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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"><head>
<meta charset="utf-8"/>
<meta content="text/html;charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"/>
<title>Why Government? Why Politics?</title>
<link href="http://www.cnlawrence.com/" rel="author"/>
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<body>
<div class="reveal">
<!-- Any section element inside of this container is displayed as a slide -->
<div class="slides">
<section class="vcard">
<h1>Why Government and Politics?</h1>
<h3><a class="url n" href="http://www.cnlawrence.com/" rel="author">
<span class="honorific-prefix">Dr.</span>
<span class="given-name">Christopher</span>
<abbr class="additional-name">N.</abbr>
<span class="family-name">Lawrence</span></a></h3>
<h4 class="org">Middle Georgia State University</h4>
<h4>POLS 1101: American Government</h4>
<h5><a id="narrationToggle" onclick="toggleAutoplay(this);return false;"
href="#">🔊 Disable Narration</a></h5>
</section>
<section>
<h2>What is Government?</h2>
<audio controls data-autoplay data-timepoints="10" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/intro/intro-01.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/intro/intro-01.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<img alt="Aerial view of Washington,
D.C. in 2007." src="img/intro/512px-Washington,_D.C._-_2007_aerial_view.jpg" style="float: right; width: 40%"/>
<p>A <i>government</i> is the set of institutions and processes that decide
and implement decisions on behalf of a particular <em>polity</em> (a
given territory or people).</p>
<p class="fragment">Within the United States, there are many levels
of government that exercise authority over communities (such as
cities and counties), states, and territories, as well as our
national government.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Problem of Justice</h2>
<audio controls data-autoplay data-timepoints="10,14,21,31" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/intro/intro-02.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/intro/intro-02.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<p>An important role of government in any society is to
provide <i>justice</i>: fair and equitable outcomes for the people
within the society.</p>
<p class=fragment>There are three major forms of justice:</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment"><i>Retributive justice</i>: ensuring that those
who commit crimes are punished accordingly.</li>
<li class="fragment"><i>Restorative justice</i>: ensuring that the
harm caused by crimes is repaired, and criminals do not
reoffend.</li>
<li class="fragment"><i>Distributive or social justice</i>: ensuring
a fair distribution of goods or values (material or otherwise)
to individuals or groups in society.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The State of Nature</h2>
<audio controls data-autoplay data-timepoints="22,37" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/intro/intro-03.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/intro/intro-03.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<p>Enlightenment-era philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke,
and Jean-Jacques Rousseau had competing beliefs about society before
(or without) government:</p>
<ul>
<img alt="The Cover of a 1750 edition of The Leviathan." src="img/intro/Ttitelblatt_1750_Leviathan_Thomas_Hobbs.jpg" style="float: right; width: 20%"/>
<li class="fragment">Hobbes famously believed life for most people
would be “nasty, brutish, and short” until humans
banded together to create governments to protect them from others.</li>
<li class="fragment">Locke and Rousseau believed human nature was
more peaceful and benevolent than Hobbes did, and that people did
not give up their rights when they formed governments.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Social Contract</h2>
<audio controls data-autoplay data-timepoints="13" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/intro/intro-04.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/intro/intro-04.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<p>Regardless of why humans chose to form governments, all of
the <i>social contract theorists</i> believed that people within a
society have agreed to accept certain duties and responsibilities in
exchange for their government doing the same.
</p><p class="fragment">In our society, the primary obligation of the people
is to obey the law. In return, our government protects our
fundamental rights and liberties and provides <i>public goods</i>.
</p></section>
<section>
<h2>The Scope of Modern Government</h2>
<audio controls data-autoplay data-timepoints="13" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/intro/intro-05.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/intro/intro-05.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<p>Government today is less concerned with the <i>state of
nature</i>—although there are still <i>failed states</i>
like Afghanistan and Somalia.</p>
<p class="fragment">Most everyone accepts the necessity of government
(except <i>anarchists</i>), but there is still substantial
disagreement among Americans about what the proper role of
government in society should be.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Market Failure</h2>
<audio controls data-autoplay data-timepoints="14,18,21,24" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/intro/intro-06.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/intro/intro-06.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<p>In capitalist societies, government attempts to solve four major
forms of <i>market failure</i>:</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">Failure to provide <em>public goods</em>.</li>
<li class="fragment">Failure to account
for <em>externalities</em>.</li>
<li class="fragment">Market power of <em>monopolies</em>.</li>
<li class="fragment">Lack of <em>equity</em> in outcomes.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Failure to Provide Public Goods</h2>
<audio controls data-autoplay data-timepoints="12,22,23,25,28" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/intro/intro-07.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/intro/intro-07.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<img alt="Aerial view of The Pentagon." src="img/intro/640px-The_Pentagon_US_Department_of_Defense_building.jpg" style="float: right; width: 30%"/>
<p><em>Public goods</em> are essential things needed by a
society that would not be provided (or would not be provided
enough) by a free market.</p>
<p class="fragment"><b>Not everything that the government does is a
public good!</b> Examples include:</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">National defense.</li>
<li class="fragment">A legal system (courts, prisons, etc.).</li>
<li class="fragment">Clean air and water.</li>
</ul>
<p class="fragment">Although these things are important, without
government taxes and regulations, it would be easy for people to
be <i>free riders</i>: to avoid doing their part to ensure these
public goods were available.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Problem of Externalities</h2>
<audio controls data-autoplay data-timepoints="12,23,38" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/intro/intro-08.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/intro/intro-08.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<p>The actions of individuals (or groups, like businesses) may have
consequences that affect others.</p>
<p class=fragment>If individuals or groups don't pay the costs of
these consequences for others (or get extra compensation for the
benefits from them), they are called <i>externalities</i>.
</p><ul>
<li class="fragment">Example of <i>negative</i> externality:
pollution.</li>
<!-- Georgia Power burns coal to
produce electricity. It pays to run the power plant and buy the
coal to fuel it, and receives money from people and business who
buy electricity, but in the absence of government regulation the
costs of the consequences of burning coal on the atmosphere (soot,
sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, etc.) would be borne by others. -->
<li class="fragment">Example of <i>positive</i> externality:
vaccination.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Market Power and Monopolies</h2>
<audio controls data-autoplay data-timepoints="10,21" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/intro/intro-09.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/intro/intro-09.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<p>Under free market competition, consumers normally benefit from
competition between producers and businesses to lower prices.</p>
<p class="fragment">However, if one company controls all or most of a
market, they can force consumers to pay higher prices or provide
lesser quality of service.</p>
<p class="fragment">For example, compare cell phones (where
competition between several major companies leads to lower prices)
to home Internet service (where only 1 or 2 companies offer service
to most people).
</p></section>
<section>
<h2>The Problem of Equity</h2>
<audio controls data-autoplay data-timepoints="15,22,24,27,30" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/intro/intro-10.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/intro/intro-10.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<p>A capitalist economic system may not lead to outcomes that are
seen as “fair,” particularly for people who cannot
afford things that are seen as basic necessities.</p>
<p class=fragment>In these cases,
government steps in to ensure access to these things to
everyone. Examples include:</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">Food and shelter.</li>
<li class="fragment">Elementary and secondary education.</li>
<li class="fragment">Basic health care.</li>
</ul>
<p class="fragment">Prices of other goods, like water and electricity,
may be also be regulated to ensure everyone can afford them.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>What is Politics?</h2>
<audio controls data-autoplay data-timepoints="12,21" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/intro/intro-11.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/intro/intro-11.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<p>There is no single definition of <i>politics</i>, but two have
proven to be enduring:</p>
<ul>
<img alt="Republican and Democratic campaign buttons." src="img/intro/buttons.jpg" style="float: right; width: 20%"/>
<li class="fragment">20th century political scientist Harold
Lasswell: Politics is about “who gets what, when, and
how.”</li>
<li class="fragment">Another political scientist, David Easton:
“the authoritative allocation of values for a
society.”
</li></ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Aspects of Politics</h2>
<audio controls data-autoplay data-timepoints="3,9,15" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/intro/intro-12.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/intro/intro-12.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<p class="centered">Politics encompasses the following:</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">Deciding <i>material values</i>.</li>
<li class="fragment">Deciding <i>spiritual values</i>.</li>
<li class="fragment">Deciding <i>how to decide</i>.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>What is Political Science?</h2>
<audio controls data-autoplay data-timepoints="9,17" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/intro/intro-13.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/intro/intro-13.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<p>Modern political scientists apply the methods of the <i>social
sciences</i> to the systematic study of the theory and practice of
politics.</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">Political science's roots
are <i>interdisciplinary</i>, encompassing philosophy, history,
law, and economics.</li>
<li class="fragment">Other contemporary social sciences include
economics, geography, psychology, and sociology.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Personal Liberty</h2>
<audio controls data-autoplay data-timepoints="12,34,42" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/intro/intro-14.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/intro/intro-14.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<p>Locke's idea of natural rights to “life, liberty, and
property” and Mill's <i>harm principle</i> give Americans an
expectation that government will protect individual personal
freedoms.</p>
<p class="fragment">Most of these protections are examples
of <i>negative liberty</i>: limitations on the government's
power to interfere with individual freedoms. Most of the Bill of
Rights, for example, uses terms that limit government power.</p>
<p class="fragment">On the other hand, <i>positive liberty</i> can be
thought of as the ability—not just the opportunity—to do
what one wants to do.</p>
<p class="fragment">Example: political speech.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Power and Authority</h2>
<audio controls data-autoplay data-timepoints="10" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/intro/intro-15.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/intro/intro-15.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<p><i>Power</i> is the raw ability to force someone else to do something
that you want them to do.</p>
<p class="fragment"><i>Authority</i> is the right to exercise power in
a particular circumstance. For example, the government might be said
to have the authority to compel citizens to pay their taxes.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Legitimacy</h2>
<audio controls data-autoplay data-timepoints="9,19,32" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/intro/intro-16.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/intro/intro-16.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<p>The use of authority is said to be <i>legitimate</i> if it rests
on the law and practices of a society and is recognized as such.</p>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">Americans believe that the person who wins a
presidential election has legitimacy to exercise the authority and
power of the presidency.</li>
<li class="fragment">The <i>illegitimate</i> use of power or authority
is usually considered illegal.</li>
<li class="fragment">For example: the actions of the government of
the Confederacy and the states within it from 1861–65 were
not seen as legitimate by the Union and do not have legal effect
today.
</li></ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Other Political Values</h2>
<audio controls data-autoplay data-timepoints="2,9,11" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/intro/intro-17.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/intro/intro-17.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<p class="centered">Other key political values include:</p>
<ul>
<img alt="Statue of Justice." src="img/intro/Vrouwejustitia.jpg" style="float: right; width: 40%"/>
<li class="fragment">Social order</li>
<li class="fragment">Justice</li>
<li class="fragment">Equality</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Political Community and Citizenship</h2>
<audio controls data-autoplay data-timepoints="10,24" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/intro/intro-18.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/intro/intro-18.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<p>In America, most people are citizens by virtue of having been
born within the United States (<i>jus soli</i>).
</p><p class="fragment">Other people can become citizens through the process
of <i>naturalization</i>, which requires legally immigrating to the
U.S. and then living for several years as a lawful permanent
resident.
</p><p class="fragment">Citizens are full members of the political
community, with both legal obligations and rights.
</p></section>
<section>
<h2>Forms of Government</h2>
<audio controls data-autoplay data-timepoints="14,23,34,42" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/intro/intro-19.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/intro/intro-19.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<p>The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed a framework for
understanding the types of government in his day, based on how many
ruled and whether it was a “good” or “bad”
(or <i>corrupted</i>) form:</p>
<table class="fragment" style="text-align: center; border-spacing: 8px; font-size: 61.8%">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Form of Government</th>
<th style="text-align: center">Good Variation</th>
<th style="text-align: center">Bad Variation</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Rule By One</th>
<td>Monarchy</td>
<td>Tyranny or Autocracy</td>
</tr>
<tr class="fragment">
<th>Rule By The Few</th>
<td>Aristocracy</td>
<td>Oligarchy</td>
</tr>
<tr class="fragment">
<th>Rule By The Many</th>
<td>Polity</td>
<td>Democracy</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="fragment">While most modern political systems don't fit well
into this framework, it did influence the American Founders.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Direct vs. Representative Democracy</h2>
<audio controls data-autoplay data-timepoints="18,29" preload="metadata">
<source src="audio/intro/intro-20.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=opus"></source>
<source src="audio/intro/intro-20.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source>
</audio>
<ul>
<li><p>At the time of the revolution, many leaders were deeply
skeptical of unchecked democracy, which they believed would lead
to “King Numbers” and <i>tyranny of the
majority</i>.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p>Even today, America relies mostly
on <i>representative democracy</i>: citizens choose leaders to
govern on their behalf between elections.</p></li>
<li class="fragment"><p><i>Direct democracy</i>, including
the <i>referendum</i> and <i>initiative</i>, tends to be used more
frequently at the state and local level, but not at the national
level.</p>
</li>
</ul></section>
<section class="endmatter">
<h2>Copyright and License</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>The text and narration of these slides are an original,
creative work, Copyright © 2000–15 Christopher
N. Lawrence. You may freely use, modify, and redistribute this
slideshow under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Share
Alike 4.0 International license. To view a copy of this license,
visit <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" rel="license">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/</a> or send a letter
to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View,
California, 94041, USA.</p></li>
<li><p>Other elements of these slides are either in the public domain
(either originally or due to lapse in copyright), are
U.S. government works not subject to copyright, or were licensed
under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike license (or a
less restrictive license, the Creative Commons Attribution license)
by their original creator.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="endmatter">
<h2>Works Consulted</h2>
<p>The following sources were consulted or used in the production of
one or more of these slideshows, in addition to various primary
source materials generally cited in-place or otherwise obvious from
context throughout; previous editions of these works may have also
been used. Any errors or omissions remain the sole responsibility
of the author.</p>
<ul>
<li>Barbour, Christine and Gerald C. Wright. 2012. <i>Keeping the
Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics</i>, Brief
4th Edition. Washington: CQ Press.</li>
<li>Coleman, John J., Kenneth M. Goldstein, and William
G. Howell. 2012. <i>Cause and Consequence in American Politics.</i>
New York: Longman Pearson.</li>
<li>Fiorina, Morris P., Paul E. Peterson, Bertram D. Johnson, and
William G. Mayer. 2011. <i>America's New Democracy</i>, 6th
Edition. New York: Longman Pearson.</li>
<li>Lenz, Timothy O. and Mirya Holman. 2013. <i>American
Government</i>. Gainesville, Fla.: University Press of Florida.</li>
<li>O'Connor, Karen, Larry J. Sabato, and Alixandra
B. Yanus. 2013. <i>American Government: Roots and Reform</i>, 12th
Edition. New York: Pearson.</li>
<li>Sidlow, Edward I. and Beth Henschen. 2013. <i>GOVT</i>, 4th
Edition. New York: Cengage Learning.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.electionstudies.org/">The American National
Election Studies</a>.</li>
<li>Various Wikimedia projects, including
the <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/">Wikimedia
Commons</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/">Wikipedia</a>,
and <a href="http://en.wikisource.org/">Wikisource</a>.</li>
</ul>
</section>
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