-france/Gabriel_Attal,_February_2023.jpg"
style="float: right; width: 22.5%" alt="Current French prime
minister Gabriel Attal, photographed in February 2023.">
<p>Under the French semipresidential system, the prime minister and
cabinet are chosen by the <em>president</em>, not parliament.</p>
<p>However, the parliament can <strong>censure</strong> the
government; if this happens, the president must appoint a new
cabinet. This effectively means that the president must choose a
cabinet that can command the support of a majority in
parliament.</p>
<p>The current prime minister is <span lang="fr">Gabriel
Attal</span>, who has held office since January 2024. As a
result of the snap elections held in the summer of 2024, a new
prime minister is likely to be named in the coming months.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2 lang="fr">Cohabitation</h2>
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<ul>
<li><p><em lang="fr">Cohabitation</em> is term used when president
is from a different party than that with a majority in
parliament.</p></li>
<li><p>To avoid censure votes, president had to appoint prime
ministers and cabinets preferred by the majority party. Prime
ministers had more real power than the president in these
circumstances.</p></li>
<li><p>In 2000, the constitution was amended to make presidential
and parliamentary terms coincide and to hold their elections
within a few weeks of each other, which was thought would make
<span lang="fr">cohabitation</span> less likely.</p></li>
<li><p>However, since the 2022 election, the president's
supporters have only held a minority of seats in the National
Assembly.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The National Assembly</h2>
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<p>The National Assembly (<em lang="fr">Assemblée nationale</em>) is
the lower house of the French parliament.</p>
<p>The 577 <em lang="fr">députés</em> are elected from single-member
districts, including seats for overseas territories and for French
citizens living abroad.</p>
<p>Typically deputies serve a five-year term. The president can
dismiss them and call early elections, but the 2000 reforms make
this less likely.</p>
<p>The Assembly meets at the <strong lang="fr">Palais
Bourbon</strong> in Paris.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>More on the Assembly</h2>
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<p>Assembly deputies, like presidents, are elected using a two-round
system; if no candidate wins a majority in the first round, those
candidates receiving at least 12.5% of the registered voters' votes
proceed to a run-off, where whoever gets most votes prevails.</p>
<p>Like in Britain, it is unusual for a proposal from the cabinet to
be turned down by the National Assembly. If necessary, the prime
minister can tie any proposed law to a censure vote; if the law
fails, the cabinet falls.</p>
<p>Unlike in the UK and Germany, deputies may not simultaneously
serve as ministers in the government; instead, they must resign
from the National Assembly and are replaced by an alternate from
their party.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Senate</h2>
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<img src="img/cp03-france/640px-Hemicycle_Senat_France.jpg" style="float: right; width: 22.5%" alt="Senate chamber">
<p>The French Senate (<em lang="fr">Sénat</em>) is relatively weak,
much like the British House of Lords. Its members are elected
indirectly by members of local and regional governments, along with
the members of the National Assembly.</p>
<p>Since 2011, there have been 348 members elected to six-year
terms; half of the members are chosen every three years.</p>
<p>Senators can delay or amend legislation, but cannot ultimately
block it.</p>
<p>The Senate meets at the Luxembourg Palace in Paris.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Constitutional Council</h2>
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<p>Another important body in France is the <strong>Constitutional
Council</strong> (<em lang="fr">Conseil Constitutionnel</em>). Unlike
in the U.S. or Germany, it is not a <em>court of law</em>, but it does
have limited power to decide the constitutionality of laws.</p>
<p>Normally it decides whether or not a law is
constitutional <em>before</em> it goes into effect. However, since
2010 it has also had the power to review laws <em>after</em> they are
adopted.</p>
<p>Nine members are appointed for nine-year terms to the council by
the president, speaker of the Assembly, and speaker of the Senate. In
addition, former presidents are entitled to serve on the council for
life.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Semipresidentialism in One Diagram</h2>
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</section>
<section>
<h2>Political Parties in France</h2>
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<p>France's party system has become increasingly unstable in recent
years. Traditionally the two main blocs in French politics were:</p>
<ul>
<img src="img/cp03-france/640px-election-posters.jpg" style="float: right; width: 35%" alt="2012 election posters">
<li><p>The <strong>Socialist Party</strong> (<em lang="fr">Parti
socialiste</em>; PS); mostly social democrats, but a bit more
leftist than SDP, Labour.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>The Republicans</strong> (<em lang="fr">Les
Républicains</em>); new name of the former <strong>Union for a
Popular Movement</strong> (UMP); “neo-Gaullists”: conservative
but not necessarily “free marketeers.”</p></li>
</ul>
<p>However, new political movements have eroded the traditional
support bases for both parties.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Other Parties</h2>
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<ul>
<li><p><strong lang="fr">Renaissance</strong> (RE), centrist party
formed in 2016 by Emmanuel Macron, allied with the somewhat
older <strong lang="fr">MoDem</strong> (Democratic Movement)
party.</p></li>
<li><strong lang="fr">La France Insoumise</strong> (LFI),
left-wing populist party formed in 2016 by <span lang="fr">Luc
Mélenchon</span>.</li>
<li><p>The <strong>National Rally</strong>
(<em lang="fr">Rassemblement national</em>; RN) is a
right-wing populist and nationalist party; some accuse it of
being fascist. Until mid-2018 it was known as
the <strong>National Front</strong>.</p></li>
<li><p>The <strong>Union of Democrats and Independents</strong>
(<em lang="fr">Union des démocrates et indépendants</em>; UDI),
formed in 2012.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Europe Ecology – The Greens</strong> (<em lang="fr">Europe
Écologie – Les Verts</em>; EELV).</p></li>
<li><p>The <strong>Communists</strong> (<em lang="fr">Parti communiste
français</em>; PCF).</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Administrative Divisions</h2>
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<p>France was first divided into <em lang="fr">départements</em>
during the revolutionary era in 1790, replacing the older
provinces. They have been reorganized over the years.</p>
<p>Since 2021, metropolitan France (including Corsica) has
96 <em lang="fr">départements</em>, grouped into
13 <em lang="fr">régions</em>.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Beyond the Metropole</h2>
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<p>Unlike in Britain and the United States, France's external
departments and territories have the same representation as
metropolitan France, and have an equal vote in national elections,
including for the presidency and National Assembly.
</p></section>
<section>
<h2>Centralization of Power</h2>
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<p>Power in France is highly
centralized. Although <em lang="fr">départements</em> and their
subdivisions have elected councils and mayors, the national
government is represented by a <strong>prefect</strong>
(<em lang="fr">préfet</em>) who directs the local police and
oversees the local elected officials.</p>
<p>Many other functions of government, like public education, are
run by bureaucrats appointed by the central government with little
or no local oversight.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>French Cultural Divisions</h2>
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<ul>
<li><p>The <em>secular–clerical divide</em>
(<em lang="fr">laïcité</em>): debate over the role of the Catholic
Church; how strictly separated should church and state be?</p></li>
<li><p><em>Patriotism and distrust of government</em>: the French
have a strong sense of nationalism but are highly cynical about
government officials.</p></li>
<li><p><em>Education is both egalitarian and elitist</em>: there are
more places in academic high schools (<em lang="fr">lycées
générals</em>) than in Germany's <em lang="de">Gymnasien</em>, and
their graduates automatically qualify for university education—but
the elite schools (<em lang="fr">grandes écoles</em>)
like <em>ENA</em> are highly selective.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Government by Bureaucracy</h2>
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<p>The centralized French state is also heavily bureaucratic, even
by European standards.</p>
<p>In the post-war era, French bureaucrats steered industry—both
nationalized and private—through a system known
as <em lang="fr">dirigisme</em> using <em>indicative planning</em>
to try to direct investment in production based on expert
judgment.</p>
<p>Most bureaucrats attended the <em lang="fr">grandes écoles</em>,
especially the <em lang="fr">École Nationale d'Administration</em>
(ENA) in Strasbourg.</p>
<p><em lang="fr">Énarques</em> often pass between electoral politics
and the bureaucracy due to rules that encourage this “revolving
door.”</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The French Economy</h2>
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<p>Post-war <em lang="fr">dirigiste</em> policies led to creation of
“national champions,” both in the private and
nationalized sectors.</p>
<p>Privatization was initiated in France under socialist government
of <span lang="fr">François Mitterand</span> in the 1980s. But not
as complete as in the UK, since state investment is much deeper and
free-market ideology is less popular.</p>
<p>French labor market has high costs and low flexibility, leading to
high unemployment, particularly for youth.</p>
<p>France has a much bigger agricultural sector than most
industrialized countries, affecting politics by strengthening the
interests of rural France.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Immigration, Race, and Religion</h2>
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<ul>
<li><p>France's colonial legacy, particularly in Algeria, means
France has a lot of immigrants from Africa; many are Muslim and
poorly integrated into French society.</p></li>
<li><p>A distinct Muslim identity is at odds with French republican
ideal of <em lang="fr">laïcité</em> (strict separation of religion
and state).</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Europe</h2>
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<ul>
<img src="img/cp03-france/Flag_of_Europe.svg" alt="Flag of Europe." style="float: right; width: 30%" class="noborder">
<li><p>France is the biggest beneficiary of the <em>Common Agricultural
Policy</em>, subsidizing French farmers (largely with German
taxes). Historically France has been the E.U.'s biggest
cheerleader—<span lang="fr">Jean Monnet</span>, the “founding
father” of the E.U., was French.</p></li>
<li><p>However, French voters sometimes worry about loss of France's
sovereignty to European institutions and dislike the politicians
and bureaucrats who run the E.U.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="endmatter">
<h2>Copyright and License</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>The text and narration of these slides are an original,
creative work, Copyright © 2015–24 Christopher N. Lawrence. You may
freely use, modify, and redistribute this slideshow under the terms
of the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International
license. To view a copy of this license,
visit <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"
rel="license">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/</a> or
send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900,
Mountain View, California, 94041, USA.</p></li>
<li><p>Other elements of these slides are either in the public domain
(either originally or due to lapse in copyright), are
U.S. government works not subject to copyright, or were licensed
under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike license (or a
less restrictive license, the Creative Commons Attribution license)
by their original creator.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="endmatter">
<h2>Works Consulted</h2>
<p>The following sources were consulted or used in the production of
one or more of these slideshows, in addition to various primary
source materials generally cited in-place or otherwise obvious from
context throughout; previous editions of these works may have also
been used. Any errors or omissions remain the sole responsibility
of the author.</p>
<ul>
<li>Michael G. Roskin. 2013. <em>Countries and Concepts: Politics,
Geography, Culture,</em> 12th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:
Pearson.</li>
<li>Patrick H. O'Neil, Karl Fields, and Don Share. 2018. <em>Cases in