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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>What Is Comparative Politics?</title>
<link rel="author" href="http://www.cnlawrence.com/">
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<body>
<div class="reveal">
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<div class="slides">
<section class="vcard">
<h1>What is Comparative Politics?</h1>
<h3><a rel="author" class="url n" href="http://www.cnlawrence.com/">
<span class="honorific-prefix">Dr.</span>
<span class="given-name">Christopher</span>
<abbr class="additional-name">N.</abbr>
<span class="family-name">Lawrence</span></a></h3>
<h4 class="org">Middle Georgia State University</h4>
<h4>POLS 2301: Comparative Politics</h4>
<h5><a id="narrationToggle" onclick="toggleAutoplay(this);return false;" href="#">🔊 Disable Narration</a></h5>
</section>
<!-- XXX Actual slides go here -->
<section>
<h2>Comparative Politics and Political Science</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-intro/cp-intro-01.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
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</audio>
<p><em>Political science</em> is the social science that is devoted to
the study of politics and government.</p>
<p>Political science emerged as a distinct discipline in the 19th
century from the study of economics, history, and philosophy.</p>
<p>Other modern social sciences include economics, geography,
psychology, and sociology.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>What is Comparative Politics?</h2>
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<p>Comparative politics is the area of political science that seeks
to understand how politics and government work <em>within</em>
particular countries.</p>
<p>The term <em>comparative</em> is used because we are making
comparisons with how other countries' political systems work.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Other Fields</h2>
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<p>The most obviously similar field of political science is
called <em>international relations</em>.</p>
<ul>
<li>Comparative politics focuses mainly on politics and
government <em>within</em> a particular country
or <em>nation-state</em>.</li>
<li>International relations focuses on the interactions
<em>between</em> countries and nation-states, including themes like
war and conflict, international trade and economics, and human
rights.</li>
<li>At MGA, our introductory course on international relations is
called Global Issues, POLS 2401.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Other Fields</h2>
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<p>Comparative politics is also similar to the study of American
politics.</p>
<ul>
<li>American politics is the study of politics and
government <em>within</em> the United States (and its political
subdivisions).</li>
<li>To a non-American (and even some American political scientists),
the study of American politics would be seen as <em>part</em> of the
study of comparative politics.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Nation-State</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
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<p>The building block of comparative politics is what political
scientists call the <em>nation-state</em> (or <em>modern
state</em>).</p>
<p>Nation states began to emerge in 17th Century Europe,
as <em>feudalism</em> gave way to a more centralized system of
government where most power rested with the king/queen and his
or her advisors.</p>
<p>Some of these states were more <em>absolutist</em> than others: the
power of British monarchs was reined in by aristocrats and wealthy
commoners, while French monarchs ruled with an iron fist.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Nation-States in the 19th and 20th Centuries</h2>
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</audio>
<p>The Napoleonic Wars led to the emergence of many more
nation-states over the next century, as a sense of shared national
identity led some empires to fall apart while small kingdoms and
princedoms were consolidated.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Nation-States in the 19th and 20th Centuries</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
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</audio>
<ul>
<li>The emergence of Germany and Italy as unified states.</li>
<li>The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian empires.</li>
<li>The breakdown of Spanish and Portuguese colonial rule in the
Americas.</li>
<li>British settler colonies like Canada and Australia develop a
sense of national identity distinct from Britain.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Consolidating the Nation-State</h2>
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<p>Creating the shared identity of a single nation and maintaining it
over the years can be challenging.</p>
<ul>
<li>National identity sometimes forged through conquest or war.
</li>
<li>Spread of a unifying national language, religion, or culture.
</li>
</ul>
<p>Some countries are still trying to forge a shared identity, while
others failed to do so, like the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia which
collapsed in the 1990s.
</p></section>
<section>
<h2>What Do We Compare?</h2>
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<p>Various <em>institutions</em> form the basis of governing
nation-states.</p>
<p>In most modern states, the basic institutions are laid out in a
written <em>constitution</em> that establishes the scope and powers of
government institutions.</p>
<p>In some modern states, the constitution is “unwritten” or
not a single document, such as Britain and Israel.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Presidential Institutions</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
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<p>Modern democracies generally are classified by relationship
between the <em>executive</em> and the <em>legislature</em>.</p>
<p>In a <em>presidential</em> system like the United States or Mexico,
the executive (president) is elected separately from the
legislature, and can only be removed under exceptional
circumstances. The role of <em>head of state</em> and the role
of <em>head of government</em> is vested in the president.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Parliamentary Institutions</h2>
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<p>In a <em>parliamentary</em> system like Britain or Germany, voters
choose representatives in parliament (the legislature) who then
choose a <em>prime minister</em> and <em>cabinet</em> who serve as the
executive as long as they maintain the <em>confidence</em> of a
majority of parliament.</p>
<p>The prime minister serves as the <em>head of government</em> but not
the <em>head of state</em>.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Heads of State in Parliamentary Systems</h2>
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<p>Parliamentary systems without a monarch (like Germany's or
Israel's) have a president who normally serves as
a <em>figurehead</em> and tends to have little political power.</p>
<p>Other parliamentary systems, like in Britain and Sweden, assign
this role to the monarch or his/her representative, who by law or
tradition does not exercise political power.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Other Key Institutional Choices</h2>
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<ul>
<li>Are there multiple legislative chambers?</li>
<li>How are the powers of the legislative chambers balanced? Does one
chamber dominate?</li>
<li>How are members of the legislature elected?</li>
<li>How powerful are bureaucrats?</li>
<li>How centralized is power in the nation-state? Does it have
a <em>unitary</em> system, a <em>federal</em> system, or something in
between?</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Proportionality</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
<source data-src="audio/cp-intro/cp-intro-14.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus">
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<p>Many democracies have more than two major parties. Often this
reflects the electoral system:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<em>Proportional representation</em> allows smaller parties to
have a better chance of gaining seats and influence.
</li>
<li>
<em>Plurality elections</em> make it hard for small or
geographically dispersed parties to succeed.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Multiparty Systems</h2>
<audio controls="controls" data-autoplay="autoplay" preload="metadata">
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<p>Other reasons for multiparty systems:</p>
<ul>
<li>Regionalism: some groups may not feel integrated into the
nation-state and seek autonomy or independence through their own
parties.</li>
<li>Divisions in society: old and new debates in society may shape
political discourse, including economic and class divisions,
urban-rural divisions, and secular-religious divisions
(<em>anti-clericalism</em>).
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="endmatter">
<h2>Copyright and License</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>The text and narration of these slides are an original,
creative work, Copyright © 2015–17 Christopher N. Lawrence.
You may freely use, modify, and redistribute this slideshow under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0
International license. To view a copy of this license,
visit <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" rel="license">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/</a> or
send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900,
Mountain View, California, 94041, USA.</p></li>
<li><p>Other elements of these slides are either in the public domain
(either originally or due to lapse in copyright), are
U.S. government works not subject to copyright, or were licensed
under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike license (or a
less restrictive license, the Creative Commons Attribution license)
by their original creator.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="endmatter">
<h2>Works Consulted</h2>
<p>The following sources were consulted or used in the production of
one or more of these slideshows, in addition to various primary
source materials generally cited in-place or otherwise obvious from
context throughout; previous editions of these works may have also
been used. Any errors or omissions remain the sole responsibility
of the author.</p>
<ul>
<li>Michael G. Roskin. 2013. <em>Countries and Concepts: Politics,
Geography, Culture,</em> 12th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:
Pearson.</li>
<li>Various Wikimedia projects, including
the <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/">Wikimedia
Commons</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/">Wikipedia</a>,
and <a href="http://en.wikisource.org/">Wikisource</a>.</li>
</ul>
</section>
</div>
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