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<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
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<title>The Executive Branch</title>
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<div class="slides">
<section class="vcard">
<h1>The Executive Branch</h1>
<h3><a rel="author" class="url n"
href="http://www.cnlawrence.com/">
<span class="honorific-prefix">Dr.</span>
<span class="given-name">Christopher</span>
<abbr class="additional-name">N.</abbr>
<span class="family-name">Lawrence</span></a></h3>
<h4 class="org">Middle Georgia State University</h4>
<h4>POLS 1101: American Government</h4>
<h5><a id="narrationToggle" onclick="toggleAutoplay(this);return false;"
href="#">🔊 Disable Narration</a></h5>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Executive Branch</h2>
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type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
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</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>The branch of government charged with <em>implementing</em>
federal law and policy.</p>
</li>
<li class="fragment">
<img
src="img/executive/FordNixonBushReaganCarter.jpg"
alt="Presidents Ford, Nixon, Bush (41), Reagan, and Carter, at
the opening of the Reagan Presidential Library."
style="float: right; width: 45%; height: auto">
<p>Subdivisions:</p>
<ul><li class="fragment">
<p>The <b>Presidency</b> —
the president, along with the vice president, advisers,
and staff.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>The <b>Bureaucracy</b> — federal
agencies that report to the president and/or Congress.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Presidential Powers</h2>
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</audio>
<ul><li><p>Four broad types of presidential power:</p>
<ul><li class="fragment"><p><b>Formal powers</b> — those listed
in the text of the Constitution.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p><b>Inherent powers</b> — powers based on the responsibility to “faithfully execute the laws.”</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p><b>Informal powers</b> — ways of
influencing public opinion and other branches of government to
support the president's goals.</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Powers <b>delegated</b> by Congress.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Formal Presidential Powers</h2>
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</audio>
<p>Power to sign or <i>veto</i> proposed legislation.</p>
</ul>
<img src="img/executive/BarackObamaSigningLegislation.jpg"
alt="President Obama signing legislation in the Oval Office."
style="width: 50%; height: auto">
</section>
<section><h2>Formal Presidential Powers</h2>
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</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>Appointment power (subject to Senate
confirmation; simple majority):</p>
<ul><li class=fragment>
<img src="img/executive/Obama_and_Sotomayor.jpg"
alt="Supreme Court Associate Justice Sonia Sotomayor with
President Barack Obama"
style="float: right; width: 50%; height: auto">
<p>High-level appointments to the bureaucracy.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Ambassadors.<p>
<li class=fragment><p>Generals and admirals.</p>
<li class=fragment><p>Federal judges and Supreme Court
justices.</p></li>
</ul></li>
<!-- XXX re-record fragment on senatorial courtesy: senior senator of president's party... -->
<li class=fragment><p>Role of <i>senatorial courtesy.</i></p>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Formal Presidential Powers</h2>
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type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
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</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>Power to negotiate <i>treaties</i> (subject to
Senate ratification; ⅔ majority).</p>
</li>
<li class=fragment><img src="img/executive/800px-Gerald_Ford_hearing2.jpg"
alt="President Gerald Ford testifies before the House of
Representatives to explain his pardon of President Richard Nixon."
style="float: right; width: 50%; height: auto">
<p>Power to <i>pardon</i> criminals or those
accused of crimes.</p>
<ul>
<li>Controversial example: President Ford's pardon of President Nixon.
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Formal Presidential Powers</h2>
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</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>Serves as <i>commander-in-chief</i> of the military.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Conflict over the <b>War Powers Act of
1973</b>.</p></li>
</ul>
<p class=centered>
<img src="img/executive/Bush-USS-Lincoln.jpg"
alt="President George W. Bush (43) addressing sailors on board the
U.S.S. Lincoln in 2004."
style="width: 50%; height: auto"></p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Formal Presidential Powers</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="15,18">
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type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
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</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>Powers as <i>head of state</i>.</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>Meets with foreign heads of state and
government.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Receives ambassadors from other countries.</p></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class=centered><img
src="img/executive/Barack_Obama_Michelle_Obama_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Buckingham_Palace_London.jpg"
alt="Queen Elizabeth the Second of the United Kingdom greeting
President and Mrs. Obama at Buckingham Palace, London."
style="width: 50%; height: auto; text-align">
</section>
<section>
<h2>Formal Presidential Powers</h2>
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type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
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</audio>
<ul>
<li>
<img src="img/executive/JFK_delivers_State_of_the_Union_Address,_14_January_1963.jpg"
alt="President John F. Kennedy delivers the State of the Union Address
in 1963."
style="width: 40%; float: right">
<p>Deliver information regarding the <i>state of the union</i> to
Congress on a regular basis.
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>Not always done in person, particularly in the
19th century.
<li class=fragment><p>Now an important part of the <i>power to persuade</i>.
</ul>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Inherent Presidential Powers</h2>
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type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
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</audio>
<p>Based on the power to “take care that the laws be faithfully
executed.”</p>
<ul><li class=fragment><p>Power to issue <i>executive orders</i>.
<li class=fragment><p>Power to enter into <i>executive agreements</i>
with foreign leaders.</p>
<li class=fragment><p><i>Executive privilege</i> (controversial).</p>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Other Presidential Powers</h2>
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</audio>
<ul><li><p>Informal powers</p>
<ul><li class=fragment><p>The power to <i>persuade</i>
and recommend new laws to Congress (Richard Neustadt).</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class=fragment><p>Delegated powers</p>
<ul><li><p>The budget power.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<!-- XXX Add slides on
Presidential power over time.
Presidential popularity - cycle.
Honeymoon effects etc.
-->
<section>
<h2>Theories of Presidential Power</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="10,13,15">
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<p>There are three broad perspectives on the power of the presidency:</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p><b>Constitutional Theory</b> — president's
power limited to listed powers in constitutional text.
<li class=fragment><p><b>Stewardship Theory</b> — president's
power can be limited by Constitution or laws passed by Congress.
<li class=fragment><p><b>Prerogative Theory</b> — president has
power to govern in the public interest, even in violation of the
law or Constitution.
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Constitutional Theory</h2>
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type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
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</audio>
<img src="img/executive/WilliamHowardTaft.jpg"
alt="President William Howard Taft."
style="width: 30%; height: auto; float: right">
<p>The President's “jurisdiction must be justified and
vindicated by affirmative constitutional or statutory provision or it
does not exist.”<br>— William Howard Taft (1916), <i>Our Chief
Magistrate and His Powers</i>, p. 140.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Stewardship Theory</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="">
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type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
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</audio>
<img src="img/executive/President_Theodore_Roosevelt,_1904.jpg"
alt="President Theodore Roosevelt."
style="width: 30%; height: auto; float: left">
<p>“My belief was that it was
not only [the President's] right but his duty to do anything that the
needs of the Nation demanded unless such action was forbidden by the
Constitution or by the laws.”<br>— Theodore Roosevelt
(1913), <i>Autobiography</i>, p. 357.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Prerogative Theory</h2>
<audio controls preload=metadata data-autoplay data-timepoints="">
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</audio>
<img src="img/executive/JohnLocke.jpg"
alt="British philosopher John Locke."
style="width: 30%; height: auto; float: right">
<p>The executive has the “power to act according to discretion for the
public good without the prescription of the law and <em>sometimes even
against it</em>…”<br>— John Locke (1689), <i>Two
Treatises of Government</i>, Book II, Chapter 14, Section 160.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Vice Presidency</h2>
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<ul>
<li><img src="img/executive/John_Nance_Garner.jpg"
alt="Portrait of Vice President John Nance Garner."
style="float: right; width: 35%; height: auto">
<p>Sole <b>formal</b> power: serve as President of the Senate; break
ties as needed.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>For much of American history, not a particularly
valuable job.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>According to one of Franklin D. Roosevelt's vice
presidents, John Nance Garner, the job was “not worth a pitcher
of warm piss.”</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>However, more recent presidents have treated their
vice president as a valued adviser.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Other Presidential Advisers</h2>
<div>
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</audio>
</div>
<ul>
<li><p>Cabinet (to some extent)</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Chief of Staff and White House Office</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Executive Office of the President</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>Office of Management and Budget</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Council of Economic Advisers</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>National Security Council</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Two Presidencies</h2>
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</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>Political scientist Aaron Widalvsky argued that the president
is more effective in foreign affairs than in domestic
politics:</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>Greater legal authority in international
politics.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>“Ceremonial” duties of
international politics reinforce the president's stature.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Fewer organized interest and public conflicts
over foreign policy.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Fewer conflicts with Congress over foreign
policy.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="endmatter">
<h2>Copyright and License</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>The text and narration of these slides are an original,
creative work, Copyright © 2000–15 Christopher
N. Lawrence. You may freely use, modify, and redistribute this
slideshow under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Share
Alike 4.0 International license (CC BY-SA 4.0). To view a copy of
this license, visit <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/</a>
or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900,
Mountain View, California, 94041, USA.</p></li>
<li><p>Other elements of these slides are either in the public domain
(either originally or due to lapse in copyright), are
U.S. government works not subject to copyright, or were licensed
under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike license (or a
less restrictive license, the Creative Commons Attribution license)
by their original creator.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="endmatter">
<h2>Works Consulted</h2>
<p>The following sources were consulted or used in the production of
one or more of these slideshows, in addition to various primary
source materials generally cited in-place or otherwise obvious from
context throughout; previous editions of these works may have also
been used. Any errors or omissions remain the sole responsibility
of the author.</p>
<ul>
<li>Barbour, Christine and Gerald C. Wright. 2012. <i>Keeping the
Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics</i>, Brief
4th Edition. Washington: CQ Press.</li>
<li>Coleman, John J., Kenneth M. Goldstein, and William
G. Howell. 2012. <i>Cause and Consequence in American Politics.</i>
New York: Longman Pearson.</li>
<li>Fiorina, Morris P., Paul E. Peterson, Bertram D. Johnson, and
William G. Mayer. 2011. <i>America's New Democracy</i>, 6th
Edition. New York: Longman Pearson.</li>
<li>O'Connor, Karen, Larry J. Sabato, and Alixandra
B. Yanus. 2013. <i>American Government: Roots and Reform</i>, 12th
Edition. New York: Pearson.</li>
<li>Sidlow, Edward I. and Beth Henschen. 2013. <i>GOVT</i>, 4th
Edition. New York: Cengage Learning.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.electionstudies.org/">The American National
Election Studies</a>.</li>
<li>Various Wikimedia projects, including
the <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/">Wikimedia
Commons</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/">Wikipedia</a>,
and <a href="http://en.wikisource.org/">Wikisource</a>.</li>
</ul>
</section>
</div>
</div>
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theme: Reveal.getQueryHash().theme || 'default', // available themes are in /css/theme
transition: Reveal.getQueryHash().transition || 'default', // default/cube/page/concave/linear(2d)
// Optional libraries used to extend on reveal.js
dependencies: [
{ src: 'lib/js/classList.js', condition: function() { return
!document.body.classList; } },
{ src: 'plugin/markdown/marked.js', condition: function() { return
!!document.querySelector( '[data-markdown]' ); } },
{ src: 'plugin/markdown/markdown.js', condition: function() { return
!!document.querySelector( '[data-markdown]' ); } },
{ src: 'plugin/highlight/highlight.js', async: true, callback:
function() { hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad(); } },
{ src: 'plugin/zoom-js/zoom.js', async: true, condition: function() {
return !!document.body.classList; } },
{ src: 'plugin/notes/notes.js', async: true, condition: function() {
return !!document.body.classList; } }
// { src: 'plugin/search/search.js', async: true, condition: function() { return !!document.body.classList; } }
// { src: 'plugin/remotes/remotes.js', async: true, condition: function() { return !!document.body.classList; } }
]
});
</script>
<script src="narration.js"></script>
</body>
</html>