diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index efe9e34..4f0456e 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -8,4 +8,5 @@ changing_personal_pronoun.py
 data_new.txt
 data_prompt.csv
 prompt.py
-data_prompt3.txt
\ No newline at end of file
+data_prompt3.txt
+data_prompt2.txt
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data.txt b/data.txt
index e763ff5..d02b912 100644
--- a/data.txt
+++ b/data.txt
@@ -1,3 +1,56 @@
+napoleon was born in ajaccio, corsica, on 15 august 1769, the second of carlo and letizia bonaparte's eight children.
+in 1778, napoleon began his education at autun and later attended school in brienne, excelling in mathematics and science.
+following a year's study at the ecole militaire in paris, he was commissioned in the artillery in 1785.
+the year 1789 saw the outbreak of the french revolution, which created an atmosphere of opportunity that would not have existed under the bourbons, and napoleon was to make the most of it.
+the first opportunity came in 1793, when bonaparte was promoted to brigadier general for the decisive part he played in the siege of toulon, which ousted the british from mainland france.
+after the coup de thermidor in 1794, napoleon fell out of favor and was imprisoned.
+after his release he ended up preserving the new government from the parisian mob with artillery fire, an event that has become known as the 'whiff of grapeshot'.
+a grateful government later appointed napoleon to command of the army of italy.
+before his departure, napoleon married josephine de beauharnais on 9 march 1796.
+campaigning in italy in 1796 and 1797, he inspired the impoverished army with the promise of 'honor, glory, and riches', and enjoyed a succession of victories, which resulted in austria signing the peace of campo formio.
+his display of bravery, intelligence, and leadership proved an inspiration to the common soldier and formed an enduring bond.
+returning to france, he was given charge of an expedition to egypt, control of which would threaten english possessions in india.
+the victory at the battle of the pyramids gave french control of cairo, but the naval defeat at aboukir bay isolated the expedition from france.
+after some unsuccessful campaigning in syria, he departed by ship with a small group of friends and sailed to france, abandoning his army.
+in 1799, public sentiment had swung against the government, and following the coup d'etat de brumaire, napoleon became the defacto ruler of france.
+the country was still at war however, and after a dramatic crossing of the alps, napoleon defeated the austrians at the battle of marengo on 14 june 1800.
+this victory solidified his reputation of invincibility, and combined with other successes, led to a general peace.
+after a decade of war, a grateful france made napoleon consul for life and effective sovereign of the nation.
+napoleon proved to be an equally skilled statesman and remodelled the country's economy and administration.
+he signed a concordat with the pope in 1801 which restored religion to france, but his greatest achievement was the civil code which in part is still used today.
+his growing popularity resulted in his being proclaimed emperor in 1804.
+at the coronation, napoleon crowned himself, taking the crown from the pope in a symbolic manner to show that power stemmed from the state and not the church as with previous monarchs.
+it was an uneasy peace however, and plans were made to invade britain by crossing the english channel, but these were abandoned when napoleon marched his highly trained grand armée into central europe to meet the converging forces of austria and russia.
+capturing a large part of the austrian army at ulm, napoleon crossed the danube to face the remaining austrians and the russians at austerlitz.
+the result was a decisive victory known as the 'battle of three emperors' on 2 december 1805.
+austria sued for peace, but a new coalition was formed of britain, russia and prussia.
+napoleon defeated the prussians at jena in 1806, and the russians at friedland in 1807.
+following these victories, napoleon was at the pinnacle of his career.
+with a great display of pomp he met the tsar of russia at tilsit and a new franco/russian alliance was born.
+portions of prussia were divided into new states, and napoleon later announced a new policy of economic warfare that was to become known as the continental system.
+its goal was to destroy britain's economic dominance by closing all continental ports to british trade.
+in pursuit of this policy, napoleon sent troops to conquer britain's ally portugal and close the port of lisbon.
+following that success, he used those same troops to bully the spanish king into abdicating in favor of his brother joseph.
+the spanish revolted and britain landed an army in portugal to support them.
+napoleon marched the grand armée to the peninsula, defeated the spaniards and drove the british to the coast.
+in 1809, another coalition was formed between britain and austria, forcing napoleon to return and wage a campaign in germany before spain was pacified.
+successful battles resulted in the french occupation of vienna, but napoleon suffered his first clear defeat in an attempt to cross the danube at aspern-essling and come to grips with the austrian army led by archduke charles.
+a later crossing led to victory at wagram on 5-6 july 1809 and the signing of the treaty of schonbrunn.
+napoleon, still legally childless and desiring an heir for his growing empire reluctantly divorced josephine and arranged a marriage with the daughter of the austrian emperor.
+she soon bore him a son, napoleon ii, christened the king of rome on 20 march 1811.
+most of europe was then an ally or under the direct control of france, but spain and portugal remained openly contested and large portions of the french army became embroiled in a long war that was to become known as the 'spanish ulcer'.
+relations with russia also deteriorated when the tsar broke with the continental system and in 1812 napoleon invaded with a multinational army of 600,000 men.
+the battle of borodino resulted in napoleon's occupation of moscow, but he was unable to bring the tsar to terms, and was soon forced to retreat.
+the 'scorched earth' policy employed by the russians combined with extreme weather caused the grand armée to disintegrate and the campaign ended in disaster.
+the defeat in russia prompted prussia, sweden, and austria to declare war on france.
+napoleon raised another army but was decisively defeated at the great battle of nations.
+napoleon fought a last brilliant campaign in france to defend paris, but in april 1814 abdicated and went into exile on the island of elba.
+the bourbon king was restored to the french throne.
+while the allies debated a realignment of the map of europe in vienna, napoleon planned his return, and in march 1815, he landed in france and regained his throne in a bloodless coup.
+rather than await another invasion, napoleon surprised allied forces in belgium.
+after initial success, napoleon fought the duke of wellington leading an anglo/allied army at waterloo, and was decisively defeated on 18 june 1815.
+napoleon was exiled to the island of saint helena situated in the south atlantic ocean, where he resided until his death on 5 may 1821.
+his remains were removed from saint helena in 1840 and his body now rests at les invalides in paris.
 napoleon bonaparte (1769-1821), also known as napoleon i, was a french military leader and emperor who conquered much of europe in the early 19th century.
 born on the island of corsica, napoleon rapidly rose through the ranks of the military during the french revolution (1789-1799).
 after seizing political power in france in a 1799 coup d'état, he crowned himself emperor in 1804.
@@ -1288,3 +1341,146 @@ he was awarded the title of the duke of reichstadt in 1818 and died of tuberculo
 napoleon acknowledged one illegitimate son: charles léon (1806 1881) by eléonore denuelle de la plaigne.
 alexandre colonna-walewski (1810 1868), the son of his polish mistress maria walewska, was also widely known to be his child, as dna evidence has confirmed.
 he may have had further illegitimate offspring.
+napoleon bonaparte stirs the emotions.
+some find him heroic and regard his opponents as reactionary and unimaginative.
+others think him mad with ambition and responsible for many of the sins of his era.
+between these extremes there are those who find some aspects of the man admirable and others regrettable.
+this is an examination of napoleon to determine how his actions and achievements measure up against the opinion of his detractors.
+one of the accusations often leveled against napoleon is that he 'betrayed' the higher ideals of the french revolution, retarding democratic progress in both france and europe.
+people making this argument apparently forget that the revolution had its truly dark side and fell a good deal short of being an ideal society.
+life was not more secure nor more prosperous.
+france was not friendlier to europe under the committee of public safety or the directory than it proved to be under the consulate or empire.
+napoleon's initial achievements are a remarkable compromise with revolutionary ideals and the requirements of a country bled white by the excesses of failed governments.
+he signed the peace of amiens, which brought an end to years of war.
+his enthusiastic participation in and endorsement of the codification of law embodied and certified the social revolution.
+he negotiated the concordat and made peace with the catholic church, but on revolutionary terms, making it subordinate to the state, and the dominant faith of the french once again became a steadying and unifying influence on daily life.
+yet given his singular opportunities, it is often said that he might have gone further and established a truly democratic state, a goal one could argue went against political trends both within france and on the continent.
+democracies were more conceptual than actual in the era, with the american experiment still in its infancy, and it might be argued that the violence of the previous decade had made the french population indifferent to the virtues of democracy.
+outside france, it might also be argued that whether france was a totalitarian state or a democracy made little difference to her enemies.
+if there was a perceived difference, perhaps a democracy might have caused more fear among the reactionary states than the civil monarchy that actually came into being.
+if this was the case, perhaps bonaparte acted more out of pragmatism than idealism, attempting to solve foreign and domestic problems by establishing a stable government that was theoretically more acceptable to everyone.
+he might have reasonably imagined that any man who could achieve that successful transition deserved the reins of power.
+bonaparte is also frequently held responsible for the 'napoleonic' wars and seen as a prime cause of them.
+it is argued that he should have prevented those wars with better statecraft and convinced the rest of europe that france's new and ideologically threatening government was not an enemy.
+whenever that policy failed, he should have won wars he could not avoid and negotiated generous treaties, making friends of former enemies, showing the world that diplomacy and not warfare was the proper tool of statesmen.
+yet could any one man, acting unilaterally, defy centuries of rivalry and aggression to end the state of recurrent war in europe? hardly a decade seemed to pass without one conflict or another in the previous two centuries.
+would any leader of the day have even considered a durable peace to be a real possibility, or is this more of a modern-day concept?
+bonaparte's use of war to defend and enrich the state of france was anything but unique, excepting that it was consistently successful, something the bourbons might have envied him.
+if waging war is now considered strictly a policy of last resort and inherently wasteful, there doesn't seem to be a major player of napoleon's day who was above employing it to achieve their aims.
+it may be fair to accuse bonaparte of failing to create a durable peace, but a study of his contemporaries and their policies would likely prove there were other guilty parties.
+napoleon bonaparte is often described by his detractors as a corrupt individual, bereft of morality, one who could not see that his actions were dangerous, damaging, and the cause of great anguish.
+his successes in war made him rely on war as an instrument of policy, and he was insensitive to its human cost.
+the execution of d'enghien was criminal, the imprisonment of the pope immoral, and napoleon's quest for total dominance a reflection of his warped psyche.
+lord acton's adage 'power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely' has come to be permanently identified with bonaparte as its foremost example of veracity.
+but was bonaparte's theoretical depravity a thing apart from his contemporaries? the assumption seems to be that it must have been, or else we would not make so much of it, yet how does this assertion hold up when bonaparte is compared to other monarchs or society as a whole? bonaparte shouldn't be judged on a moral scale comparing him to a theoretical ideal, but against his contemporaries, people born in his day and living in his world.
+comparisons of corruption are not hard to find.
+britain financed and facilitated an assassination attempt on the first consul.
+tsar alexander was implicated in the murder of his father.
+in america, washington and jefferson owned slaves, and jefferson used ethnic cleansing to facilitate territorial expansion.
+some of these incidents were natural enough in their day, although we now find them indefensible.
+if bonaparte was corrupt, he certainly had some notable company.
+napoleon is often described as being ruled by a gigantic ego.
+his lust for power, the coup d'etat brumaire, his dismissal of democracy and the establishment of empire, are all seen as benchmarks of rampant ambition.
+comparisons with contemporary leaders are regarded as irrelevant or even futile, presumably because bonaparte is assumed to have been greater than they, and presented with unique opportunities, all squandered on a quest for personal aggrandizement.
+but if bonaparte was indeed unique, and expected to accomplish deeds other men could only dream of, would he not need an ego as large as his ambitions? achieving democracy in france and peace for europe is not a task for a modest man, so was napoleon's ambition simply a sin because it pursued goals we disapprove of, or that it pursued those goals using methods we disapprove of?
+as the leader of a totalitarian state, napoleon made his own ambitions synonymous with those of france.
+with few abridgements to power, he was able to act as he saw fit, and is judged accordingly.
+yet almost all the european states reflected the egos of their monarchs, and few of them were intent on fostering democracy, limiting their borders, or improving civil rights.
+rather, each used their position to satisfy their ambitions, expand their borders, and increase their control over the nobility and populace.
+there was little respect for minor states like those in italy or poland and the borders were redrawn after each conflict.
+bonaparte, in this company, seems to be regarded as megalomaniacal largely because he did not inherit his position, but achieved it by aggressively pursuing the same agenda as those born to power and doing so more effectively.
+it seems that absolutists may be forgiven their sins for being born to them, but parvenus are guilty for having freely chosen them.
+of course, bonaparte was anything but pure, anything but modest, anything but democratic, and anything but a peacemaker.
+but in the end, who else that sat on a throne in europe could claim to be? should he be assailed for sins that were so sadly common? what is it about napoleon bonaparte that makes him the object of such unique criticism? is it because he holds a special place in our imaginations, a place that we hope would be an example of our better selves? was his genius, good fortune, and opportunity enough to condemn him, not so much for what he did, but what he failed to do? in the end is our greatest disappointment in bonaparte simply that he was merely human?
+napoleon was indirectly responsible for spreading many of the ideals of the french revolution throughout europe.
+although he never openly espoused revolutionary tenets his empire and government was in many ways the living embodiment of those ideals.
+the three main areas that he had a significant impact were individualism, secularism, and nationalism.
+individualism: prior to the french revolution, class or social status was more important in french society and government than the individual.
+merit and ability was subordinated to your family status and whether you were of the noble class.
+the revolution did away with this and stated that all individuals were equal in the eyes of the government.
+how one advanced was based on merit rather than who one's ancestors were.
+napoleon enshrined this with a new aristocracy based on merit.
+those who performed and contributed were rewarded.
+the new princes, dukes, and barons were men who earned their titles, most often on the battlefield.
+a review of his marshals would show that they came from all walks of life, including a barrel maker, a cabin boy, a former sergeant, and a minor noble.
+in addition to this, he created he legion of honor to recognize those who deeds merited it.
+secularism: the french revolution placed the state above the church, an extremely revolutionary concept.
+the revolution even went as far to ban organized religion.
+napoleon was willing to heal the rift between the catholic church and the government, but only if the church did not meddle in state affairs.
+the church lost its right to run schools, and to have special taxes and privileges, however napoleon did re-open the churches and was tolerant of all religions.
+he even invited the pope pius vii to his coronation to crown him the new emperor of france.
+napoleon's true feelings on his relationship with the church were demonstrated by his actions at the coronation.
+when the pope went to place the crown on napoleon's head, napoleon took the crown out of the pope's hands and crowned himself.
+thus showing that he believed that since he embodied the state, the pope had no legitimate right to crown him for in the new france the state was not subordinate to the church.
+jacobin nationalism: prior to the revolution, the state was symbolized by the monarch and the loyalty of the people was to ruler not to the state.
+the revolution made the government the sovereign of the people.
+it was to this government the people owed their loyalties.
+'national interests transcend dynastic and all other interests.
+citizens are put in national armies and national schools.
+national flag and anthem supplant royal ensign and hymn'.
+napoleon built his empire based on these concepts.
+it was his soldiers who ousted the old dynasties throughout europe and gave rise to both german and italian nationalism that eventually unified the numerous minor kingdoms, states, and principalities into the respective nations of germany and italy.
+napoleon failed to conquer russia in 1812 for several reasons: faulty logistics, poor discipline, disease, and not the least, the weather.
+napoleon's method of warfare was based on rapid concentration of his forces at a key place to destroy his enemy.
+this boiled down to moving his men as fast as possible to the place they were needed the most.
+to do this napoleon would advance his army along several avenues and converging them only when necessary.
+the slowest part of any army at the time was the supply trains.
+while a soldier could march 15 - 20 miles a day, a supply wagon was generally limited to about 10 - 12 miles a day.
+to avoid being slowed down by the trains, napoleon insisted that his troops live as much as possible off the land.
+the success of napoleon time after time in central europe against the prussians and the austrians proved that his method of warfare worked.
+however for it to work, the terrain must co-operate.
+there must be a good road network for his army to advance along several axes and an agricultural base capable of supporting the foraging soldiers.
+in 1812, napoleon invaded russia with about 600,000 men and over 50,000 horses.
+his plan was to bring the war to a conclusion within twenty days by forcing the russians to fight a major battle.
+just in case his plans were off, he had his supply wagons carry 30 days of food.
+reality was a bit different.
+napoleon found, as the germans found in 1941, that russia had a very poor road network.
+thus he was forced to advance along a very narrow front.
+even though he allowed for a larger supply train than usual, food was to be supplemented by whatever the soldiers could forage along the way.
+but this was a faulty plan.
+in addition to poor roads, the agricultural base was extremely poor and could not support the numbers of soldiers that would be living off the land.
+since these 600,000 men were basically using the same roads, the first troops to pass by got the best food that could easily be foraged.
+the second troops to go by got less, etc.
+if you were at the rear, of course there would be little available.
+the russians made the problem worse by adopting a scorched earth policy of destroying everything possible as they retreated before the french.
+as time went by, soldiers began to straggle, due to having to forage further away from the roads for food and weakness from lack of food.
+the situation was just as bad for the horses.
+grazing along the road or in a meadow was not adequate to maintain a healthy horse.
+their food had to be supplemented with fodder.
+the further the army went into russia, the less fodder was available.
+even the grass began to be thinned out, for like food the first horses had the best grazing, and those bringing up the rear had it the worse.
+by the end of the first month, over 10,000 horses had died!
+soldiers weakened by poor diets and fatigue are susceptible to disease.
+typhus was rampant among the troops due to infestations of lice.
+additionally, the poor food, combined with bad water, and camping on sites where tens of thousands bivouacked before (and thus contaminated the water and area with feces) made intestinal ailments such as diarrhea and dysentery common.
+by the time napoleon had reached moscow, three months later, over 200,000 of his soldiers were dead or hospitalized due to disease and exhaustion.
+poor discipline was another major problem.
+troops had to forage to survive.
+the deeper they went into russia the further they had to go each day to find food.
+commanders lost control of their troops as many soldiers' only concern became finding food and just disappeared.
+these soldiers did not necessarily die, but form a uncontrollable mass bringing up the rear.
+as months went by, units cease to exist, except in name only.
+this became especially true during the retreat in the late fall.
+much of the army was soon a mob, with little cohesion and no effectiveness.
+this in itself would not be too great of a detriment, except for the impact on those units that were still intact.
+there were several cases during the retreat where mobs of soldiers broke into the few warehouses that contained supplies and destroyed more than they ate  and leaving little or nothing for those fighting in the rear guard.
+the worse case of this was in smolensk.
+at a major warehouse bureaucrats insisted that the soldiers must be with their units before they would be issued food.
+the troops couldn't handle this stupidity and rioted, demolishing the warehouse and much of the food that was stored there.
+in another case, at the crossing of the berezina, thousands of soldiers in these mobs panicked when they were attacked by the russians.
+in their desperate attempt to cross the bridge it broke, and at least 10,000 - 20,000 soldiers died or were captured.
+the final factor was the weather.
+first it was too hot  making it a dry, dusty march to moscow.
+then when the retreat began, it was too cold at first.
+this was a bone-chilling well below zero cold that few had experienced before.
+first to die were the weak who, too exhausted to walk, laid down and died.
+as the little food supplies they had ran out, the strong got weaker and they too began to die.
+but then the weather changed.
+there was a warm spell which thawed the frozen roads  slowing down the march even more.
+roads that were heavily rutted, but solid soon were quagmires of mud.
+streams that were once frozen were quick moving and obstacles that had to be overcome.
+rivers that could have been crossed without bridges now needed bridges.
+all of which took precious time and energy, something the army did not have.
+then once again the weather took a turn for the worse  this time far colder than before.
+thousands died in their sleep overcome by exhaustion and exposure.
+by the time the army crossed into poland in early december, less than 100,000 exhausted, tattered soldiers remained of the 600,000 proud soldiers who crossed the nieman five months before.
diff --git a/napoleon.csv b/napoleon.csv
index acc30fb..207dc98 100644
--- a/napoleon.csv
+++ b/napoleon.csv
@@ -1,4 +1,57 @@
 "statement",
+"napoleon was born in ajaccio, corsica, on 15 august 1769, the second of carlo and letizia bonaparte's eight children.",
+"in 1778, napoleon began his education at autun and later attended school in brienne, excelling in mathematics and science.",
+"following a year's study at the ecole militaire in paris, he was commissioned in the artillery in 1785.",
+"the year 1789 saw the outbreak of the french revolution, which created an atmosphere of opportunity that would not have existed under the bourbons, and napoleon was to make the most of it.",
+"the first opportunity came in 1793, when bonaparte was promoted to brigadier general for the decisive part he played in the siege of toulon, which ousted the british from mainland france.",
+"after the coup de thermidor in 1794, napoleon fell out of favor and was imprisoned.",
+"after his release he ended up preserving the new government from the parisian mob with artillery fire, an event that has become known as the 'whiff of grapeshot'.",
+"a grateful government later appointed napoleon to command of the army of italy.",
+"before his departure, napoleon married josephine de beauharnais on 9 march 1796.",
+"campaigning in italy in 1796 and 1797, he inspired the impoverished army with the promise of 'honor, glory, and riches', and enjoyed a succession of victories, which resulted in austria signing the peace of campo formio.",
+"his display of bravery, intelligence, and leadership proved an inspiration to the common soldier and formed an enduring bond.",
+"returning to france, he was given charge of an expedition to egypt, control of which would threaten english possessions in india.",
+"the victory at the battle of the pyramids gave french control of cairo, but the naval defeat at aboukir bay isolated the expedition from france.",
+"after some unsuccessful campaigning in syria, he departed by ship with a small group of friends and sailed to france, abandoning his army.",
+"in 1799, public sentiment had swung against the government, and following the coup d'etat de brumaire, napoleon became the defacto ruler of france.",
+"the country was still at war however, and after a dramatic crossing of the alps, napoleon defeated the austrians at the battle of marengo on 14 june 1800.",
+"this victory solidified his reputation of invincibility, and combined with other successes, led to a general peace.",
+"after a decade of war, a grateful france made napoleon consul for life and effective sovereign of the nation.",
+"napoleon proved to be an equally skilled statesman and remodelled the country's economy and administration.",
+"he signed a concordat with the pope in 1801 which restored religion to france, but his greatest achievement was the civil code which in part is still used today.",
+"his growing popularity resulted in his being proclaimed emperor in 1804.",
+"at the coronation, napoleon crowned himself, taking the crown from the pope in a symbolic manner to show that power stemmed from the state and not the church as with previous monarchs.",
+"it was an uneasy peace however, and plans were made to invade britain by crossing the english channel, but these were abandoned when napoleon marched his highly trained grand armée into central europe to meet the converging forces of austria and russia.",
+"capturing a large part of the austrian army at ulm, napoleon crossed the danube to face the remaining austrians and the russians at austerlitz.",
+"the result was a decisive victory known as the 'battle of three emperors' on 2 december 1805.",
+"austria sued for peace, but a new coalition was formed of britain, russia and prussia.",
+"napoleon defeated the prussians at jena in 1806, and the russians at friedland in 1807.",
+"following these victories, napoleon was at the pinnacle of his career.",
+"with a great display of pomp he met the tsar of russia at tilsit and a new franco/russian alliance was born.",
+"portions of prussia were divided into new states, and napoleon later announced a new policy of economic warfare that was to become known as the continental system.",
+"its goal was to destroy britain's economic dominance by closing all continental ports to british trade.",
+"in pursuit of this policy, napoleon sent troops to conquer britain's ally portugal and close the port of lisbon.",
+"following that success, he used those same troops to bully the spanish king into abdicating in favor of his brother joseph.",
+"the spanish revolted and britain landed an army in portugal to support them.",
+"napoleon marched the grand armée to the peninsula, defeated the spaniards and drove the british to the coast.",
+"in 1809, another coalition was formed between britain and austria, forcing napoleon to return and wage a campaign in germany before spain was pacified.",
+"successful battles resulted in the french occupation of vienna, but napoleon suffered his first clear defeat in an attempt to cross the danube at aspern-essling and come to grips with the austrian army led by archduke charles.",
+"a later crossing led to victory at wagram on 5-6 july 1809 and the signing of the treaty of schonbrunn.",
+"napoleon, still legally childless and desiring an heir for his growing empire reluctantly divorced josephine and arranged a marriage with the daughter of the austrian emperor.",
+"she soon bore him a son, napoleon ii, christened the king of rome on 20 march 1811.",
+"most of europe was then an ally or under the direct control of france, but spain and portugal remained openly contested and large portions of the french army became embroiled in a long war that was to become known as the 'spanish ulcer'.",
+"relations with russia also deteriorated when the tsar broke with the continental system and in 1812 napoleon invaded with a multinational army of 600,000 men.",
+"the battle of borodino resulted in napoleon's occupation of moscow, but he was unable to bring the tsar to terms, and was soon forced to retreat.",
+"the 'scorched earth' policy employed by the russians combined with extreme weather caused the grand armée to disintegrate and the campaign ended in disaster.",
+"the defeat in russia prompted prussia, sweden, and austria to declare war on france.",
+"napoleon raised another army but was decisively defeated at the great battle of nations.",
+"napoleon fought a last brilliant campaign in france to defend paris, but in april 1814 abdicated and went into exile on the island of elba.",
+"the bourbon king was restored to the french throne.",
+"while the allies debated a realignment of the map of europe in vienna, napoleon planned his return, and in march 1815, he landed in france and regained his throne in a bloodless coup.",
+"rather than await another invasion, napoleon surprised allied forces in belgium.",
+"after initial success, napoleon fought the duke of wellington leading an anglo/allied army at waterloo, and was decisively defeated on 18 june 1815.",
+"napoleon was exiled to the island of saint helena situated in the south atlantic ocean, where he resided until his death on 5 may 1821.",
+"his remains were removed from saint helena in 1840 and his body now rests at les invalides in paris.",
 "napoleon bonaparte (1769-1821), also known as napoleon i, was a french military leader and emperor who conquered much of europe in the early 19th century.",
 "born on the island of corsica, napoleon rapidly rose through the ranks of the military during the french revolution (1789-1799).",
 "after seizing political power in france in a 1799 coup d'état, he crowned himself emperor in 1804.",
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 "he was awarded the title of the duke of reichstadt in 1818 and died of tuberculosis aged 21, with no children.",
 "napoleon acknowledged one illegitimate son: charles léon (1806 1881) by eléonore denuelle de la plaigne.",
 "alexandre colonna-walewski (1810 1868), the son of his polish mistress maria walewska, was also widely known to be his child, as dna evidence has confirmed.",
-"he may have had further illegitimate offspring.",
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+"he may have had further illegitimate offspring.",
+"napoleon bonaparte stirs the emotions.",
+"some find him heroic and regard his opponents as reactionary and unimaginative.",
+"others think him mad with ambition and responsible for many of the sins of his era.",
+"between these extremes there are those who find some aspects of the man admirable and others regrettable.",
+"this is an examination of napoleon to determine how his actions and achievements measure up against the opinion of his detractors.",
+"one of the accusations often leveled against napoleon is that he 'betrayed' the higher ideals of the french revolution, retarding democratic progress in both france and europe.",
+"people making this argument apparently forget that the revolution had its truly dark side and fell a good deal short of being an ideal society.",
+"life was not more secure nor more prosperous.",
+"france was not friendlier to europe under the committee of public safety or the directory than it proved to be under the consulate or empire.",
+"napoleon's initial achievements are a remarkable compromise with revolutionary ideals and the requirements of a country bled white by the excesses of failed governments.",
+"he signed the peace of amiens, which brought an end to years of war.",
+"his enthusiastic participation in and endorsement of the codification of law embodied and certified the social revolution.",
+"he negotiated the concordat and made peace with the catholic church, but on revolutionary terms, making it subordinate to the state, and the dominant faith of the french once again became a steadying and unifying influence on daily life.",
+"yet given his singular opportunities, it is often said that he might have gone further and established a truly democratic state, a goal one could argue went against political trends both within france and on the continent.",
+"democracies were more conceptual than actual in the era, with the american experiment still in its infancy, and it might be argued that the violence of the previous decade had made the french population indifferent to the virtues of democracy.",
+"outside france, it might also be argued that whether france was a totalitarian state or a democracy made little difference to her enemies.",
+"if there was a perceived difference, perhaps a democracy might have caused more fear among the reactionary states than the civil monarchy that actually came into being.",
+"if this was the case, perhaps bonaparte acted more out of pragmatism than idealism, attempting to solve foreign and domestic problems by establishing a stable government that was theoretically more acceptable to everyone.",
+"he might have reasonably imagined that any man who could achieve that successful transition deserved the reins of power.",
+"bonaparte is also frequently held responsible for the 'napoleonic' wars and seen as a prime cause of them.",
+"it is argued that he should have prevented those wars with better statecraft and convinced the rest of europe that france's new and ideologically threatening government was not an enemy.",
+"whenever that policy failed, he should have won wars he could not avoid and negotiated generous treaties, making friends of former enemies, showing the world that diplomacy and not warfare was the proper tool of statesmen.",
+"yet could any one man, acting unilaterally, defy centuries of rivalry and aggression to end the state of recurrent war in europe? hardly a decade seemed to pass without one conflict or another in the previous two centuries.",
+"would any leader of the day have even considered a durable peace to be a real possibility, or is this more of a modern-day concept?",
+"bonaparte's use of war to defend and enrich the state of france was anything but unique, excepting that it was consistently successful, something the bourbons might have envied him.",
+"if waging war is now considered strictly a policy of last resort and inherently wasteful, there doesn't seem to be a major player of napoleon's day who was above employing it to achieve their aims.",
+"it may be fair to accuse bonaparte of failing to create a durable peace, but a study of his contemporaries and their policies would likely prove there were other guilty parties.",
+"napoleon bonaparte is often described by his detractors as a corrupt individual, bereft of morality, one who could not see that his actions were dangerous, damaging, and the cause of great anguish.",
+"his successes in war made him rely on war as an instrument of policy, and he was insensitive to its human cost.",
+"the execution of d'enghien was criminal, the imprisonment of the pope immoral, and napoleon's quest for total dominance a reflection of his warped psyche.",
+"lord acton's adage 'power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely' has come to be permanently identified with bonaparte as its foremost example of veracity.",
+"but was bonaparte's theoretical depravity a thing apart from his contemporaries? the assumption seems to be that it must have been, or else we would not make so much of it, yet how does this assertion hold up when bonaparte is compared to other monarchs or society as a whole? bonaparte shouldn't be judged on a moral scale comparing him to a theoretical ideal, but against his contemporaries, people born in his day and living in his world.",
+"comparisons of corruption are not hard to find.",
+"britain financed and facilitated an assassination attempt on the first consul.",
+"tsar alexander was implicated in the murder of his father.",
+"in america, washington and jefferson owned slaves, and jefferson used ethnic cleansing to facilitate territorial expansion.",
+"some of these incidents were natural enough in their day, although we now find them indefensible.",
+"if bonaparte was corrupt, he certainly had some notable company.",
+"napoleon is often described as being ruled by a gigantic ego.",
+"his lust for power, the coup d'etat brumaire, his dismissal of democracy and the establishment of empire, are all seen as benchmarks of rampant ambition.",
+"comparisons with contemporary leaders are regarded as irrelevant or even futile, presumably because bonaparte is assumed to have been greater than they, and presented with unique opportunities, all squandered on a quest for personal aggrandizement.",
+"but if bonaparte was indeed unique, and expected to accomplish deeds other men could only dream of, would he not need an ego as large as his ambitions? achieving democracy in france and peace for europe is not a task for a modest man, so was napoleon's ambition simply a sin because it pursued goals we disapprove of, or that it pursued those goals using methods we disapprove of?",
+"as the leader of a totalitarian state, napoleon made his own ambitions synonymous with those of france.",
+"with few abridgements to power, he was able to act as he saw fit, and is judged accordingly.",
+"yet almost all the european states reflected the egos of their monarchs, and few of them were intent on fostering democracy, limiting their borders, or improving civil rights.",
+"rather, each used their position to satisfy their ambitions, expand their borders, and increase their control over the nobility and populace.",
+"there was little respect for minor states like those in italy or poland and the borders were redrawn after each conflict.",
+"bonaparte, in this company, seems to be regarded as megalomaniacal largely because he did not inherit his position, but achieved it by aggressively pursuing the same agenda as those born to power and doing so more effectively.",
+"it seems that absolutists may be forgiven their sins for being born to them, but parvenus are guilty for having freely chosen them.",
+"of course, bonaparte was anything but pure, anything but modest, anything but democratic, and anything but a peacemaker.",
+"but in the end, who else that sat on a throne in europe could claim to be? should he be assailed for sins that were so sadly common? what is it about napoleon bonaparte that makes him the object of such unique criticism? is it because he holds a special place in our imaginations, a place that we hope would be an example of our better selves? was his genius, good fortune, and opportunity enough to condemn him, not so much for what he did, but what he failed to do? in the end is our greatest disappointment in bonaparte simply that he was merely human?",
+"napoleon was indirectly responsible for spreading many of the ideals of the french revolution throughout europe.",
+"although he never openly espoused revolutionary tenets his empire and government was in many ways the living embodiment of those ideals.",
+"the three main areas that he had a significant impact were individualism, secularism, and nationalism.",
+"individualism: prior to the french revolution, class or social status was more important in french society and government than the individual.",
+"merit and ability was subordinated to your family status and whether you were of the noble class.",
+"the revolution did away with this and stated that all individuals were equal in the eyes of the government.",
+"how one advanced was based on merit rather than who one's ancestors were.",
+"napoleon enshrined this with a new aristocracy based on merit.",
+"those who performed and contributed were rewarded.",
+"the new princes, dukes, and barons were men who earned their titles, most often on the battlefield.",
+"a review of his marshals would show that they came from all walks of life, including a barrel maker, a cabin boy, a former sergeant, and a minor noble.",
+"in addition to this, he created he legion of honor to recognize those who deeds merited it.",
+"secularism: the french revolution placed the state above the church, an extremely revolutionary concept.",
+"the revolution even went as far to ban organized religion.",
+"napoleon was willing to heal the rift between the catholic church and the government, but only if the church did not meddle in state affairs.",
+"the church lost its right to run schools, and to have special taxes and privileges, however napoleon did re-open the churches and was tolerant of all religions.",
+"he even invited the pope pius vii to his coronation to crown him the new emperor of france.",
+"napoleon's true feelings on his relationship with the church were demonstrated by his actions at the coronation.",
+"when the pope went to place the crown on napoleon's head, napoleon took the crown out of the pope's hands and crowned himself.",
+"thus showing that he believed that since he embodied the state, the pope had no legitimate right to crown him for in the new france the state was not subordinate to the church.",
+"jacobin nationalism: prior to the revolution, the state was symbolized by the monarch and the loyalty of the people was to ruler not to the state.",
+"the revolution made the government the sovereign of the people.",
+"it was to this government the people owed their loyalties.",
+"'national interests transcend dynastic and all other interests.",
+"citizens are put in national armies and national schools.",
+"national flag and anthem supplant royal ensign and hymn'.",
+"napoleon built his empire based on these concepts.",
+"it was his soldiers who ousted the old dynasties throughout europe and gave rise to both german and italian nationalism that eventually unified the numerous minor kingdoms, states, and principalities into the respective nations of germany and italy.",
+"napoleon failed to conquer russia in 1812 for several reasons: faulty logistics, poor discipline, disease, and not the least, the weather.",
+"napoleon's method of warfare was based on rapid concentration of his forces at a key place to destroy his enemy.",
+"this boiled down to moving his men as fast as possible to the place they were needed the most.",
+"to do this napoleon would advance his army along several avenues and converging them only when necessary.",
+"the slowest part of any army at the time was the supply trains.",
+"while a soldier could march 15 - 20 miles a day, a supply wagon was generally limited to about 10 - 12 miles a day.",
+"to avoid being slowed down by the trains, napoleon insisted that his troops live as much as possible off the land.",
+"the success of napoleon time after time in central europe against the prussians and the austrians proved that his method of warfare worked.",
+"however for it to work, the terrain must co-operate.",
+"there must be a good road network for his army to advance along several axes and an agricultural base capable of supporting the foraging soldiers.",
+"in 1812, napoleon invaded russia with about 600,000 men and over 50,000 horses.",
+"his plan was to bring the war to a conclusion within twenty days by forcing the russians to fight a major battle.",
+"just in case his plans were off, he had his supply wagons carry 30 days of food.",
+"reality was a bit different.",
+"napoleon found, as the germans found in 1941, that russia had a very poor road network.",
+"thus he was forced to advance along a very narrow front.",
+"even though he allowed for a larger supply train than usual, food was to be supplemented by whatever the soldiers could forage along the way.",
+"but this was a faulty plan.",
+"in addition to poor roads, the agricultural base was extremely poor and could not support the numbers of soldiers that would be living off the land.",
+"since these 600,000 men were basically using the same roads, the first troops to pass by got the best food that could easily be foraged.",
+"the second troops to go by got less, etc.",
+"if you were at the rear, of course there would be little available.",
+"the russians made the problem worse by adopting a scorched earth policy of destroying everything possible as they retreated before the french.",
+"as time went by, soldiers began to straggle, due to having to forage further away from the roads for food and weakness from lack of food.",
+"the situation was just as bad for the horses.",
+"grazing along the road or in a meadow was not adequate to maintain a healthy horse.",
+"their food had to be supplemented with fodder.",
+"the further the army went into russia, the less fodder was available.",
+"even the grass began to be thinned out, for like food the first horses had the best grazing, and those bringing up the rear had it the worse.",
+"by the end of the first month, over 10,000 horses had died!",
+"soldiers weakened by poor diets and fatigue are susceptible to disease.",
+"typhus was rampant among the troops due to infestations of lice.",
+"additionally, the poor food, combined with bad water, and camping on sites where tens of thousands bivouacked before (and thus contaminated the water and area with feces) made intestinal ailments such as diarrhea and dysentery common.",
+"by the time napoleon had reached moscow, three months later, over 200,000 of his soldiers were dead or hospitalized due to disease and exhaustion.",
+"poor discipline was another major problem.",
+"troops had to forage to survive.",
+"the deeper they went into russia the further they had to go each day to find food.",
+"commanders lost control of their troops as many soldiers' only concern became finding food and just disappeared.",
+"these soldiers did not necessarily die, but form a uncontrollable mass bringing up the rear.",
+"as months went by, units cease to exist, except in name only.",
+"this became especially true during the retreat in the late fall.",
+"much of the army was soon a mob, with little cohesion and no effectiveness.",
+"this in itself would not be too great of a detriment, except for the impact on those units that were still intact.",
+"there were several cases during the retreat where mobs of soldiers broke into the few warehouses that contained supplies and destroyed more than they ate  and leaving little or nothing for those fighting in the rear guard.",
+"the worse case of this was in smolensk.",
+"at a major warehouse bureaucrats insisted that the soldiers must be with their units before they would be issued food.",
+"the troops couldn't handle this stupidity and rioted, demolishing the warehouse and much of the food that was stored there.",
+"in another case, at the crossing of the berezina, thousands of soldiers in these mobs panicked when they were attacked by the russians.",
+"in their desperate attempt to cross the bridge it broke, and at least 10,000 - 20,000 soldiers died or were captured.",
+"the final factor was the weather.",
+"first it was too hot  making it a dry, dusty march to moscow.",
+"then when the retreat began, it was too cold at first.",
+"this was a bone-chilling well below zero cold that few had experienced before.",
+"first to die were the weak who, too exhausted to walk, laid down and died.",
+"as the little food supplies they had ran out, the strong got weaker and they too began to die.",
+"but then the weather changed.",
+"there was a warm spell which thawed the frozen roads  slowing down the march even more.",
+"roads that were heavily rutted, but solid soon were quagmires of mud.",
+"streams that were once frozen were quick moving and obstacles that had to be overcome.",
+"rivers that could have been crossed without bridges now needed bridges.",
+"all of which took precious time and energy, something the army did not have.",
+"then once again the weather took a turn for the worse  this time far colder than before.",
+"thousands died in their sleep overcome by exhaustion and exposure.",
+"by the time the army crossed into poland in early december, less than 100,000 exhausted, tattered soldiers remained of the 600,000 proud soldiers who crossed the nieman five months before.",