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cpfTagLibrarySampleWithItalian_FO.xml
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cpfTagLibrarySampleWithItalian_FO.xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?oxygen RNGSchema="http://www.tei-c.org/release/xml/tei/custom/schema/relaxng/tei_all.rng"
type="xml"?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:eac-cpf="urn:isbn:1-931666-33-4"
xmlns:exml="http://workaround for xml namespace restriction/namespace"
xmlns:example="example"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3c.org/1999/xlink">
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title>Encoded Archival Context—Corporate Bodies, Persons, and Families (EAC-CPF)
Tag Library</title>
<respStmt>
<resp>Prepared and maintained by the </resp>
<name>Encoded Archival Context Working Group (EACWG) of the Society of American
Archivists</name>
</respStmt>
</titleStmt>
<editionStmt>
<edition>Draft</edition>
</editionStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<publisher>Society of American Archivists in collaboration with Staatsbibliothek zu
Berlin.</publisher>
<date when="2010"/>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<p>Born digital.</p>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<text>
<front>
<titlePage xml:lang="eng">
<!-- one language block -->
<docTitle>
<titlePart type="main">Encoded Archival Context—Corporate Bodies, Persons, and
Families (EAC-CPF) Tag Library</titlePart>
</docTitle>
<docEdition>Version 2010 (revised 2010 August)</docEdition>
<byline>Prepared and maintained by the</byline>
<docAuthor>Encoded Archival Context Working Group of the Society of American
Archivists and the</docAuthor>
<docAuthor>Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin</docAuthor>
<docImprint>
<docDate>1 March 2010</docDate>
</docImprint>
<note>
<ref
target="http://eac.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/eac-cpf-schema/schema diagram.html"
>Diagram of W3C Schema</ref>
</note>
</titlePage>
<titlePage xml:lang="ita">
<!-- one language block -->
<docTitle>
<titlePart type="main">Encoded Archival Context—Corporate Bodies, Persons, and
Families (EAC-CPF): dizionario dei marcatori</titlePart>
</docTitle>
<docEdition>Versione 2010 (rivista nell'agosto 2010)</docEdition>
<byline>Redatta e mantenuta dal</byline>
<docAuthor>gruppo di lavoro Encoded Archival Context Working Group della Society of
American Archivists e dalla</docAuthor>
<docAuthor>Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin</docAuthor>
<docImprint>
<docDate>1 marzo 2010</docDate>
</docImprint>
<note>
<ref
target="http://eac.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/eac-cpf-schema/schema diagram.html"
>Diagramma dello Schema W3c</ref>
</note>
</titlePage>
<div xml:lang="eng" xml:id="eng">
<!-- one language block -->
<div xml:id="DedicationEng">
<head>Dedication</head>
<p>The Encoded Archival Context Working dedicates the 2010 EAC-CPF Schema and
Tag Library to the memory of Per-Gunnar Ottosson. P-G, as he was known to
his many friends around the world, played a key role in the development of
many international archival standards. He played a critical role in the
early development of EAC, but illness and his death in 2008 prevented him
from seeing the EAC-CPF work completed. He will be remembered for his keen
intelligence, collaborative skills, and wonderful wit. Above all, he will be
fondly remembered as a friend. </p>
</div>
<div xml:id="RRNeng">
<head>Release and Revision Notes</head>
<p>The EAC-CPF Tag Library should be considered a living document. As such, it
will continue to be developed as users suggest areas in need of
clarification or expansion. The EAC Working Group encourages implementers to
provide any queries, comments, and suggestions regarding the tag library and
its content. In addition, the contribution of examples is highly encouraged.
Questions, comments or examples may be directed to the Chair of the EAC
Working Group, Katherine M. Wisser (<ref target="mailto:[email protected]"
>wisser [at] simmons.edu</ref>).</p>
<p>The underlying encoding of the Tag Library is based on TEI P5 and is designed
to facilitate incorporating documentation into the schema to provide
guidance in XML editors. While the initial release of the Tag Library is in
English, the underlying encoding is designed to facilitate providing the Tag
Library in additional languages at later dates.</p>
<p>A PDF version of the Tag Library will also be released at a later date.</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="backeng">
<head>Background</head>
<p>EAC began with a 1998 effort by Richard Szary, Wendy Duff, and Daniel Pitti
to envision a standard for encoding and exchanging authoritative information
about the context of archival materials. This standard would provide a
communication standard for the exchange of authority records based on
International Standard for Archival Authority Records—Corporate Bodies,
Persons, Families (ISAAR(CPF)) and would parallel the standard for encoding
archival record finding aids that was found in Encoded Archival Description
(EAD). As EAD enabled the practical expression of General International
Standard Archival Description (ISAD(G)), the new standard would enable the
expression of ISAAR(CPF). A parallel standard would preserve and strengthen
the essential duality that characterizes archival description when it is
presented in archival finding aids.</p>
<p>A separate standard would pave the way to eliminating some practical problems
found in the use of EAD, which had been developed as a comprehensive
solution for encoding standalone finding aids—the dominant presentation
model—which held all forms of descriptive data about archival records. Since
materials by or about a single entity might be found in many fonds or many
repositories, there is much redundant effort in recording information about
the same entity. In addition, these duplicative efforts can result in great
inconsistency, which bedevils both users, in finding and interpreting
materials, and archivists, in creating accurate and complete references to
such entities.</p>
<p>Yale University hosted an international meeting in 1998. The meeting was
organized by Richard Szary and funded by the Digital Library Federation. The
goals of the meeting were to plan the funding and development of an encoding
standard based on ISAAR(CPF).</p>
<p>In 2001, with financial assistance from the Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation,
a second international working group met in Toronto. This meeting produced
the Toronto Tenets (<ref
target="http://www.library.yale.edu/eac/torontotenets.htm"
>http://www.library.yale.edu/eac/torontotenets.htm</ref>), the
principles that gave shape to the proposed standard. The group also
established goals for the standard, mapped out the broader parameters of the
Document Type Definition (DTD), and established a working group to create a
fully formed syntax. The DTD achieved its Beta distribution in 2004,
beginning a long testing phase as it was applied in several European and
U.S. projects. Informed by the results that emerged from this testbed, the
Society of American Archivists' Encoded Archival Context Working Group was
formed in 2007 to carry this work forward to the creation of a standard
version, and expression in a schema and Tag Library. With the support of the
Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation, the IBC (Instituto per I beni artistici
culturali e naturali) of the Regione Emilia-Romagna, the Archivio di Stato
di Bologna, OCLC Research, and the National Library of Australia, the EAC
Working Group met for three days in Bologna, Italy in May 2008 to lay the
foundation of the existing EAC-CPF standard. On-going work via electronic
mail and conference calls continued the work started in Bologna. A review
period of the final draft was offered in August to November 2009, and the
completed schema was released in March 2010. The Working Group is indebted
to archivists throughout the international community for their input,
review, and testing of the schema during its development phase.</p>
<p>Archival description includes information about the content, intellectual and
physical attributes of the material, as well as information about the
context of their creation and use. The context of the creation and use of
material is complex and multi-layered and may involve individuals, families,
organizations, societies, functions, activities, business processes,
geographic places, events, and other entities. Primary among these entities
are the agents responsible for the creation or use of material, usually
organizations or persons. With information about these agents, users can
understand and interpret the records more fully since they will know the
context within which the agents operated and created and/or used the
material. Contextual information about these agents can be used either as a
component within descriptive approaches that fully integrate contextual
information into descriptive products, as archives have traditionally done,
or as an independent system that is linked to other descriptive systems and
products that focus on content.</p>
<p>Encoded Archival Context – Corporate Bodies, Persons, and Families (EAC-CPF)
addresses the description of individuals, families and corporate bodies that
create, preserve, use and are responsible for and/or associated with records
in a variety of ways. Over time, other types of contextual entities may
evolve under the larger EAC umbrella, but currently its primary purpose is
to standardize the encoding of descriptions about agents to enable the
sharing, discovery and display of this information in an electronic
environment. It supports the linking of information about one agent to other
agents to show/discover the relationships amongst record-creating entities
and the linking to descriptions of records and other contextual
entities.</p>
<p>EAC-CPF is a communication structure for archival contextual information for
individuals, corporate bodies and families. It supports the exchange of
ISAAR (CPF) compliant authority records. ISAAR (CPF) "determines the types
of information that could be included in an archival authority record and
provides guidance on how such records may be deployed in an archival
descriptive system." ISAAR (CPF) also notes that "[s]uccessful automated
exchange of archival authority information over computer networks is
dependent upon the adoption of a suitable communication format by the
repositories involved in the exchange. Encoded Archival Context (EAC) is one
such communication format which supports the exchange of ISAAR(CPF)
compliant archival authority data over the World Wide Web" (ISAAR (CPF),
2003, 15). EAC-CPF provides a mechanism for enabling the full expression of
ISAAR (CPF), however it may also contain some additional elements or
technical content not contained within ISAAR (CPF).</p>
<p>Based upon the Toronto Tenets, established in 2001, the following have
informed the development of the schema: <list type="ordered">
<head>Definitions and Uses</head>
<item n="1">Archival context information consists of information
describing the circumstances under which archival materials have
been created, maintained and used. This context includes, but is not
limited to, the identification and characteristics of the persons,
organizations, and families (agents) who have been the creators,
users, or subjects of records, as well as the relationships amongst
them.</item>
<item n="2">Context information about agents is not data that describes
other information resources, but rather data that describes entities
that are part of the environment in which those information
resources (e.g., records) have existed.</item>
<item n="3">The recording of context information about agents in
archival information systems directly supports a more complete
description and understanding of records, as well as the provenance
approach to retrieval of these records across time and
domains.</item>
<item n="4">Context information about agents can also have value as an
independent information resource, separate from its use in
supporting the description, retrieval, and interpretation of
records.</item>
<item n="5">This model is also intended to support the exchange and
sharing of context information about agents, especially in those
instances where repositories have holdings or interests that have
context information in common.</item>
</list>
<list type="ordered">
<head>Structure and Content</head>
<item n="6">Each instance of context information about agents describes
a single entity.</item>
<item n="7">The model provides a framework within which the full range
and depth of context information about agents can be recorded and
suggests a minimum set of elements for describing an entity, but
defers recommendations for the appropriate use of other elements to
application guidelines developed for specific
implementations.</item>
<item n="8">The model defines a universe of elements used to describe
agents and the structure of interrelationships amongst those
elements. These elements and structure support the discovery,
navigation and presentation of context information about agents and
the linking of that information to descriptions of archival material
or to other contextual entities, especially those encoded according
to EAD, MARC, and similar standards.</item>
<item n="9">The model supports the linking of descriptions of contextual
entities to digital or other surrogate representations of those
entities.</item>
</list>
<list type="ordered">
<head>Technical Issues</head>
<item n="10">The model is expressed as an XML language to encourage
platform independence and portability of information. The model may
also be implemented using other approaches.</item>
</list>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="concepteng">
<head>EAC-CPF Concepts</head>
<p>Agents are complex. For example, one agent can consist of multiple
identities, or a single identity can be associated with several different
agents. This fact necessitates the structure of this standard to account for
the various ways in which agents can be expressed. In order to accommodate
the variety of agents, several concepts are defined:</p>
<list type="simple">
<item>SINGLE IDENTITY: one person (or corporate body or family) with a
single identity represented in one EAC-CPF instance. (Most
common)</item>
<item>MULTIPLE IDENTITY-MANY IN ONE: two or more identities (including
official identities) with each represented by distinct descriptions
within one EAC-CPF instance. Can be programmatically converted into
Multiple Identity-One in Many. (Less common though not rare).</item>
<item>MULTIPLE IDENTITY-ONE IN MANY: two or more identities (including
official identities) each represented in two or more interrelated
EAC-CPF instances. Can be programmatically converted into Multiple
Identity-Many in One. (Less common though not rare).</item>
<item>ALTERNATIVE SET: derived EAC-CPF instance that is based on and
incorporates two or more alternative EAC-CPF instances for the same
entity. To be used by a consortia or a utility providing union access to
authority records maintained in two or more systems by two or more
agencies. Alternative EAC-CPF instances may be in different languages or
in the same language.</item>
<item>COLLABORATIVE IDENTITY: a single identity shared by two or more
persons (e.g. a shared pseudonym used in creation of a collaborative
work). Use Multiple Identity-One in Many. (Rare).</item>
</list>
<p>EAC-CPF has been created to accommodate this variety of identities, and
includes a number of ways to express complexities based on individual
repository or aggregator preferences. These options reflect a design
principle that underscores increased opportunity for repositories or
aggregators to customize the standard for specific needs while at the same
time ensuring future aggregation. These flexibilities also reflect an
acknowledgement that some fundamental philosophical differences with regard
to the description of identity exist in the international community. EAC-CPF
maintains a neutral stance on those philosophical differences, and instead
has accommodated the various options without precluding aggregation in the
future.</p>
<p>For purposes of this tag library, agents refer to repositories or services
creating or maintaining EAC-CPF records, while entities refer to those for
which the records are about.</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="overvieweng">
<head>Overview of EAC-CPF Structure and Semantics</head>
<div xml:id="oengintro">
<head>Introduction</head>
<p>Each EAC-CPF document contains two mandatory elements, the
<tag>control</tag> element and either the element
<tag>cpfDescription</tag> or <tag>multipleIdentities</tag>. The
<tag>control</tag> element contains data used in the control of the
entity description, and to provide context for that description.
<tag>cpfDescription</tag> contains information on the name
structures, descriptive elements, and relationships.
<tag>multipleIdentities</tag> is used when there is more than one
<tag>cpfDescription</tag>. These two wrapper elements contain
specific elements to support the functional intentions of the parent or
containing element.</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="controleng">
<head>
<tag>control</tag>
</head>
<p>The <tag>control</tag> element contains the following subelements:</p>
<list type="simple">
<item>
<tag>recordId</tag> - EAC-CPF Identifier. Contains one or more
unique identifiers for the EAC-CPF instance. Required.</item>
<item>
<tag>maintenanceAgency</tag> - Maintenance Agency. Name and coded
information about the institution or service responsible for the
creation, maintenance, and/or dissemination of the EAC-CPF instance.
Required.</item>
<item>
<tag>maintenanceStatus</tag> - Maintenance Status. Contains the
current drafting status of the EAC-CPF instance. Values include:
new, revised, deleted, cancelled, deletedSplit, or deletedReplaced.
Required.</item>
<item>
<tag>maintenanceHistory</tag> - Maintenance History. Contains
information about the date, type and events within the life cycle of
an EAC-CPF instance. Contains one or more
<tag>maintenanceEvent</tag> elements that document creating,
importing, updating, and deletion of the description. Each
maintenance event contains an agent, the type of agent (human or
machine), the type of event, a description of the event, and the
date of the event. Required.</item>
<item>
<tag>publicationStatus</tag> - Publication Status. Contains
information about the editorial status of the EAC-CPF instance.
Optional. </item>
<item>
<tag>languageDeclaration</tag> - Language Declaration. Contains
coded and natural language information about the language of the
EAC-CPF instance. Required.</item>
<item>
<tag>sources</tag> - Sources. Contains information about the sources
consulted in creating the description of the entity or entities in
the EAC-CPF instance. Contains one or more <tag>source</tag>
element. Required.</item>
<item>
<tag>conventionDeclaration</tag> - Convention Declaration. Contains
information on the rules used to construct the EAC-CPF instance, in
particular the names formed in <tag>identity</tag> and the
controlled vocabularies and thesauri used in the EAC-CPF instance.
Optional.</item>
<item>
<tag>otherRecordId</tag> - Other Record Identifier. An element that
allows the recording of additional identifiers that may be
associated with the EAC-CPF instance. Optional.</item>
<item>
<tag>localControl</tag> - Local Control. An element in which to
record any control entries necessary due to local practice that are
not represented by the other elements in <tag>control</tag>.
Optional.</item>
<item>
<tag>localTypeDeclaration</tag> - Local Type Declaration. An element
used to declare local conventions used in the <att>localType</att>
attribute. </item>
</list>
</div>
<div xml:id="desceng">
<head>
<tag>cpfDescription</tag>
</head>
<p>The <tag>cpfDescription</tag>-Corporate body, person or family
description, comprises the description of the entity. Similar to the
<tag>control</tag> element, <tag>cpfDescription</tag> has several
complex subelements used to describe different features of the
entity:</p>
<list type="simple">
<item>
<tag>identity</tag> - Identity. Complex structure containing the
name or names used by the entity over the course of the entity’s
existence. Contains a repeatable <tag>nameEntry</tag> element for
different names, and a repeatable <tag>nameEntryParallel</tag>
element for more than one <tag>nameEntry</tag> expressed in
different languages. Required.</item>
<item>
<tag>description</tag> - Description. Contains formal description
elements parallel to those in ISAAR (CPF) for the description of the
entity. An additional <tag>localDescription</tag> allows for local
implementation of additional descriptive information not included in
the other <tag>description</tag> elements. Optional.</item>
<item>
<tag>relations</tag> - Relations. Contains one or more references to
or descriptions of related corporate bodies, persons or families
<tag>cpfRelation</tag>, functions <tag>functionRelation</tag>,
or resources <tag>resourceRelation</tag>. Optional.</item>
<item>
<tag>alternativeSet</tag> - Alternative set. Contains two or more
authority records for the same entity derived from two or more
authority systems, expressed within a single EAC-CPF instance. The
<tag>alternativeSet</tag> consists of two or more
<tag>setComponent</tag> elements for the authority records.
Optional.</item>
</list>
</div>
<div xml:id="identityeng">
<head>
<tag>identity</tag>
</head>
<p>The most complex element in the EAC-CPF schema is the <tag>identity</tag>
element. In addition to needing to accommodate one or more names used
for or by the entity, <tag>identity</tag> must accommodate two or more
parallel names in different languages or scripts. In countries where
there is more than one official language, such as Canada, names of
corporate bodies have more than one language. The <tag>identity</tag>
contains a required <tag>entityType</tag> and one or more
<tag>nameEntry</tag> and/or <tag>nameEntryParallel</tag> elements.
It also includes an optional <tag>entityId</tag> and
<tag>descriptiveNote</tag>. The <tag>nameEntry</tag> element is
constructed of one or more <tag>part</tag> elements and contains the
attributes <att>scriptCode</att>, <att>xml:lang</att>,
<att>transliteration</att>, and <att>localType</att> to provide
precision about the language and script of the names if desired. It
includes an optional <tag>useDates</tag> element to identify dates of
use of a name. <tag>nameEntryParallel</tag>, which is intended for use
when the same name is expressed in different languages, contains one or
more <tag>nameEntry</tag> elements and an optional <tag>useDates</tag>
element. For example, within the context of the Archive of Ontario,
parallel French and English headings can be designated by placing the
repository name of the Archive in two parallel <tag>nameEntry</tag>
elements, with the two different headings being distinguished by the
values in the <att>xml:lang</att>.</p>
<p>Within <tag>identity</tag>, names represented through
<tag>nameEntry</tag> or <tag>nameEntryParallel</tag> may be selected
as authorized or variant names. The <tag>authorizedForm</tag> and
<tag>alternativeForm</tag> elements are available within
<tag>nameEntry</tag> and <tag>nameEntryParallel</tag> elements to
identify the status of the name according to a particular set of rules.
The content of the element is the identification of those rules.
Additionally, within <tag>nameEntryParallel</tag>, a single
<tag>nameEntry</tag> may be preferred over others. A
<tag>preferredForm</tag> element is available in that instance to
identify the preferred form of the name according to a particular set of
rules. The content of the element identifies those rules.</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="descreng">
<head>
<tag>description</tag>
</head>
<p>The <tag>description</tag> element accommodates a variety of both
controlled and prose descriptions of entities. The contained elements
closely reflect the descriptive categories outlined in ISAAR (CPF).
Descriptive elements generally have a singular and plural form, the
latter being used for those cases of multiple instances of a descriptive
category or less formal prose description. For example,
<tag>function</tag> would be used for a single function term,
<tag>functions</tag> will bundle more than one function descriptor
or alternatively, it will allow a discursive description. Most elements
within <tag>description</tag> include an optional
<tag>descriptiveNote</tag> element to provide explanatory text. All
elements within <tag>description</tag> are optional. Elements for
description include:</p>
<list type="simple">
<item>
<tag>existDates</tag> — Dates of Existence. Contains dates of
existence of the entity being described. Can include actual or
approximate dates, using either <tag>date</tag>,
<tag>dateRange</tag>, or <tag>dateSet</tag>.</item>
<item>
<tag>place</tag> — Place. Includes relevant location information,
optionally paired with related date information. Includes elements
<tag>placeEntry</tag> and <tag>placeRole</tag> and the range of
possibilities with date information: <tag>date</tag>,
<tag>dateRange</tag>, <tag>dateSet</tag>.</item>
<item>
<tag>localDescription</tag> — Local Description. An element intended
to extend the descriptive categories available in a local system.
Includes a <tag>term</tag> element and the range of possibilities
with date information: <tag>date</tag>, <tag>dateRange</tag>,
<tag>dateSet</tag>.</item>
<item>
<tag>legalStatus</tag> — Legal Status. Includes the legal status of
a corporate body, typically defined by authorities and granted by
either a government or an authorized agency. Includes a
<tag>term</tag> element and the range of possibilities with date
information: <tag>date</tag>, <tag>dateRange</tag>,
<tag>dateSet</tag>.</item>
<item>
<tag>function</tag> — Function. Includes relevant functions,
processes, activities, tasks, or transactions performed by the
entity being described. Includes a <tag>term</tag> element and the
range of possibilities with date information: <tag>date</tag>,
<tag>dateRange</tag>, <tag>dateSet</tag>.</item>
<item>
<tag>languageUsed</tag> — Language Used. Indicates the language and
script in which the entity being described was creative or
productive. Includes elements <tag>language</tag> and
<tag>script</tag>. </item>
<item>
<tag>occupation</tag> — Occupation. Includes relevant occupations
held by the entity being described. Includes a <tag>term</tag>
element and the range of possibilities with date information:
<tag>date</tag>, <tag>dateRange</tag>,
<tag>dateSet</tag>.</item>
<item>
<tag>mandate</tag> — Mandate. Includes relevant mandates for
corporate bodies being described. Includes a <tag>term</tag> element
and the range of possibilities with date information:
<tag>date</tag>, <tag>dateRange</tag>,
<tag>dateSet</tag>.</item>
<item>
<tag>structureOrGenealogy</tag> — Structure or Genealogy. Includes
information about the structure of a corporate body or the genealogy
of a person or family. Includes elements <tag>outline</tag>,
<tag>list</tag>, and <tag>p</tag> to assist in structuring the
text.</item>
<item>
<tag>generalContext</tag> — General Context. Includes information
about the general social and cultural context of the entity being
described. Includes a <tag>term</tag> element and the range of
possibilities with date information: <tag>date</tag>,
<tag>dateRange</tag>, <tag>dateSet</tag>.</item>
<item>
<tag>biogHist</tag> — Biographical or Historical Note. Includes
discursive text providing biographical and/or historical information
about the entity being described. Includes an <tag>abstract</tag>
element for a brief synopsis of the full content; a
<tag>chronList</tag> element allows for structured date, event
and optional place information. Includes <tag>list</tag>,
<tag>outline</tag>, <tag>p</tag> elements to assist in
structuring the text.</item>
</list>
<p> All elements in <tag>description</tag> provide a <att>localType</att>
attribute to provide semantic specificity to the term being used. With
the exception of <tag>existDates</tag>, <tag>structureOrGenealogy</tag>,
<tag>generalContext</tag>, and <tag>biogHist</tag>, plural form
wrapper elements are available to bundle multiple occurrences of these
elements. These wrapper elements also include elements
<tag>citation</tag>, <tag>list</tag>, <tag>outline</tag>, and
<tag>p</tag> to accommodate greater complexity in representing the
description being created.</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="relationeng">
<head>
<tag>relations</tag>
</head>
<p>As a component of archival description, entity description must be
brought into relation with the other descriptive components. Entity
descriptions must be dynamically related to the record descriptions for
which they provide context, and the functions and activities in which
the entities engage and that the records document. With the exception of
unique relations, it is the nature of relations that they take place
among entities and not within them. Entities are related to other
entities, to activities and functions, and to records. Similarly,
activities and functions are related to other functions and activities,
to creators, and to records; and records are related to other records,
to entities, and to functions and activities. Each entity, record, or
function/activity description can thus function as a node in a set of
relations.</p>
<p>Because relations occur between the descriptive nodes, they are most
efficiently created and maintained outside of each node. A person, for
example, can be related to one or more persons, organizations or
families; to one or more archival records, books, journals, and museum
objects; and to various occupations and activities. Each of the related
entities can be related to one or more other entities. To record all of
these relations in the description of each node is inefficient, as
correction of an error would require updating two or more
descriptions.</p>
<p>While maintaining relations independent of descriptions is efficient,
when communicating descriptions between systems or to users it will be
necessary to assemble or gather and represent the related descriptions
using descriptive surrogates. Each surrogate for a related description
will optimally include both human- and machine-readable information. The
human-readable information provides succinct descriptions of the related
entity, entity records, or function/activity sufficient to enable
identification and a relevancy judgment. The machine-readable
information supports a traversable link to the related description.</p>
<p>There are three elements for describing relations with other descriptive
entities that are included in the <tag>relations</tag> element:
<tag>cpfRelation</tag>, <tag>functionRelation</tag>,
<tag>resourceRelation</tag>. Within each of these relations
elements, there are: <tag>relationEntry</tag>, <tag>objectXMLWrap</tag>,
<tag>objectBinWrap</tag>, <tag>date</tag>, <tag>dateRange</tag>,
<tag>dateSet</tag>, <tag>placeEntry</tag> and
<tag>descriptiveNote</tag> elements. Individual relations include
optional attributes related to the type of relation that is being
described. These include:</p>
<list type="simple">
<item>
<tag>cpfRelation</tag> — includes an attribute
<att>cpfRelationType</att>; values are identity, hierarchical,
hierarchical-parent, hierarchical-child, temporal, temporal-earlier,
temporal-later, family, associative.</item>
<item>
<tag>functionRelation</tag> — includes an attribute
<att>functionRelationType</att>; values include controls, owns,
performs.</item>
<item>
<tag>resourceRelation</tag> — includes an attribute
<att>resourceRelationType</att>; values include creatorOf,
subjectOf, other.</item>
</list>
<p>Other attributes available for the relation elements include
<att>lastDateTimeVerified</att>, and the suite of simple Xlink
attributes.</p>
<p>There are two principal rationales behind the primitive or basic typing
of relations. First, there is general interest in enabling coherent
expression and navigation of relations as well as creation of graphic
displays of organizational charts, family trees, and time lines. The
primitives are an experimental attempt to provide the data necessary to
construct such displays. At this point, there has been no attempt to
test the utility of the structures with graphic displays. Second, basic
information about the nature of relations is necessary in order to make
the relationship intelligible to users. Given cultural and institutional
differences, the number of possible relation types is, in principle,
unlimited. EAC-CPF designers decided, though, that to achieve a minimum
level of functionality there needed to be consensus on a set of basic or
primitive relation types.</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="xlinkeng">
<head>xlink</head>
<p>The EAC-CPF schema includes support for linking to external resources
using a limited subset of the xlink standard, which is defined at <ref
target="http://www.w3.org/TR/xlink/"
>http://www.w3.org/TR/xlink/</ref>. The xlink attributes can be used
to create and describe links between resources. In particular they can
be used to reference a richer set of relationships than those which are
supported by @cpfRelationType, @functionRelationType, and
@resourceRelationtype. The xlink attributes are available on the
following elements: <tag>citation</tag>, <tag>cpfRelation</tag>,
<tag>functionRelation</tag>, <tag>resourceRelation</tag>,
<tag>setComponent</tag>, and <tag>source</tag>.</p>
<p>A more complete description of each these attributes is provided in the
attributes section of the tag library, but the following information is
intended to summarize how they might be used in conjunction with each
other.</p>
<list type="simple">
<head>Xlink Type Attribute</head>
<item>
<att>xlink:type</att> — This attribute is required if any of the
other xlink attributes are used on the parent element. It takes the
fixed value of 'simple' since EAC-CPF's implementation of xlink only
supports outbound links to one resource. If multiple outbound links
are required, each link should be represented in a new parent
element.</item>
</list>
<list type="simple">
<head>Locator Attribute</head>
<item>
<att>xlink:href</att> — This optional element may be used to provide
the location of the resource that is being linked to. The link must
be a valid URI.</item>
</list>
<list type="simple">
<head>Semantic Attributes</head>
<item>
<att>xlink:arcrole</att> — This optional element may be used on
<tag>cpfRelation</tag>, <tag>functionRelation</tag>, and
<tag>resourceRelation</tag> to provide a precise description of
the relationship between the entity described in the EAC-CPF
resource and the resource to which it is linked. When used on
<tag>citation</tag>, <tag>setComponent</tag>,
and<tag>source</tag>, it provides an explicit and perhaps more
precise description of the relationship that is implied by the
context of use. The value must be a valid URI.</item>
<item>
<att>xlink:role</att> — This optional element is used to provide a
reference to the nature of the linked remote resource. It
specifically provides a means to specify the nature of a linked
resource in <tag>resourceRelation</tag>, as described in ISAAR (CPF)
6.2. The value provided must be a valid URI.</item>
</list>
<list type="simple">
<head>Link Behavior Attributes </head>
<item>
<att>xlink:actuate</att> — This optional attribute may be used in
conjunction with xlink: show to instruct an external application as
to the circumstances under which the linked resource should be
resolved. For example, an application can be instructed to load the
resource when the parent xml document is loaded or only when the
page is requested by a user or application.</item>
<item>
<att>xlink:show</att> — This optional attribute may be used in
conjunction with xlink:actuate to instruct an external application
as to the manner in which the linked resource should be shown to the
user when it is resolved. For example, the application can be
instructed to replace the current xml document when loading the
resource or to load it in a new window or tab.</item>
<item>
<att>xlink:title</att> — This optional element may be used to
provide a caption or title that an external system or application
may use when presenting a link to the user.</item>
</list>
<p>Mozilla-based browsers such as Firefox are the only common client
application which include native support for a limited range of xlink
attributes. As a result, implementers of EAC-CPF will need to provide
for the full implementation of the xlink attributes using server-side
instructions. One implementation example, demonstrating the intended
effects of xlink usage, is provided at <ref
target="http://www.snee.com/xml/xlink/sxlinkdemo.xml"
>http://www.snee.com/xml/xlink/sxlinkdemo.xml</ref>.</p>
<p>The following excerpt provides one example of how xlink might be
implemented in reference to an external vocabulary, to indicate that the
information at the related URL describes the spouse of the person
described in the EAC-CPF record:</p>
<egXML xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/Examples">
<eac-cpf:cpfRelation cpfRelationType="family" xlink:actuate="onRequest"
xlink:arcrole="http://library.illinois.edu/archives/eac-cpfRelations.html#spouseOf"
xlink:href="http://library.illinois.edu/archives/archon/index.php?p=creators/creator&id=546"
xlink:show="new" xlink:type="simple">
<eac-cpf:relationEntry>Gregory, John Milton</eac-cpf:relationEntry>
<eac-cpf:descriptiveNote>
<eac-cpf:p>John Milton Gregory was the husband of Louisa Allen
Gregory.</eac-cpf:p>
</eac-cpf:descriptiveNote>
</eac-cpf:cpfRelation>
<eac-cpf:resourceRelation resourceRelationType="creatorOf"
xlink:role="http://library.illinois.edu/archives/eac-cpfRelations.html#collector"
xlink:type="simple">
<eac-cpf:relationEntry>Collezione Fortunato Depero (Polo culturale e
Galleria Museum Depero, Roverto</eac-cpf:relationEntry>
<eac-cpf:descriptiveNote>
<eac-cpf:p>ITA MART, Collezione Depero, Collezione d'arte,
1919-1959, Creatore della collezione, </eac-cpf:p>
</eac-cpf:descriptiveNote>
</eac-cpf:resourceRelation>
</egXML>
<!-- perhaps an example of xlink:role on <resourceRelation> would be good. -->
<!-- Added, but don't think that it's right; I was thinking of the distinction that might want to be made between an author, a collector, an editor, etc. all under the umbrella of resourceRelationtype="creatorOf" -->
<p>The vocabulary at purl.org which is referenced above is not intended to
be normative and is provided for illustrative purposes only. Over time
it is hoped that communities will develop and maintain controlled
vocabularies to describe the nature of the relationships to the people,
families, corporate bodies, resources, and functions that are described
in the <tag>cpfRelation</tag>, <tag>resourceRelation</tag>, and
<tag>functionRelation</tag> elements. Such vocabularies could be
maintained locally, nationally, or even internationally, perhaps as a
continuation of the work of the EAC working group.</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="localtypeeng">
<head>
<att>localType</att>
</head>
<p>As an international effort, the designers of EAC-CPF are attempting to
agree on as much as possible while accommodating cultural and
institutional differences. The semantics and structure described above
represents the current semantic and structural consensus and is tied
closely to ISAAR(CPF).</p>
<p>In addition to the element <tag>localDescription</tag>, described above,
many elements may also be qualified with <att>localType</att>. This
attribute is intended to enable EAC-CPF to be adapted for use in
national, regional, and local environments where semantics more specific
than those provided in EAC-CPF may be necessary, or where descriptive
categories not specifically addressed in EAC-CPF are necessary.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div xml:id="resourceeng">
<head>Resources</head>
<list type="simple">
<item>International Council on Archives. International Standard Archival
Authority Record for Corporate bodies, Persons, and Families. 2nd
Edition. 2003. <ref
target="http://www.icacds.org.uk/eng/ISAAR(CPF)2ed.pdf"
>http://www.icacds.org.uk/eng/ISAAR(CPF)2ed.pdf</ref>.</item>
<item>International Council on Archives. General International Standard
Archival Description. 2nd Edition. 1999. <ref
target="http://www.ica.org/sites/default/files/isad_g_2e.pdf"
>http://www.ica.org/sites/default/files/isad_g_2e.pdf</ref>.</item>
</list>
</div>
</div>
<div xml:lang="ita" xml:id="ita">
<!-- one language block -->
<div xml:id="dedica">
<head>Dedica</head>
<p>Il gruppo di lavoro su Encoded Archival Context dedica lo Schema e il
dizionario dei marcatori di EAC-CPF 2010 alla memoria di Per-Gunnar
Ottosson. P-G (come era noto ai suoi molti amici sparsi nel mondo), ha avuto
un ruolo chiave nella messa a punto di molti standard archivistici
internazionali. Ha svolto un ruolo cruciale nei primissimi passi di EAC, ma
la sua malattia e la conseguente morte nel 2008 gli hanno impedito di vedere
la conclusione del lavoro su EAC-CPF. Sarà ricordato per la sua acuta
intelligenza, la sua abilità di collaborare e il suo splendido spirito. Ma,
soprattutto, sarà affettuosamente ricordato come amico. </p>
</div>
<div xml:id="nrr">
<head>Note di rilascio e revisione</head>
<p>Il dizionario dei marcatori di EAC-CPF deve essere considerato un documento
dinamico. In questo senso, continuerà a essere sviluppato in risposta ai
suggerimenti degli utenti di chiarificazione o integrazione. Il gruppo di
lavoro su EAC incoraggia gli implementatori a riportare qualsiasi domanda,
commento o suggerimento sul dizionario dei marcatori e sul suo contenuto.
Inoltre è fortemente incentivato il contributo con esempi. Domande, commenti
o esempi possono essere indirizzati al presidente del gruppo di lavoro su
EAC, Katherine M. Wisser (wisser [at] simmons.edu).</p>
<p>Il dizionario dei marcatori è codificato in TEI P5, la codifica è strutturata
per facilitare l'inclusione della documentazione nello Schema XML, in modo
da fornire una guida contestuale negli editor XML. Sebbene il rilascio
iniziale del dizionario dei marcatori sia solo in inglese, la codifica è
disegnata per facilitare la messa a disposizione in parallelo di dizionari
dei marcatori in altre lingue, eventualmente tradotti successivamente.</p>
<p>Una versione PDF del dizionario dei marcatori sarà rilasciata in seguito.</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="contesto">
<head>Contesto</head>
<p>La storia di EAC iniziò nel 1998 con lo sforzo di Richard Szary, Wendy Duff e
Daniel Pitti di immaginarsi uno standard per codificare e scambiare
informazioni autorevoli sul contesto dei materiali archivistici. Il
risultato della ricerca avrebbe fornito uno standard di comunicazione per
scambiare record di autorità basati sullo Standard internazionale per i
record d'autorità archivistici di enti, persone, famiglie (ISAAR(CPF)) e
sarebbe stata speculare allo standard per codificare record di strumenti di
corredo archivistici, che era stato fissato precedentemente con Encoded
Archival Description (EAD). Come EAD aveva consentito l'espressione pratica
dello standard generale internazionale per la descrizione archivistica
(ISAD(G)), il nuovo standard avrebbe permesso l'espressione di ISAAR(CPF).
Questo standard parallelo avrebbe così preservato e rafforzato il dualismo
essenziale che caratterizza la descrizione archivistica quando è presentata
in uno strumento di corredo archivistico.</p>
<p>Uno standard separato avrebbe inoltre aperto la strada all'eliminazione di
qualche problema pratico riscontrato nell'uso di EAD, che era stato
sviluppato come una soluzione onnicomprensiva per codificare strumenti di
corredo standalone (cartacei) che includevano la totalità dei dati
descrittivi sui record archivistici, seguendo il modello di presentazione
allora predominante. Poiché il materiale di una singola entità o su una
singola entità può essere trovato in diversi fondi o in molti archivi, si
rischia di incorrere in un enorme sforzo ridondante nel registrare
informazioni sulla stessa entità. Inoltre questo lavoro duplicato può
sfociare in gravi inconsistenze che intralciano sia gli utenti, nella
ricerca e nell'interpretazione dei materiali, sia gli archivisti, nella
creazione di riferimenti accurati e completi su queste entità.</p>
<p>L'Università di Yale ospitò un incontro internazionale nel 1998. L'incontro
fu organizzato da Richard Szary e finanziato dalla Digital Library
Federation. Gli obiettivi dell'incontro erano quelli di pianificare il
finanziamento e lo sviluppo di uno standard per la codifica basato su
ISAAR(CPF)</p>
<p>Nel 2001, con l'assistenza finanziaria della Gladys Krieble Delmas
Foundation, un secondo gruppo internazionale di lavoro si incontrò a
Toronto. Questo incontro produsse i Principi di Toronto (Toronto Tenets, si
veda <ref target="http://www.library.yale.edu/eac/torontotenets.htm"
>http://www.library.yale.edu/eac/torontotenets.htm</ref>), , principi
che diedero forma allo standard proposto. Il gruppo stabilì inoltre gli
obiettivi dello standard, programmò a grandi linee i parametri della
Document Type Definition (DTD) e stabilì un gruppo di lavoro per creare una
sintassi completa. La DTD raggiunse lo stato di Beta nel 2004, iniziando
così una lunga fase di test mentre veniva applicata in diversi progetti
europei e americani. Sulla base dei risultati provenienti da questi banchi
di prova, nel 2007 fu formato il gruppo di lavoro sull'Encoded Archival
Context della Society of American Archivists con lo scopo di portare avanti
il lavoro verso la creazione di una versione standardizzata espressa in uno
schema e in un dizionario dei marcatori. Grazie al supporto della Gladys
Krieble Delmas Foundation, dell'IBC (Istituto per i Beni artistici culturali
e naturali) della Regione Emilia-Romagna, dell'Archivio di Stato di Bologna,
di OCLC Research e della National Library of Australia, il gruppo di lavoro
su EAC si incontrò per tre giorni a Bologna (Italia) nel maggio 2008 per
gettare le fondamenta dell'attuale standard EAC-CPF. Il lavoro iniziato a
Bologna proseguì con un continuo scambio di e-mail e attraverso chiamate in
conferenza telefonica. La bozza conclusiva fu sottoposta a commenti pubblici
dall'agosto al novembre 2009 e lo schema completo è stato rilasciato nel
marzo 2010. Il gruppo di lavoro è grato agli archivisti di tutta la comunità
internazionale per i loro suggerimenti, commenti e test effettuati sullo
schema durante la fase di sviluppo.</p>
<p>La descrizione archivistica include parallelamente sia informazioni sul
contenuto e sugli elementi fisici e intellettuali della documentazione, sia
informazioni sul contesto della loro produzione e uso. Questo contesto di
produzione e uso dei materiali è complesso e a molti livelli e può
coinvolgere individui, famiglie, organizzazioni, società, funzioni,
attività, operazioni commerciali, luoghi geografici, eventi e altre entità.
Primi, fra tutte queste entità, sono gli agenti responsabili della
produzione o dell'uso della documentazione: generalmente organizzazioni e
persone. Con le informazioni su questi agenti gli utenti possono comprendere
e interpretare i record descrittivi nella loro pienezza, visto che possono
conoscere il contesto entro cui questi agenti hanno operato, prodotto o
usato la documentazione. Le informazioni di contesto su questi agenti
possono essere utilizzate sia come componenti all'interno di un approccio
descrittivo che integri completamente le informazioni di contesto
all'interno dei prodotti descrittivi, come è stato tradizionalmente fatto
negli archivi, sia in un sistema indipendente che sia collegato agli altri
sistemi e prodotti descrittivi focalizzati sul contenuto.</p>
<p>Encoded Archival Context – Corporate Bodies, Persons, and Families (EAC-CPF)
(Il contesto archivistico codificato – Enti, persone e famiglie) affronta la
descrizione degli individui, delle famiglie e degli enti che producono,
conservano, usano, sono responsabili o sono associati con i record
descrittivi in una varietà di modi. Nel tempo, altre tipologie di entità di
contesto potrebbero svilupparsi sotto l'ampio ombrello di EAC, ma al momento
lo scopo è in primo luogo standardizzare la codifica delle descrizioni sugli
agenti per permettere lo scambio, la ricerca e la visualizzazione di queste
informazioni all'interno di sistemi informativi. EAC supporta sia il
collegamento delle informazioni relative a un agente con altri agenti per
evidenziare/ricercare le relazioni tra le entità produttrici di
documentazione, sia il collegamento con le descrizioni dei materiali
archivistici o di altre entità di contesto. </p>
<p>EAC-CPF è uno schema per la trasmissione di informazioni sul contesto
archivistico di individui, enti e famiglie. Facilita lo scambio di record di
autorità conformi a ISAAR(CPF). ISAAR(CPF) "stabilisce la tipologia di
informazioni che possono essere incluse in un record d’autorità archivistico
e fornisce una guida su come tali record possano essere disposti all’interno
di un sistema di descrizioni archivistiche." ISAAR(CPF) sottolinea inoltre
che "[u]n efficace scambio automatico di informazioni d’autorità relative ad
archivi attraverso le reti telematiche dipende dall’adozione, da parte delle
istituzioni archivistiche coinvolte, di un adeguato formato di
comunicazione. L’Encoded Archival Context (EAC) è un formato di
comunicazione che rende possibile lo scambio di record d’autorità
archivistici conformi ad ISAAR (CPF) attraverso il World Wide Web" (ISAAR
(CPF), 2003, 15). EAC-CPF fornisce uno strumento che permette la piena
espressione di ISAAR (CPF), ma, in ogni caso, può contenere anche qualche
elemento aggiuntivo o accorgimento tecnico non previsto all'interno di ISAAR
(CPF). </p>
<p>Sulla base dei Principi di Toronto, stabiliti nel 2001, i seguenti
presupposti hanno guidato lo sviluppo dello schema: <list type="ordered">
<head>Definizioni e usi</head>
<item n="1">Le informazioni archivistiche di contesto consistono in
informazioni che descrivono le circostanze sotto cui il materiale
archivistico è stato prodotto, mantenuto e utilizzato. Questo
contesto include, ma non si limita esclusivamente a questo, sia
l'identificazione e le caratteristiche delle persone, organizzazioni
e famiglie (agenti) che sono stati produttori, utilizzatori o
soggetti dei documenti archivistici, sia le relazioni che
intercorrono fra di loro.</item>
<item n="2">Le informazioni di contesto sugli agenti non sono dati che
descrivono altre risorse informative, piuttosto sono i dati che
descrivono le entità che sono parte dell'ambiente in cui queste
risorse informative (i.e. i documenti archivistici) sono
esistiti.</item>
<item n="3">La registrazione delle informazioni di contesto sugli agenti
nei sistemi informativi archivistici favorisce direttamente una
descrizione e comprensione maggiormente completa della
documentazione archivistica, favorendo allo stesso tempo un
approccio basato sulla provenienza per reperire questi documenti
contestualizzati nel tempo e dominio di produzione. </item>
<item n="4">Le informazioni di contesto sugli agenti possono inoltre
aver valore come risorse informative indipendenti, scisse dall'uso
per supportare e completare la descrizione, il reperimento e
l'interpretazione della documentazione archivistica.</item>
<item n="5">Questo modello è inoltre volto a supportare lo scambio e la
condivisione di informazione di contesto sugli agenti, soprattutto
nei casi di repository che abbiano informazioni di contesto in
comune.</item>
</list>
<list type="ordered">
<head>Structure and Content</head>
<item n="6">Ogni istanza delle informazioni di contesto sugli agenti
descrive una singola entità.</item>
<item n="7">Il modello fornisce una struttura entro cui l'intera gamma
delle informazioni di contesto sugli agenti può essere registrata e
indica un set minimo di elementi per descrivere un'entità, ma rinvia
le raccomandazioni sull'appropriato uso di altri elementi a linee
guida applicative sviluppate per specifiche realizzazioni. </item>
<item n="8">Il modello definisce un universo di elementi usati per
descrivere gli agenti e la struttura delle relazioni fra questi
elementi. Questi sono volti a favorire la ricerca, navigazione e
presentazione delle informazioni di contesto sugli agenti e il
collegamento di queste informazioni con le descrizioni dei materiali
archivistici o con altre informazioni di contesto, in modo
particolare con quelle codificate in EAD, MARC o altri standard
simili. </item>
<item n="9">Il modello supporta il collegamento delle descrizioni delle
entità di contesto con le rappresentazioni digitali o altri
surrogati di queste entità.</item>
</list>
<list type="ordered">
<head>Questioni tecniche</head>
<item n="10">Questo modello è espresso come linguaggio di marcatura XML
per favorire l'indipendenza da piattaforme e la portabilità delle
informazioni. Il modello potrebbe comunque essere implementato
utilizzando altri approcci.</item>
</list>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="conceptsita">
<head>EAC-CPF Concepts</head>
<p>Gli agenti sono oggetti complessi. Ad esempio, un agente può essere composto
da identità multiple o una singola identità può essere associata a diversi
agenti. Questa esigenza impone che la struttura dello standard renda conto
dei modi diversi in cui gli agenti possono essere espressi. Allo scopo di
gestire la varietà di agenti, sono definiti alcuni concetti:</p>
<list type="simple">
<item>IDENTITÀ SINGOLA (SINGLE IDENTITY): una persona (o ente o famiglia)
con una singola identità rappresentata in un singolo documento EAC-CPF.
(Caso più comune). </item>
<item>IDENTITÀ MULTIPLA - MOLTI IN UNO (MULTIPLE IDENTITY-MANY IN ONE): due
o più identità (includendo identità ufficiali) ognuna rappresentata da
una distinta descrizione archivistica all'interno di un singolo
documento EAC-CPF. Può essere convertita informaticamente in un'identità
multipla - una in molti. (Caso meno comune del precedente, ma non raro). </item>
<item>IDENTITÀ MULTIPLA - UNA IN MOLTI (MULTIPLE IDENTITY-ONE IN MANY): due
o più identità (includendo identità ufficiali) ognuna rappresentata da
una o più documenti EAC-CPF collegati. Può essere convertita
informaticamente in un'identità multipla - molti in uno. (Caso meno
comune dell'identità singola, ma non raro). </item>
<item>GRUPPO DI ALTERNATIVE (ALTERNATIVE SET): un documento EAC-CPF derivato
che è basato, incorporandole, su due o più istanze EAC-CPF alternative
per la stessa entità. Può essere usato da consorzi o come strumento per
fornire un unico accesso a record di autorità mantenuti in due o più