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<tr><th>Document Number:</th><td><cxx-docnum>N3989</cxx-docnum></td></tr>
<template if="{{pubdate}}"></template>
<tr><th>Date:</th><td><time pubdate="">2014-05-23</time></td></tr>
<template if="{{revises}}"></template>
<tr><th>Revises:</th><td><cxx-revises><a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2014/n3960.pdf">N3960</a></cxx-revises></td></tr>
<template if="{{editor}}"></template>
<tr><th>Editor:</th><td><cxx-editor>
Jared Hoberock<br>
NVIDIA Corporation<br>
<cxx-email><a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></cxx-email>
</cxx-editor></td></tr>
</table>
<h1>Working Draft, Technical Specification for C++ Extensions for Parallelism</h1>
<template if="{{stage == 'draft'}}"></template>
<p class="warning"><strong>Note: this is an early draft. It’s known to be
incomplet and incorrekt, and it has lots of b<span style="margin-left: -1.2pt; margin-right: 1pt">a</span>d<span style="width:1.5em"> </span>for<span style="margin-left:-3pt; margin-right:0.6pt">mat</span>ti<span style="position:relative; top:-0.15ex">n</span>g.</strong></p>
</cxx-titlepage>
<cxx-toc>
<nav>
<h1>Contents</h1>
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<ol>
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<li><span class="marker">1</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.general">General</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
<ol>
<template repeat="{{sections}}"></template>
<li><span class="marker">1.1</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.general.scope">Scope</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
</li>
<li><span class="marker">1.2</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.general.references">Normative references</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
</li>
<li><span class="marker">1.3</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.general.namespaces">Namespaces and headers</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
<ol>
<template repeat="{{sections}}"></template>
<li><span class="marker">1.3.1</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.general.defns">Terms and definitions</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><span class="marker">2</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.execpol">Execution policies</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
<ol>
<template repeat="{{sections}}"></template>
<li><span class="marker">2.1</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.execpol.general">In general</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
</li>
<li><span class="marker">2.2</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.execpol.synop">Header <experimental/execution_policy> synopsis</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
</li>
<li><span class="marker">2.3</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.execpol.type">Execution policy type trait</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
</li>
<li><span class="marker">2.4</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.execpol.seq">Sequential execution policy</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
</li>
<li><span class="marker">2.5</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.execpol.par">Parallel execution policy</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
</li>
<li><span class="marker">2.6</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.execpol.vec">Vector execution policy</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
</li>
<li><span class="marker">2.7</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.execpol.dynamic">Dynamic execution policy</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
<ol>
<template repeat="{{sections}}"></template>
<li><span class="marker">2.7.1</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.execpol.con">execution_policy construct/assign</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
</li>
<li><span class="marker">2.7.2</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.execpol.access">execution_policy object access</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><span class="marker">2.8</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.execpol.objects">Execution policy objects</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><span class="marker">3</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.exceptions">Parallel exceptions</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
<ol>
<template repeat="{{sections}}"></template>
<li><span class="marker">3.1</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.exceptions.behavior">Exception reporting behavior</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
</li>
<li><span class="marker">3.2</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.exceptions.synop">Header <experimental/exception_list> synopsis</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><span class="marker">4</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.alg">Parallel algorithms</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
<ol>
<template repeat="{{sections}}"></template>
<li><span class="marker">4.1</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.alg.general">In general</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
<ol>
<template repeat="{{sections}}"></template>
<li><span class="marker">4.1.1</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.alg.general.exec">Effect of execution policies on algorithm execution</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
</li>
<li><span class="marker">4.1.2</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.alg.overloads">ExecutionPolicy algorithm overloads</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><span class="marker">4.2</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.alg.defns">Definitions</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
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<li><span class="marker">4.3</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.alg.novel">Novel algorithms</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
<ol>
<template repeat="{{sections}}"></template>
<li><span class="marker">4.3.1</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.alg.novel.algorithms.synop">Header <experimental/algorithm> synopsis</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
</li>
<li><span class="marker">4.3.2</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.alg.novel.foreach">For each</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
</li>
<li><span class="marker">4.3.3</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.alg.novel.numeric.synop">Header <experimental/numeric></a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
</li>
<li><span class="marker">4.3.4</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.alg.novel.reduce">Reduce</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
</li>
<li><span class="marker">4.3.5</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.alg.novel.exclusive.scan">Exclusive scan</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
</li>
<li><span class="marker">4.3.6</span><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.alg.novel.inclusive.scan">Inclusive scan</a><template bind="" ref="hierarchy"></template>
<template if="{{sections.length > 0}}"></template>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</nav>
</cxx-toc>
<cxx-clause id="parallel.general">
<section>
<header><span class="section-number">1</span> <h1 data-bookmark-label="1 General">General</h1> <span style="float:right"><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.general">[parallel.general]</a></span></header>
<cxx-section id="parallel.general.scope">
<section>
<header><span class="section-number">1.1</span> <h1 data-bookmark-label="1.1 Scope">Scope</h1> <span style="float:right"><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.general.scope">[parallel.general.scope]</a></span></header>
<p id="parallel.general.scope.1" para_num="1">This Technical Specification describes requirements for implementations of an
interface that computer programs written in the C++ programming language may
use to invoke algorithms with parallel execution. The algorithms described by
this Technical Specification are realizable across a broad class of
computer architectures.</p>
<p id="parallel.general.scope.2" para_num="2">This Technical Specification is non-normative. Some of the functionality
described by this Technical Specification may be considered for standardization
in a future version of C++, but it is not currently part of any C++ standard.
Some of the functionality in this Technical Specification may never be
standardized, and other functionality may be standardized in a substantially
changed form.</p>
<p id="parallel.general.scope.3" para_num="3">The goal of this Technical Specification is to build widespread existing
practice for parallelism in the C++ standard algorithms library. It gives
advice on extensions to those vendors who wish to provide them.</p>
</section>
</cxx-section>
<cxx-section id="parallel.general.references">
<section>
<header><span class="section-number">1.2</span> <h1 data-bookmark-label="1.2 Normative references">Normative references</h1> <span style="float:right"><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.general.references">[parallel.general.references]</a></span></header>
<p id="parallel.general.references.1" para_num="1">The following referenced document is indispensable for the
application of this document. For dated references, only the
edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.</p>
<ul>
<li>ISO/IEC 14882:—<cxx-footnote><!--
Be sure not to introduce whitespace here, as it appears around the footnote.
--><sup id="footnote-call-1"><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#footnote-body-1">1</a></sup><aside class="footnote" id="footnote-body-1"><span class="marker"><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#footnote-call-1">1</a>) </span>To be published. Section references are relative to <a href="http://open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2013/n3797.pdf">N3797</a>.</aside></cxx-footnote>,
<cite>Programming Languages — C++</cite>
<cxx-foreign-index id="cxx" src="cxx_N3797_index.json" name="C++14">
<core-ajax auto="" url="{{src}}" handleas="json" on-core-response="{{ attachIndex }}">
</core-ajax>
</cxx-foreign-index></li>
</ul>
<p id="parallel.general.references.2" para_num="2">ISO/IEC 14882:— is herein called the <dfn>C++ Standard</dfn>.
The library described in ISO/IEC 14882:— clauses 17-30 is herein called
the <dfn>C++ Standard Library</dfn>. The C++ Standard Library components described in
ISO/IEC 14882:— clauses 25 and 26.7 are herein called the <dfn>C++ Standard
Algorithms Library</dfn>.</p>
<p id="parallel.general.references.3" para_num="3">Unless otherwise specified, the whole of the C++ Standard's Library
introduction (<cxx-ref in="cxx" to="library"><cxx-get-element-by-id elemid="{{in}}" elem="{{inElem}}"></cxx-get-element-by-id><template if="{{!in}}"></template><template id="target_num"></template><template if="{{insynopsis}}"></template><template if="{{!insynopsis}}"></template><template bind="" ref="target_num"></template><template if="{{inElem.index}}"></template>C++14 <span title="library">§17</span><template if="{{!in}}"></template></cxx-ref>) is included into this
Technical Specification by reference.</p>
</section>
</cxx-section>
<cxx-section id="parallel.general.namespaces">
<section>
<header><span class="section-number">1.3</span> <h1 data-bookmark-label="1.3 Namespaces and headers">Namespaces and headers</h1> <span style="float:right"><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.general.namespaces">[parallel.general.namespaces]</a></span></header>
<p id="parallel.general.namespaces.1" para_num="1">Since the the extensions described in this Technical Specification are
experimental and not part of the C++ Standard Library, they should not be
declared directly within namespace <code>std</code>. Unless otherwise specified, all
components described in this Technical Specification are declared in namespace
<code>std::experimental::parallel</code>.</p>
<cxx-note><span class="nowrap">[ <em>Note:</em></span>
Once standardized, the components described by this Technical Specification are expected to be promoted to namespace <code>std</code>.
<span class="nowrap">— <em>end note</em> ]</span>
</cxx-note>
<p id="parallel.general.namespaces.2" para_num="2">Unless otherwise specified, references to such entities described in this
Technical Specification are assumed to be qualified with
<code>std::experimental::parallel</code>, and references to entities described in the C++
Standard Library are assumed to be qualified with <code>std::</code>.</p>
<p id="parallel.general.namespaces.3" para_num="3">Extensions that are expected to eventually be added to an existing header
<code><meow></code> are provided inside the <code><experimental/meow></code> header,
which shall include the standard contents of <code><meow></code> as if by</p>
<pre><code> #include <meow></code>
</pre>
<cxx-section id="parallel.general.defns">
<section>
<header><span class="section-number">1.3.1</span> <h1 data-bookmark-label="1.3.1 Terms and definitions">Terms and definitions</h1> <span style="float:right"><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.general.defns">[parallel.general.defns]</a></span></header>
<p id="parallel.general.defns.1" para_num="1">For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in the C++ Standard and the following apply.</p>
<p id="parallel.general.defns.2" para_num="2">A <dfn>parallel algorithm</dfn> is a function template described by this Technical Specification declared in namespace <code>std::experimental::parallel</code> with a formal template parameter named <code>ExecutionPolicy</code>.</p>
</section>
</cxx-section>
</section>
</cxx-section>
</section>
</cxx-clause>
<cxx-clause id="parallel.execpol">
<section>
<header><span class="section-number">2</span> <h1 data-bookmark-label="2 Execution policies">Execution policies</h1> <span style="float:right"><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.execpol">[parallel.execpol]</a></span></header>
<cxx-section id="parallel.execpol.general">
<section>
<header><span class="section-number">2.1</span> <h1 data-bookmark-label="2.1 In general">In general</h1> <span style="float:right"><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.execpol.general">[parallel.execpol.general]</a></span></header>
<p id="parallel.execpol.general.1" para_num="1">This subclause describes classes that represent <dfn>execution policies</dfn>. An
<dfn>execution policy</dfn> is an object that expresses the requirements on the ordering
of functions invoked as a consequence of the invocation of a standard
algorithm. Execution policies afford standard algorithms the discretion to
execute in parallel.</p>
<cxx-example>
<span class="nowrap">[ <em>Example:</em></span>
<pre>std::vector<int> v = ...
// standard sequential sort
<del>std::sort(vec.begin(), vec.end());</del>
<ins>std::sort(std::begin(vec), std::end(vec));</ins>
using namespace std::experimental::parallel;
// explicitly sequential sort
<del>sort(seq, v.begin(), v.end());</del>
<ins>sort(seq, std::begin(v), std::end(v));</ins>
// permitting parallel execution
<del>sort(par, v.begin(), v.end());</del>
<ins>sort(par, std::begin(v), std::end(v));</ins>
// permitting vectorization as well
<del>sort(vec, v.begin(), v.end());</del>
<ins>sort(vec, std::begin(v), std::end(v));</ins>
// sort with dynamically-selected execution
size_t threshold = ...
execution_policy exec = seq;
if(v.size() > threshold)
{
exec = par;
}
<del>sort(exec, v.begin(), v.end());</del>
<ins>sort(exec, std::begin(v), std::end(v));</ins></pre>
<span class="nowrap">— <em>end example</em> ]</span>
</cxx-example><pre></pre>
<cxx-note><span class="nowrap">[ <em>Note:</em></span>
Because different parallel architectures may require idiosyncratic
parameters for efficient execution, implementations of the Standard Library
should provide additional execution policies to those described in this
Technical Specification as extensions.
<span class="nowrap">— <em>end note</em> ]</span>
</cxx-note>
</section>
</cxx-section>
<cxx-section id="parallel.execpol.synop">
<section>
<header><span class="section-number">2.2</span> <h1 data-bookmark-label="2.2 Header <experimental/execution_policy> synopsis">Header <code><experimental/execution_policy></code> synopsis</h1> <span style="float:right"><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.execpol.synop">[parallel.execpol.synop]</a></span></header>
<pre>namespace std {
namespace experimental {
namespace parallel {
<cxx-ref insynopsis="" to="parallel.execpol.type"><cxx-get-element-by-id elemid="{{in}}" elem="{{inElem}}"></cxx-get-element-by-id><template if="{{!in}}"></template><cxx-get-element-by-id elemid="{{to}}" elem="{{toElem}}"></cxx-get-element-by-id><template id="target_num"></template><template if="{{insynopsis}}"></template>// <i><template bind="" ref="target_num"></template><template if="{{inElem.index}}"></template><template if="{{!in}}"></template><a title="parallel.execpol.type" href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.execpol.type"><template if="{{toElem.sec_num}}"></template>2.3<template if="{{toElem.table_num}}"></template><template if="{{toElem.figure_num}}"></template></a>, Execution policy type trait</i><template if="{{!insynopsis}}"></template></cxx-ref>
template<class T> struct is_execution_policy;
<cxx-ref insynopsis="" to="parallel.execpol.seq"><cxx-get-element-by-id elemid="{{in}}" elem="{{inElem}}"></cxx-get-element-by-id><template if="{{!in}}"></template><cxx-get-element-by-id elemid="{{to}}" elem="{{toElem}}"></cxx-get-element-by-id><template id="target_num"></template><template if="{{insynopsis}}"></template>// <i><template bind="" ref="target_num"></template><template if="{{inElem.index}}"></template><template if="{{!in}}"></template><a title="parallel.execpol.seq" href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.execpol.seq"><template if="{{toElem.sec_num}}"></template>2.4<template if="{{toElem.table_num}}"></template><template if="{{toElem.figure_num}}"></template></a>, Sequential execution policy</i><template if="{{!insynopsis}}"></template></cxx-ref>
class sequential_execution_policy;
<cxx-ref insynopsis="" to="parallel.execpol.par"><cxx-get-element-by-id elemid="{{in}}" elem="{{inElem}}"></cxx-get-element-by-id><template if="{{!in}}"></template><cxx-get-element-by-id elemid="{{to}}" elem="{{toElem}}"></cxx-get-element-by-id><template id="target_num"></template><template if="{{insynopsis}}"></template>// <i><template bind="" ref="target_num"></template><template if="{{inElem.index}}"></template><template if="{{!in}}"></template><a title="parallel.execpol.par" href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.execpol.par"><template if="{{toElem.sec_num}}"></template>2.5<template if="{{toElem.table_num}}"></template><template if="{{toElem.figure_num}}"></template></a>, Parallel execution policy</i><template if="{{!insynopsis}}"></template></cxx-ref>
class parallel_execution_policy;
<cxx-ref insynopsis="" to="parallel.execpol.vec"><cxx-get-element-by-id elemid="{{in}}" elem="{{inElem}}"></cxx-get-element-by-id><template if="{{!in}}"></template><cxx-get-element-by-id elemid="{{to}}" elem="{{toElem}}"></cxx-get-element-by-id><template id="target_num"></template><template if="{{insynopsis}}"></template>// <i><template bind="" ref="target_num"></template><template if="{{inElem.index}}"></template><template if="{{!in}}"></template><a title="parallel.execpol.vec" href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.execpol.vec"><template if="{{toElem.sec_num}}"></template>2.6<template if="{{toElem.table_num}}"></template><template if="{{toElem.figure_num}}"></template></a>, Vector execution policy</i><template if="{{!insynopsis}}"></template></cxx-ref>
class vector_execution_policy;
<cxx-ref insynopsis="" to="parallel.execpol.dynamic"><cxx-get-element-by-id elemid="{{in}}" elem="{{inElem}}"></cxx-get-element-by-id><template if="{{!in}}"></template><cxx-get-element-by-id elemid="{{to}}" elem="{{toElem}}"></cxx-get-element-by-id><template id="target_num"></template><template if="{{insynopsis}}"></template>// <i><template bind="" ref="target_num"></template><template if="{{inElem.index}}"></template><template if="{{!in}}"></template><a title="parallel.execpol.dynamic" href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.execpol.dynamic"><template if="{{toElem.sec_num}}"></template>2.7<template if="{{toElem.table_num}}"></template><template if="{{toElem.figure_num}}"></template></a>, Dynamic execution policy</i><template if="{{!insynopsis}}"></template></cxx-ref>
class execution_policy;
}
}
}
</pre>
</section>
</cxx-section>
<cxx-section id="parallel.execpol.type">
<section>
<header><span class="section-number">2.3</span> <h1 data-bookmark-label="2.3 Execution policy type trait">Execution policy type trait</h1> <span style="float:right"><a href="http://localhost:8000/parallelism-ts/main.html#parallel.execpol.type">[parallel.execpol.type]</a></span></header>
<pre>namespace std {
namespace experimental {
namespace parallel {
template<class T> struct is_execution_policy
: integral_constant<bool, <em>see below</em>> { };
}
}
}
</pre>
<p id="parallel.execpol.type.1" para_num="1"><code>is_execution_policy</code> can be used to detect parallel execution policies for the purpose of excluding function signatures from otherwise ambiguous overload resolution participation.</p>
<p id="parallel.execpol.type.2" para_num="2">If <code>T</code> is the type of a standard or implementation-defined execution policy, <code>is_execution_policy<T></code> shall be publicly derived from <code>integral_constant<bool,true></code>,
otherwise from <code>integral_constant<bool,false></code>.</p>