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<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
<title>The Judicial Branch</title>
<link rel="author" href="http://www.cnlawrence.com/">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
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maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no">
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</head>
<body>
<div class="reveal">
<!-- Used to fade in a background when a specific slide state is reached -->
<div class="state-background"></div>
<!-- Any section element inside of this container is displayed as a slide -->
<div class="slides">
<section class="vcard">
<h1>The Judicial Branch</h1>
<h3><a rel="author" class="url n"
href="http://www.cnlawrence.com/">
<span class="honorific-prefix">Dr.</span>
<span class="given-name">Christopher</span>
<abbr class="additional-name">N.</abbr>
<span class="family-name">Lawrence</span></a></h3>
<h4 class="org">Middle Georgia State University</h4>
<h4>POLS 1101: American Government</h4>
<h5><a id="narrationToggle" onclick="toggleAutoplay(this);return false;"
href="#">🔊 Disable Narration</a></h5>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The U.S. Legal System</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="44,57,85">
<source src="audio/judiciary/judiciary-01.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/judiciary/judiciary-01.mp3"
type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<p>Federal and most states' systems (except La.) based on <i>common
law tradition</i> and use of <i>precedent</i>.</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p><i>Criminal law</i>: involves offenses against
society; the <i>state</i> is a party.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p><i>Civil law</i>: conflicts between
individuals and corporations.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Exception to <i>double jeopardy</i>.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Types of Law</h2>
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type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
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</audio>
<p>Federal courts regularly interpret four different forms of law.</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p><i>Statutory law</i></p></li>
<li class=fragment><p><i>Constitutional law</i></p></li>
<li class=fragment><p><i>Administrative law</i></p></li>
<li class=fragment><p><i>Executive orders</i></p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Federal Judiciary</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="28,77">
<source src="audio/judiciary/judiciary-03.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/judiciary/judiciary-03.mp3"
type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>94 district courts – <i>original jurisdiction</i> in most
cases.</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>13 Courts of Appeals</p>
<ul><li><p>11 regional circuits (numbered)</p>
</li>
<li><p>DC Circuit</p>
</li>
<li><p>Federal Circuit</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Supreme Court</p>
<ul><li><p>Limited original jurisdiction</p>
</li>
<li><p><i>Discretionary docket</i> for appeals</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Federal Court System</h2>
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<source src="audio/judiciary/judiciary-04.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
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type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<p class=centered><img src="img/judiciary/fedcourts.svgz"
alt="Chart showing the relationship among the federal courts."
class=noborder
style="width: 100%;"></p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>District and Circuit Courts</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="">
<source src="audio/judiciary/judiciary-05.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/judiciary/judiciary-05.mp3"
type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<p class=centered>
<img src="img/judiciary/US_Court_of_Appeals_and_District_Court_map.svgz"
alt="Map of US District Court and Appellate Court boundaries."
class=noborder
style="width: 85%;"></p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Supreme Court</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="">
<source src="audio/judiciary/judiciary-06.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/judiciary/judiciary-06.mp3"
type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<p class=centered>
<img src="img/judiciary/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2018.jpg"
alt="Current members of the U.S. Supreme Court (photograph from November 2018)."
class="noborder" style="width: 70%;"></p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Supreme Court's Original Jurisdiction</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="12,18">
<source src="audio/judiciary/judiciary-07.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
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</audio>
<p>Limited by Constitution to:</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment>
<img src="img/judiciary/800px-Ellis_Island-27527.jpg"
alt="Photograph of Ellis Island, New York/New Jersey."
style="float: right; width: 40%;">
<p>Cases involving ambassadors and “other public ministers and
consuls” from other nations.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Certain cases in which states are a party
(usually, controversies between two or more states).</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Deciding to Decide</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="23,46,56,65">
<source src="audio/judiciary/judiciary-08.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
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type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>Appeals from state courts of last resort and lower federal
courts made using <i>writs of certiorari</i>.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p><b>Rule of Four</b> used to decide —
more likely when…</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p><b>Circuit split</b> — lower courts
disagree.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p><b>Solicitor general</b> wants court to
hear appeal.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>If cert is <i>not</i> granted, the lower
court's decision stands and no further appeal is possible.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Hearing the Appeal</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="19,63">
<source src="audio/judiciary/judiciary-09.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/judiciary/judiciary-09.mp3"
type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>The <i>petitioner</i> and <i>respondent</i>
submit <i>briefs</i> discussing their arguments.</p>
<li class=fragment><p>Briefs from <i>amici curiae</i>
and <i>solicitor general</i> are also common.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Opposing sides usually get 30 minutes each to
argue their case in <b>oral argument</b>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Deciding the Case</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="31,50,68">
<source src="audio/judiciary/judiciary-10.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/judiciary/judiciary-10.mp3"
type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>After oral argument, each case is discussed
in <i>conference</i>.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>The majority opinion is assigned based on the
preliminary vote…</p>
<ul><li><p>By the chief justice: when the chief justice is in the
majority.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Otherwise: by the most senior associate justice
in the majority.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Other justices may write <i>concurring</i>
or <i>dissenting</i> opinions.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Final Verdict</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="11,20,30,35">
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</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>The “final vote” is based on who signs each opinion.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>A majority opinion must be signed by five
justices:</p><ul>
<li class=fragment><p><b>Precedent</b> is based on majority
opinions.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Only the majority opinion is binding on lower
courts.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>If the lower court decision is overturned,
usually the court remands the case back to implement a new
solution based on its ruling.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Powers of the Chief Justice</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="23,34">
<source src="audio/judiciary/judiciary-12.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/judiciary/judiciary-12.mp3"
type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<img src="img/judiciary/390px-File-Official_roberts_CJ_cropped.jpg"
alt="Chief Justice John G. Roberts."
style="width: 30%; float: right;">
<li><p>Speaks first in conferences.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Responsible for court administration.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Otherwise his/her leadership tends to be more
informal — “first among equals.”</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Solicitor General</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="14,19,24">
<source src="audio/judiciary/judiciary-13.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/judiciary/judiciary-13.mp3"
type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li>
<img src="img/judiciary/720px-Noel_Francisco_official_photo.jpg"
alt="Photograph of Noel Francisco, U.S. Solicitor General"
style="float: right; width: 30%;">
<p>The “Tenth Justice.”</p>
<li class=fragment><p>Argues the position of the government (administration) in
appeals before the Supreme Court.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Political appointee in the Department of Justice.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Usually wins:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>70% of certiorari requests.</p></li>
<li><p>75% of the time when taking sides in cases before the court.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Politics of the Supreme Court</h2>
<div>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="5,19">
<source src="audio/judiciary/judiciary-14.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/judiciary/judiciary-14.mp3"
type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
</div>
<ul>
<li><p>Two major sources of controversy:</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>Nomination process.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>How the court exercises <i>judicial
review</i>.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Judicial Nominations</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="23,32,62,90,108">
<source src="audio/judiciary/judiciary-15.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
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type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p><img src="img/judiciary/John_Roberts_Confirmation_Hearings.jpg"
alt="Confirmation hearing for John Roberts as Chief Justice of
the United States." style="float: right; width: 40%">Lifelong
appointment “during good behavior.”</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Increased controversy as court decisions have
become more politicized.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Confirmation process:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Presidential nomination.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Rating by the <i>American Bar
Association</i> (ABA).</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Review by Senate Judiciary Committee.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Confirmation vote by full Senate.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Judicial Review</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="17,40">
<source src="audio/judiciary/judiciary-16.opus"
type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/judiciary/judiciary-16.mp3"
type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<p>Court's exercise of <i>judicial review</i> can overturn popular
laws.</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>Court typically follows, rather than leads,
public opinion.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p><b>State laws</b> much more likely to be
struck down than federal laws.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>How Judges Decide</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="25,38,60,110,116,160,185">
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type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
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type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<p>Long-running dispute between scholars and practicioners over how
judges and justices decide cases.</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p><b>Legal model</b>: judges apply basic
principles of jurisprudence to interpreting laws and the
Constitution:</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment>Respect for <b><i>stare decisis</i></b>.</li>
<li class=fragment>Debate between <b>judicial
restraint</b> and <b>judicial activism</b>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Judges take different approaches to reading laws:</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment>Textualism.</li>
<li class=fragment>Originalism.</li>
<li class=fragment>“Living constitution”
approach.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The political science of judging</h2>
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</audio>
<p>Political scientists generally believe the legal model is inaccurate.</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p><b>Attitudinal model</b>: judges decide
cases politically; use legal reasoning <i>post hoc</i> to
justify their conclusions.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p><b>Strategic model</b>: judges consider the
larger political environment beyond their policy preferences to
ensure their actions are not frustrated by other parts of
government.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Limits on Judicial Power</h2>
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<p>While important, the courts are limited in power.</p>
<ul><li class=fragment>
<p>States and other branches may fail to implement or enforce the
court's decisions:</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment>Desegregation.</li>
<li class=fragment>School prayer.</li>
<li class=fragment>The “legislative veto.”</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Laws can be changed to avoid court rulings.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Constitution can be amended (rare).</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Justices can be threatened with removal from
office or with potential “court packing.”</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class=endmatter>
<h2>Copyright and License</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>The text and narration of these slides are an original,
creative work, Copyright © 2000–15 Christopher
N. Lawrence. You may freely use, modify, and redistribute this
slideshow under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. To view a copy of
this license,
visit <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"
rel="license">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/</a>
or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite
900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA.</p></li>
<li><p>Other elements of these slides are either in the public domain
(either originally or due to lapse in copyright), are
U.S. government works not subject to copyright, or were licensed
under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike license (or a
less restrictive license, the Creative Commons Attribution
license) by their original creator.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class=endmatter><h2>Works Consulted</h2>
<p>The following sources were consulted or used in the production of
one or more of these slideshows, in addition to various primary
source materials generally cited in-place or otherwise obvious from
context throughout; previous editions of these works may have also
been used. Any errors or omissions remain the sole responsibility
of the author.</p>
<ul>
<li>Barbour, Christine and Gerald C. Wright. 2012. <i>Keeping the
Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics</i>, Brief
4th Edition. Washington: CQ Press.</li>
<li>Coleman, John J., Kenneth M. Goldstein, and William
G. Howell. 2012. <i>Cause and Consequence in American Politics.</i>
New York: Longman Pearson.</li>
<li>Fiorina, Morris P., Paul E. Peterson, Bertram D. Johnson, and
William G. Mayer. 2011. <i>America's New Democracy</i>, 6th
Edition. New York: Longman Pearson.</li>
<li>O'Connor, Karen, Larry J. Sabato, and Alixandra
B. Yanus. 2013. <i>American Government: Roots and Reform</i>, 12th
Edition. New York: Pearson.</li>
<li>Sidlow, Edward I. and Beth Henschen. 2013. <i>GOVT</i>, 4th
Edition. New York: Cengage Learning.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.electionstudies.org/">The American National
Election Studies</a>.</li>
<li>Various Wikimedia projects, including
the <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/">Wikimedia
Commons</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/">Wikipedia</a>,
and <a href="http://en.wikisource.org/">Wikisource</a>.</li>
</ul>
</section>
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