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README.md

Это пошаговое руководство по настройке Вашей полноценной ноды, что позволит Вам приступить к работе в качестве Валидатора в последнем Тестнете Joystream.

Оглавление

Обзор

Эта страница содержит всю информацию о том, как настроить свою ноду и стать Валидатором в тестовой сети Joystream. Данное руководство будет обновляться с целью улучшения содержания или когда будут измения в новых релизах тестовой сети.

Если Вы хотите заработать больше токенов tJOY, но по какой-то причине не можете или не хотите стать Валидатором, Вы можете вместо этого Номинировать.

Инструкции

Приведенные ниже инструкции относятся к Mac и Linux (64-разрядная версия и armv7) платформе. Двоичные файлы для операционной системы Windows в настоящее время недоступны.

Примечание Если Вы просто запускаете ноду и не хотите быть Валидатором, Вы можете не использовать флаги --pruning archive и --validator

На Вашей машине

Mac

  • Каждый раз, когда что-то написано в <скобках>, это означает, что вы должны заменить данный блок своими значениями без <>.
  • Когда что-то написано в "двойных_кавычках", это означает, что количество/данные будут варьироваться в зависимости от Вашего узла или текущего состояния блокчейна.
  • Для команд в командной строке, $ означает, что Вы должны ввести команду, после данного символа. # Говорит о том, что это просто комментарий/некое описание, и его нельзя вводить.
# Это просто комментарий, не вводите и не вставляйте его в командную строку!
$ cd ~/
# Введите/вставьте только "cd ~ /", символ $ копировать не нужно!

Настройка ноды

Откройте командную строку (Приложения->Утилиты):

$ cd ~/
$ wget https://github.com/Joystream/joystream/releases/download/v7.5.0/joystream-node-3.3.0-fdb75f5ec-x86_64-macos.tar.gz
$ wget https://github.com/Joystream/joystream/releases/download/v7.5.0/joy-testnet-4.json
----
# Если у Вас не установлен wget, скопируйте ссылку и загрузите файл через браузер.
# Проположительно, что он будет сохранён в папке ~/Downloads:
$ mv ~/Downloads/joystream-node-3.3.0-fdb75f5ec-x86_64-macos.tar.gz ~/
---
$ tar -vxf joystream-node-3.3.0-fdb75f5ec-x86_64-macos.tar.gz
$ ./joystream-node --chain joy-testnet-4.json --pruning archive --validator
  • Если Вы хотите, чтобы Ваш узел имел неслучайный идентификатор, добавьте флаг --name <nodename>
  • Если Вы хотите получить более подробный вывод журнала событий, добавьте флаг <имя узла> --log runtime

Теперь Ваш узел должен начать блокчейн синхронизацию. Результат должен выглядеть так:

Joystream Node
  version "Version"-"your_OS"
  by Joystream, 2019-2020
Chain specification: "Joystream Version"
Node name: "nodename"
Roles: AUTHORITY
Initializing Genesis block/state (state: "0x…", header-hash: "0x…")
Loading GRANDPA authority set from genesis on what appears to be first startup.
Loaded block-time = BabeConfiguration { slot_duration: 6000, epoch_length: 100, c: (1, 4), genesis_authorities: ...
Creating empty BABE epoch changes on what appears to be first startup.
Highest known block at #0
Local node identity is: "peer id"
Starting BABE Authorship worker
Discovered new external address for our node: /ip4/"IP"/tcp/30333/p2p/"peer id"
New epoch 0 launching at block ...
...
...
Syncing, target=#"block_height" ("n" peers), best: #"synced_height" ("hash_of_synced_tip"), finalized #0 ("hash_of_finalized_tip"), ⬇ "download_speed"kiB/s ⬆ "upload_speed"kiB/s

Обратите внимание на последнюю строку target=#"block_height" и best: #"synced_height" где target=#block_heightимеет тоже самое значение что и best: #"synced_height", это значит Ваш узел полностью синхронизирован!

Не закрывайте консоль.

Ключи

Теперь Вам нужно сгенерировать свои ключи. Перейдите сюда

Заключительный этап

Пришло время настроить ключи, чтобы начать валидацию. Перейдите сюда для настройки вашего Валидатора.

Linux

  • Каждый раз, когда что-то написано <скобках>, это означает, что вы должны заменить данный блок своими значениями без <>.
  • Когда что-то написано в "двойных_кавычках", это означает, что количество/данные будут варьироваться в зависимости от Вашего узла или текущего состояния блокчейна.
  • Для команд в командной строке:
    • $ означает, что Вы должны ввести команду, после данного символа
    • # Говорит о том, что это просто комментарий/некое описание, и его нельзя вводить.
# Это просто комментарий, не вводите и не вставляйте его в командную строку!
$ cd ~/
# Введите/вставьте только "cd ~ /", символ $ копировать не нужно!

Установка ноды

Откройте командную строку:

$ cd ~/
# 64 bit debian based Linux
$ wget https://github.com/Joystream/joystream/releases/download/v7.5.0/joystream-node-3.3.0-fdb75f5ec-x86_64-linux-gnu.tar.gz
$ tar -vxf joystream-node-3.3.0-fdb75f5ec-x86_64-linux-gnu.tar.gz
# armv7 (eg. raspberry pi)
$ wget https://github.com/Joystream/joystream/releases/download/v7.5.0/joystream-node-3.3.1-arm-v7.tar.gz
$ tar -vxf joystream-node-3.3.1-arm-v7.tar.gz
# Для обеих
$ wget https://github.com/Joystream/joystream/releases/download/v7.5.0/joy-testnet-4.json
$ $ ./joystream-node --chain joy-testnet-4.json --pruning archive --validator
  • Если Вы хотите, чтобы Ваш узел имел неслучайный идентификатор, добавьте флаг --name <nodename>
  • Если Вы хотите получить более подробный вывод журнала событий, добавьте флаг <имя узла> --log runtime

Теперь Ваш узел должен начать блокчейн синхронизацию. Результат должен выглядеть так:

Joystream Node
  version "Version"-"your_OS"
  by Joystream contributors, 2019-2020
Chain specification: "Joystream Version"
Node name: "nodename"
Roles: AUTHORITY
Initializing Genesis block/state (state: "0x…", header-hash: "0x…")
Loading GRANDPA authority set from genesis on what appears to be first startup.
Loaded block-time = BabeConfiguration { slot_duration: 6000, epoch_length: 100, c: (1, 4), genesis_authorities: ...
Creating empty BABE epoch changes on what appears to be first startup.
Highest known block at #0
Local node identity is: "peer id"
Starting BABE Authorship worker
Discovered new external address for our node: /ip4/"IP"/tcp/30333/p2p/"peer id"
New epoch 0 launching at block ...
...
...
Syncing, target=#"block_height" ("n" peers), best: #"synced_height" ("hash_of_synced_tip"), finalized #0 ("hash_of_finalized_tip"), ⬇ "download_speed"kiB/s ⬆ "upload_speed"kiB/s

Обратите внимание на последнюю строку target=#"block_height" и best: #"synced_height" где target=#block_heightимеет тоже самое значение что и best: #"synced_height", это значит Ваш узел полностью синхронизирован!

Не закрывайте консоль.

Ключи

Теперь Вам нужно сгенерировать свои ключи. Перейдите сюда

Заключительный этап

Пришло время настроить ключи, чтобы начать валидацию. Перейдите сюда для настройки вашего Валидатора.

В приложении Pioneer (браузер)

Настройка валидатора

Создайте свои ключи

Пока узел синхронизируется, Вы можете начать процесс настройки остальных компонентов.

  1. Перейдите в Приложение Pioneer, и выбирете Мои ключи на боковой панели. Нажмите кнопку Добавить аккаунт.

Имена не обязательны, но следующие шаги будут проще, если Вы будете следовать предложенной системе.

  1. Для простоты использования, назовите свою первую пару ключей "stash", или хотя бы что-то, что содержит слово.

Если в будущем Вы хотите иметь возможность восстановить свои ключи, запишите свою мнемоник фразу, тип криптопары ключей и порядок слов.

  1. В зависимости от Вашего браузера Вам может потребоваться подтвердить сохранение json файла.

  2. Повторите процесс для Вашего "controller" ключа.

Теперь у Вас должно быть два набора ключей, а именно:

  • ключ "stash", который будет учавствовать с тейкинге ваших средств
  • ключ "controller", который Вы будете использовать для работы с Вашей учётной записью валидатора

  1. Если у Вас уже есть токены, переведите их основную часть на свой "stash" аккаунт. Если у Вас еще нет монет на счету, запросите их в Discord чате, чтобы получить их :)

  2. Отправьте хотя бы 1 токен на свой аккаунт "controller"

Настройте ключи валидатора

Чтобы стать Валидатором, Вам нужно выполнить стейкинг Ваших токенов. Обратите внимание, что Вам, возможно, придется обновить браузер, если Вы не видите параметры сразу.

ВАЖНО: Внимательно прочтите шаг 6. Перед переходом к шагу 7 ваш узел должен быть полностью синхронизирован.

  1. В командной строке Вашей машины/VPS, на котором запущена нода, вставьте следующую строку:
curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{"id":1, "jsonrpc":"2.0", "method": "author_rotateKeys", "params":[]}' http://localhost:9933

Если Ваша нода запущена, то команда должна вернуть следующий вывод:

{"jsonrpc":"2.0","result":"0xa0very0long0hex0string","id":1}

Это сохранит ключи сеанса на вашем узле. Убедитесь, что Вы не закрыли окно перед копированием строки 0xa0very0long0hex0string.

Если Ваш нода не запущена, работает на другом порту, или не установлена curl утилита, Вам будет возвращён следующий вывод:

curl: (7) Failed to connect to localhost port 9933: Connection refused
# или
{"jsonrpc":"2.0","error":{"code":-32601,"message":"Method not found"},"id":1}
  1. Вернитесь в Pioneer, нажмите на иконку Validators на боковой панели, а затем вкладку Действия с аккаунтом.
  2. Нажмите кнопку + Stash, и выберите ключи из первых двух раскрывающихся списков.
  3. В третьем поле введите сумму, которую Вы хотите застейкать (это должна быть максимальная сумма монет на счету -1 монета).
  4. В нижнем раскрывающемся списке выберите пункт - назначение платежа. Ваш выбор здесь зависит от Ваших предпочтений.
  5. Если транзакция пройдёт успешно, Вы должны будете увидеть кнопку Установить ключ сессии рядом с ключами "stash" и "controller". Нажмите на неё, вставьте в поле свою 0xa0very0long0hex0string строку, и затем подтвердить.
  6. Если транзакция пройдёт успешно, Вы должны увидеть вместо нее кнопку Валидатор. Нажмите на нее и установите процент вознаграждения, число от 0 до 100. Ваш вклад здесь зависит от ваших предпочтений. "Высокое" значение, будет означать что у Вас меньше шансов получить Номинаторов.

Обновите браузер и выберите вкладку Ожидание. Если Ваша учетная запись отображается на вкладке назначения, дождитесь следующей эры, и Вы будете перемещены в список валидаторов (на вкладке Обзор Стейкинга).

Остановки Валидации

Если Вы не хотите рисковать, чтобы получить штраф, Вам нужно плавно остановить валидацию. This can be done easily in Pioneer

  1. Click Validators in the sidebar, then choose the Account actions tab.
  2. Click the "Stop" button to the right, and confirm.
  3. Once you are dropped from the Validator set (can take up to 70min), you can safely stop your node.

Advanced

Run as a service

If you are running your node on a Linux and want to run it as a service, you can set it up this way. Note that you should avoid this unless you know what you are doing, are running your node on your own VPS or a single board computer. With great (sudo) privileges, comes great responsibilities!

If you are already running as a validator, consider unstaking first, as you may experience some downtime if you make any mistakes in the setup.

Configure the service

Either as root, or a user with sudo privileges. If the latter, add sudo before commands.

$ cd /etc/systemd/system
# you can choose whatever name you like, but the name has to end with .service
$ touch joystream-node.service
# open the file with your favorite editor (I use nano below)
$ nano joystream-node.service

Example with user joystream

The example below assumes the following:

  • You want to restart your node every 24h (86400s)
  • You have setup a user joystream to run the node
  • The path to the joystream-node binary is /home/joystream/joystream-node
[Unit]
Description=Joystream Node
After=network.target

[Service]
Type=simple
User=joystream
WorkingDirectory=/home/joystream/
ExecStart=/home/joystream/joystream-node \
        --chain joy-testnet-4.json \
        --pruning archive \
        --validator \
        --name <nodename>
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=3
LimitNOFILE=8192

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

Example as root

The example below assumes the following:

  • You want to restart your node every 24h (86400s)
  • You have setup a user root to run the node
  • The path to the joystream-node binary is /root/joystream-node
[Unit]
Description=Joystream Node
After=network.target

[Service]
Type=simple
User=root
WorkingDirectory=/root/
ExecStart=/root/joystream-node \
        --chain joy-testnet-4.json \
        --pruning archive \
        --validator \
        --name <nodename>
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=3
LimitNOFILE=8192

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

Starting the service

You can add/remove any flags as long as you remember to include \ for every line but the last. Also note that systemd is very sensitive to syntax, so make sure there are no extra spaces before or after the \.

After you are happy with your configuration:

$ systemctl daemon-reload
# this is only strictly necessary after you changed the .service file after running, but chances are you will need to use it once or twice.
# if your node is still running, now is the time to kill it.
$ systemctl start joystream-node
# if everything is correctly configured, this command will not return anything.
# To verify it's running:
$ systemctl status joystream-node
# this will only show the last few lines. To see the latest 100 entries (and follow as new are added)
$ journalctl -n 100 -f -u joystream-node

# To make the service start automatically at boot:
$ systemctl enable joystream-node

You can restart the service with:

  • systemctl restart joystream-node

If you want to change something (or just stop), run:

  • systemctl stop joystream-node

Before you make the changes. After changing:

$ systemctl daemon-reload
$ systemctl start joystream-node

Errors

If you make a mistake somewhere, systemctl start joystream-node will prompt:

Failed to start joystream-node.service: Unit joystream-node.service is not loaded properly: Invalid argument.
See system logs and 'systemctl status joystream-node.service' for details.

Follow the instructions, and see if anything looks wrong. Correct it, then:

$ systemctl daemon-reload
$ systemctl start joystream-node

Settings

If you don't want to use the default settings, here are some of the options you can configure.

Bonding preferences

The bonding preferences decide on how your (tJOY) staking rewards are distributed. There are three alternatives:

  1. Stash account (increase the amount at stake) (default).

This automatically sends all rewards the stash address, where it gets bonded as additional stake. This will increase your probability of staying in the validator set.

  1. Stash account (do no increase the amount at stake)

As for 1. this automatically sends all rewards the stash address, but does not get bonded as stake, meaning you it will not help "guard" your spot in the validator set.

  1. Controller account

This sends all rewards to the controller, at your disposal.

Validating preferences

The reward commission determines how the (tJOY) staking rewards are split between yourself and any potential nominators. The default - 0(%) - means that the reward is split based on the amount of bonded stake the validator and nominators have put up. Example:

  • Let v be the bonded tokens by the validators stash key
  • Let c be the reward commission decided by the validator
  • Let n1 be the bonded tokens by the nominator1 stash
  • Let n2 be the bonded tokens by the nominator2 stash
  • Let r be the reward for the individual validators that era
# payout for the validator
c*r + r*(1 - c)*v/(v + n1 + n2)
# payout for the nominator1
r(1 - c) * n1/(v + n1 + n2)

Example

  • assume there are 10 active validators in this era
  • validator 1 bonds 100,000 tJOY
  • validators 2-10 all bonds 300,000tJOY
  • validator 1 has reward commission set to 10%
  • nominator A bonds 100,000 tJOY, and nominates validator 1
  • nominator B bonds 50,000 tJOY, and nominates validator 1
  • thus, validator A has an effective stake of 250,000 tJOY
  • after the end of the era, the total rewards are 25,000 tJOY
# All validators gets an equal share, before sharing with nominators:
R_v = 25,000tJOY / 10 = 2,500tJOY

# payout for validator 1
R_v.1 = 0.1 * 2,500tJOY + 2,500tJOY *(1 - 0.1) * (100,000tJOY / 250,000tJOY) = 1,150tJOY

# payout for nominator A
R_n.A = 2,500tJOY *(1 - 0.1) * (100,000tJOY / 250,000tJOY) = 900tJOY

# payout for nominator B
R_n.B = 2,500tJOY *(1 - 0.1) * (50,000tJOY / 250,000tJOY) = 450tJOY

As the Validator carries the cost of operating and maintaining their nodes, it makes sense for them to take a slice of the pie before sharing.

Nominating

If you want to get some return on your tokens without running a node yourself, you can nominate another validator and get a share of their rewards.

This might also come in handy if there are too many validators and you don't have enough tokens get a spot, or if you have to shut down your own node for a while.

Generate your keys

  1. Go to the Pioneer App, and select My keys in the sidebar. Click the Add account button.

Names are entirely optional, but the next steps will be easier if you follow the system suggested.

  1. For ease of use, name your first keypair "stash", or at least something that contains the word.

If you want to be able to recover your keys later, write down your mnemonic seed, key pair crypto type and secret derivation path.

  1. Depending on your browser, you might have to confirm saving the json file.

  2. Repeat the process for your "controller" key.

You should now have two sets of keys, namely:

  • the "stash" key that will stake your funds
  • the "controller" key that you will use to operate your validator

  1. If you already have tokens, transfer the bulk to your "stash" account. If you don't yet have any tokens, ask in the Discord chat, and you shall receive :)

  2. Send at least 1 token to your "controller".

Configure your keys

In order to be a Nominator, you need to stake. Note that you may have to refresh your browser if you're not seeing the options right away.

  1. In Pioneer, click Validators in the sidebar, and then the Account actions tab.
  2. Click the + Stash button, and select the keys from the first two dropdowns.
  3. In the third field, enter the amount you want to stake (the maximum amount is the tokens in the account -1).
  4. In the bottom dropdown, select the payment destination. Your selection here depends on your preferences.
  5. If the transaction goes through, you should now see a Nominate button next to your "stash" and "controller" keys in this window. Click it, and select the "stash" account(s) of the Validator(s) you want to Nominate for.
  6. Once submitted, you will start earning a share of the rewards.

Rewards

Rewards are the most critical part of any blockchains infrastructure, block production, whether it's from Proof of Work (using miners, e.g. Bitcoin) or Proof of Stake (using validators, like Joystream). Validators are rewarded for producing, propagating and securing the network.

Claiming Rewards

Rewards are no longer paid out automatically to the validators, and it must be done manually. We have made it so you have ~2 weeks to claim your rewards, but after that, they can no longer be claimed.

This was not a voluntary decision from Jsgenesis, but part of the new staking module from Substrate. The reason is simply that if your validator set is very large and with a lot of nominators (which will be the case for many Substrate based chains), every payout would require a lot of transactions. By instead making it manual, this will be spaced out.

Note: Claiming rewards for a specific Validator can be done by anyone, not just the Validator themselves. However, only the Validator (and Nominator) can batch up multiple claims in one bulk.

Claiming in Bulk

This can only be done if you have the keys for the Validator or Nominator you want to claim for: In the UI, Validators can claim rewards in "bulks" of 40 eras at the time:

  1. In Pioneer, click Validators in the sidebar, and then the Payouts tab
  2. Make sure the Max, x eras are selected
  3. At the bottom of the page, all your you will see an overview of:
  • which eras you can claim rewards for
  • the total amount available you are "owed"
  • the time remaining to claim (your "oldest") reward
  1. Click the Payout button at the right end of the row, and confirm to claim the "oldest" 40 era rewards for you, and any potential Nominators that has claim to some of your rewards
  2. If you have more than 40 eras, you can repeat this after the first transaction is complete

Note:

  • If a Validator had any Nominator(s) in the eras for which they claim rewards, the Nominator(s) will automatically get their rewards for said eras
  • A Nominator that claims rewards for multiple eras, the Validator(s) they nominated in said eras will automatically also get their rewards.

Claiming one era at the Time

This can be done by any account:

  1. Go to the extrinsics tab
  2. Select staking.payoutStakers(validator_stash, era)
  3. Select/paste the address of the stash account you want to claim on behalf of/for
  4. Type in the era you want to claim for, and submit

Check claims made

To find out if a "stash" have claimed reward(s) from era(s):

  • chain state query of ledger(AccountId): Option<StakingLedger> with the any current, or "historic" controller. Output:
{
  stash: 5YourStashAddress,
  total: <tot_bonded> JOY,
  active: <act_bonded> JOY,
  unlocking: [],
  claimedRewards: [
    <era_a>,
    <era_b>,
    ...
    <era_i>,
  ]
}

Note: To understand what unlocking means, go here.

Rewards on Joystream

For Substrate based blockchains, the validator rewards depends on some dynamic parameters, that will change continuously, and some fixed parameters in the chain spec.

Dynamic Parameters

  1. Active validators (V_a) - the number of validators currently running. This can be found:
  • in the Validators tab -> validator (V_a / V_i)
  • or through a chain state query of session.validators() (and count them)
  1. Max/Ideal validators V_i - the max number of active validators. This number can be changed through proposals, but was initially set to 20. Current value can be found:
  • in the Validators tab -> validator (V_a / V_i)
  • or through a chain state query of staking.validatorCount()
  1. Issuance I - total tJOY tokens in circulation. This can be found:
  1. Validator stake (S_v) - ie. the total stake of the validators set, corresponding to the sum of the stakes of each validator, plus the stake of their nominators if any. This can be found:
  • in the staking tab (alongside I, and the percentage of S_v / I - also known as the Active staking ratio, S_v,ar, see 5.)
  • or through a chain state query of staking.erasTotalStake(<EraIndex>)
    • the <EraIndex> can be found by staking.activeEra()
  1. Active staking ratio, S_v,ar - the current ratio of tokens staked by active validators (and their nominators) and the issuance. So S_v,ar = S_v / I

Fixed Parameters

  1. Minimum inflation, I_min - the min yearly inflation distributed to validators.
  • This number is currently set to 5%.
  1. Maximum inflation, I_max - the max yearly inflation distributed to validators.
  • This number is currently set to 75%.
  1. Ideal staking ratio, S_v,ir - the ideal ratio of effective stake over issuance for maximum validator rewards.
  • This number is currently set to 25%.
  1. Falloff, F_v - how quickly the validator rewards drop when the actual staking rate S_v,ar exceeds the ideal staking rate S_v,ir.
  • This number is currently set to 5%.
  1. Sessions, session_l - each session (or epoch) should last ~10 minutes / 100 blocks *
  2. Era length, era_l - each era lasts 60 minutes should last 6 sessions -> ~60 minutes / 600 blocks *
  • * For a variety of reasons (such as latency, validators going down, etc.) an era can be as little as 1 session and a session can be a lot fewer blocks than 100.

Validator set and block production

At the end of each era, a new set of active validators V_a is determined by sorting all those that have declared their intention (eg. both the active and next up) by their stake, and selecting up to V_i in a descending order.

Those selected are treated as equals, and will have the same chance of being selected to produce blocks and thus get an equal share of the rewards. Slashes however, are applied as a percentage of stake, so a validator with more stake risks getting slashed more despite earning the same.

Total rewards calculation

As shown, the maximum total validator reward per year is 75% for S_v,ar = S_v,ir = 0.25. With an era length of 600 blocks, each era, the maximum total, R_vm,te and individual, R_vm,ie reward for the validators are:

Note For all calculations, we assume there are (365.2425×24×60×60s)/year.

R_vm,te = I * I_max * era_l / year
= I * 0.75 * 3600s / (31556952s)
= 0.0000855596*I

R_vm,ie = R_vm,te / V_a
= 0.0000342238*I/V_a

For S_v,ar<S_v,ir, the total rewards drop linearly down to the minimum inflation rate I_min for S_v,ar = 0 For S_v,ar>S_v,ir, the total rewards drop exponentially down to the minimum inflation rate for I_min S_v,ar = 1 .

The exact formulae:

R_v,te = I * (I_min + (I_max - I_min) * 2^((S_v,ir − S_v,ar) / F_v)) * era_l / year

Examples

The tJOY rewards for the validators can be calculated using this spreadsheet. The examples below should assist in using it:

Example A

In addition to the fixed parameters above, suppose:

V_a = 20
I = 100,000,000tJOY
S_v = 25,000,000tJOY

As S_v / I = 0.25, meaning S_v,ar = S_v,ir the maximum yearly inflation rate I_max = 75% will be shared among the validators. Each era, the total, R_v,te and individual, R_v,ie reward for the validators are:

R_v,te = I * I_max * era / year
= 100,000,000tJOY * 0.75 * 3600s / (31556952s)
= 8,556tJOY

R_v,ie = R_v,te / V_a
= 8,556tJOY / 20
= 428tJOY

Example B

In addition to the fixed parameters above, suppose:

V_a = 20
I = 100,000,000tJOY
S_v = 20,000,000tJOY

With S_v / I = 0.2. Each era, the total, R_v,te and individual, R_v,ie reward for the validators are:

R_v,te = I * (I_min + (I_max - I_min) * S_v,ar / S_v,ir) * era_i / year
= 6,959tJOY

R_v,ie = R_v,te / V_a
= 6,959tJOY / 20
= 348tJOY

Example C

In addition to the fixed parameters above, suppose:

V_a = 20
I = 100,000,000tJOY
S_v = 30,000,000tJOY

With S_v,t=S_v,eff/I=0.3. Each era, the total, R_v,te and individual, R_v,ie reward for the validators are:

R_v,te = I * (I_min + (I_max - I_min) * 2^((S_v,ir − S_v,ar) / F_v)) * era_l / year
= 4,563tJOY

R_v,ie = R_v,te / V_a
= 4,563tJOY / 20
= 228tJOY

Example conclusion

As seen above, the difference from staking 5% more or less than the ideal, is quite substantial.

  • By staking 5% less, the "loss" is only 18% (6,959tJOY vs 8,556tJOY)
  • By staking 5% more, the "loss" is instead 47% (4,563tJOY vs 8,556tJOY)

More information on the staking, rewards and slashing mechanics can be found on the Web3 Foundation's research papers here.

Slashing

Just as the Validators are rewarded for producing, propagating and securing the network, they are punished for misbehaving. The slashing mechanics are more complex, so it will not be covered as detailed as the rewards.

Although there are other reasons for getting slashed as a Validator, the reasons that stem from intentional malicious behavior will not be covered here. If you want to learn more about the details of slashing, visit this guide from the Polkadot wiki guide on slashing (and staking).

Offline

The most likely reason a Validator will get slashed is for going offline without first stopping gracefully.

If n Validators go offline, there will be an two "events" at the end of that session:

  1. imOnline:SomeOffline
  2. offences.Offence

Offline Example

Suppose we have two Validators offline, - v_0 and v_1. v_1 has one nominator n_1 (all accountId/address of their "stash"): By selecting the block the event occured in the explorer, it will appear like so:

1 imOnline:SomeOffline:

At the end of the session, at least one validator was found to be offline.
  Vec<IdentificationTuple>

    0: IdentificationTuple: IdentificationTuple
    [
      <v_0>,
      {
        total: <v_0 stake> JOY,
        own: <v_0 stake> JOY,
        others: []
      }
    ]

    1: IdentificationTuple: IdentificationTuple
    [
      <v_1>,
      {
        total: <v_1+n_1 stake> JOY,
        own: <v_1> JOY,
        others: [
          {
            who: <n_1>,
            value: <n_1 stake> JOY,
          }
        ]
      }
    ]

This identities which valididators are reported "offline".

2 offences.Offence:

There is an offence reported of the given `kind` happened at the `session_index` and (kind-specific) time slot. This event is not deposited for duplicate slashes. last element indicates of the offence was applied (true) or queued (false).

  Kind
  im-online:offlin

  OpaqueTimeSlot
  0xsomething

  bool
  <Yes> or <No>

The key here is whether bool is Yes (true) or No (false).

  • If Yes/true, this means a slash will be applied.
  • If No/false, this means no slash will be applied.

Offline Slashing Size

The magnitude of the slash (and whether one will be applied at all), depends on the max number of Validator slots allowed (V_max), and the number of Validators reported offline V_off.

  • If V_off / V_max < 1/10
    • No slash will be applied
  • If V_off / V_max > 1/3
    • A max slash of 7% is initiated *

The exact formula, from the comment in the codebase, is presented below (with variables changed for clarity):

		// the formula is min((3 * (V_off - (V_max / 10 + 1))) / V_max, 1) * 0.07
		// basically, 10% can be offline with no slash, but after that, it linearly climbs up to 7%
		// when 13/30 are offline (around 5% when 1/3 are offline).

* A single Offence adds an entry to the Validators slash span. The actual slashing (burning) of tokens will happen ~24h hours later. For more info, we again refer to the Polkadot Wiki

Troubleshooting

If you had any issues setting it up, you may find your answer here!

Unstaking

Due to an unfortunate error in Pioneer which we are working to fix, unstaking requires either lots of patience, or using the chain state/extrinsics tab for certain tasks:

In Pioneer

If you stop validating by killing your node before unstaking, you will get slashed and kicked from the Validator set. If you know in advance (it can take up to 70min) you can do the following steps instead:

  1. In Validator -> Account Actions, click Stop.

If you are just pausing the validator and intend to start it up later, you can stop here. When you are ready to start again, fire up your node, go to Validator Staking, and click Validate.

If you want to stop being a validator and move your tokens to other/better use, continue.

  1. Next you must unbond. In the same window (Validator -> Account Actions), next to your keypair, click the rightmost triple dotted "settings" button, select Unbond funds, and choose the amount you wish to unbond.

After the transaction has gone through, you will see a new line appearing in the bonded column, showing the amount and a "clock" icon. Hovering over this with your cursor will tell you when your unbonding is complete ( starts at <24h / <14,400 blocks), and you can go to the third and final step.

  1. Within 24h, the tokens should be unbonded, and you will see a new line appearing in the bonded column, showing the amount you can claim and a blue "lock" button. Click the button to finalize the unbonding, and your tokens will be "free" to spend from your "stash".

Notes:

  • If you have performed multiple unbondings, in different eras:
    • hovering over the "clock" will show multiple entries, eg. <amount>, <time_left>, <block_left>
    • you may also have both the "clock" and "lock" button, if some of your unbondings are completed
    • if you have any pending slashes, these will be deducted when you perform step 3.

Using Extrinsics

First, make sure you have set Fully Featured interface in the Settings sidebar.

Definitions

  • <tot_bonded> Is the total amount you have staked/bonded
  • <act_bonded> Is the amount of tokens that is not being unlocked
  • <unbonding_n> Is the amount of tokens that is in the process of being freed from your nth Unbond funds request
    • sum <unbonding_n> + <act_bonded> = <tot_bonded>
  • <era_unbonded_n> Is the era when your nth Unbond funds request tokens will be "free" to transfer/bond/vote

To find out if you have started/completed your n unbonding(s):

  1. chain state query of ledger(AccountId): Option<StakingLedger> with the controller. Output:
# If you have successfully initiated unbonding, but the tokens are not unlocked:
{
  stash: 5YourStashAddress,
  total: <tot_bonded> JOY,
  active: <act_bonded> JOY,
  unlocking: [
    {
      value: <unbonding_0> JOY,
      era: <era_unbonded_0>
    },
    {
      value: <unbonding_1> JOY,
      era: <era_unbonded_1>
    },
    ...
    {
      value: <unbonding_n> JOY,
      era: <era_unbonded_n>
    }
  ],
  claimedRewards: [
    <era_a>,
    <era_b>,
    ...
    <era_i>,
  ]
}

Note: To understand what claimedRewards means, go here.

  1. The era should only change every 600 blocks, but certain events may trigger a new era. To calculate when your funds are "free" In Chain State -> staking.currentEra(). Let output be <era_current>

If <era_unbonded_n> >= <era_current_n>, you can claim the unbonded funds in step 3..

  1. Once the unbonding is complete, go to extrinsics, with the controller, select staking.withdrawUnbonded(num_slashing_spans)

Note: If you have any "pending" slashes, this will require some more chain state queries, to find the input num_slashing_spans.

Your tokens will be "free" to spend from your "stash".