cmd/go: improve error message for unparsable, too-new, go.mod

[prattmic]

Split from #70949.

The tl;dr of that issue is:

1. Set GOTOOLCHAIN=local to prevent automatic toolchain upgrade
2. Use Go 1.23 toolchain
3. go.mod says 1.24rc1 and contains a tool block

The 1.23 toolchain does not upgrade because of GOTOOLCHAIN=local, so it attempts to parse the go.mod itself. It does not understand tool blocks, so it reports a parse error:

go: errors parsing go.mod:
go.mod:206: unknown block type: tool

We could have a better error message in this case. Perhaps one of:

1. Add a hint to the above error that GOTOOLCHAIN=local prevented and upgrade
2. Or (my preference), stop immediately after determining the module Go version without fully parsing the go.mod, since we won't build such a module anyway.

[gabyhelp]

Related Issues

• x/tools/gopls: improve error message when user needs newer go version #61673 (closed)
• cmd/go: go get -u && go mod tidy behaves differently starting with Go 1.21.0, leading to unknown directive toolchain errors #62409 (closed)
• cmd/go, x/mod: "invalid go version" message mentions old version format #61888 (closed)
• cmd/go: `go env GOMOD` tries to download newer toolchain #61455 (closed)

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