Board C0135
The "Relay Module STM8S103" is a RS485 MODBUS RTU I/O module based on the STM8S103F3. It has 4 relays (NO, NC), 4 GPIO/input terminals and an RS485 interface. The usual sourcing sites reliably list the board when you search for "Relay STM8S103" (it used to be listed as "C0135" but that label has been abandoned). The retail price can be as low as $6.00 which makes the board very interesting for small control applications.
If you're here for MODBUS RTU: the stock firmware doesn't meet basic timing requirements and some MODBUS clients might not work (see analysis here). There is a dedicated GitHub project that provides an STM8 eForth based MODBUS implementation. A binary is in stm8ef-modbus releases.
Give it a try, and if you like it come back here to go Forth!
There are 3 known board variants: V1.00, V1.02 and V1.06. This page describes "V1.02" and "V1.06" boards. The "V1.00" board variant doesn't provide serial interface (UART) pads and it's unknown if other differences exist.
The V1.06 variant looks like this:
The relay board has the following characteristics:
- STM8S103F3P6 (sometimes STM8S003F3P6), SWIM interface on 4 pin header (pins unpopulated)
- 12V power supply for relays, internal 3.3V supply (not "5V" as often advertised)
- 8MHz crystal (the HSI can be used for 16MHz operation)
- plain (unprotected) GPIOs on terminals
- IN1 ... IN4: 3.3V I/O w/ counter/PWM option (PC6, PC7, PD2, PD3)
- IN1 ... IN2: 3.3V analog input option (PD2, PD3)
- RS485 interface (e.g. for MODBUS), or
- RX/TX with 3.3V level on unpopulated 4 pin header pads (variant V1.06)
The inputs are basically unprotected 3.3V GPIOs, and it's possible to use some of them as analog inputs, timer inputs or PWM outputs. Some sellers claim that the GPIOs are "3V - 30V" inputs. They are not. If you work with with 24V PLC components you may be able to use NPN sensors but be aware that if a sensor loses GND the STM8S103 is likely to be damaged (unless you use a protective circuit, e.g. a zener diode).
For getting started set aside about $10 for the C0135 board ($6 to $8), an ST-Link V2 programmer and a "TTL serial interface". You'll also need a soldering iron and some pin headers:
| Programmer | TTL-Serial-Interface | soldering tools | or test-clips |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
 |
 |
 |
Here are some hints for your shopping list:
- a cheap USB ST-Link-V2 dongle (about $2 - the ST-Link adapter on any STM8S/STM32 ST Discovery Board works, too)
- a USB to "TTL" RS232 dongle, e.g. CH340 or PL2303 based ($0.50 to $0.80 - the serial interface of many Arduino boards or USB interfaces for old mobile phones should also work)
- some single row headers and a soldering iron (basic soldering irons with heater controls for ab $5, like the one shown, are usable - digital control for $15 is better)
- instead of soldering test clips can be used for connecting the ST-Link or the RS232 dongle to the C0135 interface pads
Keep in mind that budget delivery from China can take anywhere from 10 to 60 days, so better order now, and enjoy having it handy on the next rainy Sunday morning.
The STM8 eForth community is supportive - please open a support ticket if you have questions!
For flashing the binary under Linux or Windows please refer to Flashing the STM8 on the STM8S Programming page.
Finally, there is a page with nice photos in Indonesian that guides the reader through using the ST-Link dongle, flashing STM8 eForth and setting up a serial console.
If you're new to STM8S programming this is a friendly board for getting started: the binary release contains an image for the C0135 that's optimized for embedded control tasks. The default configuration provides more than 3KiB of free Flash for Forth application code. Special configurations can provide up to 4.5KiB for applications.
Note that there is also a MODBUS implementation in STM8 eForth that uses the SWIMCOM image so that a Forth console works in parallel with the MODBUS RS485 or RS232 interface.
The STM8 eForth words ADC! and ADC@ control the analog inputs: with ADC! a channel can be selected, and with ADC@ the selected channel can be converted and read.
| Terminal | STM8S ADC |
|---|---|
| IN1 | ADC channel 4 |
| IN2 | ADC channel 3 |
The following code shows how to use analog inputs:
\ read the input terminal voltage
: ain ( c -- n ) ADC! ADC@ ;
: ain1 ( -- IN1 ) 4 ain ;
: ain2 ( -- IN2 ) 3 ain ;
\ measure the open IN1, and print the result
ain1 . 646 ok
The reference voltage is the 3.3V regulated power supply, and the accuracy will be in the order of "%" unless ratiometric measurement is applied: by connecting a resistive sensor (e.g. an NTC) to the board's 3.3V supply the error cancels out.
Alternatives are replacing the µC with an STM8S903F3P6, or by using one of the inputs to read an external reference source, and do some calculations.
The ADC conversion can be noisy. That's not necessarily a bad thing since if the noise is "benign" (i.e. there is no variable offset): noise can be used to trade acquisition time for resolution by using a digital low-pass filter (the W1209 sensor code is an example - it also removes ADC digit chattering).
The word OUT! puts a binary pattern to the relay outputs. Each relay has a status LED which is controlled by the same GPIO as the relay. The outputs are assigned as follows:
| OUT bit value | assigned to output |
|---|---|
| 0x01 | relay 1 |
| 0x02 | relay 2 |
| 0x04 | relay 3 |
| 0x08 | relay 4 |
| 0x10 | right LED |
Setting an output works by setting one or more bits, e.g.:
\ activate relay 1
$1 OUT!<enter> ok
\ activate relay 2 and the right LED
$10 $2 OR OUT!<enter> ok
The C0135 board doesn't have a 7S-LED display, but there is some support for character I/O nevertheless: the left key S2 can be read through BKEY and ?KEYB like on other supported boards. Character I/O can be very handy for background tasks.
The following code rotates a bit pattern through the relays and the LED while the key S2 is pressed using the key repetition feature:
VARIABLE bitval
: 5BitRol ( a -- ) \ rotate the lower 5 bits in variable "a"
DUP @ 2* DUP $20 AND IF
$1 OR
THEN
$1F AND SWAP ! ;
: task ( -- ) \ background task for key demo
?KEY IF
DROP bitval DUP 5BitRol @ OUT!
THEN ;
' task BG !
5 bitval !
5BitRol rotates the lower 5 bits of the bit pattern in the cell (variable) represented by address a. task is designed as a background task that reads the board keys and executes code if key S2 is pressed. The conditional code rotates the bit pattern in VARIABLE bitval and stores the result to the output register with OUT!. ' task BG ! activates the background task by storing the address of task to the background task variable BG. 5 bitval ! stores a pattern with 2 active bits. Press S2 to make some noise.
The example above uses just 98 bytes, which nicely demonstrates the code density of STM8 eForth code.
The following code demonstrates a simple zone control with values read from Ain4 at terminal IN1 (3.3V translates to 1023).
NVM
\ simple zone control with C0135 using IN1 and two relays
\ active LED indicates neutral zone
\ e.g. heating relay1, cooling relay2
: ain ( n -- ) \ read Ain n
ADC! ADC@ ;
: ain1 ( -- ) \ read IN1
4 ain ;
: control ( -- )
ain1 DUP 400 < IF
DROP 1 \ relay 1 e.g. "heating"
ELSE
600 < IF $10 \ LED
ELSE 2 \ relay 2 e.g. "cooling"
THEN
THEN
OUT! ;
\ start word: initialization of control background task
: start ( -- )
[ ' control ] LITERAL BG ! ;
' start 'BOOT !
RAM
The word control switches either relay1, relay2, or the LED by comparing the input value with the constants 400 and 600. The autostart behavior defined in start makes control run in the background.
The compiled code in the example requires just 103 byte out of more than 3 KiB application Flash memory. However, "embedded control best practice" requires at least basic failure handling (cable break detection), input signal scaling (e.g. using the interpolation code from the CN2596 page), and parameter handling. The complete code for such an application fits in less than 400 bytes, leaving plenty of space for features like data logging, a user interface, or more sophisticated control algorithms.
The first device came with an unprotected ROM, which is quite unusual. Using the generic CORE image, exploring the circuits connected to GPIO ports with the Forth console was easy.
The STM8S103F3 pins are connected as follows:
Pin STM Connected to
-------------------------------------
1 PD4 LED (1:on)
2 PD5 Tx on header J5.2
3 PD6 Rx on header J5.3, diode-OR with RS485
4 NRST Reset on header J13.2
5 PA1 OSCIN crystal
6 PA2 OSCOUT crystal
7 VSS GND
8 Vcap C
9 VDD +3.3V
10 PA3 Key "S2" (0:pressed)
11 PB5 RS485 driver enable (DE-/RE, R21 10k pull-up)
12 PB4 Relay1 (0:on)
13 PC3 Relay2 (0:on)
14 PC4 Relay3 (0:on)
15 PC5 Relay4 (0:on)
16 PC6 IN4 (TIM1_CH1)
17 PC7 IN3 (TIM1_CH2)
18 PD1 SWIM on header J13.3
19 PD2 IN2 (AIN3, TIM2_CH3)
20 PD3 IN1 (AIN4, TIM2_CH2)
According to the datasheet the SP3485 transceiver IC has standard SN75176B features. It's specified for 3.3V supply but it's 5V tolerant, and the "absolute maximum rating" of 6V indicates that it can be operated at 5V as well (in case someone wants to modify the C0135 board to 5V operation by simply replacing the linear regulator).
In the (not unlikely case) that you plan to use a cheap "Black-Green USB-RS485" interface on the PC side for testing there is a review on Hack-a-Day.
Doing a design review with the engineer who made this board would be fun:
- the inputs are "Arduino grade": unprotected GPIOs on screw terminals, and no 3.3V voltage output, calls for careful use:
- consider using the 3.3V supply from header J13 to feed your external circuit and keep wires short, or
- use "NPN sensors" and apply an external protection circuit (e.g. a 3.3V zener diode)
- the PCB space for opto-isolated relay drivers is "waste": a transistor alone would have been sufficient, and the board space could have been better used for basic input protection
- the purpose of the 220 µF electrolytic capacitor in the µC supply is unclear
- the RS485 driver's
/REandDEare both connected to PB5, pulled high by a R21 (10k). This means that the board will block the RS485 bus in the case of most µC failures! When writing code for RS485 take care that the first thing you do after reset is pulling PB5 low. - the diode-OR for RxD from header J5.3, and the RS485 transceiver is pointless, since when PB5 is low the RS485 driver will block the UART anyway
- the 8MHz crystal, instead of 16MHz, is a bit of a pity. Fortunately, the internal 16MHz HSI clock is sufficient for MODBUS (it stays within the tolerance of typical UARTS across the full temperature range ). The crystal can be replaced, or a pin header can be installed to expose the GPIOs PA1 and PA2.
- for typical applications of a MODBUS board unprotected GPIOs on input terminals are quite unusual - a simple header for the inputs (with 3.3V and GND) would have been a more appropriate choice. On the bright side, the inputs can be used as fast counters, as PWM outputs, or two of them (IN1 and IN2) as analog inputs.
The board is a very good target for experiments and fun to work with. It's highly recommended for learning, training, and hobby purposes but obviously not for applications where someone's health or property are at stake.