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Virtualization in Kata Containers

Kata Containers, a second layer of isolation is created on top of those provided by traditional namespace-containers. The hardware virtualization interface is the basis of this additional layer. Kata will launch a lightweight virtual machine, and use the guest’s Linux kernel to create a container workload, or workloads in the case of multi-container pods. In Kubernetes and in the Kata implementation, the sandbox is carried out at the pod level. In Kata, this sandbox is created using a virtual machine.

This document describes how Kata Containers maps container technologies to virtual machines technologies, and how this is realized in the multiple hypervisors and virtual machine monitors that Kata supports.

Mapping container concepts to virtual machine technologies

A typical deployment of Kata Containers will be in Kubernetes by way of a Container Runtime Interface (CRI) implementation. On every node, Kubelet will interact with a CRI implementer (such as containerd or CRI-O), which will in turn interface with Kata Containers (an OCI based runtime).

The CRI API, as defined at the Kubernetes CRI-API repo, implies a few constructs being supported by the CRI implementation, and ultimately in Kata Containers. In order to support the full API with the CRI-implementer, Kata must provide the following constructs:

API to construct

These constructs can then be further mapped to what devices are necessary for interfacing with the virtual machine:

construct to VM concept

Ultimately, these concepts map to specific para-virtualized devices or virtualization technologies.

VM concept to underlying technology

Each hypervisor or VMM varies on how or if it handles each of these.

Kata Containers Hypervisor and VMM support

Kata Containers supports multiple hypervisors.

Details of each solution and a summary are provided below.

QEMU/KVM

Kata Containers with QEMU has complete compatibility with Kubernetes.

Depending on the host architecture, Kata Containers supports various machine types, for example q35 on x86 systems, virt on ARM systems and pseries on IBM Power systems. The default Kata Containers machine type is q35. The machine type and its Machine accelerators can be changed by editing the runtime configuration file.

Devices and features used:

  • virtio VSOCK or virtio serial
  • virtio block or virtio SCSI
  • virtio net
  • virtio fs or virtio 9p (recommend: virtio fs)
  • VFIO
  • hotplug
  • machine accelerators

Machine accelerators and hotplug are used in Kata Containers to manage resource constraints, improve boot time and reduce memory footprint. These are documented below.

Machine accelerators

Machine accelerators are architecture specific and can be used to improve the performance and enable specific features of the machine types. The following machine accelerators are used in Kata Containers:

  • NVDIMM: This machine accelerator is x86 specific and only supported by q35 machine types. nvdimm is used to provide the root filesystem as a persistent memory device to the Virtual Machine.

Hotplug devices

The Kata Containers VM starts with a minimum amount of resources, allowing for faster boot time and a reduction in memory footprint. As the container launch progresses, devices are hotplugged to the VM. For example, when a CPU constraint is specified which includes additional CPUs, they can be hot added. Kata Containers has support for hot-adding the following devices:

  • Virtio block
  • Virtio SCSI
  • VFIO
  • CPU

Firecracker/KVM

Firecracker, built on many rust crates that are within rust-VMM, has a very limited device model, providing a lighter footprint and attack surface, focusing on function-as-a-service like use cases. As a result, Kata Containers with Firecracker VMM supports a subset of the CRI API. Firecracker does not support file-system sharing, and as a result only block-based storage drivers are supported. Firecracker does not support device hotplug nor does it support VFIO. As a result, Kata Containers with Firecracker VMM does not support updating container resources after boot, nor does it support device passthrough.

Devices used:

  • virtio VSOCK
  • virtio block
  • virtio net

Cloud Hypervisor/KVM

Cloud Hypervisor, based on rust-vmm, is designed to have a lighter footprint and smaller attack surface for running modern cloud workloads. Kata Containers with Cloud Hypervisor provides mostly complete compatibility with Kubernetes comparable to the QEMU configuration. As of the 1.12 and 2.0.0 release of Kata Containers, the Cloud Hypervisor configuration supports both CPU and memory resize, device hotplug (disk and VFIO), file-system sharing through virtio-fs, block-based volumes, booting from VM images backed by pmem device, and fine-grained seccomp filters for each VMM threads (e.g. all virtio device worker threads). Please check this GitHub Project for details of ongoing integration efforts.

Devices and features used:

  • virtio VSOCK or virtio serial
  • virtio block
  • virtio net
  • virtio fs
  • virtio pmem
  • VFIO
  • hotplug
  • seccomp filters
  • HTTP OpenAPI

StratoVirt/KVM

StratoVirt is an enterprise-level open source VMM oriented to cloud data centers, implements a unified architecture to support Standard-VMs, containers and serverless (Micro-VM). StratoVirt has some competitive advantages, such as lightweight and low resource overhead, fast boot, hardware acceleration, and language-level security with Rust.

Currently, StratoVirt in Kata supports Micro-VM machine type, mainly focus on FaaS cases, supporting device hotplug (virtio block), file-system sharing through virtio fs and so on. Kata Containers with StratoVirt now use virtio-mmio bus as driver, and doesn't support CPU/memory resize nor VFIO, thus doesn't support updating container resources after booted.

Devices and features used currently:

  • Micro-VM machine type for FaaS(mmio, no ACPI)
  • Virtual Socket(vhost VSOCK、virtio console)
  • Virtual Storage(virtio block, mmio)
  • Virtual Networking(virtio net, mmio)
  • Shared Filesystem(virtio fs)
  • Device Hotplugging(virtio block hotplug)
  • Entropy Source(virtio RNG)
  • QMP API

Summary

Solution release introduced brief summary
Cloud Hypervisor 1.10 upstream Cloud Hypervisor with rich feature support, e.g. hotplug, VFIO and FS sharing
Firecracker 1.5 upstream Firecracker, rust-VMM based, no VFIO, no FS sharing, no memory/CPU hotplug
QEMU 1.0 upstream QEMU, with support for hotplug and filesystem sharing
StratoVirt 3.3 upstream StratoVirt with FS sharing and virtio block hotplug, no VFIO, no CPU/memory resize