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<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
<title>Civil Liberties</title>
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<body>
<div class="reveal">
<!-- Any section element inside of this container is displayed as a slide -->
<div class="slides">
<section class="vcard">
<h1>Civil Liberties</h1>
<h3><a rel="author" class="url n"
href="http://www.cnlawrence.com/">
<span class="honorific-prefix">Dr.</span>
<span class="given-name">Christopher</span>
<abbr class="additional-name">N.</abbr>
<span class="family-name">Lawrence</span></a></h3>
<h4 class="org">Middle Georgia State University</h4>
<h4>POLS 1101: American Government</h4>
<h5><a id="narrationToggle" onclick="toggleAutoplay(this);return false;"
href="#">🔊 Disable Narration</a></h5>
</section>
<!-- XXX Actual slides go here -->
<section>
<h2>Civil Liberties versus Civil Rights</h2>
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<ul><li><p>Both protected by the U.S. and state constitutions, but are
subtly different:</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>Civil <b>liberties</b> are limitations on
government interference in personal freedoms.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Civil <b>rights</b> are guarantees of equal or
fair treatment by the government, regardless of one's personal
characteristics.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Emphasis in United States is
on <em>individual</em> rather than <em>collective</em> rights.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Rights Guaranteed in Original Text</h2>
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<ul>
<li><p>Several protections of individual liberties were included in
the original text of the Constitution:</p></li>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>Guarantee of right to <em>habeas
corpus.</em></p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Prohibition of <em>ex post facto</em> laws.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Prohibition of bills of attainder.</p></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Selective Incorporation</h2>
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<ul>
<li><p>Bill of Rights originally only applied to the national
government: <em>Barron v. Baltimore</em> (1833).</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>14th Amendment, passed and ratified after the
Civil War, states in part:</p>
<ul><li><p>“No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge
the <em>privileges or immunities</em> of citizens of the United States;
nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property,
without <em>due process</em> of law; nor deny to any person within its
jurisdiction the <em>equal protection</em> of the laws.”</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<!--
<section>
<h2>Selective Incorporation</h2>
<ul><li><p>Although its authors apparently intended that this language would fully incorporate the national Bill of Rights into the state constitutions, Supreme Court limited the scope of incorporation:</p>
<ul><li><p>Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) sharply limited definition of “privileges or immunities.”</p>
</li>
<li><p>U.S. v. Cruickshank (1875) and Civil Rights Cases (1883) limited federal power to intervene when no “state action” took place.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
-->
<section>
<h2>Selective Incorporation</h2>
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<ul>
<li><p>Due process clause used to “incorporate” parts of
the Bill of Rights into the practices of the states.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Today most—but not all—of the Bill
of Rights is incorporated.</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Important exception: right to a jury trial in civil disputes
(7th Amendment).</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Freedom of Expression</h2>
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<p>The First Amendment: “Congress shall make no law… abridging
the <em>freedom of speech</em>, or of the <em>press</em>; or the right
of the people <em>peaceably to assemble</em>, and to <em>petition</em>
the Government for a redress of grievances.”</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p><em>Prior restraint</em> is almost always
unconstitutional.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Unpopular opinions historically less
tolerated:</p>
<ul>
<li><em>Schenck v. United States</em> (1917) and the “clear and
present” danger doctrine.</li>
<li class=fragment><em>Brandenburg v. Ohio</em> (1969): narrower
“imminent lawless action” standard.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Symbolic Speech</h2>
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<p>Expression that is not printed or spoken also protected.</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p><img src="img/civil-lib/WCWProtest_WashingtonDC.jpg"
alt="An altered American flag being burned during a protest."
style="float: right; width: 30%">Clothing-as-protest</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Black armbands as war protest—<em>Tinker v. Des
Moines Independent Community School District</em>
(1969)</p></li>
<li><p>“Fuck the Draft” jacket—<em>Cohen
v. California</em> (1971)</p></li>
</ul>
<li class=fragment><p>Flag burning—<em>Texas v. Johnson</em>
(1989)</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Symbolic Speech</h2>
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<p>Exceptions:</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p><img src="img/civil-lib/640px-Cross_Lighting_2005.jpg"
style="float: right; width: 45%" alt="A cross
burning.">Overriding governmental interest (burning
draft cards: <em>United States v. O'Brien</em>,
1968).</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>As part of threat of violence (cross
burning: <em>Virginia v. Black</em>, 2003).</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>“School speech” (“Bong
Hits 4 Jesus” case: <em>Morse v. Frederick</em>,
2007).</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<!-- XXX Add section on viewpoint neutrality -->
<section>
<h2>Limits on Free Expression</h2>
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<p>Other limits on freedom of expression:</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>
<img src="img/civil-lib/First_amendment_area_Muir_Woods.jpg"
alt="Picture of a sign from Muir Woods reading: 'First Amendment
Area: This area has been set aside for individuals or groups
exercising their constitutional first amendment rights. The
National Park Service neither encourages nor discourages, or
otherwise endorses, these activities and receives no funds in
relation to these activities.'" style="float: right; width:
30%">Restrictions on <em>reasonable time, place, and manner</em> of
protests; must be “content-neutral”.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p><em>Commercial speech</em>.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p><em>Campaign-related speech</em>.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p><em>Libel</em> (but higher standard for
“public figures.”).</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p><em>Obscenity</em> and <em>indecency</em>.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Religious Liberties</h2>
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<p>Also embodied in the First Amendment: “Congress shall make no
law respecting an <em>establishment</em> of religion, or prohibiting
the <em>free exercise</em> thereof.”
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>Challenges:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Government assistance to activity by religious groups:
how much is OK?</p></li>
<li><p>Balancing religious freedom with general obligations.</p></li>
</ul>
</li></ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Establishment Clause</h2>
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<ul>
<li><p>Until 20th Century: seen as restriction on a
particular <em>state religion</em> only.</p>
<li class=fragment><p>Laws that promoted Christianity or monotheism
were generally permitted.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>More recently expanded to <em>religion in
general</em>.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Dispute between <em>separationist</em>
and <em>accommodationist</em> views.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Lemon Test</h2>
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<ul>
<li><p><em>Lemon v. Kurtzman</em> (1971):</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>Laws must have a clear <em>secular purpose</em>.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Laws must not favor one religion over another,
or religion over non-religion.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Laws must avoid <em>excessive entanglement</em>
of public officials in religious affairs.</p></li>
</li>
</ul>
<li class=fragment><p><em>Coercion</em> also considered in some, more
recent cases.
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Education and Establishment</h2>
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<ul>
<li><p>Effort to draw a bright line—particularly in K–12
education
(see <a title="Guidance on Constitutionally Protected Prayer in
Public Elementary and Secondary Schools" href="http://www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/religionandschools/prayer_guidance.html">U.S. Department
of Education website</a> for details):</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>Officials and employees cannot lead
prayers.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Schools cannot facilitate “student led” prayer
as part of the curriculum.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Student-initiated activity OK outside of
structured curriculum.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Judges' rulings have been ignored in many parts
of the country.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>More entanglement accepted in higher
education.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Free Exercise Clause</h2>
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<p>Free exercise raises different issues:</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p><img src="img/civil-lib/FSM_Logo.svgz" class=noborder
alt="Logo of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster."
style="float: right; width: 35%; background-color: #ccc">What constitutes a “religion”?</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>What practices are important to a
particular religion?</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Conflict with other, legitimate goals of
government.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Sherbert-Yoder Test</h2>
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<p>Established in <em>Sherbert v. Verner</em> (1963) and <em>Wisconsin
v. Yoder</em> (1972):</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment>Is there a <em>sincere</em> religious belief?</li>
<li class=fragment>Does the law create a <em>substantial
burden</em> on acting on that belief?</li>
<li class=fragment>If so, law must:
<ul>
<li>Serve a “compelling state interest.”</li>
<li>Must pursue that interest by the “least restrictive
means” (lowest possible burden on religion).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The “Peyote Case” and Free Exercise</h2>
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<p>Supreme Court decision in <em>Employment Division v. Smith</em>
(1990) overturned the Sherbert-Yoder Test.</p>
<ul>
<li><p>“Neutrality” standard: religious beliefs do not
exempt people from following generally-applicable laws.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Sherbert-Yoder Test restored for <em>federal</em>
laws by the <em>Religious Freedom Restoration Act</em> (RFRA)
and the <em>Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons
Act</em> (RLUIPA).</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Some (but not all) states have also passed
“mini-RFRAs.”</p>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Right to Keep and Bear Arms</h2>
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<p><img src="img/civil-lib/640px-Houston_Gun_Show_at_the_George_R._Brown_Convention_Center.jpg"
alt="Dozens of handguns at a gun show." style="width: 30%;
float: right">Second Amendment: “A well regulated
militia being necessary to the security of a free state,
the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be
infringed.”</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment>Traditionally viewed as a <em>collective</em>
right.</li>
<li class=fragment>Found to be an <em>individual</em> right
in <em>D.C. v. Heller</em> (2008).</li>
<li class=fragment>Incorporated by <em>McDonald v. Chicago</em> (2010).</li>
<li class=fragment>Like other rights, subject to limitations.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Right to Privacy</h2>
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<ul>
<li><p>No <em>explicit</em> right to privacy in the Constitution.</p>
<li class=fragment><p><em>Implied</em> right found in <em>Griswold
v. Connecticut</em> (1965).</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Applied to abortion in <em>Roe v. Wade</em>
(1973), although the Supreme Court has allowed numerous limitations
over the past four decades.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Also: assisted suicide/euthanasia.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Privacy and Gay Rights</h2>
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<p>The Supreme Court's rulings on the right to have sex with someone
of the same sex have evolved in recent decades:</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p><img src="img/civil-lib/364px-The_Rainbow_Flag,_GLBT_Pride.jpg"
alt="U.S. flag altered to have the 'Rainbow flag' as stripes."
style="float: right; width: 30%"><em>Bowers v. Hardwick</em>
(1986) allowed Georgia to prosecute a man caught engaging in sex
with another man.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Supreme Court reversed itself in <em>Lawrence
v. Texas</em> (2003), a virtually identical case.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>(We will discuss the issue of <em>same-sex
marriage</em> along with civil rights.)</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Property Rights</h2>
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<ul>
<li>
<img src="img/civil-lib/384px-Fort_Trumbull_two.jpg" style="float:
right; width: 30%" alt="Home taken by eminent domain."><p><em>Due
process clauses</em> (5th and 14th amendments) limit taking life,
liberty, or property.</p>
<li class=fragment><p>Property may be taken for public use
(<em>eminent domain</em>) if <em>just compensation</em> is
paid.</p>
<li class=fragment><p>Recent Supreme Court cases have
restricted <em>regulatory takings</em> of property (government
land-use regulation that diminishes property values).</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Rights of the Criminally Accused</h2>
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<p>Much of the Bill of Rights deals with the rights of individuals
suspected of criminal conduct:</p>
<ul>
<li><p class=fragment>4th Amendment: limits on <em>search and
seizure</em> of evidence.</p></li>
<li><p class=fragment>5th Amendment: right
against <em>self-incrimination</em>; <em>double jeopardy</em>; <em>due
process clause</em>.</p></li>
<li><p class=fragment>6th Amendment: right to <em>trial by jury</em>
and <em>assistance of counsel</em>.</p></li>
<li><p class=fragment>8th Amendment: prohibition of <em>cruel and unusual
punishments</em>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Search and Seizure</h2>
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<ul>
<li><p>General requirement for a <em>warrant</em> to search and seize
evidence.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Obtaining a warrant requires <em>probable
cause</em> to believe a crime was committed.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Exceptions: <em>consent</em>; places with limited or no
“reasonable expectation of privacy” (open fields,
plain view, motor vehicle).</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>The <em>exclusionary rule</em>: <em>Mapp v. Ohio</em>
(1961).</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Taking the Fifth</h2>
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<ul>
<li><p><em>Miranda v. Arizona</em> (1966): suspects
must be informed of their rights before custodial
interrogation.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Protection against <em>self-incrimination</em>.
<li class=fragment><p>Protection against <em>double jeopardy</em> (but
limited).</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Rights to Jury Trial and Counsel</h2>
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<ul>
<li><p>Defendant has right to jury trial for any crime that risks
“loss of liberty.”
<li class=fragment><p>Jury must be <em>impartial</em> and have a fair
composition to the defendant.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Right to assistance of counsel, even if
indigent: <em>Gideon v. Wainwright</em> (1963).
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>“Cruel and Unusual Punishments”</h2>
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<ul>
<li><p><img src="img/civil-lib/327px-Prisoners_whipped.jpg"
alt="Prisoners being whipped and pilloried in Delaware circa 1907."
style="float: right; height: 80%">Painful forms of punishment and
execution common around founding era.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Until 1930s, confessions extracted through
torture were still accepted in some states.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Today, mostly controversy over application of
the <em>death penalty</em>.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>As of 2013, 18 states have abolished the death
penalty (only applies to crime under state law).</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Narrowing the Death Penalty</h2>
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<p>Modern debate centers on the application of the death penalty;
while still legal in general, there are limits:</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment>
<p><img src="img/civil-lib/Singchair.jpg"
alt="Electric chair formerly used by New York State."
style="float: right; width: 25%"><em>Atkins v. Virginia</em>
(2002) forbade execution of the mentally handicapped.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p><em>Roper v. Simmons</em> (2005) forbade
execution of those who were minors when they committed crimes.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p><em>Kennedy v. Louisiana</em> (2008) forbade
death penalty for crimes other than murder.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="endmatter">
<h2>Copyright and License</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>The text and narration of these slides are an original,
creative work, Copyright © 2000–15 Christopher
N. Lawrence. You may freely use, modify, and redistribute this
slideshow under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Share
Alike 4.0 International license. To view a copy of this license,
visit <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/</a> or send a letter
to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View,
California, 94041, USA.</p></li>
<li><p>Other elements of these slides are either in the public domain
(either originally or due to lapse in copyright), are
U.S. government works not subject to copyright, or were licensed
under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike license (or a
less restrictive license, the Creative Commons Attribution license)
by their original creator.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="endmatter">
<h2>Works Consulted</h2>
<p>The following sources were consulted or used in the production of
one or more of these slideshows, in addition to various primary
source materials generally cited in-place or otherwise obvious from
context throughout; previous editions of these works may have also
been used. Any errors or omissions remain the sole responsibility
of the author.</p>
<ul>
<li>Barbour, Christine and Gerald C. Wright. 2012. <em>Keeping the
Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics</em>, Brief
4th Edition. Washington: CQ Press.</li>
<li>Coleman, John J., Kenneth M. Goldstein, and William
G. Howell. 2012. <em>Cause and Consequence in American Politics.</em>
New York: Longman Pearson.</li>
<li>Fiorina, Morris P., Paul E. Peterson, Bertram D. Johnson, and
William G. Mayer. 2011. <em>America's New Democracy</em>, 6th
Edition. New York: Longman Pearson.</li>
<li>O'Connor, Karen, Larry J. Sabato, and Alixandra
B. Yanus. 2013. <em>American Government: Roots and Reform</em>, 12th
Edition. New York: Pearson.</li>
<li>Sidlow, Edward I. and Beth Henschen. 2013. <em>GOVT</em>, 4th
Edition. New York: Cengage Learning.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.electionstudies.org/">The American National
Election Studies</a>.</li>
<li>Various Wikimedia projects, including
the <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/">Wikimedia
Commons</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/">Wikipedia</a>,
and <a href="http://en.wikisource.org/">Wikisource</a>.</li>
</ul>
</section>
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