第十八章.asciidoc

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Appendix A: 以太坊标准

以太坊改进提案（EIPs）

https://eips.ethereum.org/

来自EIP-1：

EIP代表以太坊改进提案。EIP是一个设计文档，为以太坊社区提供信息，或描述以太坊或其过程或环境的新功能。EIP应提供该功能的简明技术规范和该功能的基本原理。EIP作者负责在社区内建立共识并记录不同意见。

Figure 1. Ethereum改进提案工作流程

以太坊征求意见（ERCs）

Request for Comments（RFC）是一种用于为互联网引入技术和组织指南的方法，因为它们是由https://www.ietf.org[Internet Engineering Task Force]提出的。ERCS包括为以太坊网络设置标准的类似指南。以下部分提供了由以太坊开发人员社区开发和接受的最新列表。

ERCs的增加是通过https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs[EIPs]，以太坊改进协议来完成的，这是对比特币自己的BIP的致敬。EIP由开发人员编写并提交给同行评审，评估其有用性，并且能够增加现有ERC的实用性。如果他们被接受，他们最终将成为ERC标准的一部分。

最重要的EIP和ERC表

Table 1. Important EIPs and ERCs

EIP/ERC #	Title	Author	Layer	Status	Created
EIP-1	EIP Purpose and Guidelines	Martin Becze, Hudson Jameson	Meta	Final
EIP-2	Homestead Hard-fork Changes	Vitalik Buterin	Core	Final
EIP-5	Gas Usage for RETURN and CALL	Christian Reitwiessner	Core	Draft
EIP-6	Renaming Suicide Opcode	Hudson Jameson	Interface	Final
EIP-7	DELEGATECALL	Vitalik Buterin	Core	Final
EIP-8	devp2p Forward Compatibility Requirements for Homestead	Felix Lange	Networking	Final
EIP-20	ERC-20 Token Standard. Describes standard functions a token contract may implement to allow DApps and Wallets to handle tokens across multiple interfaces/DApps. Methods include: totalSupply(), balanceOf(address), transfer, transferFrom, approve, allowance. Events include: Transfer (triggered when tokens are transferred), Approval (triggered when approve is called).	Fabian Vogelsteller, Vitalik Buterin	ERC	Final	Frontier
EIP-55	ERC-55 Mixed-case checksum address encoding	Vitalik Buterin	ERC	Final
EIP-86	Setting the stage for "abstracting out" account security, and allowing users creation of "account contracts" toward a model where in the long-term all accounts are contracts that can pay for gas, and users are free to defined their own security model (that perform any desired signature verification and nonce checks instead of using the in-protocol mechanism where ECDSA and default nonce scheme are the only "standard" way to secure an account, which is currently hard-coded into transaction processing).	Vitalik Buterin	Core	Deferred (to be replaced)	Constantinople
EIP-96	Setting the Blockhash and state root refactoring to store blockhashes in the state to reduce protocol complexity and need for client implementation complexity necessary to process the BLOCKHASH opcode. Extends range of how far back blockhash checking may go, with the side effect of creating direct links between blocks with very distant block numbers to facilitate much more efficient initial Light Client syncing.	Vitalik Buterin	Core	Deferred	Constantinople
EIP-100	Change formula that computes the difficulty of a block (difficulty adjustment algorithm) to target mean block time and take uncles into account.	Vitalik Buterin	Core	Final	Metropolis Byzantinium
EIP-101	Serenity Currency and Crypto Abstraction. Abstracting Ether up a level with the benefit of allowing Ether and sub-Tokens to be treated similarly by contracts, reducing level of indirection required for custom-policy accounts such as Multisigs, and purifying the underlying Ethereum protocol by reducing the minimal consensus implementation complexity	Vitalik Buterin	Active	Serenity feature	Serenity Casper
EIP-105	"Sharding scaffolding" EIP to allow Ethereum transactions to be parallelised using a binary tree sharding mechanism, and to set the stage for a later sharding scheme. Research in progress: https://github.com/ethereum/sharding	Vitalik Buterin	Active	Serenity feature	Serenity Casper
EIP-137	Ethereum Domain Name Service - Specification	Nick Johnson	ERC	Final
EIP-140	Add REVERT opcode instruction, which stops execution and rolls back the EVM execution state changes without consuming all provided gas (instead the contract only has to pay for memory) or losing logs, and returning to the caller a pointer to the memory location with the error code or message.	Alex Beregszaszi, Nikolai Mushegian	Core	Final	Metropolis Byzantinium
EIP-141	Designated invalid EVM instruction	Alex Beregszaszi	Core	Final
EIP-145	Bitwise shifting instructions in EVM	Alex Beregszaszi, Paweł Bylica	Core	Deferred
EIP-150	Gas cost changes for IO-heavy operations	Vitalik Buterin	Core	Final
EIP-155	Simple Replay Attack Protection. Replay Attack allows any transaction using a pre-EIP155 Ethereum Node or Client to become signed so it is valid and executed on both the Ethereum and Ethereum Classic chains.	Vitalik Buterin	Core	Final	Homestead
EIP-158	State clearing	Vitalik Buterin	Core	Superseded
EIP-160	EXP cost increase	Vitalik Buterin	Core	Final
EIP-161	State trie clearing (invariant-preserving alternative[EIP-161]	Gavin Wood	Core	Final
EIP-162	ERC-162 ENS support for reverse resolution of Ethereum addresses	Maurelian, Nick Johnson	ERC	Final
EIP-165	ERC-165 Standard Interface Detection	Christian Reitwiessner	Interface	Draft
EIP-170	Contract code size limit	Vitalik Buterin	Core	Final
EIP-181	ERC-181 ENS support for reverse resolution of Ethereum addresses	Nick Johnson	ERC	Final
EIP-190	ERC-190 Ethereum Smart Contract Packaging Standard	Merriam, Coulter, Erfurt, Catalano, Matias	ERC	Final
EIP-196	Precompiled contracts for addition and scalar multiplication operations on the elliptic curve alt_bn128, which are required in order to perform zkSNARK verification within the block gas limit	Christian Reitwiessner	Core	Final	Metropolis Byzantinium
EIP-197	Precompiled contracts for optimal Ate pairing check of a pairing function on a specific pairing-friendly elliptic curve alt_bn128 and is combined with EIP 196	Vitalik Buterin, Christian Reitwiessner	Core	Final	Metropolis Byzantinium
EIP-198	Precompile to support big integer modular exponentiation enabling RSA signature verification and other cryptographic applications	Vitalik Buterin	Core	Final	Metropolis Byzantinium
EIP-211	New opcodes: RETURNDATASIZE and RETURNDATACOPY. Support for returning variable-length values inside the EVM with simple gas charging and minimal change to calling opcodes using new opcodes RETURNDATASIZE and RETURNDATACOPY. Handles similar to existing calldata, whereby after a call, return data is kept inside a virtual buffer from which the caller can copy it (or parts thereof) into memory, and upon the next call, the buffer is overwritten.	Christian Reitwiessner	Core	Final	Metropolis Byzantinium
EIP-214	New opcode: STATICCALL. Permits non-state-changing calls to itself or other contracts whilst disallowing any modifications to state during the call (and its sub-calls, if present) to increase smart contract security and assure developers that re-entrancy bugs cannot arise from the call. Calls the child with STATIC flag set true for execution of child, causing exception to be thrown upon any attempts to make state-changing operations inside an execution instance where STATIC is set true, and resets flag once call returns.	Vitalik Buterin, Christian Reitwiessner	Core	Final	Metropolis Byzantinium
EIP-225	Rinkeby Testnet using Proof-of-Authority where blocks only mined by trusted signers				Homestead
EIP-234	Add blockHash to JSON-RPC filter options	Micah Zoltu	Interface	Draft
EIP-615	Subroutines and Static Jumps for the EVM	Greg Colvin	Core	Draft
EIP-616	SIMD Operations for the EVM	Greg Colvin	Core	Draft
EIP-681	ERC-681 URL Format for Transaction Requests	Daniel A. Nagy	Interface	Draft
EIP-649	Metropolis Difficulty Bomb Delay and Block Reward Reduction - Delay of the Ice Age (aka the Difficulty Bomb by 1 year), and reduction of the block reward from 5 to 3 ether.	Afri Schoedon, Vitalik Buterin	Core	Final	Metropolis Byzantinium
EIP-658	Embedding transaction status code in receipts. Fetch and embed status field indicative of success or failure state to transaction receipts for callers, as was no longer able to assume the transaction failed if and only if (iff) it consumed all gas after the introduction of the REVERT opcode in EIP-140.	Nick Johnson	Core	Final	Metropolis Byzantinium
EIP-706	DEVp2p snappy compression	Péter Szilágyi	Networking	Final
EIP-721	ERC-721 Non-Fungible Token (NFT) Standard. It is a standard API that would allow smart contracts to operate as unique tradable non-fungible tokens (NFT) that may be tracked in standardised wallets and traded on exchanges as assets of value, similar to ERC-20. CryptoKitties was the first popularly-adopted implementation of a digital NFT in the Ethereum ecosystem.	William Entriken, Dieter Shirley, Jacob Evans, Nastassia Sachs	Standard	Draft
EIP-758	Subscriptions and filters for transaction return data	Jack Peterson	Interface	Draft
EIP-801	ERC-801 Canary Standard	ligi	Interface	Draft
EIP-827	ERC-827 A extension of the standard interface ERC20 for tokens with methods that allows the execution of calls inside transfer and approvals. This standard provides basic functionality to transfer tokens, as well as allow tokens to be approved so they can be spent by another on-chain third party. Also it allows to execute calls on transfers and approvals.	Augusto Lemble	ERC	Draft
EIP-930	ERC-930 The ES (Eternal Storage) contract is owned by an address that have write permissions. The storage is public, which means everyone has read permissions. It store the data on mappings, using one mapping per type of variable. The use of this contract allows the developer to migrate the storage easily to another contract if needed.	Augusto Lemble	ERC	Draft

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