From e2310d148becdee67eaaacdae5fb7982db19b67b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Raagaception <72780589+Raagaception@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 19 May 2021 21:53:48 +0530
Subject: [PATCH] Add files via upload
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+# CHEM Ch-12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic acids
+
+tags: #anki
+- [ ] #todo Preliminary reactions
+- [ ] #todo Merge all various methods of preparation
+- [ ] #todo Do and add PYQs
+
+TARGET DECK
+Raagaception's 12STD CBSE Deck::Chemistry
+FILE TAGS
+Raagaception_12STD::CHEM::Ch-12_aldehydes-ketones-carboxylic
+
+---
+
+# aldehydes and ketones
+
+The general of structure of Aldehydes is
*(where $R$ = $\ce{H}$, alkyl or aryl)*
+
+The general of structure of Ketones is
 *(where $R$ = alkyl or aryl)*
+
+The $\ce{C}$-atom of carbonyl group is ==$s p^{2}$== hybridised..
+
+
+
+The $\ce{C}$-atom of carbonyl group forms ==three== $\sigma$ -bonds and ==one== $\pi$ -bond with $O$ atom.
+
+
+
+Carbonyl carbon with three atoms attached to it lie in a same plane with bond angle ==$120^{\circ}$ (trigonal coplanar structure)== and $\pi$ -electron cloud lies above and below of this plane.
+
+
+
+## preparation
+
+---
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+---
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+---
+
+====  ==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+====  ====
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+---
+
+###### Give the reaction for Rosenmund reduction.
+  
+
+
+
+###### Name the reaction.
  
+Rosenmund reduction.
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+---
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+###### Give the reaction for Stephen reduction.
+  
+
+
+
+###### Name the reaction.
  
+Stephen reduction.
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+---
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+---
+
+
+###### Give the reaction for Gatterman-Koch reaction.
+  
+
+
+
+###### Name the reaction.
  
+Gatterman-Koch reaction.
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+---
+
+###### Give the reaction for Friedel-Crafts acylation.
+ 
+
+
+
+###### Name the reaction.
 
+Friedel-Crafts acylation.
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+---
+
+====  
+
+
+
+====  
+
+
+
+====  
+
+
+
+====  
+
+
+
+  ====
+
+
+
+  ====
+
+
+
+ ==== 
+
+
+
+ ==== 
+
+
+
+---
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+---
+
+###### Give the reaction for Etard reaction.
+  
+
+
+
+###### Name the reaction.
  
+Etard reaction.
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+---
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+---
+
+## physical properties
+
+==Lower== *(higher/lower?)* members of aldehydes and ketones (up to $C _{10}$ ) are colourless, volatile liquids with the exception of ==formaldehyde *(which is gas at ordinary temperature)==*.
+
+
+
+==Higher== *(higher/lower?)* members of aldehydes and ketones are solids with fruity odour.
+
+
+
+==Lower== *(higher/lower?)* aldehydes have ==unpleasant== odour.
+
+
+
+Ketones have ==pleasant== odour.
+
+
+
+###### Explain why : "The boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are higher than hydrocarbons and ethers of comparable molecular masses"
+The boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are higher than hydrocarbons and ethers of comparable molecular masses due to **weak dipole-dipole interactions**.
+
+
+
+The boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are ==higher== than hydrocarbons and ethers of comparable molecular masses. *(higher/lower?)*
+
+
+
+The boiling points of hydrocarbons and ethers are ==lower== than aldehydes and ketones of comparable molecular masses. *(higher/lower?)*
+
+
+
+###### Explain why : "The boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are lower than alcohols of similar molecular masses"
+Their boiling points are lower than those of alcohols of similar molecular masses, due to **absence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding**.
+
+
+
+The boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are ==lower== than alcohols of similar molecular masses. *(higher/lower?)*
+
+
+
+The boiling points of alcohols are ==higher== than aldehydes and ketones of similar molecular masses. *(higher/lower?)*
+
+
+
+###### Explain why : "Among isomeric aldehydes and ketones, ketones have slightly higher boiling points"
+Among isomeric aldehydes and ketones, ketones have slightly higher boiling points due to the **presence of two electron releasing alkyl groups**, which make carbonyl group more polar.
+
+
+
+The boiling points of isomeric ketones are ==slightly higher== than isomeric aldehydes. *(higher/lower?)*
+
+
+
+The boiling points of isomeric aldehydes are ==slightly lower== than isomeric ketones. *(higher/lower?)*
+
+
+
+---
+
+###### Explain why : "Lower members of aldehydes and ketones (up to $C _{4}$ ) are soluble in water"
+Lower members of aldehydes and ketones (up to $C _{4}$ ) are soluble in water due to **H-bonding between polar carbonyl group and water**.
+
+
+
+==Lower== members of aldehydes and ketones are soluble in water. *(higher/lower?)*
+
+
+
+The solubility of aldehydes and ketones ==decreases== with ==increase== in molecular weight.
+
+
+
+The solubility of aldehydes and ketones ==increases== with ==decrease== in molecular weight.
+
+
+
+###### Explain why : "Aromatic aldehydes and ketones are much less soluble than corresponding aliphatic aldehydes and ketones"
+Aromatic aldehydes and ketones are much less soluble than corresponding aliphatic aldehydes and ketones due to **larger benzene ring**.
+
+
+
+The solubility of aromatic aldehydes and ketones are ==much lower== than corresponding aliphatic aldehydes and ketones. *(higher/lower?)*
+
+
+
+The solubility of aliphatic aldehydes and ketones are ==much higher== than corresponding aromatic aldehydes and ketones. *(higher/lower?)*
+
+
+
+All carbonyl compounds are ==fairly soluble== in organic solvents. *(soluble/insoluble?)*
+
+
+
+---
+
+## chemical properties
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+---
+
+==== ==== ==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+---
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+---
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+---
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+###### Give the reaction for Silver mirror test.
+  
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+###### Give the reaction for Fehling's solution test.
+  
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+###### Give the reaction for Benedict's solution test.
+  
+
+
+
+ ==== 
+
+
+
+====  ====
+
+
+
+====  ====
+
+
+
+---
+
+ ==== 
+
+
+
+====  ====
+
+
+
+====  ====
+
+
+
+====  ====
+
+
+
+====  ====
+
+
+
+====  ====
+
+
+
+---
+
+###### Give the reaction for Clemmensen reduction.
+  
+
+
+
+###### Name the reaction.
  
+Clemmensen reduction.
+
+
+
+###### Give the reaction for Wolff–Kishner reduction.
+  
+
+
+
+###### Name the reaction.
  
+Wolff–Kishner reduction.
+
+
+
+ ==== 
+
+
+
+==== ====
+
+
+
+====  ====
+
+
+
+====  ====
+
+
+
+---
+
+====
+
+
+
+  ====
+
+
+
+---
+
+==== ==== ==== ==== ====
*(Aldol Condensation reaction)*
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+---
+
+###### What is intramolecular aldol condensation?
+Intramolecular aldol condensation takes place in diketones and gives rise to cyclic products.
+
+
+
+###### What is crossed aldol condensation?
+Crossed aldol condensation is carried out between two different aldehydes and/or ketones, and if both of them contain $\alpha$ -hydrogen atoms, it gives a mixture of four products.
+
+
+
+---
+
+###### Give the reaction for Cannizzaro reaction.
+  
+*(shown by aldehydes which do not have an $\alpha$ -hydrogen atom)*
+
+
+
+###### Name the reaction.
  
+Cannizzaro reaction.
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+---
+
+###### Give the reaction for Crossed Cannizzaro reaction.
+  
+
+
+
+###### Name the reaction.
  
+Crossed Cannizzaro reaction.
+
+
+
+==== ==== ====
+
+
+
+###### What is Intramolecular Cannizzaro reaction?
+Intramolecular Cannizzaro reaction is given by dialdehydes having no $\alpha$ -hydrogen atoms.
+
+
+
+---
+
+Aromatic aldehydes and ketones undergo ==electrophilic== substitution at the ring in which the ==carbonyl== group acts as a ==deactivating and meta directing== group.
+
+
+
+###### What happens when Schiff's reagent is added to aldehydes?
+Appearance of pink colour.
+
+
+
+###### What happens when Schiff's reagent is added to ketones?
+No colour.
+
+
+
+###### What happens when Fehling's solution is added to aldehydes?
+Appearance of red precipitate.
+
+
+
+###### What happens when Fehling's solution is added to ketones?
+No precipitate.
+
+
+
+###### What happens when Tollen's reagent is added to aldehydes?
+Appearance of Silver mirror.
+
+
+
+###### What happens when Tollen's reagent is added to ketones?
+No Silver mirror.
+
+
+
+###### What happens when $2,4-$Dinitrophenylhydrazine is added to aldehydes?
+Evolution of orange-yellow or red well defined crystals, with melting points characteristic of individual aldehydes.
+
+
+
+###### What happens when $2,4-$Dinitrophenylhydrazine is added to ketones?
+Evolution of orange-yellow or red well defined crystals, with melting points characteristic of individual ketones.
+
+
+
+---
+
+# carboxylic acids
+
+In carboxylic acids, the bonds to the carboxyl carbon lie in one plane and are separated by about ==$120^{\circ}$==.
+
+
+
+###### Explain why : "Carboxylic carbon is less electrophilic than carbonyl carbon "
+The carboxylic carbon is less electrophilic than carbonyl carbon because of the possible** resonance structure**.
+
+
+
+The carboxylic carbon is ==less== electrophilic than carbonyl carbon. *(more/less)*
+
+
+
+The carbonyl carbon is ==more== electrophilic than carboxylic carbon. *(more/less)*
+
+
+