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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"><head>
<meta charset="utf-8"/>
<meta content="text/html;charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"/>
<title>Political Parties</title>
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<body>
<div class="reveal">
<!-- Any section element inside of this container is displayed as a slide -->
<div class="slides">
<section class="vcard">
<h1>Political Parties</h1>
<h3><a class="url n" href="http://www.cnlawrence.com/" rel="author">
<span class="honorific-prefix">Dr.</span>
<span class="given-name">Christopher</span>
<abbr class="additional-name">N.</abbr>
<span class="family-name">Lawrence</span></a></h3>
<h4 class="org">Middle Georgia State University</h4>
<h4>POLS 1101: American Government</h4>
<h5><a id="narrationToggle" onclick="toggleAutoplay(this);return false;"
href="#">🔊 Disable Narration</a></h5>
</section>
<!-- XXX Actual slides go here -->
<section>
<h2>What is a political party?</h2>
<audio controls="" data-autoplay="" data-timepoints="12" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/parties/parties-01.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/parties/parties-01.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>One definition:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>A political organization that sponsors
candidates for public office under its own “brand” name.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Another definition:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>A coalition of political candidates who seek public
office with a common political agenda (platform).</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Parties vs. Interest Groups</h2>
<audio controls="" data-autoplay="" data-timepoints="7,20,40,46,50" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/parties/parties-02.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/parties/parties-02.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>An <i>interest group</i> is in many ways a lot like a party.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Both parties and interest groups
are <b>linkage institutions</b>.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Parties primarily seek to influence the
political system by electing candidates to public office.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Interest groups try to influence politics by both:</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment"><p>Working with those candidates already in
office.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Working to elect candidates who are
expected to favor their organization's goals.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>A “necessary evil”?</h2>
<audio controls="" data-autoplay="" data-timepoints="10,25,31" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/parties/parties-03.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/parties/parties-03.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>Founders' view: parties were forms of <i>faction</i>;
inimical to republican government.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Political scientist E.E. Schattschneider:
“Modern democracy is unthinkable save in terms of the
parties.”</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Political parties exist in all democratic
societies.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Political scientists define democracy in part
in terms of parties.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>How many parties?</h2>
<audio controls="" data-autoplay="" data-timepoints="20,35,48" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/parties/parties-04.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/parties/parties-04.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li>
<img src="img/parties/MexicoBallot2012.jpg"
alt="Mexican absentee ballot, 2012."
style="float: right; width: 40%">
<p>Most democracies have more than two major parties:</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment"><p>Mexico: 3 major parties (PAN, PRI, PRD).</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Canada: 4 major parties (Conservative,
Liberal, Bloc Québécois, New Democrats).</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Britain: 3 major parties (Conservative,
Labour, Liberal Democrats), with strong regional parties in
Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Why Two Parties?</h2>
<audio controls="" data-autoplay="" data-timepoints="10,14,47,79,88,95" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/parties/parties-05.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/parties/parties-05.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<p>The <b>two-party system</b> persists in America for several reasons.</p>
<ul>
<li class=fragment><p>The electoral system:</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment"><p>The U.S. uses <i>single member
districts</i> with <i>plurality elections</i> (“first past the
post”).</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Many other democracies use some form
of <i>proportional representation</i> or a mixture with a strong
proportional element instead.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="fragment"><p>The presidency and Electoral College:</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment"><p>The “big prize” encourages
two <i>nationwide</i> major parties.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Parties need to win states to
gain <i>any</i> electors.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Primary Elections Help Major Parties</h2>
<!-- XXX Add audio -->
<audio controls="" data-autoplay="" data-timepoints="28" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/parties/parties-05a.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/parties/parties-05a.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/gageskidmore/6665147189/"><img
style="float: right; width: 35%"
alt="Rand Paul with his father, Ron Paul. Photo by Gage Skidmore."
src="img/parties/ThePauls.jpg"></a>
<p>Ambitious candidates seek the nominations of a major party
rather than joining minor parties or forming their own
parties.</li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Examples: former U.S. Representative Ron
Paul (R-Texas) and his son, U.S. Senator Rand Paul (R-Ky.).</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Rules Favor Major Parties</h2>
<audio controls="" data-autoplay="" data-timepoints="47,84,100" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/parties/parties-06.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/parties/parties-06.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p><b>Anti-fusion</b> and <b>sore loser</b> laws make it harder
for minor parties to nominate popular candidates.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>The <b>Australian ballot</b> means minor
parties face difficulty <i>qualifying</i> their candidates for
the ballot.</p>
<li class=fragment><p>Presidential candidate matching funds
require at least 5% of the vote in <i>previous</i>
election.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Media downplays minor party candidates.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Changes in Party Alignments</h2>
<audio controls="" data-autoplay="" data-timepoints="13,35,41" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/parties/parties-07.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/parties/parties-07.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>Although the U.S. has had a two-party system since 1796, not
always the <i>same</i> two parties.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Transitions between eras of party competition (“party systems”) are fairly frequent—known as <b>realignments</b>.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>When large groups of voters change their
party allegiances.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Realignments can either help give rise to a
new major party, or change the balance of power between the existing
major parties.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The First Party System</h2>
<audio controls="" data-autoplay="" data-timepoints="26,36,51" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/parties/parties-08.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/parties/parties-08.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>While “factions” existed in colonial times, early American
elections had no true parties.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>During Washington's administration, two groups
emerged and soon became political parties:</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment"><p><b>Federalists</b> led by Alexander Hamilton
supported a stronger central government, closer ties
w/Britain.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p><b>Democratic-Republicans</b> led by
Thomas Jefferson supported decentralized government, closer ties
w/France.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Decline of the Federalists</h2>
<audio controls="" data-autoplay="" data-timepoints="11,16,38,45" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/parties/parties-09.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/parties/parties-09.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li>
<img style="float: right; width: 35%; background-color: white"
alt="Results of the 1800 presidential election."
src="img/parties/ElectoralCollege1800.svgz">
<p>Unpopular actions during the Adams administration:</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment"><p>The Jay Treaty.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Alien and Sedition Acts.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="fragment"><p>On wrong side of war with Britain (War of 1812).</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Federalists essentially eliminated from
national electoral politics by 1820: “Era of Good
Feelings.”</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The “Corrupt Bargain” of 1824</h2>
<audio controls="" data-autoplay="" data-timepoints="50,66" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/parties/parties-10.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/parties/parties-10.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li>
<img style="float: right; width: 25%"
alt="Candidates in the 1824 presidential election."
src="img/parties/candidates-1824.jpg">
<p>The 1824 presidential contest split the Democratic-Republicans:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Andrew Jackson (Tenn.)</p></li>
<li><p>John Quincy Adams (Mass.)</p></li>
<li><p>William H. Crawford (Ga.)</p></li>
<li><p>Henry Clay (Ky.)</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Since no candidate got a majority of
electoral votes, election decided by the House of
Representatives.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>“Corrupt Bargain” puts Adams in the White
House.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Second Party System</h2>
<audio controls="" data-autoplay="" data-timepoints="10,30,68" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/parties/parties-11.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/parties/parties-11.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>As a result the Democratic-Republicans fragment into two factions that become separate parties:</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment"><p>Andrew Jackson's supporters called
themselves <b>Democrats</b>. Supported national expansion, freer trade
with Europe.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Opponents under Clay organized as the
National Republicans but soon became the <b>Whigs</b>: disliked
Jackson, opposed war with Mexico, support Clay's <i>American
Plan</i>.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Jackson (and the Democrats) go on to
dominate politics for the next 30 years.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The End of the Whigs</h2>
<audio controls="" data-autoplay="" data-timepoints="34,63" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/parties/parties-12.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/parties/parties-12.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>By the 1850s, both parties were split by the question of
slavery and other “sectional” issues.</p></li>
<li class="fragment">
<img src="img/parties/Election_poster_for_John_C._Fremont_(1856).jpg"
alt="John Frémont campaign poster, 1856."
style="float: right; width: 30%">
<p>Some former Whigs organized a new party,
the <b>Republicans</b>, in 1854; the party was unified against
slavery and attracted both anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>1860: Democrats nominate two candidates;
Whigs nominate nobody. Lincoln's election and Republican triumph in
Congress leads to secession; civil war.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Third Party System</h2>
<audio controls="" data-autoplay="" data-timepoints="7,14,19" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/parties/parties-13.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/parties/parties-13.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>The two parties that emerged after the Civil War remain with
us today, but in altered forms.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>At the end of Reconstruction:</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment"><p>The Democrats had the overwhelming
support of southern whites and, increasingly, farmers.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>The Republicans' supporters were
concentrated in the industrializing cities; also included
southern blacks (although most were soon disenfranchised).</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Fourth Party System</h2>
<audio controls="" data-autoplay="" data-timepoints="6,18,25" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/parties/parties-14.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/parties/parties-14.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>The 1896 election reinforced this division:</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">
<img src="img/parties/Bryan_after_speech.jpg"
alt="William Jennings Bryan after the Cross of Gold speech."
style="float: right; width: 25%">
<p>Democrats increasingly identified with
the <i>populist</i> and agrarian movements, along with the South.</p>
<ul>
<li><p>William Jennings Bryan.</p></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Republicans identified with
industrialization and urbanization in the Midwest and
Northeast.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Both parties tried to attract support from
<i>Progressives</i> with mixed success.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Fifth Party System</h2>
<audio controls="" data-autoplay="" data-timepoints="10,33,39,52" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/parties/parties-15.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/parties/parties-15.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>The Republicans dominated presidential elections until the
beginning of the <b>Great Depression</b>.</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment"><p>Exception: Wilson (1912, 1916) against a
divided Republican Party.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Realignment based on economics (ca. 1932):</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment"><p>FDR and the Democrats were able to
expand their coalition by adding working-class urban voters,
including northern blacks.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Republicans became increasingly
identified with the upper middle class and wealthy.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>A Sixth Party System?</h2>
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<ul>
<li><p>The economic division between the two parties persists to
this day.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>However, the 1960s and 1970s gave rise to new
issues in politics:</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment"><p>Democrats became increasingly
identified with social liberalism; Republicans identified with
cultural conservatism.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>The rise of <b>dealignment</b>: many
citizens no longer identify with either major party.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="fragment"><p>No consensus among political scientists.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>A Seventh Party System?</h2>
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<ul>
<li><p>Realignments historically have happened every 32 to 36 years—if
one happened around 1968, one is now “due.”</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Although it's too early to be certain, there
are some possible sources of realignment:</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment"><p>National security/terrorism.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Economic divisions returning to the forefront.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="fragment"><p>On the other hand, true realignments may no
longer be possible due to changes in the political system.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Tripartite Model</h2>
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<ul>
<li><p>Political scientists distinguish between three aspects of
American political parties:</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment"><p><b>Party organizations</b>: volunteers
and professionals who raise money and recruit
candidates.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p><b>Party in government</b>: public
officials who are affiliated with the party.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p><b>Party in the electorate</b>: citizens
who identify with the party and support its
candidates</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="fragment"><p>To meaningfully discuss parties, we need to be
clear which aspect(s) we are talking about.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Party Organizations</h2>
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<ul>
<li>
<img src="img/parties/OutsideGOPConvention2012.jpg"
style="float: right; width: 35%"
alt="Tampa Bay Times Forum during 2012 Republican Convention.">
<p>Parties are organized at the local, state, and national
levels.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Parties' national organizations are known as
the <b>national committee</b>: runs party business
between <b>national conventions</b>.</p></li>
<li class=fragment><p>Conventions choose presidential nominees;
also establish the <b>party platform</b>.</p>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Party Identification</h2>
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<ul>
<li><p><b>Party identification</b> refers to the feeling of
attachment citizens have to the major political
parties.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Political scientists who see dealignment
argue that the increase in <i>independent voters</i> reflects a
decline in the importance of parties.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Other political scientists have shown that
while voters have become more likely to call themselves independent,
many “independent” citizens <i>vote</i> as if they are
partisans.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Evaluating Parties Today</h2>
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<ul>
<li><p>Many political scientists argue parties should be stronger than
they are today.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Benefits of strong parties:</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment"><p>Help overcome the separation of powers
to make government more efficient, particularly
under <b>unified government</b>.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Synthesize society's demands into policy.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Simplify voting by reducing the field of
candidates and clarifying choices.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="fragment"><p>An example: the <b>responsible party</b> model.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Evaluating Parties Today</h2>
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<ul>
<li><p>Others have argued that parties are <i>too strong</i>.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Drawbacks of strong parties:</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment"><p>Do not always deliver on their promises.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Can be dictatorial towards their members.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Present stark “either/or” choices.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>May block worthwhile policies for
<i>partisan</i> instead of <i>substantive</i>
reasons.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Reformers have generally won the public
arguments.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Are Parties Weaker?</h2>
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<ul>
<li><p>In some ways, parties have become weaker:</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment"><p>National parties are coalitions of independent
state parties; historically, the “national party” didn't
exist as a permanent organization.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Progressive reforms to reduce influence
of “machines” gave outsiders control of party nominations,
reduced patronage.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Campaign finance reform has limited
party spending on campaigns.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Voters have fewer ties to local parties
due to redistricting, population mobility.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Are Parties Stronger?</h2>
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<ul>
<li><p>In other ways, parties have become stronger:</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment"><p>Fewer regional splits within the parties.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>More “party-line” voting in Congress and
state legislatures.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>National parties have become better
organized.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Either way, parties today clearly fall short
of the “responsible party” model.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="endmatter">
<h2>Copyright and License</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>The text and narration of these slides are an original,
creative work, Copyright © 2000–15 Christopher N. Lawrence. You may
freely use, modify, and redistribute this slideshow under the terms
of the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International
license. To view a copy of this license,
visit <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"
rel="license">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/</a> or
send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900,
Mountain View, California, 94041, USA.</p></li>
<li><p>Other elements of these slides are either in the public domain
(either originally or due to lapse in copyright), are
U.S. government works not subject to copyright, or were licensed
under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike license (or a
less restrictive license, the Creative Commons Attribution license)
by their original creator.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="endmatter"><h2>Works Consulted</h2>
<p>The following sources were consulted or used in the production of
one or more of these slideshows, in addition to various primary
source materials generally cited in-place or otherwise obvious from
context throughout; previous editions of these works may have also
been used. Any errors or omissions remain the sole responsibility
of the author.</p>
<ul>
<li>Barbour, Christine and Gerald C. Wright. 2012. <i>Keeping the
Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics</i>, Brief
4th Edition. Washington: CQ Press.</li>
<li>Coleman, John J., Kenneth M. Goldstein, and William
G. Howell. 2012. <i>Cause and Consequence in American Politics.</i>
New York: Longman Pearson.</li>
<li>Fiorina, Morris P., Paul E. Peterson, Bertram D. Johnson, and
William G. Mayer. 2011. <i>America's New Democracy</i>, 6th
Edition. New York: Longman Pearson.</li>
<li>O'Connor, Karen, Larry J. Sabato, and Alixandra
B. Yanus. 2013. <i>American Government: Roots and Reform</i>, 12th
Edition. New York: Pearson.</li>
<li>Sidlow, Edward I. and Beth Henschen. 2013. <i>GOVT</i>, 4th
Edition. New York: Cengage Learning.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.electionstudies.org/">The American National
Election Studies</a>.</li>
<li>Various Wikimedia projects, including
the <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/">Wikimedia
Commons</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/">Wikipedia</a>,
and <a href="http://en.wikisource.org/">Wikisource</a>.</li>
</ul>
</section>
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