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drought_maps.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Drought Maps | Visualising Water Data</title>
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<a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Visualisations <b class="caret"></b></a>
<ul class="dropdown-menu">
<li><a href="drought_maps.html">Drought Maps</a></li>
<li><a href="ground_water.html">Ground Water Charts</a></li>
<li><a href="kausani_rainfall.html">Kausani Rainfall Charts</a></li>
<li><a href="rainfall_ground_water_motion_charts.html">Rainfall and Ground Water Motion Charts</a></li>
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<h3>Drought Maps</h3>
<p>Maps showing incidence of drought across districts of India, from 1905 to 1997. A district has been considered as experiencing drought if the annual rainfall for the district for the year is found to be less than 75% of the ten year moving average annual rainfall for the district for the year. The rainfall data is sourced from <a href="http://www.imd.gov.in/" target="_blank">India Meteorological Department</a> (IMD), the Indian district boundaries are sourced from the <a href="http://gadm.org/" target="_blank">GADM database</a>, and the national boundary of India is extracted from the <a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/administrative_maps/INDIA2011.pdf" target="_blank">administrative divisions map of Census of India 2011</a>.</p>
<br />
<h4>Maps:</h4>
<p><strong>How to use:</strong> Click on thumbnails to see full-size maps. Hit *Escape* to exit the lightbox.</p>
<p><strong>Legends:</strong> These are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choropleth" target="_blank">choropleth maps</a>. A district is shaded in *red* if it is suffering from drought, and shaded in *light gray* otherwise.</p>
<p><strong>Note on rainfall data:</strong> The rainfall data available from IMD does not provide measurements for several districts, such as Ashoknagar, Annupur and Burhanpur in Madhya Pradesh, and Bongaigaon and Marigaon in Assam. In the maps, these districts can be found as areas within the national boundary shaded in *white* (indicating absent data). Details of the districts with absent data can be found in the file containing the <a href="https://github.com/ajantriks/iwp/blob/master/R_code/drought_maps.R">R code for generating these maps</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Note on administrative boundaries data:</strong> Please note that district and national boundary data available from <a href="http://gadm.org/" target="_blank">GADM</a> and extracted from <a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/administrative_maps/INDIA2011.pdf" target="_blank">administrative divisions map of Census of India 2011</a> may not accurately represent the official national boundary of the country, and may neither include the most recent list of districts.</p>
<br />
<ul class="thumbnails">
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1905_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1905"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1905_web_small.png">
<h8>1905</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1906_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1906"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1906_web_small.png">
<h8>1906</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1907_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1907"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1907_web_small.png">
<h8>1907</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1908_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1908"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1908_web_small.png">
<h8>1908</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1909_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1909"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1909_web_small.png">
<h8>1909</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="thumbnails">
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1910_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1910"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1910_web_small.png">
<h8>1910</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1911_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1911"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1911_web_small.png">
<h8>1911</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1912_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1912"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1912_web_small.png">
<h8>1912</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1913_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1913"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1913_web_small.png">
<h8>1913</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1914_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1914"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1914_web_small.png">
<h8>1914</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="thumbnails">
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1915_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1915"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1915_web_small.png">
<h8>1915</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1916_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1916"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1916_web_small.png">
<h8>1916</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1917_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1917"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1917_web_small.png">
<h8>1917</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1918_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1918"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1918_web_small.png">
<h8>1918</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1919_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1919"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1919_web_small.png">
<h8>1919</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="thumbnails">
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1920_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1920"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1920_web_small.png">
<h8>1920</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1921_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1921"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1921_web_small.png">
<h8>1921</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1922_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1922"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1922_web_small.png">
<h8>1922</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1923_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1923"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1923_web_small.png">
<h8>1923</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1924_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1924"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1924_web_small.png">
<h8>1924</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="thumbnails">
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1925_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1925"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1925_web_small.png">
<h8>1925</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1926_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1926"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1926_web_small.png">
<h8>1926</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1927_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1927"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1927_web_small.png">
<h8>1927</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1928_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1928"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1928_web_small.png">
<h8>1928</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1929_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1929"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1929_web_small.png">
<h8>1929</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="thumbnails">
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1930_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1930"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1930_web_small.png">
<h8>1930</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1931_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1931"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1931_web_small.png">
<h8>1931</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1932_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1932"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1932_web_small.png">
<h8>1932</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1933_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1933"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1933_web_small.png">
<h8>1933</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1934_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1934"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1934_web_small.png">
<h8>1934</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="thumbnails">
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1935_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1935"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1935_web_small.png">
<h8>1935</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1936_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1936"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1936_web_small.png">
<h8>1936</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1937_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1937"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1937_web_small.png">
<h8>1937</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1938_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1938"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1938_web_small.png">
<h8>1938</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1939_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1939"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1939_web_small.png">
<h8>1939</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="thumbnails">
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1940_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1940"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1940_web_small.png">
<h8>1940</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1941_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1941"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1941_web_small.png">
<h8>1941</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1942_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1942"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1942_web_small.png">
<h8>1942</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1943_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1943"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1943_web_small.png">
<h8>1943</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1944_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1944"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1944_web_small.png">
<h8>1944</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="thumbnails">
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1945_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1945"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1945_web_small.png">
<h8>1945</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1946_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1946"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1946_web_small.png">
<h8>1946</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1947_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1947"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1947_web_small.png">
<h8>1947</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1948_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1948"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1948_web_small.png">
<h8>1948</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1949_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1949"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1949_web_small.png">
<h8>1949</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="thumbnails">
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1950_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1950"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1950_web_small.png">
<h8>1950</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1951_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1951"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1951_web_small.png">
<h8>1951</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1952_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1952"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1952_web_small.png">
<h8>1952</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1953_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1953"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1953_web_small.png">
<h8>1953</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1954_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1954"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1954_web_small.png">
<h8>1954</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="thumbnails">
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1955_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1955"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1955_web_small.png">
<h8>1955</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1956_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1956"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1956_web_small.png">
<h8>1956</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1957_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1957"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1957_web_small.png">
<h8>1957</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1958_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1958"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1958_web_small.png">
<h8>1958</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1959_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1959"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1959_web_small.png">
<h8>1959</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="thumbnails">
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1960_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1960"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1960_web_small.png">
<h8>1960</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1961_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1961"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1961_web_small.png">
<h8>1961</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1962_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1962"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1962_web_small.png">
<h8>1962</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1963_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1963"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1963_web_small.png">
<h8>1963</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1964_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1964"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1964_web_small.png">
<h8>1964</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="thumbnails">
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1965_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1965"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1965_web_small.png">
<h8>1965</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1966_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1966"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1966_web_small.png">
<h8>1966</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1967_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1967"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1967_web_small.png">
<h8>1967</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1968_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1968"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1968_web_small.png">
<h8>1968</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1969_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1969"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1969_web_small.png">
<h8>1969</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="thumbnails">
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1970_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1970"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1970_web_small.png">
<h8>1970</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1971_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1971"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1971_web.png">
<h8>1971</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1972_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1972"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1972_web_small.png">
<h8>1972</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1973_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1973"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1973_web_small.png">
<h8>1973</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1974_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1974"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1974_web_small.png">
<h8>1974</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="thumbnails">
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1975_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1975"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1975_web_small.png">
<h8>1975</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1976_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1976"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1976_web_small.png">
<h8>1976</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1977_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1977"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1977_web_small.png">
<h8>1977</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1978_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1978"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1978_web_small.png">
<h8>1978</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1979_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1979"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1979_web_small.png">
<h8>1979</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="thumbnails">
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1980_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1980"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1980_web_small.png">
<h8>1980</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1981_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1981"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1981_web_small.png">
<h8>1981</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1982_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1982"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1982_web_small.png">
<h8>1982</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1983_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1983"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1983_web_small.png">
<h8>1983</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1984_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1984"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1984_web_small.png">
<h8>1984</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="thumbnails">
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1985_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1985"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1985_web_small.png">
<h8>1985</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1986_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1986"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1986_web_small.png">
<h8>1986</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1987_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1987"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1987_web_small.png">
<h8>1987</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1988_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1988"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1988_web_small.png">
<h8>1988</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1989_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1989"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1989_web_small.png">
<h8>1989</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="thumbnails">
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1990_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1990"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1990_web_small.png">
<h8>1990</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1991_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1991"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1991_web_small.png">
<h8>1991</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1992_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1992"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1992_web_small.png">
<h8>1992</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1993_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1993"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1993_web_small.png">
<h8>1993</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1994_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1994"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1994_web_small.png">
<h8>1994</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="thumbnails">
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1995_web.png" rel="lightbox[gw]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1995"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1995_web_small.png">
<h8>1995</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
<li class="span2">
<div class="thumbnail">
<a href="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1996_web.png" rel="lightbox[rm]" title="Incidents of Drought across Districts, India, 1996"><img src="images/drought_maps/imd_drought_1996_web_small.png">
<h8>1996</h8>
</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h4>Documentation:</h4>
<br />
<p>The original IMD rainfall data for 1901-2002 comes in three MS Excel spreadsheets, and each of them contains data for a set of states (for the entire period). The data is organised as follows (with the state and district codes given in a separate sheet of the spreadsheet file):</p>
<pre><code>State ID,District ID,Year,January,February,March,April,May,June,July,August,September,October,November,December
1,1,1901,398.24,331.86,563.32,757.26,944.61,802.88,1020.44,432.67,717.18,223.14,44.45,101.16
1,1,1902,255.22,331.97,746.78,962.14,954.47,1116.03,910.09,688.77,542.22,434.55,523.79,159.64
1,1,1903,607.9,589.12,692.71,594.51,830.91,817.7,1094.51,983.38,732.75,165.03,146.73,210.24</pre></code>
<p>To use this data along with the Indian district boundaries datset from <a href="http://gadm.org/" target="_blank">GADM</a>, it needs to be re-organised in the following format, where each row gives the annual (aggregate) rainfall (for the year concerned) for a specific district for a specific year:</p>
<pre><code>"State.ID","District.ID","Year","Annual.Rainfall"
"Jammu and Kashmir","Kupwara (Muzaffarabad)",1901,6337.21
"Jammu and Kashmir","Kupwara (Muzaffarabad)",1902,7625.67
"Jammu and Kashmir","Kupwara (Muzaffarabad)",1903,7465.49</pre></code>
<p>This format is useful because it allows the *District.ID* value of a row to be used to link up the count of annual (aggregate) rainfall for a district (and for a year) to its corresponding district boundary shape (available from the Indian district boundaries data file). To enable this, the name of the districts must match between the rainfall data file and the district boundaries shapefile.</p>
<p>To do this, first IMD rainfall data files are converted from MS Excel spreadsheet format to .csv (Comma Separated Value) format, and read into R using the <code>read.csv</code> command. Then they are combined into a single file ("imd_states_name_1-35.csv") using the <code>rbind</code> command.</p>
<pre><code>d1 <- read.csv("imd_states_1-10.csv")
d2 <- read.csv("imd_states_11-25.csv")
d3 <- read.csv("imd_states_26-35.csv")
data <- rbind(d1,d2,d3)
View(data)
write.csv(data, file="imd_states_name_1-35.csv")</pre></code>
<p>Then the state and district codes from the IMD rainfall data file are converted to their respective names, by following the spellings of those state and district names as given in the GADM district boundaries shapefile. The second line below replace the values of *State.ID* by "Jammu and Kashmir" (spelt as in GADM district boundaries shapefile) if the present value is "1". The third line below replace the values of *District.ID* by "Kupwara (Muzaffarabad)" (spelt as in GADM district boundaries shapefile) if the present value is "1" and the corresponding *District.ID* value is "Jammu and Kashmir".</p>
<pre><code>d <- read.csv ("imd_states_name_1-35.csv")
d$State.ID [d$State.ID == "1"] <- "Jammu and Kashmir"
d$District.ID [d$State.ID == "Jammu and Kashmir" & d$District.ID == "1"] <- "Kupwara (Muzaffarabad)"</code></pre>
<p>Once such replacing of the state and district codes by their corresponding names (spelt as in GADM district boundaries shapefile) is done, the data takes the following form:</p>
<pre><code>"State.ID","District.ID","Year","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"
"Jammu and Kashmir","Kupwara (Muzaffarabad)",1901,398.24,331.86,563.32,757.26,944.61,802.88,1020.44,432.67,717.18,223.14,44.45,101.16
"Jammu and Kashmir","Kupwara (Muzaffarabad)",1902,255.22,331.97,746.78,962.14,954.47,1116.03,910.09,688.77,542.22,434.55,523.79,159.64
"Jammu and Kashmir","Kupwara (Muzaffarabad)",1903,607.9,589.12,692.71,594.51,830.91,817.7,1094.51,983.38,732.75,165.03,146.73,210.24</pre></code>
<p>Now the present structure of the table, where each row shows monthly rainfall counts for all months for a single year, needs to be changed to a structure where each rows gives the annual (aggregate) rainfall in a district for an unique combination of year and month. This is done using the <code>melt</code> command from the <a href="http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/reshape2/" target="_blank">Reshape2 package of R</a>, by converting the month columns ("January" to "December") into a single column that takes the months as its values.</p>
<p>Please note that if the data table you are working with has a first column titled 'X', then please delete the column before running the <code>melt</code> command by using this command: <code>d$X <- NULL</code>.
<pre><code>library(reshape2)
dm <- melt(d, id = c('State.ID', 'District.ID', 'Year'))</code></pre>
<p>This converts the data to the following format:</p>
<pre><code>"State.ID","District.ID","Year","variable","value"
"Jammu and Kashmir","Kupwara (Muzaffarabad)",1901,"January",398.24
"Jammu and Kashmir","Kupwara (Muzaffarabad)",1902,"January",255.22
"Jammu and Kashmir","Kupwara (Muzaffarabad)",1903,"January",607.9</pre></code>
<p>But this gives the volume of rainfall for each district for each month (for each year), and not the annual (aggregate) rainfall for each district (for each year) that we need to generate the maps concerned.</p>
<p>The following commands generate this annual (aggregate) rainfall for each district (for each year), by taking the average of *value* for all rows with unique combinations of *State.ID*, *District.ID* and *Year*, and multiplying it by "12".</p>
<pre><code>dm$Avg.Monthly.Rainfall <- with(dm, ave(value, State.ID, District.ID, Year))
dm$Annual.Rainfall <- with(dm, Avg.Monthly.Rainfall * 12)</pre></code>
<p>This converts the data to the following format:</p>
<pre><code>"State.ID","District.ID","Year","variable","value","Avg.Monthly.Rainfall","Annual.Rainfall"
"Jammu and Kashmir","Kupwara (Muzaffarabad)",1901,"January",398.24,528.100833333333,6337.21
"Jammu and Kashmir","Kupwara (Muzaffarabad)",1902,"January",255.22,635.4725,7625.67
"Jammu and Kashmir","Kupwara (Muzaffarabad)",1903,"January",607.9,622.124166666667,7465.49</code></pre>
<p>The reformatted data table is saved.</p>
<pre><code>write.csv(dm, file = "imd_states_name_1-35_annual-rainfall.csv")</code></pre>
<p>The resultant data file still has separate rows for all the months of each year. Since, the annual (aggregate) rainfall for each year have already been generated, there is no need for these rows for separate months. The first line below takes a subset of the data with only rows for the month of "January" (for all years); and the next lines remove the variables that are not needed anymore and save the data table again.</p>
<pre><code>d2 <- subset(dm, dm$variable == "January")
d2$variable <- NULL
d2$value <- NULL
d2$Avg.Monthly.Rainfall <- NULL
write.csv(d2, file = "imd_states_name_1-35_annual-rainfall-edited.csv")</code></pre>
<p><strong>Important:</strong> Before proceeding, we need to ensure that all districts in India has a unique name so that the *District.ID* variable can be used to link rainfall counts of individual districts to their shapes contained in the GADM shapefile (map of districts of India). A look at the reformatted IMD rainfall data file ("imd_states_name_1-35_annual-rainfall-edited.csv") reveals that four sets of district names -- Aurangabad (Bihar and Maharashtra), Hamirpur (Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh), Junagadh (Daman & Diu and Gujarat), and Raigarh (Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra) -- are repeated in two states each. All these districts are manually renamed in the format of "District Name (State Name)" (such as, "Aurangabad (Bihar)" and "Aurangabad (Maharashtra)"). The same changes of district naming of polygons are done to the GADM shapefile *IND_adm2.shp* and the new shapefile is named *IND_adm2_edited.shp*.</p>
<p>The formula we are using for reocognising a drought year for a district is as follows -- <em>the annual (aggregate) rainfall for that year must be less than 75% of the ten year moving average of annual (aggregate) rainfall for that year for that district.</em></p>
<p>To calculate incidents of drought, a new data table (called a "dataframe" in R) containing the name of all districts and their corresponding ten year moving average annual (aggregate) rainfall for the year 1905, is created using the <a href="http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/plyr/index.html" target="_blank">plyr library of R</a>.</p>
<pre><code>library(plyr)
r1 <- ddply(d, .(District.ID), summarise, Ten.Year.MA.AR = mean(Annual.Rainfall[Year > 1900 & Year < 1911]))
r1$Year <- 1905
View(r1)</pre></code>
<p>The concept of "ten year moving average annual (aggregate) rainfall for the year 1905" needs to be demystified. It has two parts -- (1) annual (aggregate) rainfall, which is the aggregate rainfall in a district for all the months of 1905, and (2) ten year moving average for the year 1905, which is the average of ten years of rainfall around the year 1905 (calculated by dividing the aggregate rainfall for the period 1901 to 1910 by 10).</p>
<p>To compare the annual (aggregate) rainfall (the variable *Annual.Rainfall*) with the ten year moving average annual (aggregate) rainfall (the variable *Ten.Year.MA.AR*) of the same district for the same year, a subset for 1905 is first taken from the reorganised IMD rainfall data file, which is then merged with the newly created data table that contains the *Ten.Year.MA.AR* variable.</p>
<pre><code>r2 <- subset(d, d$Year == 1905)
m1 <- merge(r2, r1, by.x = "District.ID", all.x = "TRUE", by.y = "District.ID")
View(m1)</pre></code>
<p>A drought year can be identified if the value of *Annual.Rainfall* is less than 75% of the corresponding value of *Ten.Year.MA.AR*. Hence, a new column (*Ten.Year.MA.AR.75*) is generated with values equal to 75% of the ten year moving average for the district concerned. Then, another variable *Drought* is generated that takes the value 1 if *Annual.Rainfall* is lesser than *Ten.Year.MA.AR.75* for the district concerned, and takes the value "0" otherwise.</p>
<pre><code>m1$Ten.Year.MA.AR.75 <- with(m1, Ten.Year.MA.AR * 0.75)
m1$Drought <- 0
m1$Drought [m1$Annual.Rainfall < m1$Ten.Year.MA.AR.75] <- 1
View(m1)</pre></code>
<p>We will use the values taken by the variable *Drought* to decide how the corresponding district is coloured. For that we do an initial checking to see whether there are any districts that were affected by drought in the year concerned.</p>
<pre><code>md <- subset(m1, m1$Drought == "1")
View(md)</pre></code>
<p>Some years may not have any district affected by drought. If all the districts take the value "0" for the variable *Drought*, then we cannot use that variable to colour the districts using the following code. Hence, we add a row (contained in the file named *imd_rainfall_control_01.csv*) that takes the value "1" for the variable *Drought*. This row does not refer to any district, so it will not be rendered in the map that will be generated. This row is added to our table as a control row.</p>
<pre><code>c <- read.csv("imd_rainfall_control_01.csv")
m3 <- rbind(m1,c)</pre></code>
<p>Now the rainfall data has been suitably reorganised to begin the mapping part of the process. It is saved before proceeding to generate the maps.</p>
<pre><code>write.csv(m3, file = "imd_rainfall_ten_year_MA_AR_1905.csv")</pre></code>
<p>The Indian administrative boundaries (shapefile) data file is downloaded from the <a href="http://gadm.org/country" target="_blank">GADM website</a>, and opened using the <code>readOGR</code> command of the <a href="http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rgdal/index.html" target="_blank">rgdal library of R</a>. Further, the shapefile data is converted to a R data frame, which can be used by the <a href="http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ggplot2/index.html" target="_blank">ggplot2 library</a> for mapping, by using the <code>fortify</code> command.</p>
<pre><code>library(sp)
library(rgdal)
i <- readOGR (dsn = "IND_adm/", layer = "IND_adm2_edited")
library(maptools)
gpclibPermit()
library(ggplot2)
library(scales)
m2 <- fortify(i, region = "NAME_2")</pre></code>
<p>Please note that the Indian administrative boundaries data file from GADM contains state, district and sub-district boundaries. For the purpose of these maps, the district level boundaries are used, by choosing the "IND_adm2_edited" layer, and by fortifying the map data with the "NAME_2" variable that contains the district names. The "IND_adm2_edited" layer has been created by manually editing the "IND_adm2" layer to ensure that all the districts have an unique name (as mentioned above).</p>
<p>The <a href="http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ggplot2/index.html" target="_blank">ggplot2 library of R</a> is used to draw the maps. The <code>geom_map</code> function allows easy creation of choropleth maps by combining a data file (stored as *m3* here) and a map file (stored as *m2* here).</p>
<pre><code>ggplot(m3, aes(map_id = District.ID)) + geom_map(aes(fill = Drought), map = m2) + expand_limits(x = m2$long, y = m2$lat) + scale_fill_gradient(low = "#dedede", high = "red", guide = FALSE) + theme(panel.background = element_rect(fill = "white"), axis.line = element_line(color = "white"), axis.ticks = element_line(color = "white"), axis.text = element_text(color = "white"), panel.grid.major = element_line(color = "white"), panel.grid.minor = element_line(color = "white")) + xlab("") + ylab("")</code></pre>
<br />
<h4>Code and Data:</h4>
<br />
<p>The entire R code (as given in the documentation) for this visualisation can be downloaded <a href="https://github.com/ajantriks/iwp/blob/master/R_code/drought_maps.R" target="_blank">from here</a>.</p>
<p>Data (reorganised from the original data shared by IMD) used to create the above charts can also be downloaded <a href="https://github.com/ajantriks/iwp/tree/master/data/drought_maps/" target="_blank">from here</a>.</p>
<br />
<h4>Credits and License:</h4>
<br />
<p>Created by <a href="http://www.ajantriks.net/" target="_blank">ajantriks</a> for <a href="http://indiawaterportal.org/" target="_blank">India Water Portal</a>.</p>
<p>All visualisations are developed using <a href="http://cran.r-project.org/" target="_blank">R</a>.</p>
<p>Pages written using <a href="http://twitter.github.com/bootstrap/" target="_blank">Bootstrap</a>, <a href="http://www.google.com/webfonts/" target="_blank">Google Web Fonts</a>, <a href="http://softwaremaniacs.org/soft/highlight/en/" target="_blank">Highlight.js</a> and <a href="http://lokeshdhakar.com/projects/lightbox2/" target="_blank">Lightbox</a>.</p>
<p>Code for all the visualisations is available on <a href="https://github.com/ajantriks/iwp" target="_blank">GitHub</a>.</p>
<p>Code (but not data) is shared under Creative Commons <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" target="_blank">Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported</a> license.</p>
<p>Reorganised <a href="https://github.com/ajantriks/iwp/tree/master/data" target="_blank">data</a> has been shared only for the purpose of checking and validating the charts and maps.</p>
<p>It is necessary to take required permission from the original creator of data before re-using it.</p>
<p><strong>Note: Please link back to this page while sharing or re-using this work.</strong></p>
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