diff --git a/src/miv_simulator/spike_encoder.py b/src/miv_simulator/spike_encoder.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b97a10a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/miv_simulator/spike_encoder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+import numpy as np
+from numpy import ndarray
+from typing import Tuple, Optional, Iterable, Iterator
+
+
+def rate_generator(
+    signal: Union[ndarray, Iterable[ndarray]],
+    t_start: float = 0.0,
+    time_window: int = 100,
+    dt: float = 0.02,
+    **kwargs,
+) -> Iterator[ndarray]:
+    """
+    Lazily invokes ``RateEncoder`` to iteratively encode a sequence of
+    data.
+
+    :param data: NDarray of shape ``[n_samples, n_1, ..., n_k]``.
+    :param time_window: Length of Poisson spike train per input variable.
+    :param dt: Spike generator time step.
+    :return: NDarray of shape ``[time, n_1, ..., n_k]`` of rate-encoded spikes.
+    """
+    t_start_ = t_start
+    encoder = RateEncoder(time_window=time_window, dt=dt, **kwargs)
+    for chunk in signal:
+        output, t_next = encoder.encode(chunk, t_start=t_start_)
+        yield output
+        t_start_ = t_next
+
+
+def poisson_rate_generator(
+    signal: Union[ndarray, Iterable[ndarray]],
+    t_start: float = 0.0,
+    time_window: int = 100,
+    dt: float = 0.02,
+    **kwargs,
+) -> Iterator[ndarray]:
+    """
+    Lazily invokes ``PoissonEncoder`` to iteratively encode a sequence of
+    data.
+
+    :param data: NDarray of shape ``[n_samples, n_1, ..., n_k]``.
+    :param time_window: Length of Poisson spike train per input variable.
+    :param dt: Spike generator time step.
+    :return: NDarray of shape ``[time, n_1, ..., n_k]`` of Poisson-distributed spikes.
+    """
+    t_start_ = t_start
+    encoder = PoissonRateEncoder(time_window=time_window, dt=dt, **kwargs)
+    for chunk in signal:
+        output, t_next = encoder.encode(chunk, t_start=t_start_)
+        yield output
+        t_start_ = t_next
+
+
+class RateEncoder:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        time_window: int = 100,
+        dt: float = 0.02,
+        input_range: Tuple[int, int] = (0, 255),
+        output_freq_range: Tuple[int, int] = (0, 200),
+    ) -> None:
+        assert input_range[1] - input_range[0] > 0
+        assert output_freq_range[1] - output_freq_range[0] > 0
+        assert time_window > 0
+        self.min_input, self.max_input = input_range[0], input_range[1]
+        self.min_output, self.max_output = (
+            output_freq_range[0],
+            output_freq_range[1],
+        )
+        self.time_window = time_window
+        self.ndim = 1
+        self.spike_array = None
+
+    def encode(
+        self,
+        signal: ndarray,
+        return_spike_array: bool = False,
+        t_start: Optional[float] = None,
+    ) -> ndarray:
+        assert (
+            len(signal.shape) == 2
+        ), "encode requires input signal of shape number_samples x input_dimensions"
+
+        nsamples = signal.shape[0]
+        ndim = signal.shape[1]
+        assert (
+            ndim == self.ndim
+        ), f"input signal has dimension {ndim} but encoder has input dimension {self.ndim}"
+
+        freq = np.interp(
+            signal,
+            [self.min_input, self.max_input],
+            [self.min_output, self.max_output],
+        )
+        nz = np.argwhere(freq > 0)
+        period = np.zeros(nsamples)
+        period[nz] = (1 / freq[nz]) * 1000  # ms
+        if (
+            (self.spike_array is None)
+            or (self.spike_array.shape[0] != nsamples)
+            or (self.spike_array.shape[1] != ndim)
+        ):
+            self.spike_array = np.zeros(
+                (nsamples, self.time_window), dtype=bool
+            )
+        else:
+            self.spike_array.fill(0)
+        for i in range(nsamples):
+            if period[i] > 0:
+                stride = int(period[i])
+                self.spike_array[i, 0 : self.time_window : stride] = 1
+
+        t_next = None
+        if t_start is not None:
+            t_next = t_start + self.time_window * nsamples * self.dt
+
+        if return_spike_array:
+            return np.copy(self.spike_array), t_next
+        else:
+            if t_start is None:
+                t_start = 0.0
+            spike_times = []
+            spike_inds = np.argwhere[spike_array[i] == 1]
+            for i in range(nsamples):
+                this_spike_inds = spike_inds[
+                    np.argwhere(spike_inds[:, 0] == i).flat
+                ]
+                this_spike_times = []
+                if len(this_spike_inds) > 0:
+                    this_spike_times = (
+                        t_start
+                        + np.asarray(this_spike_inds[:, 1], dtype=np.float32)
+                        * self.dt
+                    )
+                spike_times.append(this_spike_times)
+            return spike_times, t_next
+
+
+class PoissonRateEncoder:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        time_window: int = 100,
+        input_range: Tuple[int, int] = (0, 255),
+        output_freq_range: Tuple[int, int] = (0, 200),
+        generator: Optional[np.random.RandomState] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        assert input_range[1] - input_range[0] > 0
+        assert output_freq_range[1] - output_freq_range[0] > 0
+        assert time_window > 0
+        self.min_input, self.max_input = input_range[0], input_range[1]
+        self.min_output, self.max_output = (
+            output_freq_range[0],
+            output_freq_range[1],
+        )
+        self.time_window = time_window
+        if generator is None:
+            generator = np.random
+        self.generator = generator
+        self.ndim = 1
+
+    def encode(
+        self,
+        signal: ndarray,
+        return_spike_array: bool = False,
+        t_start: Optional[float] = None,
+    ) -> ndarray:
+        assert (
+            len(signal.shape) == 2
+        ), "encode requires input signal of shape number_samples x input_dimensions"
+
+        nsamples = signal.shape[0]
+        ndim = signal.shape[1]
+        assert (
+            ndim == self.ndim
+        ), f"input signal has dimension {ndim} but encoder has input dimension {self.ndim}"
+
+        spike_train = []
+        freq = np.interp(
+            signal,
+            [self.min_input, self.max_input],
+            [self.min_output, self.max_output],
+        )
+
+        spike_array = self.generator.uniform(
+            0, 1, nsamples * self.time_window
+        ).reshape((nsamples, self.time_window))
+        dt = 0.001  # second
+        for i in range(nsamples):
+            spike_array[i, np.where(spike_array < freq[i] * dt)] = 1
+            spike_array[i, np.where(spike_array[i] != 1)] = 0
+
+        t_next = None
+        if t_start is not None:
+            t_next = t_start + self.time_window * nsamples * self.dt
+
+        if return_spike_array:
+            return np.copy(self.spike_array), t_next
+        else:
+            if t_start is None:
+                t_start = 0.0
+            spike_times = []
+            spike_inds = np.argwhere[spike_array[i] == 1]
+            for i in range(nsamples):
+                this_spike_inds = spike_inds[
+                    np.argwhere(spike_inds[:, 0] == i).flat
+                ]
+                this_spike_times = []
+                if len(this_spike_inds) > 0:
+                    this_spike_times = (
+                        t_start
+                        + np.asarray(this_spike_inds[:, 1], dtype=np.float32)
+                        * self.dt
+                    )
+                spike_times.append(this_spike_times)
+            return spike_times, t_next