1. Technical Articles
1.1 The tone reproductor class
The class mainly performs a fast implementation of the algorithm
from the paper [1], with more accurate values from [2]. The blue
shift formula is taken from [3] and combined with the Scotopic
vision formula from [4].
[1] "Tone Reproduction for Realistic Images", Tumblin and
Rushmeier, IEEE Computer Graphics & Application, November
1993
[2] "Tone Reproduction and Physically Based Spectral Rendering",
Devlin, Chalmers, Wilkie and Purgathofer in EUROGRAPHICS
2002
[3] "Night Rendering", H. Wann Jensen, S. Premoze, P. Shirley,
W.B. Thompson, J.A. Ferwerda, M.M. Stark
[4] "A Visibility Matching Tone Reproduction Operator for High
Dynamic Range Scenes", G.W. Larson, H. Rushmeier, C. Piatko
1.2 The skylight class
The class is a fast implementation of the algorithm from the
article "A Practical Analytic Model for Daylight" by A. J.
Preetham, Peter Shirley and Brian Smits.
1.3 The skybright class
The class is a fast reimplementation of the VISLIMIT.BAS basic
source code from Brad Schaefer's article on pages 57-60, May
1998 _Sky & Telescope_, "To the Visual Limits". The basic
sources are available on the Sky and Telescope web site.
(code "offered as-is and without support.")
1.4 The Delta-T calculations
For implementation of calculation routines for Delta-T we used
the following sources:
[1] Delta-T webpage by Rob van Gent:
http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/deltat/deltat.htm
[2] "Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses", Espenak and Meeus
http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/deltatpoly2004.html
[3] "On the system of astronomical constants", Clemence, G. M.,
Astronomical Journal, Vol. 53, p. 169
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948AJ.....53..169C
[4] "The Rotation of the Earth, and the Secular Accelerations of
the Sun, Moon and Planets",
Spencer Jones, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical
Society, 99 (1939), 541-558
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1939MNRAS..99..541S
[5] "Polynomial approximations for the correction delta T E.T.-
U.T. in the period 1800-1975",
Schmadel, L. D.; Zech, G., Acta Astronomica, vol. 29, no. 1,
1979, p. 101-104.
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979AcA....29..101S
[6] "ELP 2000-85 and the dynamic time-universal time relation",
Borkowski, K. M.,
Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361), vol. 205, no.
1-2, Oct. 1988, p. L8-L10.
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988A&A...205L...8B
[7] "Empirical Transformations from U.T. to E.T. for the Period
1800-1988",
Schmadel, L. D.; Zech, G., Astronomische Nachrichten 309,
219-221
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988AN....309..219S
[8] "Historical values of the Earth's clock error DeltaT and the
calculation of eclipses",
Morrison, L. V.; Stephenson, F. R., Journal for the History
of Astronomy (ISSN 0021-8286),
Vol. 35, Part 3, No. 120, p. 327 - 336 (2004)
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JHA....35..327M
[9] "Addendum: Historical values of the Earth's clock error",
Morrison, L. V.; Stephenson, F. R.,
Journal for the History of Astronomy (ISSN 0021-8286), Vol.
36, Part 3, No. 124, p. 339 (2005)
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JHA....36..339M
[10] "Polynomial approximations to Delta T, 1620-2000 AD",
Meeus, J.; Simons, L.,
Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol.110,
no.6, 323
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JBAA..110..323M
[11] "Einstein's Theory of Relativity Confirmed by Ancient Solar
Eclipses", Henriksson G.,
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ASPC..409..166H
[12] "Canon of Solar Eclipses" by Mucke & Meeus (1983)
[13] "The accelerations of the earth and moon from early
astronomical observations",
Muller P. M., Stephenson F. R.,
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975grhe.conf..459M
[14] "Pre-Telescopic Astronomical Observations", Stephenson F.R.,
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978tfer.conf....5S
[15] "Long-term changes in the rotation of the earth - 700 B.C.
to A.D. 1980",
Stephenson F. R., Morrison L. V.,
Philosophical Transactions, Series A (ISSN 0080-4614), vol.
313, no. 1524, Nov. 27, 1984, p. 47-70.
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984RSPTA.313...47S
[16] "Long-Term Fluctuations in the Earth's Rotation: 700 BC to
AD 1990",
Stephenson F. R., Morrison L. V.,
Philosophical Transactions: Physical Sciences and
Engineering, Volume 351, Issue 1695, pp. 165-202
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995RSPTA.351..165S
[17] "Historical Eclipses and Earth's Rotation" by F. R.
Stephenson (1997)
http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511525186
[18] "Astronomical Algorithms" by J. Meeus (2nd ed., 1998)
[19] "Astronomy on the Personal Computer" by O. Montenbruck &
T. Pfleger (4nd ed., 2000)
[20] "Calendrical Calculations" by E. M. Reingold &
N. Dershowitz (2nd ed., 2001)
[21] DeltaT webpage by V. Reijs:
http://www.iol.ie/~geniet/eng/DeltaTeval.htm
1.5 An accurate long-time precession model compatible with P03:
J. Vondrak, N. Capitaine, P. Wallace: New precession expressions,
valid for long time intervals.
Astronomy&Astrophysics 534, A22 (2011);
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201117274
1.6 Nutation:
Dennis D. McCarthy and Brian J. Lizum: An Abridged Model of the
Precession-Nutation of the Celestial Pole.
Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 85: 37-49, 2003.
This model provides accuracy better than 1 milli-arcsecond in the
time 1995-2050. It is applied for years 1500..2500 only.
2. Included source code
2.1 Some computation of the sideral time (sidereal_time.h/c) and pluto
orbit contains code from the libnova library (LGPL) by Liam Girdwood.
2.2 The orbit.cpp/h and solve.h files are directly borrowed from
Celestia (Chris Laurel). (GPL license)
2.3 Several implementations of IMCCE theories for planet and satellite
movement by Johannes Gajdosik (MIT-style license,
see the corresponding files for the license text)
2.4 The tesselation algorithms were originally extracted from the glues
library version 1.4 Mike Gorchak <[email protected]> (SGI FREE SOFTWARE
LICENSE B).
2.5 OBJ loader in the Scenery3D plugin based on glObjViewer (c) 2007
dhpoware
2.6 Parts of the code to work with DE430 and DE431 data files have been
taken from Project Pluto (GPL license).
2.7 The SpoutLibrary.dll and header from the SpoutSDK version 2.005
available at http://spout.zeal.co (BSD license).
3. Data
3.1 The Hipparcos star catalog
From ESA (European Space Agency) and the Hipparcos mission.
ref. ESA, 1997, The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues, ESA SP-1200
http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/ftp/cats/I/239
3.2 The solar system data mainly comes from IMCCE and partly from
Celestia.
3.3 Polynesian constellations are based on diagrams from the Polynesian
Voyaging Society
3.4 Chinese constellations are based on diagrams from the Hong Kong
Space Museum
3.5 Egyptian constellations are based on the work of Juan Antonio
Belmonte, Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias
3.6 The Tycho-2 Catalogue of the 2.5 Million Brightest Stars
Hog E., Fabricius C., Makarov V.V., Urban S., Corbin T.,
Wycoff G., Bastian U., Schwekendiek P., Wicenec A.
<Astron. Astrophys. 355, L27 (2000)>
http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/ftp/cats/I/259
3.7 Naval Observatory Merged Astrometric Dataset (NOMAD) version 1
http://www.nofs.navy.mil/nomad
Norbert Zacharias writes:
"There are no fees, both UCAC and NOMAD are freely available
with the only requirement that the source of the data (U.S.
Naval Observatory) and original product name need to be provided
with any distribution, as well as a description about any
changes made to the data, if at all."
The changes made to the data are:
-) try to compute visual magnitude and color from the b,v,r
values
-) compute nr_of_measurements = the number of valid b,v,r values
-) throw away or keep stars (depending on magnitude,
nr_of_measurements, combination of flags, tycho2 number)
-) add all stars from Hipparcos (incl. component solutions), and
tycho2+1st supplement
-) reorganize the stars in several brigthness levels and
triangular zones according to position and magnitude
The programs that are used to generate the star files are called
"MakeCombinedCatalogue", "ParseHip", "ParseNomad", and can be
found in the util subdirectory in source code. The position,
magnitudes, and proper motions of the stars coming from NOMAD
are unchanged, except for a possible loss of precision,
especially in magnitude. When there is no v-magnitude, it is
estimated from r or b magnitude. When there is no b- or v-
magnitude, the color B-V is estimated from the other magnitudes.
Also proper motions of faint stars are neglected at all.
3.8 Stellarium's Catalog of Variable Stars based on General Catalog of
Variable Stars (GCVS) version 2013Apr.
http://www.sai.msu.su/gcvs/gcvs/
Samus N.N., Durlevich O.V., Kazarovets E V., Kireeva N.N.,
Pastukhova E.N., Zharova A.V., et al., General Catalogue of Variable
Stars (Samus+ 2007-2012)
http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?cat=B%2Fgcvs&
3.9 Consolidated DSO catalog was created from various data:
[1] NGC/IC data taken from SIMBAD Astronomical Database
http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr
[2] Distance to NGC/IC data taken from NED (NASA/IPAC EXTRAGALACTIC
DATABASE)
http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu
[3] Catalogue of HII Regions (Sharpless, 1959) taken from VizieR
http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=VII/20
[4] H-α emission regions in Southern Milky Way (Rodgers+, 1960)
taken from VizieR
http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=VII/216
[5] Catalogue of Reflection Nebulae (Van den Bergh, 1966) taken
from VizieR
http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=VII/21
[6] Lynds' Catalogue of Dark Nebulae (LDN) (Lynds, 1962) taken
from VizieR
http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=VII/7A
[7] Lynds' Catalogue of Bright Nebulae (Lynds, 1965) taken from
VizieR
http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=VII/9
[8] Catalog of bright diffuse Galactic nebulae (Cederblad, 1946)
taken from VizieR
http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=VII/231
[9] Barnard's Catalogue of 349 Dark Objects in the Sky (Barnard,
1927) taken from VizieR
http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=VII/220A
[10] A Catalogue of Star Clusters shown on Franklin-Adams Chart
Plates (Melotte, 1915) taken from NASA ADS
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1915MmRAS..60..175M
[11] On Structural Properties of Open Galactic Clusters and their
Spatial Distribution. Catalog of Open Galactic Clusters.
(Collinder, 1931) taken from NASA ADS
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1931AnLun...2....1C
[12] The Collinder Catalog of Open Star Clusters. An Observer’s
Checklist.
Edited by Thomas Watson. Taken from CloudyNights
http://www.cloudynights.com/page/articles/cat/articles/the-collinder-catalog-updated-r2467
3.10 Cross-identification of objects in consolidated DSO catalog was
maked with:
[1] SIMBAD Astronomical Database
http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr
[2] Merged catalogue of reflection nebulae (Magakian, 2003)
http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-3?-source=J/A+A/399/141
[3] Messier Catalogue was taken from Wikipedia (includes
morphological classification and distances)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Messier_objects
[4] Caldwell Catalogue was taken from Wikipedia (includes
morphological classification and distances)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldwell_catalogue
3.11 Morphological classification and magnitudes (partially) for Melotte
catalogue was taken from DeepSkyPedia
http://deepskypedia.com/wiki/List:Melotte
4. Graphics
4.1 All graphics are copyrighted by the Stellarium's Team (GNU GPLv2 or later)
except the ones mentioned below :
4.2 The "earthmap" texture was created by NASA (Reto Stockli, NASA Earth
Observatory) using data from the MODIS instrument aboard the
Terra satellite (Public Domain). See chapter 10.1 for full
credits.
4.4 Moon texture map was combined from maps by USGS Astrogeology Research
Program,
http://astrogeology.usgs.gov (Public Domain, DFSG-free) and by Lunar
surface textures from Celestia, based on Clementine data (Public
Domain).
4.5a Jupiter map created by James Hastings-Trew from Cassini data. "The
maps are free to download and use as source material or resource
in artwork or rendering (CGI or real time)."
4.5b The Sun and Iapetus maps and rings of Uranus
are from Celestia (http://shatters.net/celestia/)
under the GNU General Purpose License, version 2 or any later
version:
- Iapetus map is from dr. Fridger Schrempp (t00fri).
4.5c The Amalthea, Europa, Ganymede, Gaspra,Mercury, Uranus, Neptune, Mimas,
Bianca, Epimetheus, Ida, Vesta, Hyperion, Io, Janus, Phoebe, Saturn,
Tethys, Venus, Ceres, Uranus, Epimetheus, Deimos, Proteus and comet
maps are processed by Oleg Pluton a.k.a Helleformer
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.5d The Titania, Umbriel, Pluto, Charon, Sedna and 2007 OR10 maps are created
by Kexitt and postprocessed by Oleg Pluton a.k.a Helleformer
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.5e The Ariel, Haumea, Miranda, Oberon and Nereid maps are created by
Snowfall and postprocessed by Oleg Pluton a.k.a Helleformer
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.5f The Eris and Dysnomia maps are created by MrSpace43 and postprocessed by
Oleg Pluton a.k.a Helleformer
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.5g The Rhea map are created by FarGetaNik and postprocessed by Oleg Pluton
a.k.a Helleformer
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.5i The Titan (Clouds) map are created by Magenta Meteorite and postprocessed
by Oleg Pluton a.k.a Helleformer
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.5k Callisto map is created by John van Vliet from PDS
data and modified by RVS. License: cc-by-sa.
4.5l Dione and Enceladus maps are created by NASA (CICLOPS team)
from Cassini data, colored by RVS. Public domain.
4.5m All other planet maps from David Seal's site:
http://maps.jpl.nasa.gov/ see license in section 10.2
4.5n Bennu map is created by NASA from OSIRIS-REx spacecraft data. Public domain.
Full size mosaic: https://www.asteroidmission.org/bennu_global_mosaic/
4.6 The fullsky milky way panorama is created by Axel Mellinger,
University of Potsdam, Germany. Further information and more
pictures available from
http://home.arcor-online.de/axel.mellinger/
License: permission given to "Modify and redistribute this image
if proper credit to the original image is given."
4.7 All messiers nebula pictures except those mentioned below from the
Grasslands Observatory : "Images courtesy of Tim Hunter and
James McGaha, Grasslands Observatory at http://www.3towers.com."
License: permission given to "use the image freely" (including
right to modify and redistribute) "as long as it is credited."
4.8 M31 pictures come from LEE ang HG731GZ
License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
4.9 Images of NGC4526, NGC6544, NGC6553, Sh2-261
from Yang Kai
License: public domain
4.10 Images of M1, M27, M57, M97, NGC6946 from Stephane
Dumont
4.11 Images of NGC856, NGC884 from Maxime Spano
4.12 Constellation art, GUI buttons, logo created by Johan Meuris
(Jomejome) (jomejome at users.sourceforge.net)
http://www.johanmeuris.eu/
License: released under the Free Art License
(http://artlibre.org/licence.php/lalgb.html)
Icon created by Johan Meuris
License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
4.13 The "earth-clouds" texture includes imagery owned by NASA.
See NASA's Visible Earth project at http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/
License: 1. The imagery is free of licensing fees
2. NASA requires that they be provided a credit as the
owners of the imagery
The cloud texturing was taken from Celestia (GPL),
http://www.shatters.net/celestia/
4.14 The folder icon derived from the Tango Desktop Project, used under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike
license.
4.15 Images of NGC7317, NGC7319, NGC7320
from Andrey Kuznetsov, Kepler Observatory
http://kepler-observatorium.ru
License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
4.16 Images of NGC2903, NGC3185, NGC3187, NGC3189,
NGC3190, NGC3193, NGC3718, NGC3729, NGC5981, NGC5982,
NGC5985
from Oleg Bryzgalov
http://olegbr.astroclub.kiev.ua/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
4.17 Image of eta Carinae
from Harel Boren
http://www.pbase.com/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International
4.18 Images of IC1805
from Aldeabaran66
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International
4.19 Images of M21, M47, NGC3324, NGC7590, RCW158
from Trevor Gerdes
http://www.sarcasmogerdes.com/
4.20 Images of NGC1532
from users of Ice In Space
http://www.iceinspace.com.au/
4.21 Images of NGC3293
from ESO/G. Beccari
http://eso.org/public/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.22 Images of SMC (Magellanic Clouds) from Albert Van
Donkelaar
4.23 Images of NGC1365, NGC6726
from Philip Montgomery
http://www.kenthurst.bigpondhosting.com/
4.24 The Vesta and Ceres map was taken from USGS website
https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/
and colored by RVS. License: public domain.
4.25 Images of M15, M24, M51, M58, M63, M76, M81, M82, M96, M101,
M105, M106, IC405, IC443, IC1727, NGC246, NGC457, NGC467,
NGC470, NGC474, NGC488, NGC672, NGC691, NGC1514, NGC1961,
NGC2174, NGC2371, NGC2392, NGC2403, NGC2506, NGC2655, NGC2685,
NGC2805, NGC2814, NGC2820, NGC2841, NGC3079, NGC3166, NGC3227,
NGC3310, NGC3344, NGC3359, NGC3504, NGC3512, NGC3521, NGC3628,
NGC3938, NGC4151, NGC4274, NGC4535, NGC4559, NGC4631, NGC4656,
NGC4657, NGC5033, NGC5363, NGC7008, NGC7318, NGC7331, NGC7479,
NGC7635, NGC7640, NGC7789, PGC1803573, Barnard 142, Barnard 173,
Sh2-101, Sh2-188, LDN1235, Sadr region (Gamma Cygni), Medusa,
Jones-Emberson 1
from Peter Vasey, Plover Hill Observatory
http://www.madpc.co.uk/~peterv/
4.26 Image of IC3568 from Howard Bond (Space Telescope Science Institute), Robin Ciardullo (Pennsylvania State University) and NASA
License: public domain
4.27 Image of solar corona from eclipse 2008-08-01 by Georg Zotti
4.28 Images of IC410, NGC2359 from Carole Pope
https://sites.google.com/site/caroleastroimaging/
4.29 Images of NGC2261, NGC2818, NGC2936, NGC3314, NGC3690, NGC3918,
NGC4038-4039, NGC5257, NGC5307, NGC6027, NGC6050, NGC6369, NGC6826, NGC7742, IC883,
IC4406, PGC2248, UGC1810, UGC8335, UGC9618, Red Rectangle and Calabash Nebula
from NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble
Collaboration
License: public domain; http://hubblesite.org/copyright/
4.30 Image of NGC40 from Steven Bellavia
4.31 Images of NGC1579, NGC2467, NGC6590, Barnard Loop, IC342, SH2-297 from Sun Shuwei
License: public domain
4.32 Images of M77, NGC3109, NGC3180, NGC4449, NGC5474, NGC6231, NGC6397, Sh2-264, Sh2-308, LDN1622
from Wang Lingyi
License: public domain
4.33 Images of PGC6830, PGC29653, UGC5373 from Lowell Observatory
http://www2.lowell.edu/
License: public domain
4.34 Images of M59, M60, M89, M90, IC2177, IC2220, IC2631, NGC1433,
NGC2442, NGC3572, PGC10074,
RCW32, RCW38, RCW49, Fornax Cluster, Virgo Cluster
from ESO/Digitized Sky Survey 2
http://eso.org/public/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.35 Images of NGC3603 from ESO/La Silla Observatory
http://eso.org/public/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.36 Images of M49, NGC147, NGC404, NGC4228, NGC4244
from Ole Nielsen
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic
4.37 Images of NGC2808, NGC7023, Hercules Cluster from NASA
License: public domain
4.38 Images of M44, IC1396 from Giuseppe Donatiello
License: Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
4.39 Images of M4, M12, M14, M19, M20, M22, M55, M56, M62, M88, M92, M108,
M109, IC5146, NGC225, NGC281, NGC663, NGC891, NGC1931, NGC6823, NGC7814
from Hewholooks
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
4.40 Images of NGC4565 from Ken Crawford
http://www.imagingdeepsky.com/
License: This work is free and may be used by anyone for any purpose.
If you wish to use this content, you do not need to request permission
as long as you follow any licensing requirements mentioned on this page.
4.41 Images of M61, M64, M65, M66, M91, M99, M100, NGC613, NGC772, NGC918, NGC1042, NGC1360, NGC1398,
NGC1501, NGC1535, NGC1555, NGC2158, NGC2282, NGC2346, NGC2362, NGC2440, NGC2683, NGC2775, NGC3132,
NGC3242, NGC3486, NGC3750, NGC4170, NGC4216, NGC4361, NGC4395, NGC4414,,NGC4450, NGC4676, NGC4725,
NGC5216, NGC5248, NGC5426, NGC5466, NGC6302, NGC6522, NGC6543, NGC6563, NGC6781, NGC6894, NGC7000,
NGC7354, NGC7822, SH2-136, UGC3697, Abell31, Abell33, Abell39, Cassiopeia A, LBN438, Wild's Triplet
from Adam Block/Mount Lemmon SkyCenter/University of Arizona
http://www.caelumobservatory.com/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
4.42 Images of IC1295, NGC134, NGC92, NGC55, NGC300, NGC908, NGC936, NGC1232, NGC1313, NGC1316,
NGC1792, NGC1978, NGC2207, NGC2736, NGC3199, NGC3699, NGC3766, NGC3532, NGC4945, NGC5128, NGC5189,
NGC6362, NGC6537, NGC6752, NGC6769, NGC6822, NGC7793
from ESO
http://eso.org/public/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.43 Images of M33, M42, NGC253, NGC5566, LBN782, the Pleiades from HG731GZ
License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
4.44 Images of M8, M17, M94, M104, IC434, IC2944, IC4628, NGC2264, NGC6334, NGC6357,
NGC6726, NGC7293, SMC (Hydrogen Alpha)
from Dylan O'Donnell
http://deography.com/
License: public domain
4.45 Images of NGC247
No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims).
No machine-readable author provided. Fany Toporenko assumed (based on copyright claims).
License: Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later
version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections,
no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is
included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License.
4.46 Images of IC1613
from Philos2000
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
4.47 Images of M16, IC4592, IC4601, NGC4236, NGC6914, Perseus Cluster
from Sun Gang
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
4.48 Images of NGC4651, NGC5906
from R. Jay GaBany
https://www.cosmotography.com/images/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
4.49 Images of NGC7662
from Gianluca.pollastri
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International
4.50 Images of M2, M3, M5, M13, M10, M28, M30, M53, M54, M69, M71, M75, M78, M85, M102, M107,
IC10, PGC143, UGC12613
from Starhopper
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International
4.51 Images of M95, NGC520, NGC660, NGC925, NGC1300, NGC4490, NGC6888, NGC7129, NGC7497
from Jschulman555
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
4.52 Images of M98
from Clh288
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic
4.53 Images of NGC6818
from Robert Rubin (NASA/ESA Ames Research Center), Reginald Dufour and Matt Browning (Rice University), Patrick Harrington (University of Maryland), and NASA/ESA
https://www.spacetelescope.org/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.54 Images of NGC6188
from Ivan Bok
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
4.55 Images of NGC6188
from Friendlystar
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
4.56 Images of NGC1023
from Fryns Fryns
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: public domain
4.57 Images of NGC1269, NGC3195
from Zhu Ying
License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
4.58 Images of IC2118, NGC1097, NGC1499
from Zhao Jingna
License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
4.59 Images of NGC1491
from Chuck Ayoub
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International
4.60 Images of IC2169, NGC2244, NGC3077, SH2-155, SH2-263, UGC10822, Barnard 22, Barnard207,
Abell85
from Keesscherer
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International
4.61 Images of NGC3115
from Mi Lan
License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
4.62 Images of NGC3621
from ESO and Joe DePasquale
http://eso.org/public/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.63 Images of NGC2547, Vela supernova remnant
from ESO/J.Perez
http://eso.org/public/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.64 Images of M83
from TRAPPIST/E. Jehin/ESO
http://eso.org/public/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.65 Images of NGC288
from Sunfishtommy
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
4.66 Images of IC1848, NGC1055
from Jeffjnet
http://www.iceinspace.com.au/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
4.67 Images of NGC2867, NGC6884
from Howard Bond (ST ScI) and NASA/ESA
https://www.spacetelescope.org/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.68 Images of NGC4567
from Klaus Hohmann
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Germany
4.69 Images of NGC5286, RCW53
from Kong Fanxi
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
4.70 Images of NGC5897
from San Esteban
http://www.astrosurf.com
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
4.71 Images of NGC6388
from ESO, F. Ferraro (University of Bologna)
http://eso.org/public/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.72 Images of NGC7380, SH2-80, SH2-106
from Cristina Cellini
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.73 Images of NGC6744
from Zhuokai Liu, Jiang Yuhang
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.74 Images of NGC2170, SH2-1, SH2-240
from Rogelio Bernal Andreo
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
4.75 Images of VDB 152
from Hubble Space Telescope
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International
4.76 Images of M72, NGC6905
from Tom Wildoner
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International
4.77 Images of NGC2623
from NASA, ESA and A. Evans (Stony Brook University, New York, University of Virginia & National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, USA)
https://www.spacetelescope.org/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.78 Images of IC4634, NGC3808, NGC5882, NGC6210, NGC6572, NGC6741
from ESA/Hubble & NASA
https://www.spacetelescope.org/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.79 Images of NGC6240, PGC33423
from NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration, and A. Evans (University of Virginia, Charlottesville/NRAO/Stony Brook University)
https://www.spacetelescope.org/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.80 Images of UGC5470
from Friendlystar
https://ko.wikipedia.org/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
4.81 Images of UGC6253, UGC9749
from Giuseppe Donatiello
https://en.wikipedia.org/
License: public domain
4.82 Images of UGC10214
from NASA, Holland Ford (JHU), the ACS Science Team and ESA
https://www.spacetelescope.org/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.83 Images of NGC6503, NGC7714, Hydra Cluster
from NASA, ESA, Digitized Sky Survey 2
https://www.spacetelescope.org/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.84 Images of NGC2477
from Guillermo Abramson
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
4.85 Images of NGC4755
from ESO/Y. Beletsky
http://eso.org/public/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.86 Images of NGC7538
from J. Aleu
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: public domain
4.87 Images of IC2395, IC4756, NGC3114, NGC6025, NGC6087, NGC6124, NGC6633
from Roberto Mura
https://en.wikipedia.org/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
4.88 Images of NGC362
from ESO/VISTA VMC
http://eso.org/public/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.89 Images of NGC2997
from Adam Block/ChileScope
http://www.caelumobservatory.com/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
4.90 Images of M74, NGC1788, NGC5053, Sh2-132, Coma Cluster, Leo Cluster, barnard150, LDN673
from Bart Delsaert
https://delsaert.com/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
4.91 Images of NGC1333
from AAE-Agrupacio Astronomica d'Eivissa
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International
4.92 Images of NGC5139
from Jose Mtanous
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
4.93 Images of NGC6960
from Jose Mtanous
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: public domain
4.94 Images of NGC6445
from The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen's University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation Grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.
https://ps1images.stsci.edu/cgi-bin/ps1cutouts
License: public domain
4.95 Images of LMC (Magellanic Clouds)
from ESO/R. Gendler and Sun Shuwei
http://eso.org/public/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. This work is a derivative of "Map of the Large Magellanic Cloud" and "The entire Large Magellanic Cloud with annotations" by ESO/R. Gendler, used under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International by Sun Shuwei.
4.96 Images of rho Oph
from ESO/S. Guisard
http://eso.org/public/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.97 Images of IC59, IC63
from Zhang Ruiping
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.98 Images of IC423
from Astrowicht
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
4.99 Images of IC418, IC4593, NGC5315, NGC6751
from NASA/ESA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)
https://www.spacetelescope.org/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.100 Images of NGC7009 from ESO/J. Walsh
http://eso.org/public/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.101 Images of NGC7027 from Judy Schmidt
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: public domain
4.102 Images of NGC6309, NGC6891 from Fabian RRRR
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
4.103 Images of NGC2022 from ESA/Hubble & NASA, R. Wade
https://www.spacetelescope.org/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.104 Images of NGC654 from Antonio F. Sanchez
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International
4.105 Images of NGC6496
from Mohamad Abbas
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
4.106 Images of PGC3589
from ESA/Hubble, Digitized Sky Survey 2
https://www.spacetelescope.org/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.107 Images of NGC1672
from Davide De Martin (ESA/Hubble), the ESA/ESO/NASA Photoshop FITS Liberator & Digitized Sky Survey 2
https://www.spacetelescope.org/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.108 Images of NGC4298
from NASA, ESA, Digitized Sky Survey 2; Acknowledgement: Davide De Martin
https://www.spacetelescope.org/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
4.109 Images of NGC1502
from Kamil Pecinovsky
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International
4.110 Images of NGC752
from Tayson82
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International
4.111 Images of Sh2-170
from Wang Wei
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
4.112 Images of NGC2613
from ESO/IDA/Danish 1.5 m/R. Gendler, J.-E. Ovaldsen, C. Thone and C. Feron
http://eso.org/public/
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International