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AMO Blockchain Protocol Specification

AMO protocol version 6 (DRAFT).

Introduction

Although the current implementation of AMO blockchain depends heavily on Tendermint, AMO blockchain protocol itself is independent of Tendermint. It is described by several protocol messages and corresponding state transition in abstract internal database of each blockchain node. While the protocol messages are concretely defined(meaning and format), abstract internal database of a blockchain node is implementation-specific. But, note that every AMO blockchain node MUST incorporate a kind of database storing all kinds of data items described in Blockchain Data section.

Some notes related to Tendermint will be tagged with TM.

Data Format

Account Key

AMO blockchain uses ECDSA key pair to sign and verify various transactions and messages. AMO blockchain uses NIST P256 curve(aka. secp256r1) and SHA256 as its default ECDSA domain parameter.

A key pair in AMO blockchain is a pair of a private key and a public key. A private key is a sequence 32 bytes, and a public key is a sequence of 65 bytes(uncompressed form with 0x04 prefix). These byte sequences are represented by HEX encoding when transmitted over a communication channel or stored as a marshaled form, while they may reside as other format in a program's internal memory space.

A private key should NEVER be transmitted via a network communication channel. A public key must be HEX-encoded in a protocol message.

The following types are used in this document.

  • _HEX_encoded_public_key_bytes_

Signature

A signature field has the following form:

{
  "pubkey": "_HEX_encoded_public_key_bytes_",
  "sig_bytes": "_HEX_encoded_signature_bytes_"
}

pubkey is the signer's public key, and sig_bytes is HEX-encoded ECDSA signature bytes, which is a concatenation of r and s. (r, s) = ECDSA(privkey, sb) is output of ECDSA signature algorithm, where privkey is the signer's private key.

Validator Key

A validator key pair is a ed25519 key pair and handled by Tendermint, but validator's public key is carried in a AMO blockchain protocol message when staking AMO coin to acquire stakes. In this case, a validator's public key must be HEX-encoded.

The following types are used in this document.

  • _HEX_encoded_ed25519_pubkey_

Key custody

A key custody is a special form of key transfer medium. It is recommended to be a public-key encryption of a data encryption key PKEnc(PK, DEK), where PKEnc is a sort of a hybrid encryption (combination of public key encryption and symmetric key encryption). For PKEnc, we use a combination of ECDH ephemeral mode and AES-256. For ECDH ephemeral key generation, we reuse ECDSA key generation algorithm. PK is a public key of a recipient and DEK is a data encryption key of an encrypted data parcel.

The following types are used in this document.

  • _HEX_encoded_key_custody_

Account address

An address is a human-readable character string which is a hex-encoding of a byte sequence with the length of 20 bytes (=160-bit). Hence, the opaque form of an address is a 40-byte character string which consists of [0-9] and [A-F] only.

An account address is derived from the public key of an account. First, take 32 bytes by applying SHA256 on the public key bytes. Next, take 20 bytes by truncating the first 20 bytes from the 32-byte SHA256 output: addr_bin = trunc_20(SHA256(PK)). For the last step, convert this addr_bin by HEX-encoding. An AMO-compliant program may utilize this addr_bin for its internal purpose, but it should apply hex-encoding before sending to other protocol party or storing to other medium outside the program.

NOTE: In Bitcoin, they use addr_bin = RIPEMD160(SHA256(PK)), but we cannot use RIPEMD160. See Notes on Cryptography for more details and reasons.

The following types are used in this document.

  • _account_address_ = addr_bin
  • _HEX_encoded_account_address_ = HEX encoding of _account_address_
  • "_HEX_encoded_account_address_" as a JSON string

Currency

As in other popular blockchain systems, AMO coin amount is expressed as an integer value, which is a multiple of the smallest transferable unit. In AMO blockchain the unit is called a mote. And one AMO is 1018 motes, where the number 18 is often called a decimals in the cryptocurrency community. In all protocol messages, AMO coin amount is expressed in mote unit.

Amount of AMO coin or user-defined coin must be expressed as a decimal number enclosed in double-quotes when included in a JSON-format message, i.e. all protocol messages. However it may be expressed in other formats in blockchain node's internal memory.

The following types are used in this document.

  • _currency_
  • "_currency_" as a JSON string

Draft ID

A draft ID is a 32-bit unsigned integer. It is represented as a double-quoted decimal number without redundant leading zeroes when used in JSON, e.g. in protocol messages. However, it is represented as a 4-byte big-endian integer including leading zeroes when it is used to composite another identifier.

The following types are used in this document.

  • _draft_id_ = alias of _decimal_number_
  • _draft_id_ as a JSON number, e.g. 1234 not "1234"

Storage ID

A storage ID is a 32-bit unsigned integer. It is represented as a double-quoted decimal number without redundant leading zeroes when used in JSON, e.g. in protocol messages. However, it is represented as a 4-byte big-endian integer when it is used to composite another identifier.

The following types are used in this document.

  • _storage_id_ = alias of _decimal_number_
  • _storage_id_ as a JSON number, e.g. 1234 not "1234"

Parcel ID

A parcel ID is a concatenation of a storage ID and in-storage ID. In-storage ID is a 32-byte(256-bit) binary sequence. See AMO Storage Specification for more detail. Be aware that a storage ID itself is a 32-bit unsigned integer. But when forming a parcel ID, this storage ID is converted as a four-byte binary sequence (big-endian integer). For example, suppose a parcel in a storage with the id of 123456789 has the in-storage id of 12ABEF23.... This parcel has a parcel id 075BCD1512ABEF23... in a HEX encoding, where 075BCD15 is a HEX encoding of the integer 123456789 using big-endian byte order.

The following types are used in this document.

  • _parcel_id_
  • _HEX_encoded_parcel_id_ = HEX encoding of _parcel_id_
  • "_HEX_encoded_parcel_id_" as a JSON string

Extra info

register, request and grant tx may carry extra information. It must be a JSON object, but its internal structure is application-specific. Internal DB of a blockchain node must store extra information from the previous steps also, i.e. parcel stores extra from register tx, request stores extra from register tx and request tx, usage stores extra from register tx, request tx and grant tx.

extra in parcel store

{
  "register": {} // application-specific JSON object, optional
}

extra in request store

{
  "register": {}, // application-specific JSON object, optional
  "request": {} // application-specific JSON object, optional
}

extra in usage store

{
  "register": {}, // application-specific JSON object, optional
  "request": {}, // application-specific JSON object, optional
  "grant": {} // application-specific JSON object, optional
}

Since a JSON object must be enclosed by braces({ and }), it cannot be a single JSON value. Each extra info must be an empty object({}) or a proper JSON object with members.

{
  "register": "boo", // wrong
  "request": {"some":"value"}, // ok
  "grant": {} // ok
}

Each member is marked as optional, so an empty object({}) is valid extra information for all of three state stores.

UDC(User-Defined Coin) ID

A UDC ID is a 32-bit unsigned integer. It is represented as a double-quoted decimal number without redundant leading zeroes when used in JSON, e.g. in protocol messages. However, it is represented as a 4-byte big-endian integer when it is used to composite another identifier.

The following types are used in this document.

  • _udc_id_ = alias of _decimal_number_
  • _udc_id_ as a JSON number, e.g. 1234 not "1234"

DID (Decentralized Identifier)

When used in AMO mainnet, a DID is a concatenation of the string "did:amo:" and an account address represented as an uppercase hexadecimal string. When used in networks other than AMO mainnet, the prefix would be something like "did:" + method_name + ":", where method_name is other than "amo".

DID Document

did.claim tx and did.dismiss tx operate on a DID document, which is used in AMO DID Method. A DID document is a JSON document with an additional top-level @context property, which is called a JSON-LD representation. While an AMO blockchain node does not care about the value of @context property, this property must exist and its value must be of a string type.

VC (Verifiable Credential) ID

When used in AMO mainnet, a VC ID is a concatenation of the string "amo:cred:" and an uppercase hexadecimal string of maximum length of 64 characters, i.e. a representation of a byte string of length 32 or less. When used in networks other than AMO mainnet, the prefix would be something like network_name + ":cred:", where network_name is other than "amo".

Verifiable Credential

did.issue tx and did.revoke tx operate on a VC (Verifiable Credential), which is used in AMO Verifiable Credential Registry. A VC is a JSON document with an additional top-level @context property, which is called a JSON-LD representation. While an AMO blockchain node does not care about the value of @context property, this property must exist and its value must be of a string type.

Message Format

Transaction

A transaction is a description of the state change in a blockchain node's internal database(i.e. blockchain state). In other words, sending a transaction to a blockchain node is the only way to trigger the change in a blockchain state. When a transaction is received by a node and eventually included in a block, a blockchain node shall modify the internal database according to each transaction type.

A transaction is represented by a JSON document which has the following context:

{
  "type": "_tx_type_",
  "sender": "_HEX_encoded_account_address_",
  "fee": "_currency_",
  "last_height": "_decimal_number",
  "payload": {}, // tx-specific JSON object
  "signature": {
    "pubkey": "_HEX_encoded_public_key_bytes_",
    "sig_bytes": "_HEX_encoded_signature_bytes_"
  }
}

It is irrelevant whether it is in compact or pretty form.

type identifies a transaction type. The value _tx_type_ is one of the following:

  • coins and stakes
    • transfer
    • stake
    • withdraw
    • delegate
    • retract
  • governance
    • propose
    • vote
  • storage
    • setup
    • close
  • parcels
    • register
    • request
    • grant
    • discard
    • cancel
    • revoke
  • did
    • did.claim
    • did.dismiss
    • did.issue
    • did.revoke
  • user-defined coin
    • issue
    • burn
    • lock

sender identifies the sender or originator of this transaction. fee is amount of AMO coin expected to get transferred to a block proposer after the transaction is committed to a block. last_height is the last height of AMO blockchain at the time creating the transaction. payload is a JSON object, which is specific for each transaction type.

signature is an ECDSA signature of the sender on the compact JSON representation of a transaction with all the HEX-encoded string in upper case as the following:

{"type":"transfer","sender":"662E3DD1C6470CFE12C8EDBCE5F44C08E2763753","fee":"0","last_height":"4052","payload":{"to":"614A9F2FC4E6B119D7612C35BC150E33CB38BB40","amount":"100"}}

A signed transaction is as the following:

{"type":"transfer","sender":"662E3DD1C6470CFE12C8EDBCE5F44C08E2763753","fee":"0","last_height":"4052","payload":{"to":"614A9F2FC4E6B119D7612C35BC150E33CB38BB40","amount":"100"},"signature":{"pubkey":"04DBCEC2C0F52018606F588713305E1DA49367037281B960F51C46BE64E3144977009A811A865B3CB3331B788147C03853C7920C4C8FB6FFB5B0D435DAEB3F59A4","sig_bytes":"50A8307AAFF6611AE67ADD09EA813F37668072A214230DF375CFA25FB368B0EBD861943661EC690AE0E5D789E738B3C4518F78D768E5E006C9EB53E81821671D"}}

TM: Tendermint receives transactions via tendermint-specific RPC channel. For the exact RPC message format, see AMO Client RPC Specification.

Transaction payload

A payload format for each transaction type is as the following.

  • transfer payload:

    {
  "to": "_HEX_encoded_account_address_",
  "udc": _udc_id_, // optional
  "amount": "_currency_", // optional
  "parcel": "_HEX_encoded_parcel_id_" // optional
}

    where to is the recipient of the transfer and mandatory, amount is amount of AMO coin or user-defined coin, and parcel is ID of a parcel to be transferred. Either one of amount or parcel must be present, but not both. If amount is present there can be another optional field udc, which is an identifier of a user-defined coin. If both of amount and udc are present, the transfer tx is for transferring user-defined coin. If amount is present but udc is not, the transfer tx is for transferring AMO coin. _udc_id_ must be one of registered user-defined coin ID. _currency_ is a string representation of a decimal number.

  • stake payload:

    {
  "validator": "_HEX_encoded_ed25519_pubkey_",
  "amount": "_currency_"
}

    where validator is the only public key type other than P256 public key used in AMO blockchain protocol. It must be obtained from underlying Tendermint node, but in HEX encoding, not Base64 encoding. amount is amount of AMO coin to be locked as stake.

  • withdraw payload:

    {
  "amount": "_currency_"
}

    where amount is amount of AMO coin to be withdrawn from stake.

  • delegate payload:

    {
  "to": "_HEX_encoded_account_address_",
  "amount": "_currency_"
}

    where to is an address of an account which has stakes already and amount is amount of AMO coin to be delegated.

  • retract payload:

    {
  "amount": "_currency_"
}

    where amount is amount of AMO coin to be retracted from delegated stake.

  • propose payload

    {
  "draft_id": "_draft_id_",
  "config": {}, // application-specific JSON object
  "desc": "human-readable string describing this draft"
}

    where config is an optional field which is necessary for a proposal of applying of new configuration on-chain.

  • vote payload

    {
  "draft_id": "_draft_id_",
  "approve": true // boolean
}

    where approve indicates sender's opinion on draft_id; true for approval or false for rejection.

  • setup payload

    {
  "storage": _storage_id_, // integer
  "url": "_url_",
  "registration_fee": "_currency_",
  "hosting_fee": "_currency_"
}

  • close payload

    {
  "storage": _storage_id_ // integer
}

  • register payload:

    {
  "target": "_HEX_encoded_parcel_id_",
  "custody": "_HEX_encoded_key_custody_",
  "proxy_account": "_HEX_encoded_account_address_", // optional
  "extra": {} // application-specific JSON object, optional
}

    where target is the id of a parcel currently being registered, custody is a encrypted key material used to encrypt the data parcel body, and the key material is encrypted by the owner(seller)'s public key.

  • request payload:

    {
  "target": "_HEX_encoded_parcel_id_",
  "payment": "_currency_",
  "recipient": "_HEX_encoded_account_address_", // optional
  "dealer": "_HEX_encoded_account_address_", // optional
  "dealer_fee": "_currency_", // optional
  "extra": {} // application-specific JSON object, optional
}

    where target is the id of a parcel for which the sender wants usage grant, payment is amount of AMO coin to be collected by the seller, recipient is the address of a recipient explictly designated to get granted a usage on the parcel. In order for dealer_fee to work, both of dealer and dealer_fee must be valid.

  • grant payload

    {
  "target": "_HEX_encoded_parcel_id_",
  "recipient": "_HEX_encoded_account_address_",
  "custody": "_HEX_encoded_key_custody_",
  "extra": {} // application-specific JSON object, optional
}

    where target is the id of a parcel currently being granted, recipient is the address of a recipient, custody is a encrypted key material used to encrypt the data parcel body, and the key material is encrypted by the buyer's public key.

  • discard payload

    {
  "target": "_HEX_encoded_parcel_id_"
}

    where target is the id of a parcel currently being discarded.

  • cancel payload

    {
  "target": "_HEX_encoded_parcel_id_",
  "recipient": "_HEX_encoded_account_address_" // optional
}

    where target is the id of a parcel which the sender requested previously, recipient is the address of a recipient designated to get granted a usage on the parcel.

  • revoke payload

    {
  "target": "_HEX_encoded_parcel_id_",
  "recipient": "_HEX_encoded_account_address_"
}

    where target is the id of a parcel currently being revoked, recipient is the address of a buyer which is previously granted a usage on the parcel.

  • did.claim payload

    {
  "target": "_string_",
  "document": {} // DID document in the form of JSON object
}

    where target is a JSON string conforming to idchar in DID syntax. document value will be stored as a compact representation. When did.claim tx is received on a previously claimed target, document will be replaced with a new one.

  • did.dismiss payload

    {
  "target": "_string_",
}

    effectively removes the DID document from the DID registry.

  • did.issue payload

    {
  "target": "_string_",
  "credential": {} // verifiable credential in the form of JSON object
}

    where target is a JSON string representing a VC id. credential value will be stored as a compact representation. When did.issue tx is received on a previously issued target, credential will replace the old one.

  • did.revoke payload

    {
  "target": "_string_",
}

    effectively removes the VC from the VC registry.

  • issue payload

    {
  "udc": _udc_id_,
  "desc": "human-readable string describing this user-defined coin",
  "operators": [
    "_HEX_encoded_account_address_",
    ...
  ],
  "amount": "_currency_"
}

    where operators is an optional list of operator addresses, and amount is the amount of UDC balance to be created.

  • lock payload

    {
  "udc": _udc_id_,
  "holder": "_HEX_encoded_account_address_",
  "amount": "_currency_"
}

    where udc is an identifier of a user-defined coin, and amount is the amount of UDC coin to be locked.

  • burn payload

    {
  "udc": _udc_id_,
  "amount": "_currency_"
}

    where udc is an identifier of a user-defined coin, and amount is the amount of UDC balance to burn.

Blockchain Data

State DB

AMO blockchain state is an exact snapshot of all the active data items. Typically, this state is stored as a key-value database, but the exact method for managing this database may be different for each implementation. One obligation is that every blockchain node must be able to calculate the same app_hash for a given block height, and all kinds of implementation must have the same semantic meaning. This section describes the data format suitable for calculating app_hash.

The state database stores data items in separate logical state stores according to the data type. To distinguish between logical state stores, each state store has unique prefix for the database key. A prefix is a human-readable ASCII string, but it is treated as a byte array when concatenating with the in-store data item key.

Top-level data

There is a top-level data item not associated with any logical state store. This item has the key as config and the value is a JSON marshaled blockchain configuration.

{
  "max_validators": 100,
  "weight_validator": 2,
  "weight_delegator": 1,
  "min_staking_unit": "_currency_",
  "blk_reward": "_currency_",
  "tx_reward": "_currency_",
  "penalty_ratio_m": 0.1,
  "penalty_ratio_l": 0.01,
  "laziness_window": 100,
  "laziness_threshold": 90,
  "hibernate_threshold": 10,
  "hibernate_period": 1000,
  "block_binding_window": 100,
  "lockup_period": 3600,
  "draft_open_count": 500000,
  "draft_close_count": 100000,
  "draft_apply_count": 500000,
  "draft_deposit": "_currency_",
  "draft_quorum_rate": 0.1,
  "draft_pass_rate": 0.7,
  "draft_refund_rate": 0.2,
  "upgrade_protocol_height": 1,
  "upgrade_protocol_version": 1
}

Key's value type and constraint

key value type value constraint
max_validators uint64 > 0
weight_validator float64 > 0
weight_delegator float64 > 0
min_staking_unit currency > 0
blk_reward currency >= 0
tx_reward currency >= 0
penalty_ratio_m float64 > 0
penalty_ratio_l float64 > 0
laziness_window int64 >= 10000
laziness_threshold int64 > 0
hibernate_threshold int64 >= 10000
hibernate_period int64 > 0
block_binding_window int64 >= 10000
lockup_period int64 >= 10000
draft_open_count int64 >= 10000
draft_close_count int64 >= 10000
draft_apply_count int64 >= 10000
draft_deposit currency >= 0
draft_quorum_rate float64 > 0
draft_pass_rate float64 > 0
draft_refund_rate float64 > 0
upgrade_protocol_height int64 > app.state.Height + draft_open_count + draft_close_count + draft_apply_count
upgrade_protocol_version uint64 == app.state.ProtocolVersion + 1

It is mandatory to restrict proper type and value of configurations in order to make AMO blockchain protocol keep operating as it has to, even after modifying their values since genesis block. The currency-related configurations' type is restricted to string as it can store values without limit. Even though it is highly recommended to use uint64 on configurations for its better space availability than int64, laziness_window, block_binding_window, lockup_period, draft_*_count, and upgrade_protocol_height have to use int64 as it is an tendermint-dependant configuration.

State stores

There are 12 default state stores and optional UDC(user-defined coin) balance and balance lock stores.

tier category store prefix
0 fungible asset AMO coin balance balance:
0 fungible asset stake stake:
0 fungible asset delegate delegate:
0 maintenance hibernate hibernate:
1 governance draft draft:
1 governance vote vote:
2 maintenance storage storage:
2 non-fungible asset parcel parcel:
2 non-fungible asset request request:
2 non-fungible asset usage usage:
2 non-fungible asset did did:
3 maintenance UDC udc:
3 maintenance UDC balance lock udclock:<udc_id>:
3 fungible asset UDC balance balance:<udc_id>:

Tier 0 items are essential for the operations of a DPoS-based blockchain. Tier 1 items are important as much as the tier 0 items, but the chain may be still called a functional blockchain without them. Tier 2 items defines the core business data items, while tier 3 items are pretty much optional.

  • default coin balance
    • key: _account_address_
    • value: JSON string "_currency_"
    • key is the owner of a coin balance
  • stake
    • key: _account_address_
    • value: compact representation of a JSON object 
      {
  "validator": "_HEX_encoded_ed25519_pubkey_",
  "amount": "_currency"
}
    • key is the sender of a stake tx
  • delegate
    • key: _account_address_
    • value: compact representation of a JSON object 
      {
  "delegatee": "_HEX_encoded_accont_address_",
  "amount": "_currency_"
}
    • key is the sender of a delegate tx
    • NOTE: For delegate store, a key to the database is just _account_address_, instead of a concatenation of holder address and delegatee address. This means that a user can have only one delegated stake. In other words, a user cannot delegate his/her stakes to multiple delegatees. While an AMO-compliant node can freely choose the actual database implementation, this constraint must be enforced in any way. An implementor may choose to keep this _account_address_ as a unique key, or use more loose database implementation with an application code or a wrapper layer to keep this constraint on top of it.
  • hibernate
    • key: _validator_address_
    • value: compact representation of a JSON object 
      {
  "start": _block_height_,
  "end": _block_height_
}
  • draft
    • key: _draft_id_(big-endian)
    • value: compact representation of a JSON object 
      {
  "proposer": "_HEX_encoded_account_address_",
  "config": {},
  "desc": "_human_readable_string_describing_this_draft_",
  "open_count": "_decimal_number_",
  "close_count": "_decimal_number_",
  "apply_count": "_decimal_number_",
  "deposit": "_currency_",
  "tally_approve": "_currency_",
  "tally_reject": "_currency_"
}
    • config keys should be a subset of the top-level config item. The values may be omitted if they should remain the same. There should be no multiple live drafts having config change items conflicting with each other.
    • *_count control overall voting process until the draft being passed and applied to the blockchain configuration. They are initialized according to the configuration at the time of being proposed. open_count is decremented at each block progress, and when it reaches zero close_count is decremented afterwards. When close_count reaches zero and the vote summary is approval, then apply_count is decremented until the new configuration is applied.
    • tally_* fields count votes cast upon this draft. tally_approve and tally_reject are as the names imply.
  • vote
    • key: _draft_id_(big-endian) + _account_address_
    • value: compact representation of a JSON object 
      {
  "approve": true // boolean 
}
  • storage
    • key: _storage_id_(big-endian)
    • value: compact representation of a JSON object 
      {
  "owner": "_HEX_encoded_account_address_",
  "url": "_url_",
  "registration_fee": "_currency_",
  "hosting_fee": "_currency_",
  "active": _bool_
}
  • parcel
    • key: _parcel_id_
    • value: compact representation of a JSON object 
      {
  "owner": "_HEX_encoded_account_address_",
  "custody": "_HEX_encoded_key_custody_",
  "proxy_account": "_HEX_encoded_account_address_",
  "extra": {} // application-specific JSON object
}
    • key is the target of a register tx
    • owner is the sender of a register tx
  • request
    • key: _account_address_ + _parcel_id_
    • value: compact representation of a JSON object 
      {
  "payment": "_currency_",
  "agency": "_HEX_encoded_account_address_", // optional
  "dealer": "_HEX_encoded_account_address_", // optional
  "dealer_fee": "_currency_", // optional
  "extra": {} // application-specific JSON object
}
    • key is a concatenation of (sender or recipient) and target of a request tx
  • usage
    • key: _account_address_ + _parcel_id_
    • value: compact representation of a JSON object 
      {
  "custody": "_HEX_encoded_key_custody_",
  "extra": {} // application-specific JSON object
}
    • key is a concatenation of recipient and target of a grant tx
  • did
    • key: _did_address_
    • value: compact representation of a JSON object
    {
  "owner": "_HEX_encoded_account_address_",
  "document": {} // DID documentn in the form of JSON object
}
  • udc(user-defined coin)
    • key: _udc_id_
    • value: compact representation of a JSON object 
      {
  "owner": "_HEX_encoded_account_address_",
  "desc": "human-readable string describing this user-defined coin",
  "operators": [
    "_HEX_encoded_account_address_",
    ...
  ],
  "total": "_currency_"
}
    • key is id of an issue tx
    • owner is the sender of an initial issue tx
  • udc balance
    • key: _account_address_
    • value: JSON string "_currency_"
  • udc balance lock
    • key: _account_address_
    • value: JSON string "_currency_"
    • UDC balance of an account cannot be lowered under this value via transfer tx. This lock value may be higher than the UDC balance of an account at the time of processing lock tx

Merkle tree and app hash

Although the internal state DB is composed of top-level data items and several logical state stores, its actual form is a linear key-value database. In viewpoint of state management, it suffices to manage this database in any form as long as the contents are equivalent. However, in order to interact with the underlying Tendermint consensus engine, we need to calculate app hash from the state DB contents. Every blockchain node must be able to calculate the same app hash from the equivalent state DB contents. To calculate this app hash, we assume that the database is stored as a Merkle tree.

Every data item in the database is stored as a leaf node in a Merkle tree with the key as the concatenation of the prefix and in-store key. The leaf nodes are sorted by the key and they are labeled with a hash derived from hash(key + value). A pair of leaf nodes generates a one-level higher inner node labeled with hash(ln1_hash + ln2_hash). In the similar way, another one-level higher inner node is added to the merkle tree with the label of hash(in1_hash + in2_hash). The above process is repeated until only one single root node appears at the top of the merkle tree. The resulting app hash is the hash label of the root node.

TM: This app hash is calculated every time a new block is committed and stored as app hash in the next block. App hash is to provide an evidence that every blockchain node hash the same state DB contents for a given block height.

Operations

This section describes how the AMO blockchain state is changed when a transaction is included in a block or a block is completed. There shall be no other state change than described in this section.

In following subsections, blk.incentive is accumulated from the beginning of a block until the end of a block. When completing a block, this incentive is distributed among the validator who produced a block and the users who delegated stakes to the validator.

TM: These operations are implemented by DeliverTx and EndBlock method in the ABCI application.

Transferring coin

Upon receiving a transfer transaction from an account with an asset type of AMO coin or UDC coin, an AMO blockchain node performs a validity check and transfers coins from sender's balance to recipient's balance when the transaction is valid.

NOTE: When the asset type is parcel, see Transferring data ownership.

  1. validity check
    1. tx.amount > 0
    2. sender.balance ≥ tx.amount + tx.fee
  2. state change
    1. sender.balance ← sender.balance - tx.amount - tx.fee
    2. to.balance ← to.balance + tx.amount
    3. blk.incentive ← blk.incentive + tx.fee

When optional parameter udc is given, the operation is changed as follows.

  1. validity check
    1. UDC id <udc> is registered
    2. tx.amount > 0
    3. <udc>.sender.balance ≥ <udc>.sender.lock + tx.amount
    4. sender.balance ≥ tx.fee
  2. state change
    1. <udc>.sender.balance ← <udc>.sender.balance - tx.amount
    2. <udc>.to.balance ← <udc>.to.balance + tx.amount
    3. sender.balance ← sender.balance - tx.fee
    4. blk.incentive ← blk.incentive + tx.fee

Staking coin

Upon receiving a stake transaction from an account, an AMO blockchain node performs a validity check and locks requested coins to stake store and decreases the sender's balance when the transaction is valid.

  1. validity check
    1. tx.amount > 0
    2. tx.amount % config.minimum_staking_unit == 0 (check staking unit restriction)
    3. sender.balance ≥ tx.amount + tx.fee
    4. There is no other account holder having holder.stake.validator == tx.validator
    5. sender.stake.validator == tx.validator if sender.stake exists
  2. state change
    1. sender.balance ← sender.balance - tx.amount - tx.fee
    2. sender.stake.amount ← sender.stake.amount + tx.amount
    3. sender.stake.locked_height ← config.lockup_period
    4. blk.incentive ← blk.incentive + tx.fee

Upon receiving a withdraw transaction from an account, an AMO blockchain node performs a validity check and relieves requested coins from stake store and increases the account's balance when the transaction is valid.

  1. validity check
    1. tx.amount > 0
    2. sender.balance ≥ tx.fee
    3. sender.stake.unlocked == true
    4. sender.stake.amount ≥ tx.amount
    5. sender.stake.amount > tx.amount if this account is a delegatee for any of delegated stakes
    6. sender.stake.delegate is empty
  2. state change
    1. sender.stake.amount ← sender.stake.amount - tx.amount
    2. sender.balance ← sender.balance - tx.fee + tx.amount
    3. blk.incentive ← blk.incentive + tx.fee

TODO: need rounding? or currency to stake ratio?

Stake Lock-up

This feature locks a newly added stake for a certain period of time. The time is measured in terms of number of blocks. If a stake is set at the block height h, the stake can be withdrawn after the block height reaches h + l, where l is the pre-configured lock-up period.

Upon receiving a stake transaction from an account, an AMO blockchain node records the stake in LockedStake with l. Then, the stake's l decreases by 1 block height per block creation. When l becomes 0, the stake gets removed from LockedStake and put into UnlockedStake.

Block Progress(Creation) Condition

As tendermint's create_empty_blocks config is set to false on an AMO blockchain node, the block is progressed only if there is a change of appHash, the root hash value of State merkle tree. The conditions in which the appHash can change are as follows:

  • Successfully delivered(processed) transactions
  • Stakes in LockedStake

Even though there is no transaction to process on an AMO blockchain node, the appHash can change. The lock-period l of locked stakes decrease by 1 block height and it is written in State, resulting in the change of appHash.

Delegating stake

There may be users who have the intention to participate in the block production but don't have enough stake value or computing power to competent in the validator selection race. In this case, a user can delegate his/her stake to a more competent validator.

Upon receiving a delegate transaction from an account, an AMO blockchain node performs a validity check and locks requested coins to delegate store and decreases the account's balance when the transaction is valid.

  1. validity check
    1. tx.amount > 0
    2. tx.amount % config.minimum_staking_unit == 0 (check staking unit restriction)
    3. sender.balance ≥ tx.fee + tx.amount
    4. tx.to address already has a positive stake in stake store
    5. the sender has no previous delegatee or tx.to is the same as the previous delegatee
  2. state change
    1. sender.balance ← sender.balance - tx.fee - tx.amount
    2. blk.incentive ← blk.incentive + tx.fee
    3. sender.delegate.amount ← sender.delegate.amount + tx.amount

Upon receiving a retract transaction from an account, an AMO blockchain node performs a validity check and relieves requested coins from delegate store and increases the account's balance when the transaction is valid.

  1. validity check
    1. tx.amount > 0
    2. sender.balance ≥ tx.fee
    3. sender.delegate.amount ≥ tx.amount
  2. state change
    1. sender.delegate.amount ← sender.delegate.amount - tx.amount
    2. sender.balance ← sender.balance - tx.fee + tx.amount
    3. blk.incentive ← blk.incentive + tx.fee

NOTE: sender.delegate is a stake value in the delegate store where the address is the sender account.

Proposing and voting

When it is necessary to modify the configuration of AMO blockchain without hard-forking the chain, one of the validators can propose a draft containing the configuration to get applied with its description and deposit. Then, the validators vote for or against it. For the draft to get processed further after the vote is closed, the draft must have a quorum for voting. If not, the votes for draft are ignored no matter what the final result of votes is. On the other hand, if quorum is met, the draft would get applied or not, according to its final result. Also, if turnout of voters is below refund rate, the draft deposit is distributed among the validators who participate in voting. Otherwise, it is returned to the proposer.

Upon receiving a propose transaction from an account, an AMO blockchain node performs a validity check and add a record in draft store.

  1. validity check
    1. there is no other draft in progress
    2. there is no record having tx.draft_id as a key in draft store
    3. sender is one of blk.validators
    4. sender.balance ≥ config.draft_deposit + tx.fee
    5. tx.draft_id == state.latest_draft_id + 1
  2. state change
    1. add new record having tx.draft_id as a key in draft store
    2. sender.balance ← sender.balance - config.draft_deposit - tx.fee
    3. blk.incentive ← blk.incentive + tx.fee

Upon receiving a vote transaction from an account, an AMO blockchain node performs a validity check and add a record in vote store.

  1. validity check
    1. tx.draft_id is in progress
    2. sender != draft.proposer
    3. there is no record having tx.draft_id+sender as a key in vote store
    4. sender is one of blk.validators
    5. sender.balance ≥ tx.fee
  2. state change
    1. add new record having tx.draft_id+sender as a key in vote store
    2. sender.balance ← sender.balance - tx.fee
    3. blk.incentive ← blk.incentive + tx.fee

Upon close_count reaches zero and the vote gets closed, an AMO blockchain node calculates and updates draft.tally_* values.

  1. state change
    1. for validator in validators: draft.tally_quorum ← draft.tally_quorum + validator.effective_stake
    2. draft.tally_quorum ← draft.tally_quorum * config.draft_quorum_rate
    3. draft.tally_approve ← draft.tally_approve + draft.proposer.effective_stake
    4. for vote in draft.votes: draft.tally_approve ← draft.tally_approve + vote.voter.effective_stake, if vote.approve is true
    5. for vote in draft.votes: draft.tally_reject ← draft.tally_reject + vote.voter.effective_stake, if vote.approve is false

Registering storage

In order to register a data parcel in AMO blockchain, there must be an already registered data storage in the blockchain.

Upon receiving a setup transaction from an account, an AMO blockchain node performs a validity check and add or update an item in storage store.

  1. validity check
    1. sender.balance ≥ tx.fee
    2. prev.owner == tx.sender if prev with prev.id == tx.storage exists in storage store
  2. state change
    1. add new record or update existing record having tx.storage as a key in storage store
    2. sender.balance ← sender.balance - tx.fee
    3. blk.incentive ← blk.incentive + tx.fee

Upon receiving a close transaction from an account, an AMO blockchain node performs a validity check and remove a record from store store.

  1. validity check
    1. sender.balance ≥ tx.fee
    2. prev with prev.id == tx.storage exists in storage store
    3. prev.owner == tx.sender
  2. state change
    1. remove record having tx.storage as a key from storage store
    2. sender.balance ← sender.balance - tx.fee
    3. blk.incentive ← blk.incentive + tx.fee

Registering data

Upon receiving a register transaction from an account, an AMO blockchain node performs a validity check and add a new record with its extra information in parcel store.

  1. validity check
    1. extract storage ID storage from tx.target
    2. storage should exist in storage store and storage.active should be true
    3. tx.target should NOT exist in parcel store
    4. sender.balance ≥ storage.registration_fee + tx.fee
  2. state change
    1. add new record having tx.target as a key in parcel store
    2. sender.balance ← sender.balance - storage.registration_fee - tx.fee
    3. storage.owner.balance ← storage.owner.balance + storage.registration_fee
    4. blk.incentive ← blk.incentive + tx.fee

Upon receiving a discard transaction from an account, an AMO blockchain node performs a validity check and remove record in parcel store.

  1. validity check
    1. tx.target should exist in parcel store
    2. sender.balance ≥ tx.fee
    3. sender == tx.target.owner or sender == tx.target.proxy_account
  2. state change
    1. remove record having tx.target as a key in parcel store
    2. sender.balance ← sender.balance - tx.fee
    3. blk.incentive ← blk.incentive + tx.fee

NOTE: proxy_account refers to an account which has a owner-equivalent permission to control over tx.target record.

Requesting data

Upon receiving a request transaction from an account, an AMO blockchain node performs a validity check and add a new record with its extra information in request store.

  1. validity check
    1. tx.target should exist in parcel store
    2. if tx.recipient is valid, then
      form request ID request from tx.recipient+tx.target
    3. else
      form request ID request from sender+tx.target
    4. request should NOT exist in request store
    5. request should NOT exist in usage store
    6. tx.recipient ≠ tx.target.owner
    7. if tx.dealer and tx.dealer_fee is valid, then
      sender.balance ≥ tx.fee + tx.payment + tx.dealer_fee
    8. else
      sender.balance ≥ tx.fee + tx.payment
  2. state change
    1. if tx.recipient is valid, then
      add new record having tx.recipient+tx.target as a key in request store where request.agency is sender
    2. else
      add new record having sender+tx.target as a key in request store where request.agency is left empty
    3. if tx.dealer and tx.dealer_fee is valid, then
      sender.balance ← sender.balance - tx.fee - tx.payment - tx.dealer_fee
    4. else
      sender.balance ← sender.balance - tx.fee - tx.payment
    5. blk.incentive ← blk.incentive + tx.fee

Upon receiving a cancel transaction from an account, an AMO blockchain node performs a validity check and remove record in request store.

  1. validity check
    1. tx.target should exist in parcel store
    2. if tx.recipient is valid, then
      form request ID request from tx.recipient+tx.target
    3. else
      form request ID request from sender+tx.target
    4. request should exist in request store
    5. if tx.recipient is valid, then
      sender == request.agency
    6. sender.balance ≥ tx.fee
  2. state change
    1. if tx.recipient is valid, then
      delete record having id as tx.recipient + tx.target in request store
    2. else
      delete record having id as sender + tx.target in request store
    3. if tx.dealer and tx.dealer_fee is valid, then
      sender.balance ← sender.balance - tx.fee + request.payment + request.dealer_fee
    4. else
      sender.balance ← sender.balance - tx.fee + tx.target.payment
    5. blk.incentive ← blk.incentive + tx.fee

NOTE: payment refers to the amount of coins sender is willing to pay for tx.target to tx.target.owner.

Granting data

Upon receiving a grant transaction from an account, an AMO blockchain node performs a validity check and add a new record with its extra information in usage store.

  1. validity check
    1. tx.target should exist in parcel store
    2. tx.target should exist in request store
    3. tx.target should NOT exist in usage store
    4. sender == tx.target.owner or sender == tx.target.proxy_account
    5. extract storage ID storage from tx.target
    6. storage should exist in storage store and storage.active should be true
    7. find request having id as tx.recipient + tx.target in request store
    8. if sender == tx.target.owner, then
      sender.balance + request.payment ≥ storage.hosting_fee + tx.fee
    9. if sender ≠ tx.target.owner, then
      sender.balance ≥ tx.fee and
      tx.target.owner.balance + request.payment ≥ storage.hosting_fee
  2. state change
    1. delete record having id as tx.recipient + tx.target in request store
    2. add new record having id as tx.recipient + tx.target in usage store
    3. tx.target.owner.balance ← tx.target.owner.balance + tx.target.payment - storage.hosting_fee
    4. storage.owner.balance ← storage.owner.balance + storage.hosting_fee
    5. request.dealer.balance ← request.dealer.balance + request.dealer_fee
    6. sender.balance ← sender.balance - tx.fee
    7. blk.incentive ← blk.incentive + tx.fee

Upon receiving a revoke transaction from an account, an AMO blockchain node performs a validity check and remove record in usage store.

  1. validity check
    1. tx.target should exist in parcel store
    2. tx.target should exist in usage store
    3. sender == tx.target.owner or sender == tx.target.proxy_account
    4. sender.balance ≥ tx.fee
  2. state change
    1. delete record having id as tx.recipient + tx.target in usage store
    2. sender.balance ← sender.balance - tx.fee
    3. blk.incentive ← blk.incentive + tx.fee

Transferring data parcel ownership

Upon receiving a transfer transaction from an account with an asset type of parcel, an AMO blockchain node performs a validity check and transfers the ownership of the parcel to the recipient when the transaction is valid.

NOTE: When the asset type is AMO coin or UDC coin, see Transferring coin.

  1. validity check
    1. tx.parcel.owner == tx.sender
    2. sender.balance ≥ tx.fee
  2. state change
    1. tx.parcel.owner ← tx.to
    2. sender.balance ← sender.balance - tx.fee
    3. blk.incentive ← blk.incentive + tx.fee

Creating (Claiming) DID document

NOTE: claim and dismiss tx in protocol v5 are deprecated.

Upon receiving a did.claim transaction from an account, an AMO blockchain node performs a validity check and add a new record or update an existing record in did store.

  1. validity check
    1. if tx.target already exists in did store as doc, perform permission and validity check:
      1. tx.target must be the same as doc.id.
      2. concatenation of did:amo: and tx.sender must be either doc.id or doc.controller.
      3. tx.document and doc must have the same id, verificationMethod and authentication properties. (assertionMethod may change.)
    2. if tx.target does not exist in did store, perform a validity check:
      1. tx.target must be the same as tx.document.id.
      2. concatenation of did:amo: and tx.sender must be tx.document.id.
      3. tx.document.verificationMethod[0].id must be tx.document.id + #keys-1.
      4. tx.document.verificationMethod[0] must be of a JsonWebKey2020 format, and a derived address from tx.document.verificationMethod[0] must be tx.document.id.
    3. sender.balance ≥ tx.fee
  2. state change
    1. add new record or replace the record with key tx.target
    2. sender.balance ← sender.balance - tx.fee
    3. blk.incentive ← blk.incentive + tx.fee

Upon receiving a did.dismiss transaction from an account, an AMO blockchain node performs a validity check and remove record from did store.

  1. validity check
    1. tx.target should exist in did store as doc.
    2. concatenation of did:amo: and tx.sender must be either doc.id or doc.controller.
    3. sender.balance ≥ tx.fee
  2. state change
    1. remove record with key tx.target from did store
    2. sender.balance ← sender.balance - tx.fee
    3. blk.incentive ← blk.incentive + tx.fee

Creating (Issuing) VC

NOTE: In the context of verifiable credential, an issuer is supposed to create, in other word, issue a verifiable credential.

Upon receiving a did.issue transaction from an account, an AMO blockchain node performs a validity check and add a new record or update an existing record in vc store.

  1. validity check
    1. if tx.target already exists in vc store as cred, perform permission and validity check:
      1. tx.target must be the same as cred.id.
      2. concatenation of did:amo: and tx.sender must be cred.issuer.
      3. tx.credential and cred must have the same id and issuer properties.
      4. tx.credential.issued must be more recent than cred.issued.
    2. if tx.target does not exist in vc store, perform a validity check:
      1. tx.target must be the same as tx.credential.id.
      2. concatenation of did:amo: and tx.sender must be tx.credential.issuer.
    3. sender.balance ≥ tx.fee
  2. state change
    1. add new record or replace the record with the key tx.garget.
    2. sender.balance ← sender.balance - tx.fee
    3. blk.incentive ← blk.incentive + tx.fee

Upon receiving a did.revoke transaction from an account, an AMO blockchain node performs a validity check and remove a record from vc store.

  1. validity check
    1. tx.target should exist in vc store as `cred.
    2. concatenation of did:amo: and tx.sender must be cred.issuer.
    3. sender.balance ≥ tx.fee
  2. state change
    1. remove record with key tx.target from vc store
    2. sender.balance ← sender.balance - tx.fee
    3. blk.incentive ← blk.incentive + tx.fee

Managing user-defined coin

In order to transfer user-defined coin balance in AMO blockchain, there must be an user-defined coin registry in the blockchain.

Upon receiving an issue transaction from an account, an AMO blockchain node performs a validity check and add a new record in udc store.

  1. validity check
    1. if udc exists having tx.udc as a key in udc store, then
      1. sender == udc.owner or sender should be one of udc.operators
    2. else
      1. sender is one of blk.validators
    3. sender.balance ≥ tx.fee
  2. state change
    1. if udc exists in udc store, then
      1. udc.operators ← tx.operators
      2. udc.desc ← tx.desc
      3. udc.total ← udc.total + tx.amount
    2. else add a new record udc with the following
      1. udc.owner ← sender
      2. udc.operators ← tx.operators
      3. udc.desc ← tx.desc
      4. udc.total ← tx.amount
    3. <udc>.sender.balance ← <udc>.sender.balance + tx.amount
    4. sender.balance ← sender.balance - tx.fee
    5. blk.incentive ← blk.incentive + tx.fee

Upon receiving a lock transaction from an account, an AMO blockchain node performs a validity check and add or update a record in udc balance lock store.

  1. validity check
    1. udc exists having tx.udc as a key in udc store
    2. sender == udc.owner or sender should be one of udc.operators
    3. tx.amount > 0
    4. sender.balance ≥ tx.fee
  2. state change
    1. if tx.amount > 0, then
      add new <udc>.holder.lock or update existing <udc>.holder.lock in udc balance lock store
    2. else
      delete existing <udc>.holder.lock from udc balance lock store
    3. sender.balance ← sender.balance - tx.fee
    4. blk.incentive ← blk.incentive + tx.fee

Upon receiving a burn transaction from an account, an AMO blockchain node performs a validity check and reduce sender's designated UDC balance.

  1. validity check
    1. udc exists having tx.udc as a key in udc store
    2. tx.amount > 0
    3. <udc>.sender.balance ≥ <udc>.sender.lock + tx.amount
    4. sender.balance ≥ tx.fee
  2. state change
    1. <udc>.sender.balance ← <udc>.sender.balance - tx.amount
    2. sender.balance ← sender.balance - tx.fee
    3. blk.incentive ← blk.incentive + tx.fee

Completing Block

After processing state changes triggered by users' transactions in DeliverTx(), the nodes complete a block in EndBlock() by applying additional state changes described in this section.

Distributing Incentive

tx.fee is collected while transactions are processed and it gets included in blk.incentive. Then, blk.incentive is distributed among the stakers and the delegators at the end of block creation. The process is explained in incentive distribution section, in more detail.

Validator hibernation

A lazy validator is a validator who is in the validator set until a block, but did not vote in the consensus process for the block. We say the validator missed the block. If a validator missed consecutive blks_lazy blocks and blks_lazy >= hibernate_threshold, it is removed from the validator set for the next hibernate_period blocks. New record is created in hibernate store with start to be the current height, and end current height plug hibernate_period. We say the validator enters hibernation state. If a validator missed consecutive blks_lazy blocks and blks_lazy < hibernate_threshold but wakes up and comes back to the consensus process, blks_lazy resets to zero.

If a validator stayed hibernation state for blks_hib blocks and blks_hib >= hibernate_period, i.e. hibernate.address.end = current_height, then hibernate.address is removed and the validator leaves the hibernation state and may be included in the validator set again.

Validator Updates

TM validator set may change along with the progress of the chain. There are two reasons for the change:

  • Validator hibernation state change
  • Stake or effective stake change

In order to select new set of validators, first top n_val accounts with highest effective stakes are selected excluding accounts associated to the validators in hibernation state. Extract validator public keys for the accounts, and inform the list of validator public keys to Tendermint layer.

NOTE: Effective stake value is the sum of his/her own stake in the stake store and all items in the delegate store having the same delegatee field as the account address in question

NOTE: n_val is a global parameter fixed across nodes and blocks (and so the time). So, it shall be set at the genesis time.

TM: New list of validator pubkeys shall be transferred to the Tendermint daemon via EndBlock response. Each validator has the voting power in proportion to the effective stake value.

TM: According to the official documentation of tendermint and several experimental results, to maintain a blockchain network, it is mandatory for over 2/3 validator(MUST-ONLINE) nodes to be online. Also, the voting power of a validator node matters to the ratio of MUST-ONLINE nodes. That is, stopping validator nodes of which the sum of voting power is over 1/3 breaks the consensus algorithm of tendermint and results in the interruption of generating blocks on the chain.

Voting power calculation

TM: In tendermint, a voting power has a similar role as a stake in PoS or DPoS consensus mechanism. One limitation is that sum of voting powers of all validators must not exceed the value MaxTotalVotingPower, which is 2^60 - 1. When we use one-to-one relation between stake value and voting power, exceeding this max limit is not very likely, but possible anyway. So, the validator set update mechanism must adjust voting power of each validator, so that total sum of voting power does not exceed MaxTotalVotingPower:

  1. For each validator Val_i, set voting power vp_i to be stake of Val_i.
  2. Calculate TotalVotingPower, which is the sum of vp_is of all validators in the new validator set.
  3. adjFactor ← 0 (use this as a persistent factor)
  4. While TotalVotingPower > MaxTotalVotingPower
    1. adjFactor ← adjFactor + 1
    2. TotalVotingPower ← TotalVotingPower / 2
      (implemented as right-shift)
    3. For each validator Val_i, vp_i ← vp_i / 2
      (implemented as right-shift)

NOTE: When vp_i reaches to zero, then Val_i shall be removed from the new validator set.

Penalizing convicts

At the beginning of block creation BeginBlock(), AMO ABCI app receives a list of convicts from tendermint. The convicts get penalized in EndBlock() for its malicious attempts to harm the blockchain network. The detailed penalization process is explained in penalty section.

Incentive

TM: Tendermint provides a block information, in BeginBlock() method which is called at the beginning of a block creation, including a block proposer address. This address is derived from the validator pubkey who proposes the block. In AMO ABCI app, we can look up the original stake holder in the stake store having the same validator pubkey.

Incentive refers to the sum of a block reward and transaction fees. The fees of transactions which are successfully verified(delivered) by the block proposer are accumulated and then transferred to the stake holder at the end of a block creation in EndBlock().

Calculation

A stake holder who proposes a block receives an incentive. This is the only step in which there is a state change in balance store without involving any transaction:

R ← b_reward + n_delivered_txs * tx_reward
I ← R + acc_fee

where R is the final block reward, b_reward a block reward rate, n_delivered_txs the number of delivered transactions in the block, tx_reward a transaction reward rate, I the final incentive and acc_fee the accumulated fee.

Distribution

When the incentive is I, this incentive shall be distributed among the stake holder and the delegated stake holders. The distribution mechanism is as the following:

  1. wStakes ← w_val * stake_0 (stake of the proposer)
  2. For each delegated stake stake_i, wStakes ← wStakes + w_ds * stake_i
  3. Calculate the incentive for the proposer I_0 ← I * w_val * stake_0 / wStakes.
  4. For each delegated stake holder, calculate the incentive for i-th delegated stake, I_i ← I * w_ds * stake_i / wStakes.

where w_val is the validator stake weight, and w_ds is the delegated stake weight.

TODO: Eliminate ambiguity in float number arithmetic.

TODO: Take care of overflow situation.

Penalty

To maintain the DPoS blockchain as healthy as possible, it is essential to encourage block validators to participate in creating and verifying blocks with incentive, but also to impose responsibilities on their misbehavior with penalty. The penalty shall be distributed among the stake holder and the delegated stake holders according to the distribution mechanism presented in Incentive Distribution.

The types of abnormal behavior and parameters are defined as follows:

  • Convict
    • Malicious Validator: PenaltyRatioM
    • Lazy Validator: PenaltyRatioL

Evidence

TM: The evidence of validators' misbehavior is provided by Tendermint in BeginBlock() method which is called at the beginning of a block creation. Tendermint supports currently only a single type of evidence, the DuplicateVoteEvidence.

The relevant validators pay the price for misbehavior by burning the specific amount of coins staked and delegated to them, immediately at the moment when their misbehavior is caught. The penalty shall be distributed amount the stake holder and the delegated stake holders according to the distribution mechanism presented in Incentive Distribution.

parameters

  • PenaltyRatioM

Downtime

If a validator missed n_blks blocks within last laziness_window blocks and n_blks >= laziness_threshold, then this validator gets penalized accordingly. The penalty is calculated by penalty_ratio_l * eff_stake.

On-chain Protocol Upgrade

To enhance the stability of AMO's overall system, it is required to upgrade its application protocol consistently. To apply a new protocol on alive blockchain, 'hard-fork' is an inevitable process necessary to be done externally. AMO provides a feature which helps 'hard-fork' get processed more smoothly.

Node startup

Marking version

AMO ABCI app's protocol version is recorded as ProtocolVersion in app's state. ProtocolVersion gets initiated with the value of genesis.json. If not specified, it is set with current app's hard-coded protocol version.

Upgrade decision

The specific time when a new protocol gets applied and its version is decided among validators through proposing and voting draft. The time is recorded as UpgradeProtocolHeight and the version as UpgradeProtocolVersion in app's config.

Upgrade execution

At the beginning of block creation BeginBlock(), AMO ABCI app checks conditions and processes operations as follows:

Protocol version update

  • if blk.height == app.config.UpgradeProtocolHeight
    • app.state.ProtocolVersion ← app.config.UpgradeProtocolVersion

Block process

  • if sw.ProtocolVersion != app.state.ProtocolVersion
    • abort and exit current sw

State migration

  • if blk.height == app.config.UpgradeProtocolHeight
    • execute app.MigrateToX() (X refers to sw.ProtocolVersion)

Genesis App State

Initial state of the app (genesis app state) is defined by genesis document (genesis.json file in tendermint config directory, typically $HOME/.tendermint/config/genesis.json). Initial app state is described in app_state field in a genesis document. For example:

"app_state": {
  "balances": [
    {
      "owner": "7CECB223B976F27D77B0E03E95602DABCC28D876",
      "amount": "100"
    }
  ]
}

TM: In order to reset and apply new genesis state, run the following command in command line:

amod tendermint unsafe_reset_all

An AMO-compliant blockchain node should have some mechanisms to modify internal database for this operation.

Further Notes

Replay Attack

In order to prevent replay attack (in some sense, double-spending), every AMO transaction is checked for whether it is already introduced or processed in previous blocks. Basic idea is that when a blockchain node sees a transaction that is already presented in the blockchain network, it immediately discards the transaction. Here, every transaction has a tx hash in Tendermint context. This tx hash is a hash of whole byte sequence representing the transaction. Since we incorporated ECDSA signature to authenticate the sender's identity, this gives randomness to the transaction, and it can prevent replay attacks. However, AMO blockchain protocol itself is independent of Tendermint. Moreover a future version AMO blockchain may not use Tendermint as a base platform. So, in order to provide some generic countermeasure against replay attacks, we use ReplayPreventer, a module which monitors every incoming transaction to prevent its replay attacks by checking its existence in the blockchain network.

If a user wants to send the same amount of coin to the same recipient again, then the user must put into the transaction a signature different from the one used for the previous transaction. If so, the transaction would have a different tx hash and be treated as a different one, passing the transaction check process of ReplayPreventer successfully.